Volume-2, Issue-2,...

COUNCIL OF SHINJAN

NH-12, Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand (828122), India

Volume-2, Issue-2, February-2016

Multi-Disciplinary, Bi-Annual, Multi-Lingual and

Peer-Reviewed Journal

Multi-Disciplinary, Bi-Annual, Multi-Lingual and

Peer-Reviewed Journal

Volume-2, Issue-2, February-2016

© Editor-in-Chief

E-mail : [email protected]

Contact No.: 9674835393/9432125963

Editor-in-Chief

Smt. Sarmistha AcharyyaHOD, Dept. of Bengali, Sindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand

Executive EditorsDr. Bibek Sinha, Ex-Associate Professor

Dept. of Bengali, Kanchrapara College, West Bengal

Mr. Afaz Uddin Mandal, Assistant Teacher

Kantapukur A.M. Institution, Howrah, West Bengal

BOARD OF EDITORSBOARD OF EDITORSBOARD OF EDITORSBOARD OF EDITORSBOARD OF EDITORS

• Dr. Sanjay De, Associate Professor,Dept. of Bengali, Nowgong College, Nowgong, Assam

• Dr. Mohan Lal Mahto, Assistant ProfessorDept. of English, Sindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand

• Dr. Kausik Chattapadhyay, Assistant ProfessorDept. of Sociology, S.N.H. College, Farakka, West Bengal

• Dr. M.S Wankhede, Associate Professor,Dept. of English, Dhawante National College, Nagpur, Maharashtra

• Dr. T. Chandrasekharan, Associate Professor and HODDept. of English, Zunhebeto Govt. College (Affiliated to NagalandUniversity), Kohima

• Dr. Ajit Kumar Barnwal, Assistant ProfessorDept. of Philosophy, Sindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand

• Dr. Dhrubajyoti Pal, Assistant ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, West Bengal

• Dr. Joygopal Mondal, Assistant ProfessorDept. of Bengali, R. S. P. College, Jharia, Jharkhand

• Dr. Mizanur Rahaman, Assistant ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Khidirpur College, Kolkata, West Bengal

• Dr. Abul Foyes Md. Malik, Assistant ProfessorHOD, Dept. of Bengali, Digboi Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Digboi, Assam

• Dr. Hareram Pathak, Associate Professor & HODDept. of Hindi, Digboi Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Digboi, Assam

• Dr. Surendra Kumar, Assistant Professor,Dept. of History, Sindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand

• Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Singh, Assistant Professor,Dept. of Political Science, Sindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand

• Dr. Amit Kumar Sarkar, Assistant ProfessorDept. of Physical Education, Tarakeswar Degree College, West Bengal

• Mr. Mukund Ravidas, Assitant Professor,Dept. of Hindi, P.K.Roy Memorial College, Dhanbad, Jharkhand

• Mr. Manmohan Singh, Assistant Professor,Dept. of Economics, Sindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand

• Dr. Santanu Sen, Full Time Contractual Teacher,Simurali Sachinandan College of Education, Nadia, West Bengal

BOARD OF ADBOARD OF ADBOARD OF ADBOARD OF ADBOARD OF ADVISORSVISORSVISORSVISORSVISORS

• Dr. Mohammad Arif, Joint SecretaryUGC, North-Eastern Regional office (NERO), Guwahati, Assam.

• Mr. Kamalesh Dasgupta, Director,Chattagram Little Magazine Library, Bangladesh(Life Member, Paschimbanga Itihas Samsad)Member Bangla Academy, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

• Dr. Rafique Ullah Khan, ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

• Dr. Md. Manzur Rahman, Associate ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Islamia University, Kustia, Bangladesh

• Dr. Dipanjan Bhattacharyya, Research ScientistMIT Alliance of Engineering Science and Technology and MassachusettsInstitute of Technology (MIT), Singapore

• Dr. Krishna Basu, Eminent Poet and Writer andEx- Associate Prof.of Kanchrapara College, Dept. of Bengali, West Bengal

• Dr. Sudip Basu, ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Visva-Bharati University, Birbhum, West Bengal

• Dr. Kamta Singh, Professor & Principal-in-ChargeSindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand

• Dr. Subrata Pal, ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand

• Dr. Ketaki Rani Sarbadhikary, ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand

• Dr. Aloka Chatterjee, ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh

• Dr. Satyendra Kumar Sharma, PrincipalB. S. City College, Bokaro, Jharkhand

• Dr. Dhruba Chandra Das, Professor (in extention)Dept. of Drama, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata, West Bengal

• Dr. Santanu Das, Assistant ProfessorDept. of Drama, Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata, West Bengal

• Dr. Jayanta Mete, ProfessorDept. of Education, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal

• Dr. Sujay Kumar Mandal, Associate ProfessorDept. of Folklore, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal

• Dr. Zia-ul Alam, FacultyDept. of Human Resource Management, Indian Institute of Engineering Scienceand Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal

• Dr. Apurba Kumar Dey, Associate ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, West Bengal

• Dr. Rasbehari Banerjee, Assistant ProfessorDept. of Bengali, Jawaharlal Nehru Rajakiya Mahavidyalaya, Andaman

• Mr. Sagar Bhattacharyya, Assistant ProfessorEmprial College, Dhaka, Bangladesh

.......From the Desk

‘Shinjan’ is a by-annual,multi-disciplinary,multi-lingual and

peer-reviewed journal. It remains in the mind of reader. This Journal

comprises only research paper from different field of studies, where

the sharp mind of contributors have been sparkled. We believe, it

will surely be of great help to the scholars, students, and other vivid

subjects in their research work and study and research paper.

We are deeply thankful to the Board of Advisors, Board of

Editors and Peer-Reviewers who have been accompanied with

‘Shinjan’ and unexpected co-operation. We are thankful to all the

contributors, who prepared their wise articles and sent them without

any delay. We express our thanks to the publisher who published

this Journal in due time.

The important and valuable suggestion for further renovate

or improvement of this Journal will be accepted thankfully. The view

and thought expressed in the research paper, are those of the

authors. Council of ‘Shinjan’ are not responsible for any kind of

personal view of contributors.

With thanks,

Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand. Sarmistha Acharyya

February, 2016. EDITOR IN-CHIEF, SHINJAN

GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS

SHINJAN, a bi-annual, bi-lingual, multi-disciplinary, peer-reviewed, Internationaljournal, invited articles from Educationist, Academicians, Research Scholar,Student, Social Worker and Journalist.

The Article should have author’s name, designation and affiliation.

Maximum length of the full paper should be of 3000 to 4000 words in A4 sizePaper.

Article can be sent through CD/e-mail (for English articles use MS-Word, Font- Times New Roman, Size-12pts., Line Spacing - 1.5, Margin - 1inch all sidesand for Bengali articles use only Pagemaker, Font - Samit-001 and for HindiArticles use only Yougesh/Kruti Dev0010 or KrutiDev0020 font) and a hardcopy to the Editor-in-Charge.

Each article should contain the following essential elements - Introduction,Related Study, Research Questions/Hypothesis, Data Analysis, Tools Used,Methodology, Findings, Discussions and References alphabetically arrangedin APA format (6th Edition). Graphs, if any, should be sent in editable format(non PDF).

The article must accompany declaration signed by authors that the article hasnot been published else where.

Any Legal Dispute pertaining to the publication in SHINJAN Journal shall bewithin the jurisdiction of Hogh Court at Ranchi, Jharkhand only.

Opinions expressed in the articles extremely subject to the contributors. Councilof Shinjan do not responsible for any kind of personal opinion of contributors.

Editorial Board and Subject Experts of the SHINJAN Journal may edit thepaper if necessary.

Published bySmt. Sarmistha Acharyya

NH-12, Post - Sindri, Dist - Dhanbad, State - Jharkhand, Pin-828122, India

Printed by

Desktop Computer Zone, B-4/466, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal-741235

CONTENT

Page No.

Crime Against W omen in Bribhum District-A 1 - 16

Deterrent to Human Development

Prasenjit Saha

Locating the Bakhtinian Discourse in 17 - 25

Aravind Adiga’ s The White Tiger

Pankaj Luchan Gogoi

The Interplay of Cast and Politics in 26 - 35

Rural India – Case study of

Rural W est Bengal (1960s – 2012)

Chandrabali Das

Environment Consciousness: 36 - 41

A Study in Literature

Aloy Chand Biswas

Women Trafficking: A Social Crime 42 - 48

Sarmila Das

Agricultural investment and 49 - 53

Role of Agricultural Sector in

Economic Planning

Mamta Kumari

Women empowerment Through 54 - 62

Education After Independence

Ujjal Kumar Halder

Chronotope of the Threshold in 63 - 69

Chinua Achebe’ s Things Fall Apart

and Joseph Conrad’ s Heart of Darkness

Divya Priyadarshini Pathak

ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ¶§À˙ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ¶§À˙ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ¶§À˙ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ¶§À˙ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ¶§À˙ ˆ¬±ıÚ± 70 - 76

ÒËn∏ıÀÊ…±øÓ¬ ¬Û±˘ ˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œı˛ ë˙ıÚ˜í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œı˛ ë˙ıÚ˜í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œı˛ ë˙ıÚ˜í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œı˛ ë˙ıÚ˜í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œı˛ ë˙ıÚ˜í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı 77 - 81

ø˜Ê±Ú≈ı˛ ı˛˝˜±Ú ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ’±ø/Àfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ’±ø/Àfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ’±ø/Àfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ’±ø/Àfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ’±ø/Àfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ 82 - 91

øÊ˘fl¬ ˜±˜≈Ú Á¬±h¬‡ÀGı˛ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…-ı˛œøÓ¬Á¬±h¬‡ÀGı˛ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…-ı˛œøÓ¬Á¬±h¬‡ÀGı˛ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…-ı˛œøÓ¬Á¬±h¬‡ÀGı˛ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…-ı˛œøÓ¬Á¬±h¬‡ÀGı˛ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…-ı˛œøÓ¬ 92 - 105

› ∆˙˘œ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…› ∆˙˘œ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…› ∆˙˘œ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…› ∆˙˘œ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…› ∆˙˘œ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…Ó¬Ú˚˛± ˜≈‡±#¬¬¬œ« › ¸≈Ê˚˛fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜G˘

ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Ú† ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬±ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Ú† ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬±ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Ú† ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬±ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Ú† ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬±ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Ú† ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬± 106 - 110

