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VITAMIN B12
Cyanocobalamin
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Vitamin B12
also called cobalamin
a water soluble vitamin with a key role in thenormal functioning of the:
brain and nervous system
formation of blood
involved in the metabolism of every cell
DNA synthesis and regulation
fatty acid synthesis
energy production
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produced industrially only throughBACTERIAL-FERMENTATION SYNTHESIS
It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt.
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Absorption & Distribution
small amounts of unboundcrystalline B12 can be absorbedthrough the mucousmembrane
Food protein-boundvitamin B12 is digested inthe stomach by proteolyticgastric enzymes , whichrequire an acid pH
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B12
is freed from the
proteins in food
STOMACH
haptocorrins & cobalaphilins+
free vitamin B12= B12-R complex
DUODENUM
proteases digest R-proteins
and release B12 then,
free B12 + IF = IF/B12
IF/B12 + Ileal Receptor= PORTAL
CIRCULATION
IF/B12 = TC-II/B12
TC-IIB12 + CellReceptor
(Endocytosis)
ABSORBED
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Source
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Lacto-ovoVegetarian
is a vegetarian who does not eat animal flesh of any
kind, but is willing to consume dairy and eggproducts.
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Vegan
consumes no animal products
will lack B12 unless they consume multivitaminsupplements or B12-fortified foods
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Vitamin B12 Deficiency
B12 deficiency is the cause of pernicious anemia
an anemic disease that was usually fatal and hadunknown etiology when it was first described in
medicine. generally limited to vegan children, who are at risk
due to higher needs of the vitamin
no intake of animal products that contain it
The cure, and B12, were discovered by accident
Large amount of Iron intake
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Vegans are generally encouraged to ingest B12supplements
total amount of vitamin B12 stored in body isabout 25 mg in adult
Around 50% of this is stored in the live
Approximately 0.1% of this is lost per day
Bile is the main form of B12 excretion
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Dietary Reference Intake
Vitamin B12 is believed to be safe when used orallyin amounts that do not exceed the recommended
dietary allowance (RDA)
Vitamin B12 has extremely low toxicity
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ACORBI
C ACI
D
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Ascorbic acid
A sugar acid with antioxidant properties
Its appearance is white to light-yellow crystals or
powder, and it is water-soluble A form of ascorbic acid is commonly known as
vitamin C
a- (meaning "no") and scorbutus (scurvy)
Also referred to as hexuronic acid
Sources includes citrus fruits
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used as a reductant in photographic developersolutions (among others) and as a preservative
Exposure to oxygen, metals, light, or heatdestroys ascorbic acid, so it must be stored in adark, cold, and non-metallic container
Ascorbic acid and its sodium, potassium, andcalcium salts are commonly used as antioxidantfood additives
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Ascorbic Acid Synthesis
Ascorbic acid is found in plants, animals, andsingle-cell organisms
All animals either make it, eat it, or else die from
scurvy due to lack of it
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Primates, including humans, and a few other
species in all divisions of the animalkingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lostthe ability to synthesize ascorbic acid, andmust obtain it in their food
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Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
SCURVY
is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin
C common among sailors, pirates and others aboard
ships at sea and soldiers
In infants, scurvy is sometimes referred to as
Barlow's disease Other eponyms includeMoeller's disease andCheadle's disease.
Treated withVitamin C
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Manifestations
formation of spots on the skin
spongy gums
bleeding from the mucousmembranes
spots are most abundant on thethighs and legs
looks pale
feels depressed partially immobilized. In advanced
scurvy there are open, suppuratingwounds and loss of teeth.
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Prevention
Diet that includes
certain citrus fruits
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Some vegetables
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Animal Product
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Other products