ŒııËÓ¬ ·±À˚˛Ú U˜±˚˛≈Ú ’±˝À˜ - fl¬Ô±¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛U˜±˚˛≈Ú ’±˝À˜ - fl¬Ô±¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛U˜±˚˛≈Ú ’±˝À˜ - fl¬Ô±¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛U˜±˚˛≈Ú ’±˝À˜ - fl¬Ô±¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛U˜±˚˛≈Ú ’±˝À˜ - fl¬Ô±¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ 111 - 119

¤fl¬ ’õ∂øÓ¬Zeœ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛¬¤fl¬ ’õ∂øÓ¬Zeœ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛¬¤fl¬ ’õ∂øÓ¬Zeœ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛¬¤fl¬ ’õ∂øÓ¬Zeœ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛¬¤fl¬ ’õ∂øÓ¬Zeœ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛¬’±ø˜Ú± ‡±Ó≈¬Ú

ı˛ıœf ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ±ø˜Úœ ¤fl¬ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛œ Ú±ı˛œı˛ıœf ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ±ø˜Úœ ¤fl¬ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛œ Ú±ı˛œı˛ıœf ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ±ø˜Úœ ¤fl¬ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛œ Ú±ı˛œı˛ıœf ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ±ø˜Úœ ¤fl¬ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛œ Ú±ı˛œı˛ıœf ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ±ø˜Úœ ¤fl¬ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛œ Ú±ı˛œ 120 - 122

ı˛±Êfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ¬Û±øÚ¢∂±˝œ øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯ÀÌı˛ ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ’¬Û≈ı˛ ø˙q˜Úøıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯ÀÌı˛ ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ’¬Û≈ı˛ ø˙q˜Úøıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯ÀÌı˛ ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ’¬Û≈ı˛ ø˙q˜Úøıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯ÀÌı˛ ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ’¬Û≈ı˛ ø˙q˜Úøıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯ÀÌı˛ ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ’¬Û≈ı˛ ø˙q˜Ú 123 - 127

ÿø˜«˘± Œ¬Û±V±ı˛ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ 128 - 136

Î¬◊#¬¬¬;˘± ¬Û±˝◊fl¬ ˜G˘ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì±,Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì±,Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì±,Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì±,Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì±, 137 - 165

’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S, ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö± › ¸y±ıÚ±’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S, ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö± › ¸y±ıÚ±’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S, ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö± › ¸y±ıÚ±’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S, ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö± › ¸y±ıÚ±’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S, ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö± › ¸y±ıÚ±’¬Û”ı« ı˛±˚˛ › ¸≈Ê˚˛fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜G˘

¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸˜±Ê ÊœıÚ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸˜±Ê ÊœıÚ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸˜±Ê ÊœıÚ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸˜±Ê ÊœıÚ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸˜±Ê ÊœıÚ 166 - 169

ıËÊÀ·±¬Û±˘ ¬Û±˘ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú › ’¢∂·øÓ¬ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú › ’¢∂·øÓ¬ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú › ’¢∂·øÓ¬ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú › ’¢∂·øÓ¬ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú › ’¢∂·øÓ¬ 170 - 184

¸/œÓ¬± M ı˛±˚˛

Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± › Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ı/œ˚˛Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± › Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ı/œ˚˛Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± › Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ı/œ˚˛Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± › Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ı/œ˚˛Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± › Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ı/œ˚˛ 185 - 198

˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±Œı¿ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛

õ∂±‰¬œÚ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ø˘Ó¬ ÊœıÚ†õ∂±‰¬œÚ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ø˘Ó¬ ÊœıÚ†õ∂±‰¬œÚ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ø˘Ó¬ ÊœıÚ†õ∂±‰¬œÚ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ø˘Ó¬ ÊœıÚ†õ∂±‰¬œÚ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ø˘Ó¬ ÊœıÚ† 199 - 220

¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú±¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú±¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú±¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú±¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú±ŒÚ¬Û±˘ øıù´±¸

¶§À˙¶§À˙¶§À˙¶§À˙¶§À˙ 221

fl‘¬¯û± ı¸≈ ’±ı±ı˛ Ó≈¬ø˜ ¤À¸±’±ı±ı˛ Ó≈¬ø˜ ¤À¸±’±ı±ı˛ Ó≈¬ø˜ ¤À¸±’±ı±ı˛ Ó≈¬ø˜ ¤À¸±’±ı±ı˛ Ó≈¬ø˜ ¤À¸± 222

¿Ê ˛ ’Ú≈Àı˛±Ò ¸ÀN›’Ú≈Àı˛±Ò ¸ÀN›’Ú≈Àı˛±Ò ¸ÀN›’Ú≈Àı˛±Ò ¸ÀN›’Ú≈Àı˛±Ò ¸ÀN› 223

õ∂fl¬±˙ ‰¬f ˜±˝±Ó¬± Œ˝ ¸”˚«Œ˝ ¸”˚«Œ˝ ¸”˚«Œ˝ ¸”˚«Œ˝ ¸”˚« 224

’øˆ¬øÊ» øÈ¬fl¬±˝◊Ó¬ AXe N;tç=e RomtvqJo Cth; bü 225 - 231

"tÂbofU fUtÂà; fuU fUthKmwhuà“ fwUbth

Cth;eg CÂ¢; ytk=tujl bü vqJuoúth fuU 232 - 238

bleÂMgtü fUt gtud=tlnhuhtb vtXfU

hJeà“lt: xidtuh fuU htsliÂ;fU Âaà;l 239 - 242

bü btlJJt="bouà“ fwUbth Âmk

Authors’ Details 243 - 244

SHINJANVolume 2, Issue 2, February-2016 ISSN : 2454-3322

1SHINJAN : Multi-Disciplinary, Peer-Reviewed Journal • E-mail : [email protected]

Crime Against Women in Bribhum District-ADeterrent to Human Development

Prasenjit Saha

AbstractA delinquent behavior which is not accepted in the society or whichhas an intention of harm any person, religious group or any racemay be defined as a crime. The offence or crime is one well-definedbehavior under the criminal code. Whether a person once orrepeatedly commits anything delinquent is considered as antisocialor criminal activity. Crime is present in India in various forms. Itincludes drug smuggling, gunrunning, money laundering, extortion,murder, fraud, human trafficking, poaching, black marketing,political violence, religious motivated violence, terrorism, homicide,robbery, assault, burglary, theft, arson, rape, eve-teasing, dowrydeath, domestic violence etc. Corruption is a significant problemnow a day. A report published by the National Crime RecordsBureau compared crime rate from 1953 to 2006 (I.R.I.5).This reportshows that over a period of 53years crimes like murder, kidnappingrobbery etc have increased to a great extent with the development ofthe society and civilization. But when the question is about crimeagainst women is concerned it raises a very significant question onthe social value of the society.This present study will focus on the different types of crimes againstwomen in Birbhum District of West Bengal mainly in the remoterural areas of the district.

Intr oduction:In India crime is present in various forms. A report published

by National Crime Record Bureau (2006) compared the crime ratefrom 1953-2006, shows that over a period of 53years crime hasincreased to a great extent with the development of the society andcivilization. It is generally noticed that the crime rate is more in theurban areas and in the industrial areas or in the densely populatedareas but at the same time in rural areas crime is increasing with analarming rate mainly against women. Women in the rural areas andin the urban slams being uneducated, unemployed and less politicallysound are the soft target of the criminals and the mentally pervertedpersons (Arya, S.).



In India crime against women has a long history, but due tothe social stigma most of the offences were unreported. But now aday the scenario has changed to a great extent, the official statisticsays that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of thereported crime against women. The NCRB reported in 1998 that thegrowth rate of crime against women would be higher than thepopulation growth rate by 2010.These crime are categorized as:

A .Sexual Harassment: - Majority of the crime against womenis sexual harassment in the form of eve-teasing, molestation,harassment in the working place and even rape. In many cases due tothis type of crime the women has to commit suicides also (Paul, B.K.).In a survey it is found that 90% of the eve-teasing are unreported(Annual Report of National Crime Record Beauro2010 <75>) as thevictims or their relatives do not want to get involved in the legalaffairs and afraid of spoiling their reputation. (Ghosh S.K).

B. Dowry and dowry death: - Though the government of Indiaapproved the “Dowry Prohibition” Act (Act-1961) and made dowrydemand illegal still this practice prevails in almost all the society. Soin case of not fulfillment of the demand by the bride’s parents, dowryrelated domestic harassment even dowry death and suicides havebeen reported. 1997 annual report of National Crime Record Beauroshows that at least 5000 women die every year because of dowrydeath and at least a dozen every day die in kitchen fire thought to beintentional.( www. Weikipedia.com).

C. Child Marriage: - Child marriage has a long history inIndia. It not only prevails in the rural areas but it is also relevant inthe urban slums. Although it is now prohibited by law, still it prevailsin India. According to UNICEF 41% of Indian women get marriedbefore the age of 18 years among which 56% in rural areas. Thisreport showed that 40% of the world’s child marriages occur in India.(Dr. Arya, Ananta).

D. Sex selection before birth, sex selective abortion and femaleinfanticides: - Law has made to avoid all events in India but still inIndia in many areas illegal sex-selection before birth and sex selectiveabortion prevails. It is very painful to state that in many cases femalesalso have no objection to do so.



E. Domestic Violence: - As per the police report after thesexual harassment domestic violence accounts the second highestposition. Though the domestic violence is higher among the lowersocio-economic classes but it is at the same time present in almostall the socio-economic classes. Beating wives by inebriated drunkenhusbands or by in-laws are common event in almost every part of thenation. This leads to serious injuries and even death to the women(Hate Chandrakala).

F. Prostitution: - The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act waspassed in 1956. However many cases of trafficking of young girlsand women have been reported. These women are either forced intoprostitution, domestic work or child labour.

In the book “Lengthening Shadow: Status of Women in India”(P.S. Chauan) mentioned that in India the major causes of crimeagainst women are as follows:

1. Poverty2. Educational System3. Unemployment4. Dowry System5. Prohibition of widow marriage6. Absence of social control7. Family Structure8. Industrialization9. Consumption of drugs and alcohol10. Desire to have a son11. Change in social valueThere are so many other causes which insist the crime against

women among which only very few are recorded or have the provisionof legal support but the mental stress that the women are gettingevery second in the family and society can never be supported.Objectives Of The Study:1. To find out the trend of crime against women in Birbhum

District form 1994 to 2011 (May).2. To find out major types of crimes against women in the

different police stations of the district.



3. To explore types of low recorded crimes in the district.4. To explore the female’s knowledge about the legal safeguards.5. To suggest some futuristic strategies on the basis of the

findings of the study.Methodology:

To complete this study both the field and desk survey hasbeen done .Entire Birbhum District of West-Bengal, India has beentaken as study area. Evaluation of the present situation has beenmade through the analysis of the relevant data, which are collectedfrom both primary as well as secondary sources. Schedulequestionnaire has been framed to collect the data from the primarysources. Various books and other publications related to the topichave been consulted to frame of the study, to identify the indicatorsand to draw the conclusion. Secondary information are collectedfrom various government offices and publications like CensusPublication, District Statistical Hand Book, data from the DistrictH.R.D. Report, from the office Superintendent of Police of theDistrict, and Sub-divisional Police Officer’s office. Apart fieldsurvey was conducted in all the nineteen C. D. Blocks of BirbhumDistrict to collect the relevant data. After the collection of therelevant data, statistical tools and graphical methods have beenapplied to analyze the ground reality and represent the datacartographically.Crime Against Women in Birbhum District:

As per the police record of Birbhum District thirteen majortypes of crime against women are recorded in various police stationsthese are ; dowry murder, dowry deaths, bride murder, culpablehomicides, torture suicide, attempt to murder, torture, rape,kidnappings, outrage of modesty, eve-teasing, rape with murder andattempt to rape. If we analysis the total number of the recordedcrime against women in the district from 1994 to May 2011, a trendof increase in number is found in every year in each police station.As the rate of crime is increasing, numbers of FIRs have alsoincreased with the every passing day. Previously it was noticedthat females did not always go to the police stations for lunchingthe report and prefer to keep a safe distance from the legal



procedures. Even today also females do not always go to the policestations to report against the crime like eve-teasing, attempt torape etc. in many a cases but at the same time according to theofficials now a day the rate of lunching FIRs of the females haveincreased than before which is a positive sign for the society. Asper the police record of Birbhum, torture over the females ofdifferent age group are the most common type of recorded crimeand every year a considerable number of torture cases are recorded.According to the police officers, torture suicides are more committedby the unmarried females as they are not allowed by their parentsto marry according their own choice and this kind of crime is morein the orthodox societies or families. Another type of very shamefulcrime is the dowry death and dowry murder which persist in everysociety and every year a good number of this kind of crime arerecorded in every police station of the district. According to nationalcrime record bureau atleast a dozen of females in India have to dieevery day in “kitchen fire” for not fulfilling of the dowry demands.This dowry death has another side also. Many a time even beforethe marriage bride also commits suicide for not arranging the dowryin time by their parents. Though the government of India passedand enacted the “Dowry Prohibition Act” and made dowry illegalstill it persist in almost all the societies of the nation and BirbhumDistrict is not an exception. So even today in the twenty first centurythe awareness and moral value of the society in rural areas or inurban areas or among the literate or illiterate persons are needed toraise voice to stop this kind of crime. Rape is another type of majorreported crime against women in different parts of the district. It isfound that to suppress this crime even murder is being committedby the criminals. According to the police view not always all therape cases are reported as some mutual understanding has been doneat the grass root level and this encourages the criminals to committhe crime repeatedly. More pathetic fact is that rape victims do notalways get proper medical attentions and their parents or guardiansare not always willing for legal movement as this may cause theloss of their social esteem.



Crime Against Women in Birbhum District (1994 to May 2011)YEAR TYPE OF CRIMES

Torture Outrage Rpae Torture Dowry Bride Total of Sucide Deaths Murder

Modesty andMurder

1994 127 48 35 18 10 2 2861995 99 66 35 34 11 13 3241996 128 45 43 34 4 11 3451997 160 48 40 31 7 6 3731998 108 30 36 19 9 4 2791999 132 18 24 47 10 4 3322000 121 29 42 40 11 8 3612001 131 35 38 41 3 11 3412002 159 41 32 39 1 22 3562003 140 41 42 40 10 4 3682004 110 29 47 45 10 12 3522005 108 37 65 47 5 8 3942006 129 22 40 40 22 16 4012007 143 12 42 26 12 7 3752008 211 26 43 16 32 12 5342009 201 36 40 17 32 20 5142010 239 27 26 15 30 19 525

2011 (May) 103 22 19 6 20 6 206SOURCE-OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE, BIRBHUM, SURI.

Another kind of social evil against women is eve-teasing.Daily in working place, road and in many other places women haveto face this eve-teasing and most astounding fact is that a good numberof the eve-teasing goes unreported. The police record of Birbhum



District shows that from 1994 to May 2011 there were only 08 reportedcases of eve-teasing which is unbelievable. Attempt to rape is also atype crime and this is mostly unreported also. During the mentionedtime span only 79 cases of such kind of crime were reported in variouspolice stations of Birbhum District. But in case of kidnapping thescenario is bit different. From 1994 to May2011 382 cases ofkidnapping of women have been recorded. And so far culpablehomicides are concern only 15 cases are reported in different policestations of the district.

Type of Low Recorded Crimes Against Women In Diffr ents Police Stations of Birbhum District (1994 to May2011)

TYPE OF CRIME RECORDEDNo. of CRIMES

EVE-TEASING 08KIDNAPPING 382

ATTEMPT TO RAPE 79CULPABLE HOMOCIDE 15

SOURCE-OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE, BIRBHUM, SURI.

The crime against women recorded in the district from 1994to May2011, shows that Suri police station has the highest numberof recorded crime against women followed by Bolpur police station,while in Kankartala police station it is lowest followed by Sadipurpolice station. If is observed that the areas with greater populationand with more accessibility, experience more crime. In these areasthe change in the diurnal population density is also high, so thecriminal has the fair chance to take the cover after committing the



crime. Suri, Bolpur , Rampurhat, Sainthia etc police stations are theexamples for this problem. The literacy rate of these police stationsare comparably high so the females of this regions are more justiceseeking, while in the remote rural areas most of the crimes mainlywomen in the domestic as well and in the social domain areunreported. The spade of education and income opportunities arevery limited in the district mainly in the rural remote areas. Due tolack of education, awareness in many cases cause the crime againstwomen. In course of the study it is realized that another importantcause of crime against women is the presence of various socialorthodoxies even today. The desire to have a son is the cause ofrepeated pregnancy and if female child is born, negligence to boththe mother and the child is common. It will take probably anothercentury to change the tradition.

Police Station Wise Recorded Crimes Against WomenIn Birbhum District. (1994 to May2011)

NAME OF POLICE No. of RECORDED CRIMESSTATIONS AGAINST WOMENSURI 755

Md.BAZAR 372

SADIPUR 146

SAINTHIA 466

DUBRAJPUR 351

RAJNAGAR 203

KANKARTALA 115

KHAYRASOLE 166

BOLPUR 604

PANRUI 369

ILLAMBAZAR 308

NANOOR 326

LABBPUR 336

RAMPURHAT 424

MAYRUSWAR 448

MARGRAM 259

MURARAI 471

NALHATI 381

SOURCE-OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE, BIRBHUM, SURI.



Type of Tortur e Against the Females:In the previous discussion it was found that the, most common

type of crime against women is torture and torture suicide. For betterunderstanding a separate study on torture has been made to identifymainly two things, first, the type of torture and second is the women’sattitude to confess whether she is being tortured or not. For thispurpose four types had been indentified, these are: physical torture,mental torture, social torture and economic torture. The physicaltorture is to punish someone with physical pain. The common typeof physical torture over females is like beating, rape, sexual assaultetc. The mental torture includes the psychological trauma, domesticabuse etc. Social torture has a long history so far sex discriminationis concerned. Economic torture is of two types: It is found during thecourse, most of the women in the rural areas are the household workersand do not get any remuneration for their work. So, even for theminimum economic needs these females have to depend on the moodof the earning members of the house. Secondly the females who earnmoney mainly in the rural areas have to hand over the money to themale members of the family. Though one can hardly find any kindsof legal procedure against this kind of torture but during the studythe impact this torture realized and therefore it needs to be addressed.

During the study 7.47 percent of the total respondents saidthat they have to face physical torture mainly in terms of beating and



the main cause in most of the cases is that their husbands do thisafter consuming too much alcohol. According to these respondentssometimes not fulfilling the dowry demand causes physical torture.Around 92 percent of the females are free from any kind of physicaltorture. Among the respondents 5.48 percent, 4.42 percent and 4.58percent of the females said that they do not have to face any kind ofmental, social or economic torture but the rest of the rural females85.52 percent do not have any knowledge or understanding aboutthis torture, and it is the most dangerous thing as due to prolongsuppression the females have lost their self- confidence to such anextent that they are not able to identify this. These women whorepresent about the half portion of the rural population are demeaningthemselves in this manner.

Type of Tortur e Against the FemaleBlocks Type of Tortures (in percentage)

Physical Mental Social Economical

Yes No Yes No Beyond Yes No (BU) Yes No (BU)Under-StSndind(BU)

Nalhati –I 2 98 0 7 93 0 7 93 0 7 93Nalhati -II 4 96 0 4 96 0 4 96 0 4 96Murarai-I 9 91 0 15 85 0 5 95 0 5 95Murarai-II 6 94 0 2 98 0 2 98 0 2 98Mayureswar-I 9 91 0 3 97 0 3 97 0 3 97Mayureswar-II 9 91 0 7 93 0 7 93 0 8 92Rampurhat-I 7 93 0 2 98 0 2 98 0 2 98Rampurhat-II 12 88 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100Md.Bazar 10 90 0 5 95 0 5 95 0 5 95Sainthia 9 91 0 2 98 0 2 98 0 2 98Dubrajpur 3 97 0 14 86 0 0 100 0 0 100Rajnagar 7 93 0 1 99 0 1 99 0 1 99Suri-I 5 95 0 1 99 0 1 99 0 1 99Suri-II 8 92 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100Khoyrasole 10 90 0 3 97 0 3 97 0 3 97Bolpur-Sriniketan 9 91 1 18 81 1 18 81 1 17 83Labpur 6 94 0 1 99 0 1 99 0 1 99Nanoor 9 91 0 8 92 0 8 92 0 8 92Illambazar 8 92 0 18 82 0 15 85 0 15 85

SOURCE: PRIMARY SURVEY,2011



So, it can be said that in this kind of consciousness, literacyhas a great role to play. During the study it is also found that only ahandful of women know about the legal safeguards for the women.These are mainly those women who are either government employeeswho reside near the urban areas and are regular viewers and readersof television and news papers. Only 3.15 percent of the females ofthe district are properly aware of the legal safeguards provided bythe government for them. 10 percent of the female respondents whoare literate but neither engaged in any job or have no opportunities tokeep contact with the outer world have no or little information aboutthe legal safeguards for the women, while the rest 86 percent of thefemale respondents who are illiterate, unemployed and have no meansto keep contact with the outer world have no idea about any legalsafe guards for them. If we find the co-relation co-efficient of thenews paper reading of the women and their knowledge about thelegal safe guards it is found that only those females who are the regularnews paper readers have a proper knowledge about the legalsafeguards and this fact is true statistically.

Co-relation Co-Efficient of News Paper Reading &Knowledge About Legal Safe Guards

Degree of Tabulated Computed Null Althernative StatisticalFreedom Value Vallue Hypothesis Hypothesis Relation19-2 = 17 0.1 0.5 5.475 Rejectad Accepted Statistically

0.575 0.456 Co-Related

Knowledge of the Females About Legal Safeguards.Blocks Knowledge About Lecal Sufeguards

(in percentage)Yes No No Idea

Nalhati –I 3 2 95Nalhati -II 3 0 97Murarai-I 2 0 98Murarai-II 2 0 98Mayureswar-I 5 8 87Mayureswar-II 7 0 93Rampurhat-I 0 2 98Rampurhat-II 0 0 100



Blocks Knowledge About Lecal Sufeguards(in percentage)

Yes No No IdeaMd.Bazar 5 0 95Sainthia 0 1 99Dubrajpur 0 0 100Rajnagar 0 0 100Suri-I 0 0 100Suri-II 1 0 99Khoyrasole 4 0 96Bolpur-Sriniketan 12 8 80Labpur 4 0 96Nanoor 7 0 93Illambazar 5 0 95

SOURCE: PRIMARY SURVEY,2011

Findings:1. Involvement of the females in the local administration is very

low.2. Women mainly in the rural areas are not aware of the legal

safe guards.3. Number of the women police stations is also very low.4. Most of the crimes in the domestic domain mainly remain

unreported.5. Women are economically less sound.



6. Most of the time the matter of social stature becomes a hurdlein the way of the protest against the crimes.

7. Educational status of the economically backward areas of thedistrict is very low, witchcraft and other types of social evilare the result of this.

8. Lack of mode entertainment in the remote rural areas, thereforeconsumption of alcohol and committing sex increasingsignificantly.

9. Desire to have a son is still a social problem in our society.10. Women many a time involved in the crime against women

mainly in the domestic realm.Recomendations: Suggessions:1. Female participation in local administration should be more

increased.2. Female awareness should be increased more, so that they

should dare to go to the police or ask for justice from law.3. Involvement of the Non-Governmental Organizations should

be more mainly at the grass wood levels.4. Political parties and local administration should pay more

attention to cheek the crime against women.5. Police stations for women should be more in number.6. Consciousness among the people should be more increased

by various kinds of programmes.7. Print and electronic media should play more active roles.8. Various awareness programme should be done mainly in the

remote rural parts.9. Spread of proper education should be more.10. Employment opportunities or employment generation

programme should take and implemented properly to makepopulation economically sounder.

11. Psychological treatment should be provide to the sexuallyvictim women mainly those who are under age, so that theycan able to lead a pain free future.

Conclusion:During the study it is found that many of the crime in various

parts of the district goes unreported. The areas with higher density of



the population shows higher rate of crime and vice-versa. In slumareas the spread of education and income opportunities are verylimited. Due to the lack of education, awareness does not grow upproperly and due to lack of economic opportunities frustration inmany cases causes the crime against women. Another important pointof crime against women is the presence of various social orthodoxieseven today in the society. The desire to have a son due to whichrepeated pregnancy and negligence to the female child is a commonmatter and due to the birth of the female child both the child and hermother have to face torture. In the urban areas the diurnal change inthe density of population is a cause of crime against women. It isvery easy for the criminal to hide after committing the crime. Thisadvantage is common in the crimes like rape, eve-teasing or otherkind of sexual harassment to the women in the town areas.

Since 1947 Indian Society has revolved a lot. Educationalachievements, transport and communication, information, electronicmedia, various policies for the development, role of governmentalagencies, and the non-governmental organizations etc brought somepositive changes in the society to reduce the social inequalitiesespecially between the sexes. It is often said that the status of womenin the society is the best way to understand a civilization. IndianConstitution made provisions to minimize the gap between the sexesmainly in the rural parts of India. Though the equality on paper hasalready been achieved but still the operational equality is far awaynot only in the remote rural areas but in the sub-urban as well as inthe urban areas also. Everywhere in India women are more or lessoppressed physically, socially, economically, politically and spiritually.In the rural parts of India this scenario is worst. So for the developmentof the nation as a whole, the females should be redressed soon, whichmay require some additional administrative, political and moreimportantly humanly efforts.References:1. Ananda Bazar Patrika 13th July 2012.2. Ararwal, S. (1998): “Status of Women”, Print well publication,

Jaipur, Rajasasthan .



3. Arya Anita. (2000): “Indian Women” Gyan Publication , NewDelhi .

4. Census of India, Birbhum District. Part-A 2001.Goverenmentof India.

5. Chattopadhyay K. (1983): “Indian Women Battel forFreedom”. Abhinav Publication, New Delhi.

6. Chauhan, P.S. (1996): “Lengthening Shadow: Status ofWomen In India”, Manak Publication. New Delhi

7. Dr. Kapoor Promila (2001): “Positive Attitude”. MittalPublication, New Delhi.

8. Dr. Saikia P.D. & Lekharu (1986): “A.- Indian Rural Women”,Mittal Publication, New Delhi.

9. Dr.Padhi, D.K.( 2005): “Women in India’ down the Ages”,Sakti Book Publication, Ghaziabad. U.P.

10. Everrett, J.M. (1972): “Women and Social Change in India”,Heritage Publication, New Delhi .

11. Ghosh,S.K. (1994) : “Indian women in the Changing Society”Asish Publication House, new Delhi.

12. Giri V. M. (1998): “Emancipation and Empowerment ofWomen” Gayn Publication, New Delhi.

13. Gupta A.K. (1986): “Women and society: The DevelopmentPerspective” Creation Publication . New Delhi.

14. Hate,C.A.( 1969) “Changing Status of women in Post –Independent India”, Allied Publication,Bombay.

15. http://www.google.co.in.16. http://www.ncrb.gov.in.17. International research Institute for Advancement of the

Women, 2008.18. Krishna R.M. and Desai N. (1986): “Women and Society”.

Ajanta Publication. New Delhi.19. Panda, A.N.( 2008): “Situating Indian Women” Abhijeet

Publication. New Delhi.20. Paul, B.K. (1987): “Problems and Concerns of Indian

Women”, ABC Publication New Delhi.21. Raj, B. (1999) “Legal and Political Status of Women in India”

Mothi Publication, New Delhi.



22. Rao,T.V. ; Subba and Devi,V.H. (1998): “Women Law andsocial Change”, D.K. Publication, N.Delhi.

23. Singh.K.(2001): Equlity in Law for Women Empowerment:,Publication Division Ministry of information andBroadcasting. Govt of India.

24. Srinivas, M.N. (1978) “The Changing Position of IndianWomen”, Oxfors University Press .

25. UNDP Human Development Report (1997).26. Upadhaya, L.( 1992): “ Status of Women India”.Anmol

Publication, New Delhi .27. Verma, H.N. & Verma, A.( 1976): “Women Down the ages”

Indian Publication, New Delhi.

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Locating the Bakhtinian Discourse inAravind Adiga’s The White Tiger

Pankaj Luchan Gogoi

Abstract:The White Tiger (2008) of Aravind Adiga invites us tocarry out readings from multiple angles. Amongothers, Mikhail Bakhtin’s thesis of “sociologicalstylistics” can widely be traced in the novel. A readinginto the text enables us to discover the Bakhtiniandiscourse like sub-genres, dialogical text, multiplevoices, language, intertexuality, chronotope and thelike. The Bakhtinian discourse is certainly found toconfigure the textual richness of the novel and alsoreveal the craftsmanship of a debutant novelist.

The White Tiger (2008), the debut novel of Aravind Adigaand the winner of the Man Booker Prize 2008 visits new or emergingIndia in the 21st century. In the backdrop of globalization andincreasing feel good campaign for shining or emerging India, thenovel makes honest and bold endeavor in vociferously raising theconcerns of suffering India which in a way constitutes the fulcrum ofdebate in the novel. Besides, its adaptability to different theoreticalinterpretations leads to understand and enjoy its inherent dimension.

The Russian formalist Mikhail Bakhtin’s thesis of“sociological stylistics” (Holquist and Emerson 1) which includes inbroader sense form and ideology of literary work can be explored inThe White Tiger. The ideas of formalism, new criticism,deconstruction and new historicism are also found to be helpful inthis regard. The Bakhtinian discourse like sub-genres, dialogical text,multiple voices, language, intertexuality, chronotope and many othersare found to be widely prevalent in The White Tiger and aninvestigation into the text will through further light on it.

The White Tiger seems to subsume several sub-genres and it



does not consist in a single unified form. Actually, these sub-genresare “several heterogeneous stylistic unities” (Holquist and Emerson1) and the sub-genres are drawn from both artistic and non-artisticsources. As far as artistic sources are concerned The White Tigertakes recourse to allegory, satire both at personal and social level,drama, mock- epic, poetry, bildungsroman and the like while its non-artistic sources include letter, poster, fortune- telling chit, tabulation,sidebar, slogan and the like. Talking about the allegory of the novelwe can refer to the animal imagery that the narrator uses to describesome of the important characters. Reference can be made to theprotagonist Balram Halwai as the white tiger or country mouse, thefour landlords of Laxmangarh as the buffalo, stork, wild boar andraven respectively, Mr Ashoka as Lamb, Mr Mukesh as mongoose,Bihar as jungle etc. These animal images are loaded with meaningand are quite appropriate to the contexts concerned.

The novel’s satirical elements are traced in its ruthless criticismof India’s social, political, cultural and religious set up and itsunmasking of hypocrisy of individuals and institutions.

The dramatic element of the novel can be traced to its abundantdialogues, soliloquies, asides, catastrophe, hubris and the like. TheWhite Tiger is full of conversations and asides form part of it. Thesoliloquies are represented in italics as in “Ah they’re Halwais makingsweets and tea is in their blood” ( Adiga 63) catastrophe is shown atthe kidnapping and the subsequent murder of Landlord Buffalo’sinfant son by the Naxals and the tragic murder of the landlord Stork’sson Ashok by the white tiger. Hubris is shown in the character ofAshok in his complete faith in and dependence on The White Tigerand considering him to be the part of his family. Shakespeare’s ideaof “character is destiny” is also found in the character of the WhiteTiger as he himself is responsible for all his doings and undoings.We find Balram Halwai to be a Marlowvian protagonist as he doesnot belong to upper strata of society like protagonists of Classical orShakespearean drama. We find him to be more akin to the heroes ofArthur Miller who come from the lower strata of society.

The mock-epic elements of The White Tiger is evident in itsreference to arses of 36,000,0004 gods while invoking them for



inspiration to compose his dark story. In his own words:“It is an ancient and venerated custom of people in my country

to start a story by praying to a higher power. I guess, Your Excellency, that I too should start off bykissing some god’s arse.” (Adiga 8). Reference of Lord Krishna as“chauffeur” (Adiga 187) can also be made to highlight its mock-epicelements. Reference to the poetry of Iqbal and The White Tiger’srecitation of the couplets of the unknown poet can also be made tohighlight its use of poetry “you are looking for the key for years/But the door wasalways open!”(Adiga 253) If bildungsroman shows the emotional and psychologicaldevelopment of the protagonist than The White Tiger can beconsidered to be a bildungsroman as well. The observation ofemotional and psychological development of the white tiger, theprotagonist, can be traced in his four names viz., Munna, BalramHalwai, The White Tiger and Ashok Sharma. A close reading of thetext reveals that there is marked development in the character of theprotagonist from Munna to Ashok Sharma. In order to become AshokSharma from Munna he has to pass through many experiences fromLaxmangarh , Dhanbad to Bangalore. As far as the non-artistic sub-genres are concerned, The WhiteTiger uses letters and the entire novel is actually a long letter fromthe White Tiger to Wen Jiabao, the Premier of China. There are manyletters within this letter which reminds us drama within drama. In away, this serves as a metafiction as well. The letters between Grannyand the White Tiger and Kishan and the White Tiger can be cited asexamples. Besides, poster, fortune telling chit, tabulation, sidebar,slogan, advertisement, career guideline and the like help make thenovel a multiform text. Example of poster:

“ASSISTANCE SOUGHT IN SEARCH FOR MISSINGMAN General Public is hereby informed that the man in thepictur e namely Balram Hlwai alias MUNNA son of VikramHalwai rickshaw-puller is wanted for questioning. Age : Between25 and 35 . Complexion : Blackish. Face : Oval . Height : Five



feet four inches estimated . Build : Thin, Small.” ( Adiga 12 )Example of slogan can be given to slogan of All India SocialistProgressive Front (Lenninist Faction):

“DO YOU WANT GOOD ROADS, CLEAN WATER,GOOD HOSPITALS ? THEN VOTE OUT THE GREATSOCIALIST!” ( Adiga 98 ) Example of fortune-telling chit is“LUNNA SCALES CO. NEW DELHI 110 055 YOUR WEIGHT59 ‘Respect for the law is the first command of the gods.’” ( Adiga248) Example of advertisement can be given to “BANGALORE-BASED BUSINESS MAN SEEKS SMART MAN FOR HISBUSINESS APPLY AT ONCE ! ATTRACTIVE REMUNE-RATION PACKAGES ON OFFER LESSONS IN LIFE ANDENTERPRENEURSHIP INCLUDED FOR FREE! “ (Adiga 54)Example of career guidance can be given to “TEN SECRETS OFBUSINESS SUCCESS! or BECOME AN ENTREPRENEUR INSEVEN EASY DAYS” ( Adiga 6 )

The White Tiger appears to be dialogical. The novel is notmonologic like lyric poetry. It does not express a single voice or pointof view of the narrator or the author. It is, rather, dialogical, heteroglotor the other voiced, double voiced or polyphonic. In The White Tigerwe find the narrator’s voice and the voices of other characters likethe landlords, politicians, tea boys, rickshaw pullers, sweet makers,taxi drivers, hotel managers, pimps, prostitutes, servants, poor ruralwomen, foreign educated young man and women, school teacher,inspector, conductor and many others. In The White Tiger thenarrator’s voice is one of those voices that are to be found in the text.The presence of these multiple voices makes the novel variform inspeech and voice.

The multiple voices in The White Tiger are found to correspondto the ideological perspectives of different classes. The novelrepresents almost all the classes of India’s sociological stratification.As the voices of the rich and the poor are accommodated in TheWhite Tiger; it is through the diversity of voices and concomitantspeech genres that heteloglossia which stands for the “internalstratification of any single national language into social dialects”(Holquist and Emerson 1) each correspond to the ideological



perspective of a particular class is abundantly found in The WhiteTiger. For example, the cheap pornographic magazine called“MURTHER WEEKLY” ( Adiga 201 ) with its content and languageread by the drivers of Delhi. While their masters leisurely indulge infornicating top-end sluts on starred hotels, the drivers down belowwhile their time on sexual fantasies, deriving carnal pleasures byfeasting their eyes on cheap sex magazines, holding and caressingtheir fleshy sex tools on hands. As the text accommodates the voicesof all sections of India it does not serve the forces of centripetalunification in the verbal-ideological evolution and supremacy ofspecific social groups. In this regard we can refer to the one of theconversations of The White Tiger with Mr. Ashok and Pinky Madam.Here it is:

“‘Ashok,’ she said. ‘Now hear this. Balram, what is it we’reeating ?’

I knew it was a trap but what could I do? — I answered. Thetwo of them burst into giggles

‘Say it again, Balram.’They laughed again.‘It’ s not piJJA. It’s piZZa, Say it properly.’‘Wait — you’re mispronouncing it too. There’s a T in the

middle. Peet. Zah.’‘Don’t correct my English Ashok. There’s no T in pizza. Look

at the box.’I had to hold my breath as I stood there waiting for them to

finish. The stuff smelled so awful.‘He’s cut the pizza so badly. I just don’t understand how he

can come from a caste from a caste of cooks.’” (Adiga 154) The cases of Landlord’s sons being killed by the Naxals and thedomestic servant, bus conductor becoming affluent politician, U.S.educated Landlord’s son relishing poor man’s food and the likesubstantially prove The White Tiger does not facilitate the process ofeconomic, political, social and cultural centralization. We don’t findany linguistic or ideological nucleus but see co-existence andcompetition of centripetal and centrifugal forces for ascendency. Tomake The White Tiger more Bakhtinian we can call it to be



carnivalesque as there is no “language centre “ (Holquist and Emerson2), no dominant ideology. If we find the so-called refined languageof the elite like “I stay up the whole night, Your Excellency.” (Adiga7) or “Come join us, maharaja of Buckingham” (Adiga 157), we findthe slang of the subaltern as well. For example, “what a fuckingjoke.” (102). Instead, the text plays with different languages andversions of reality and interestingly, none of them can lay claim toauthenticity or absolute fidelity to truth.

What The White Tiger seems to offer or represent is not thereality per se but language i.e., what people say about reality. TheBakhtinian reading of The White Tiger reveals that its reality is quitedifferent from the mimetic scheme of Classical Plato, Humanist Wattand Marxist Lukacs. Plato defines art as a “mirror held up to nature”(Holquist and Emerson 3); Watt sees novel to represent “life”(Holquist and Emerson 3) as apprehended through the physical sensesof its novelist while Lukacs believes that a literary work depicts theclass conflict intrinsic to the place and time which it depicts andfrankly speaking his version of realism is associated with dialecticalprogression of history. We do not see that this mimetic scheme ofthings appropriately fits into the world of The White Tiger. If we readThe White Tiger in mimectic scheme of things we will find the directworld in its orientation towards the object facing resistance of theobject itself. For, mimetic scheme of things operate on a referentialmodel of signification in which given sign is thought to directlyrepresent or correspond to a particular referent. Bakhtin argues thatin reality there exist elastic environment of other, alien words aboutthe same object, the same theme between the word (sign) and itsobject (referent), between the word and the speaking subject.Bakhtinian reality in The White Tiger accommodates different pointsof views on the subjects like religion, Marriage, responsibility, politics,sex and the like. Even the Bakhtinian reality all the time calls forcomment or response from the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao on arange of issues which in a way reinforces the fact that reality of thetext is waiting for the responses of the political readers. The WhiteTiger represents reality not as such but language i.e., what the peoplesay about reality. If Bakhtin considers the central problem of the novel



to be “ of artistically representing language, the problem ofrepresenting the image of the langue “ (Holquist and Emerson 4)then The White Tiger successfully overcomes the problem as itslanguage being dialogical and itself being heteroglot it implies “possibility “ (Holquist and Emerson 4) and indeed the inevitabilityof “ another point of view “ (Holquist and Emerson 4) intrudingbetween the author he object of his description.

The Bakhtinian notion of chronotope is found to figure inThe White Tiger. Since chronotope designates the distinctive featuresof time and space within each literary genre the text lives up to therequirement of it. As the time of the novel is the 21st century and inwhich India started experiencing the positive and the negativeaftermaths of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization)the novel features the time quite well. Delineation of entrepreneurship,late night workings at the call centres, sex tourism, Honda City car,Black Dog wine, yoga and the like certainly refer to the chronotopeof the time. Spatial chronotope can be sited to Bihar as Jungle (as thetenure of Lalu Prasad Yadav was hailed as the Jungle Raj), the coalmining at Dhanbad, Bangalore as the hub of call centres and IT,reference to Hindi Heartland as the area of darkness and the like.Individual chronotope can be cited to Chinese Premier Wen Jiabnao,the great socialist who is none other than Lalu Prasad Yadav andothers. Moreover, individual chronotope like voices, individual,Idiosyncrasies or habits are distinguished by their autonomy andindependence. We consider them to be “independent centres ofconsciousness” (Hawthorn 43). They don’t merge with each other,rather they enter into a complex dialogue with one another and itseems to be dialogue inscribed by power.

The White Tiger seems to offer us a model of intersexuality.Bakhtinian discourse enables us to read The White Tiger in terms ofits socio-historical context, rather than as autonomous object. It alsoenables us to read the text as continuity and the discontinuity.Reference can be made to the Hindi heartland being described as thearea of darkness and Mother Ganga being described as black riverreminds us Conrad’s Africa and the Congo River in his Heart ofDarkness. Prayer to 36,00,004 gods to compose the dark story reminds



us the invocation of Milton in Paradise Lost, Pope in The Rape ofthe Lock and Dryden in Mec Flecknoe. Reference to the “ four greatestpoets of all times “ (Adiga 6) — Rumi, Iqbal, Mirza Ghalib and afourth whose name The White Tiger forgets also add to theintertexuality. Crux of Naxalism can be related to Jhumpa Lahiri’sThe Lowland. Incorporation of slang in great abundance and frequencyreminds us Chetan Bhagat all the time. The allegory of the text isquite familiar to the allegory of Spenser in The Farrie Quinne. If thehistory of any body of literature begins with the literatures whichpreceded it and from which it is derived and from which it attemptsto distance itself in some way then The White Tiger can definitelyserve as a good example. The Bakhtinian study carried out here shows that form andcontent (theme or ideology) are inseparable. Form in The White Tigeris ideological and ideology is also taking form and hence in The WhiteTiger we see “sociological stylistics”. The White Tiger is variform in speech and voice. To Bakhtin,this variform in speech and voice in a text can be secured through theauthor’s voice, the narrator’s voice or the voices of various characters.But The White Tiger is completely devoid of authorial interventionor authorial voice, instead narrator’s voice and the voices of othercharacters contribute to its being variform in speech and voice. The White Tiger has a secular motif. The narrator is himselfan agnostic questioning the very reverence of people towards God.Negating the role of God in individual’s well-being he advocates forindividual’s hard work and entrepreneurship. In the novel we foundthat common enemy of poor or weaker sections regardless of theircaste or religion is poverty and ignorance. The novel is resonant withthe voices of all sections which represent their grim reality. To conclude, The White Tiger is certainly a very rich textboth from the points of view of form and content. The Bakhtinianstudy that this paper carried out reinforces this observation. It provesAdiga to be very conscious artist given the impersonality he achievesthrough form particularly through the narrator and it also proves thesuccess of Adiga as a novelist in allowing the people to write thehistory of India in the 21st century.



Works CitedAdiga, Aravind. The White Tiger. Noida : HarperCollins Publishers,

2009.Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory An Introduction to Literary and

Cultural TheoryThird Edition. New Delhi : Viva Books Private Limited, 2011.Das, Bijay Kumar. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. New Delhi

: Atlantic Publishers &Distributors (P) LTD, 2010.Habib, M.A.R. A History of Literary Criticism. New Delhi : Atlantic

Publishers & Distributors (P) LTD, 2006.Hawthorn, Jeremy. A Glossary of Contemporary Literary Theory

Fourth Edition. New York : Arnold , 2000.Holquist , Michael. And Emerson, Caryl. ( trans ). Bakhtin, Mikhail.

“ Discourse in the Novel. “ The Dialogic Imagination : FourEssays. Texas : 1981. 259-422

Copyright © : Council of SHINJANAll articles protected by copyright and any article can not be used inany manner without the permission of the Council of Shinjan. Councilof Shinjan may re-use the articles published in the Shinjan for its variousother publication.



The Interplay of Cast and Politics in RuralIndia – Case study of

Rural West Bengal (1960s – 2012)Chandrabali Das

AbstractThis chapter tries to explore how the interplay of casteand politics affects rural social life in India byadapting the case study of rural West Bengal from the1960s till 2012. In the introduction the term ‘caste’has been defined from the sociological point of viewand then the different approaches to the study of castenamely the western, the Marxist and IndianNationalist approaches are analysed. Then, asubsequent attempt is made to analyse in rural Bengalwhether caste has been able to harmonise within therural society the mutual differences among the variousunits. Also it has been illustrated how politics affectsthis harmonizing role of caste, sometimes positivelyand sometimes negatively and finally it has beenshown that caste continues to be a dominant factor inrural society around which politics of everyday liferevolves.

INTRODUCTIONThe social institution that characterizes the Indian society as

radically different from the Western Society is the institution of caste.Generally speaking caste is a unique criterion of social stratification.The Indian society is stratified into several caste groups. Caste systemis a rigid form of stratification based on ascribed characteristics suchas skin colour or family identity. People are born into and have tospend their entire lives within a caste, with little chance of leaving it.In a caste ridden society every physical contact with a member ofany caste that is considered to be ‘lower’ by the members of ‘higher’caste, is considered an act of ritualistic impurity. Contact amongdifferent castes in minimal and governed by a set of rules.1



The western Neoliberal thinkers adopt a negative approachto the study of caste and boldly assert that it is this institution of castewhich is to a great extent responsible for the inherent incapacity ofthe Indian society to acquire the virtues of modernity and nationhood.The Marxists have their own way of interpreting caste system. Caste,according to the Marxist thinkers is a feature of the superstructure ofthe Indian Society. Its existence and efficacy are the ideologicalproducts of the specific precapitalist social formations that haveappeared in the Indian history. With the supersession of these precapitalists formations caste too would disappear.2 However historyhas proved the Marxists wrong. Even after the precapitalist formationshave disappeared, capitalist economic activities and modern educationhave entered the picture, they necessarily don’t wipe away the castepractices. Even D. D. Kosambi, after noting in 1944 that “it is notnecessarily true that caste will disappear with modern means ofproduction any more than the feudal ideology disappeared fromJapanese society with modern machinery” was driven to add “withthe development of the country as a whole and the foundation of itsbasic economy on the village unit, with the family as the subunit, theprogressive function of caste may be said to have ended so that casteitself must therefore attempt to be static… Thus it is that so much ofIndian philosophy and literature, which went on developing had totake the religious path. This “opium of the people” was needed if lifewere to be worth living…3

However there is a sufficiently influential nationalist argumentin favour of the Indian caste system as well. This can be illustrated inthe argument advanced by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi believed thatthe empirical reality of caste discrimination and even its sanction inthe religious texts has practically speaking, nothing to do with religion.The fourfold varna scheme was a non-competitive fundamentaldivision of labour and did never imply a hierarchical privilege.

It is true that the presence of the caste system makes the Indiansociety essentially different from the west, but at the same time it isalso true that ideally the caste system seeks to harmonise within thewhole of a social system the mutual distinctness of its parts. Thecaste system therefore facilitates the establishment and development



of a harmonious and stable social order. This idealism was echoed inDr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan’s assertion that varna scheme was auniversal form of the organic solidarity of the individual and socialorder.4

The aim of this essay is to analyse whether the institution ofcaste has certainly been able to play its harmonizing and positiverole in rural India by adopting the case study of rural West Bengalfrom the 1960s till 2012.

This essay focuses its attention on the inter relationship amongthe various caste groups in rural West Bengal from the 1960s till2012 which has kept changing depending on which political party orwhich coalition of parties has come to acquire power in state politics.The reason behind choosing the rural politics instead of urban politicsis that in the period mentioned above as well as at present caste as asocial institution matters much more in the rural society than in theurban society. Also the interplay of caste and politics appears moreprominent in the villages of West Bengal than in the cities. Thereforein this chapter I shall try to analyse the interrelationship among thevarious caste groups depending upon which political party is in powerin the state and how politics affects castes and vice versa in ruralBengal.The interplay of Caste and Politics in Rural Bengal (Since 1960still 2012)

Before entering deep into the analysis, one must note thehierarchy of caste groups in rural West Bengal. Here the followingcastes are noticed in the following hierarchy.A) Upper Caste containing the (1) Brahmins, (2) Kayasthas and (3)Vaidyas

B) Middle Caste containing the (1) Sadgop (2) Tanti (3) Teli(4) Banik (4) Mahishya (6) Pramanik (7) Kamar (8) Chasi (Kaivarta)(9) Tambuli (10) Vaishya

C) Lower Caste containing – (1) Dule (2) Bagdi (3) Dhopa(4) Munchi (5) Malo, the other scheduled castes and the tribal people.As long as the state politics remained in the grip of the congress, anunderstanding existed among the upper, middle and lower castes inthe rural society of West Bengal, resulting in peaceful coexistence.



At that time the Kayasthas were at the helm of village affairs. Theyused to possess large acres of land while the lower castes mainlyDule, Bagdi, Munchi, Malo were landless labourers working in thelands owned by the Kayastha. At that time the Kayasthas enjoyedsocial and political dominance and the lower castes submitted to theirdominance without question.5 At that time when the dominantkaayasthas virtually controlled the political and social mileau andthe lower castes submitted to their dominance without question, theinstitution of caste correctly played its harmonizing and stabilisingrole in the rural society. But since after the 1960s the caste systemgradually started to face serious obstacles in performing its positiverole. Among the many obstacles, the most significant one was thearrival and the assumption of power by the leftist forces in Bengalpolitics. The leftist politics as opposed to the erstwhile dominationof congress politics in the village posed a serious challenge to the so-long prevailing caste harmony in rural Bengal.

In those villages which were predominantly inhabited by thescheduled caste and tribal population, the kayasthas held most of thevillage agricultural land and enjoyed social authority. Until the 1960sthey used to be the proponents of congress politics in the village andthe scheduled castes and tribal population remained completelyindifferent to party politics. But gradually with the increasingsignificance of leftist politics the assertiveness of the Scheduled Castesand the tribal communities began to increase. In the late 1960s at thetime of the first non-congress governments in the form of two briefunited front regimes of which the leftist parties were the mainconstituents, the villages of West Bengal saw a phenomenal rise in thepeasant movement that initiated a process of deep – rooted changes ininter-caste relationship. In the past also the rural areas of Bongaon,Gaighata, Habra, Baduria, etc. had witnessed mighty peasant strugglesduring the Tebhaga and post – Tebhaga phases – all under the Red Flagleadership of the Kisan Sabha in 1946 – 1947. The dominant groupswhich joined the peasant struggle were the Namasudras who workedas Share croppers and came to be included in the Scheduled Castecategory since after independence. The Bauris who were poor peasantsand rural labourers too joined the struggle along with the sadgops.6



The post 1960 politics of West Bengal also saw a massmobilization of the peasants majority of whom belonged to the lowercastes during the land reform programmes organized by first the unitedfront and then the Left Front Governments. Therefore it may not bewrong to assert that the inter-caste harmony which prevailed in ruralBengal during the days of Congress rule in Bengal till before the1960s, began to get eroded with the advent of leftist politics in thestate. More specifically speaking as the Communist Party of India(Marxist) [CPIM] entered the village politics of West Bengal withthe call of mobilization of landless and marginal peasants for grabbingof above – ceiling lands from the landed gentry (most of whombelonged to the upper caste Kayastha community) along with thedemand for hiking labour wages, the tribal people, as well as theScheduled Castes and all other lower caste people of the villagebecame the first to be mobilized7, therefore declaring a crusade againstthe long prevailing inter-caste harmony during the erstwhile congressrule. The ensuring period saw a sharp division in village politicsbetween the landless agricultural labourers belonging to the lowercastes notably the Dule, Bagdi, the Scheduled Castes and the tribalpeople on the one hand and the upper castes on the other hand. Froma different perspective this can also be treated as a phenomenon wherepolitics influences caste. While congress politics ushered in an era ofpeaceful coexistence among all castes in rural Bengal, leftist politicsset in the era of caste division where the lower castes asserted theirrights against the long dominance of the upper castes. However tillthen, the middle castes containing the Baniks, Mahishyas, Kamars,Pramaniks, etc. did not enter into the open conflict with the left. Ratherthey preferred to remain narrowly subject to kayastha domination.The second phase of the lower caste uprising against the upper castesstarted from 1977 onwards. It was during this phase that the middlecastes particularly the Pramaniks, Baniks and Mahishyas emerged asprosperous landed class as some of them purchased substantialagricultural land from the erstwhile Kayastha landlords and used theGreen Revolution Technology along with commercial farming.8 As aresult their status got enhanced from landless marginal peasants tosemi-medium and medium landholding categories. So in the post



1977 period, the prosperous Mahishya and Banik families instead ofthe erstwhile prosperous and landed families of Kayasthas becamethe targets of the lower caste peasant uprising. It can therefore beundoubtedly stated that in the post 1977 period also politics in generaland leftist politics in particular prevented the institution of caste fromplaying its role of establishing and developing a harmonious and stablerural social order in West Bengal. However the peculiarity of castefrom playing its role of establishing and developing a harmoniousand stable rural social order in West Bengal. However the peculiarityof caste – power interrelationship that characterized this phase ofpeasant uprising was that, unlike the Kayasthas the Mahishyasmaintained good relationship with the CPI (M) and used theirrelationship with institutional politics for furthering their interest.

In the mean time the establishment and development of thePanchayat Raj system in 1978 enhanced the significance of theScheduled Castes and the tribal population in village politics.Gradually the Scheduled Castes and the tribes turned into a strongsupport base of the CPI (M) due to the cooperation extended by theparty to the agitation of these categories of people against the landedgentry of the upper caste.

However, since the 1980s onwards this interest dominatedalliance between the tribal and scheduled caste people on the onehand and the CPI (M) on the other hand began to get over. In thisphase, leftist politics created division not only between the uppercaste and the lower caste, but within the lower caste itself among itsdifferent subcategories namely the Bagdis, Dules, Munchis, Maloand the others.

As the CPI (M) began to politically favour the Bagdis overand above the other lower caste groups, a sharp division becamevisible among the lower caste groups themselves. There were quite afew reasons behind the creation of CPI(M)’s new preference. Mostsignificantly, the scheduled caste and Tribal people of rural Bengalhad been agitating for a wage hike through a continuous agriculturallabour strike in 1984. The CPI(M) instead of extending whole heartedcooperation to this peasant agitation (as it had done before) preferredto suppress the same as by that time the strategy of left politics has



changed from struggle to reform. Moreover many of the members ofthe landed class hailing from the Mahishyas, baniks and other newlyemerging landed middle casts started entering the Communist Party.So, when the Scheduled Castes and tribal people agitated against thelanded gentry for hiking the agricultural labour wages, their agitationwent against the class interest of the party. Naturally CPI(M) becamebusy to suppress this agitation. One the contrary the party favouredthose lower caste groups which had got nothing to do with thisagitation. As the Bagdis fortunately hailed from this group theyreceived the blessings of the ruling party. Gradually in the villagePanchayet bodies, the labouring class consisting of the scheduledcastes and the tribes began to get defeated by the Bagdis who reachedan advantageous position through their strategic relationship withthe Communist Party. Also discontent was growing among theScheduled Castes and the tribes over corruption in the PublicDistribution System (PDS) and in other areas of governance as well.This corruption into which the left front Government was gettingmerged day by day as well as its policy of discouraging the strugglesof rural labour class for wage – hike turned the Scheduled Castes andtribes away from being a strong leftist support base and at the sametime utterly restricted the caste system from discharging its idealisticresponsibility of effecting harmony and solidarity in the rural society.As the left front Government increasingly failed to check theimpoverishment of the poor peasantry and the swelling of the ranksof landless agricultural labourers, its Scheduled Caste and tribalsupport base started fading away, thereby reducing its unquestionableacceptance among all lower caste groups in rural West Bengal. Whilesuccessive droughts and floods further began to weaken the farmersand landless agricultural labourers most of whom belonged to theScheduled Castes and tribal groups the Bagdis, who by that time hadassumed coveted position of Panchayet Pradhans due to theirnumerical strength attracting more attention in electoral politics,seemed to garner the best of the panchyet benefits by embracing thenew politics of CPI(M). Gradually all the other lower cast groupsexcept the Bagdis began complaining of irregularities in thedistribution of panchyet benefits in favour of the Bagdis.9 As a result



the age-old solidarity among the various lower caste groups and thetribal people got shattered. Gradually the underlying consensus amongthe Bengali educated middle class that the Panchayet system withrural elected bodies, however limited land reforms, developmentalbureaucracy and public distribution system were functioning well –was fast vanishing.

It may be interesting to note here that the more the legitimacyof the left Front Government began to be questioned due to the risinglevel of corruption and indifference of the party towards the sufferingsof the poor people that is, people mostly belonging to the lower castegroups, the institution of caste once again got back its lost opportunityof effecting a solidarity at least among the lower caste groups ofrural West Bengal.

The caste system played this harmonizing role the mosteffectively since after the left front government started taking awayagricultural land, many times forcefully from the legitimate landlordsfor dubious programmes of industrialization. When the stategovernment decided to acquire nearly 1,000 acres of agricultural landin Singur for a small car plant to be set up by Tata Motors, the villagersstarted agitating against this acquisition. Gradually with the incidentslike mounting food crisis followed by deaths of scores of workers intea gardens, ration revolt in many of the villages of North and South24 Parganas, Dinajpur, Coochbihar (2007) violent protests in the dryareas of Southern West Bengal,10 (2008 – 2009), the left politics inrural Bengal could no more play the people of one caste against thoseof the other castes and therefore politics in general failed to preventthe institution of caste from playing its harmonising role in rural Bengal.

The caste relations were increasingly becoming fuzzy underthe impact of the anti-land acquisition movement. Majority of therural population of West Bengal initially responded in united defianceof the land acquisition movement by the left front government. Theyorganized themselves as a strong force against the government tosave the village agricultural land on which people of almost all casteslargely depended for their livelihood. As mobilization in the landmovement cut across the caste line, the emphasis in the rural sociallife shifted on the inter-caste unity.11



Gradually with the rising significance of the anti-landacquisition movement against the left front government in Singurand Nandigram and the growing assertion of Trinamool Congress inrural politics, the Bagdis who earlier formed a strong support base ofthe CPI(M), united with the dominant Mahishya Caste and switchedover to the ‘Save Agricultural Land Committee’. So, irrespective ofthe caste group to which they belonged, all the rural people whoowned lands, people who didn’t own lands but worked as share –croppers and labourers in the lands owned by the landlords joinedthe Anti-land acquisition movement against the left front governmentand ultimately became effective in toppling the latter.CONCLUSION

In rural India thusfar illustrated in this chapter by adoptingthe case study of rural West Bengal the division of labour largelycoincides with the caste division under economic compulsion and inideological terms the categories of caste have continued to providemany of the basic signifying terms through which collective identitiesand social relations are still perceived.12 In a nutshell it may not bewrong to say that the Indian society especially the rural society whereindustrialistion, modernization and liberal western education havenot yet been able to penetrate, the institution of caste invariabilityinfluences the society and politics, and at the same time politics alsodetermines whether caste will be able to effect harmony and solidarityamong the various groups arranged hierarchically in the rural societyaccording to division of labour. Whether caste will be successfullyable to harmonise within the rural Indian social system the mutualdifferences among its various units largely depends on the existingpolitics of the day. Rather it is the interplay of caste and politicswhich determines the ultimate fate of harmony and solidarity of theIndian Society, particularly the rural society.REFERENCES1. Hari Hara Das and B. C. Chowdhury, Introduction to Political

Sociology, Vikas Publication House Limited, 1997, p. 227.2. Partha Chatterjee, “The Nation and Its Outcasts” in the self-

authored book, The Nation And Its Fragnents : Colonial AndPostcolonial Histories, Oxford University Press, Calcutta,Chennai, Mumbai, 1993. p.173



3. “Caste And Class In India”, in A. J. Syed ed.,D.D Kosambion History and Society : Problems of Interpretation (Bombay: University of Bombay, 1985) p.132.

4. S. Radhakrishnan, Eastern Religions and Western Thought(1939; reprint, New York : Oxford University Press, 1959)

5. Dayabati Roy, “Caste and Power : An Ethnography In WestBengal, India” – Centre for Global South Asian studies,Department of Cross cultural and Regional Studies, Universityof Copenhagen, Denmark, in Modern AsianStudies (2012), Cambridge University Press, 2011.

6. Centenary Souvenir on the occasion of the awakening ofNamasudras in Bengal, “Namasudra Jagaraner satabarshaPurti Smarani” (Bengali), Kolkata.

7. Pradip Kumar Bose, “Mobility and Conflict : Social Rootsof Caste Violence In Bihar” in Gupta Dipankar (ed) SocialStratification, Oxford University Press, Delhi, p370.

8. Ibid; p372.9. Dayabati Roy, Opcit;10. Ranabir Samaddar, Passive Revolution in West Bengal, 1977

– 2011, Sage Publications, 2013, p79.11. Dayabati Roy, Opcit;12. Partha Chatterjee, The Present History of West Bengal : Essays

in Political Criticism, Oxford University Press, New Delhi,1997, p83.



Environment Consciousness:A Study in Literature

Aloy Chand Biswas

The bond between man and environment is an eternal one.Primitive men were more related to Nature than we are today, as theywere totally dependent on nature and environment for their activitieslike food gathering, hunting and fishing. What I mean here byenvironmental consciousness was not so active in the sense of ourforefathers. They had no such consciousness as to protect naturescientifically. Yet they were not so ignorant of or self-centered to thecontribution of nature to their life. Sometimes out of fear andsometimes out of gratitude they used to worship different naturalobjects like rocks, mountains, rivers etc. considering their gods andgoddesses. They used to protect such natural objects and to keepthem cleansed from dirtiness. So, we can say that the germ ofenvironment consciousness is to be found among human beings fromthe very primitive times.

Man is a great natural product. The inter-relationship betweenman, society and environment can be best reflected in the changingattitudes of man to the natural world. There are two theories whichhighlight very interestingly the interrelationship between man, societyand environment – a) theory of Determinism and (b) theory ofPossibilism. The theory of Determinism suggests the controlling ofman’s behaviour and character by natural conditions and the theoryof Possibilism highlights man’s power of acting and changing theenvironment within natural limits by virtue of his natural identity.But it is to be keep up in mind that the bond between man, societyand nature stands on balance and any shift in the order of theirpositional interdependence can cause a total collapse to such anintegral bond. The interrelationship is best summed up by Dr. AnandaDeb Mukhopadhyay, a noted scientist in present days:

There are some common materials of foundation of Natureand society. Man forms a constituent of the society which is



often considered as a product of natural environment. Thisimplies that in the chain of linkage of Man, Society andenvironment if any of its constituent tries to exploit the otherthat would create catastrophe on the earth causingenvironmental imbalance. (Mukhopadhyay 58)

Being a teacher of literature I want to discuss in this paper howliterature covering some specific fields plays a role to form anenvironmental consciousness among its readers. Though literaturehas a limited scope to play such a role, yet what it can do is not at allof limited value. It is a fact that before the two great world warsthere was hardly any conscious concern among the people regardingenvironmental problems. But indirect suggestions to environmentalthreats can be found in the legendary description of ‘samudra-manthan’ between the Gods and the Demons. There not only nectar(Amrita) came out from the bottom of sea, but also venom (Garal)came out. At that time the blue-throated Shiva, the Hindu god savedthe universe from its possible destruction. This legendary descriptionhas given us a warning even much before the beginning of ourcivilization to our limitless thirst to exploit nature. Even in our ancienttexts like the Vedas and the Upanishads, sufficient hints can be foundin favour of protection of our environment for different causes. InSanskrit, Prakrit and medieval Bangla literature nature appears as amirror to reflect human excitement, wonder and lassitude. Nature isseen completely in different perspectives in the immortal works ofKalidas like Meghdutam and Kumarasambhaba. Environmentconsciousness in the sense we use it today is totally absent in theworks of Kalidas. There environment is used completely in a differentrole. So it is seen that with the advancement of our civilization ourcares and anxieties for our probable extinction in near future due toenvironmental causes raise high in our minds. It is after theRenaissance when a major shift in human attitude to environmentfrom a source of joy and pleasure to a source of threat for probableextinction is found.

The Romantic period in English literature is famous forrecording a nature-conscious attitude of some great writers of theage. The period is called “Return to Nature”, obviously for the fact



that the major writers of the age like Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley,Byron, Keats, Blake and many others pick up their pen to concentratetheir minds upon the benevolent aspects of nature for building uphuman minds and the modern civilization. Wordsworth who writesabout nature in and around man advocates in his poem: “…..Naturenever did betray / The heart that loved her;” (Wordsworth 78). Keats’famous poem “To One Who Has Been Long in City Pent” suggestshow a bruised heart kept in a city pent for a long time can easily finda solace after taking shelter in the lap of nature. S. T. Coleridgeaddressing his wife says vehemently: “O Lady! we receive but whatwe give, /And in our life alone does Nature live;” (Coleridge 98 : 4).P. B. Shelley in his poem Ode to the West Wind compares coming ofjoys and sorrows in human life to seasonal changes in nature: “…..Owind, / If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” (Shelly 100: 5).Environmental pollution has become a burning issue to our dailylife. A great number of litterateurs have used natural imageries intheir art to highlight pollution in human nature. Matthew Arnold inhis poem Dover Beach has used such a nice natural imagery to suggestmodern human ugliness:

The sea of FaithWas once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore……………………………………………………But now I only hearIts melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,Retreating…..And naked shingles of the world.

(Arnold 76).Even in the modern period a great Irish dramatist like J. M. Syngehas described the influences of sea in the life of the poor Irish peoplein his famous One-Act play Riders to the Sea. Different writers inEnglish literature have treated nature both as nourisher and destroyerof human life.

Much before the Romantic period another great litterateurwho makes a conscious effort to create environment awareness amonghis readers is William Shakespeare. In most of tragediestopsyturvydom in human world is suggested by similar aberrations



appearing in nature. His tragedies bear sufficient hints that if humanbeings break their world order by any means, nature will not forgivethem. For example, in Macbeth we see Duncan’s unnatural killing isfollowed by some uncanny natural calamities: “…..the obscure bird/ Clamour’d the livelong night: some say the earth / Was feverousand did shake” (Macbeth, II-iii 41-43). It is indirectly suggested herethat the unnatural deeds of human beings like polluting the earth,water or air indiscriminately may cause the earth ‘shake’, i.e.earthquake or tsunami may break out. Shakespeare makes a directapproach to environmental consciousness in his romantic comedyAs You Like It. Taking shelter in the Forest of Arden after hisbanishment from the court Duke Senior says – “Are not these woods/ More free from peril than the envious court?” or “Sweet are theuses of adversity, / Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, / Wears,yet a precious jewel in his head” (As You Like It, II. i 3-4 / 12-14).Even the First Lord of Duke Senior makes a direct attack to humanfollies of destroying forests and jungles, when he refers to Jaques’allegation against Duke Senior’s taking shelter in the forest with hislords and attendants:

Indeed, my lord,The melancholy Jaques grieves at that;And, in that kind, swears you do more usurpThan doth your brother that hath banish’d you.

(As You Like It, II. i. 25-28)Even the song appealing to others to come to the forest of Ardencomposed by Shakespeare in the play is used for a definitepurpose:

Who doth ambition shun,And loves to live i’ the sun,Seeking the food he eats,And pleased with what he gets,Come hither, come hither, and come hither:

Here shall he seeNo enemy

But winter and rough weather.(As You Like It, II. iii. 35-42)



Rabindranath Tagore of Bangla Literature is much aheadamong many who convey to us environment-consciousness in theirwritings. It is Rabindranath who demands in his poems:

Anna chai, pran chai, alo chai, mukto bayuChai bal, Chai Swasthya, ananda ujjwal paramayu.

(Ebar Phirao More 142)Feeling at his heart the destructive nature of modern urban civilizationRabindranath cries out

“Dao fire se aranya lao e nagar” (Khan 341). Prof. Layek AliKhan writes about Rabindranath:“The poet; while thinking on the necessity of the plantationin the barren land of Santiniketan, is giving birth to the poemsof Banabani: then the context of scientific environmentalconsciousness does not remain vague. He, like a new AryanRishi, echoed in his poem Brikshabandana : ‘Taba falepranban / Taba sneha chhayay shital / Taba teje tejiyan’…..”(Khan 341-342)

In this context we may refer to the new generation poets like Jibanandaand Bishnu De who have made desperate efforts in their poems tobeget a deep environment consciousness among their readers. Poemsof Jibananda like Rupasi Bangla and Prithibilok and poems of BishnuDe like Sustha Thake Mon and Gachh Mare are to be mentionedhere for attentive studies.

Before I come to an end one word more – literature can playa very limited role to awaken environment consciousness. For it canreach to a very selected number of people. The vast majority of theworldly mass remains left beyond its catch. Now the basic questionis who can play a formative role in awakening a mass revolution toprotect our environment by spreading the message of our great poetRabindranath –

Jahara tomar bishayechhe bayu nibhayechhe tabo aloTumi ki tader kshama korechho, tumi ki besechho bhalo(Prashna 146)

But it is a fact universally acknowledged that “Risks like loss of foodsecurity, increased human disease, loss of employment and naturalsystem’s balance are the characteristic determining factors of



establishing and understanding Man-Society-Environmentrelationship” (Mukhopadhyay 61).Works Cited:1. Arnold, Matthew. “Dover Beach”. Poems and Plays: A New

Supplement. The University of Burdwan: Calcutta. 1990.2. Coleridge, S. T. “Dejection: An Ode”. The Winged Word.

(Ed.) David Green. Macmillan India Limited: Madras.1974.3. Ebar Phirao More. Rabindra Rachanabali, Dwitiya

Khanda.Vishyabharati : Kolkata.1417 (Bangla Year)[¤ı±ı˛ øÙ¬ı˛±› Œ˜±Àı˛º ı˛ıœf ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˘œ, øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G¬º øıù´ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ† Œfl¬±˘fl¬±Ó¬±º 1417ïı/±só]

4. Khan, Layak Ali. “Environment and Literature”. “Man,Society and Environment. Perspectives and Issues inEnvironmental Studies. (Ed.) Professor Ananda DebMukhopadhyay. Vidyasagar University: Midnapore. 2003.

5. Mukhopadhyay, Ananda Deb. “Man, Society andEnvironment”. Perspectives and Issues in EnvironmentalStudies. (Ed.) Professor Ananda Deb Mukhopadhyay.Vidyasagar University: Midnapore. 2003.

6. Prashna. Rabindra Rachanabali, Ashtam Khanda.Vishyabharati : Kolkata.1417(Bangla Year)[õ∂ùüº ı˛ıœf ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˘œ, ’©Ü˜ ‡G¬º øıù´ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ † Œfl¬±˘fl¬±Ó¬±º 1417º ïı/±só]

7. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth.(Ed.)A .W. Verity. RadhaPublishing House: Calcutta. 1992.

8. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. (Ed.) A. W. Verity.Radha Publishing House: Calcutta.1995.

9. Shelley, P. B. “Ode to the West Wind”. The Winged Word.(Ed.) David Green. Macmillan India Limited: Madras.1974.

10. Wordsworth, William. “Tintern Abbey”. The Winged Word.(Ed.) David Green. Macmillan India Limited: Madras.1974.



Women Trafficking: A Social CrimeSarmila Das

Human trafficking is the trade of human, most commonly forthe purpose of sexual slavery forced labour or commercial sexualexploitation for the trafficker or others. The booming global businessof human trafficking, currently the second largest source of illegal income worldwide, is driven by a concerning blend of socialcircumstances.

Trading of women and their exploitation in varied forms byindividual or a group of people known as trafficker is commonlyknown as women trafficking. It does not only comprise sexual abusesor prostitution, but also include issues likes slavery or forced labour.Women trafficking keenly violate women security from almost allthe corners particularly from dignity point of voice in our society inthe form of torture, violence, cruelty and other sort of women relatedcrimes. Trafficking in all its forms is a global phenomenon. It is anorganized crime and cut across regional and national barmaids. It iscarried out for a varity of purposes like forced prostitution,exploitation domestic services, indentured slavery, sweatshops,bagging, marriage, circus etc. It is a contemporary form of slavery,which not only involves physical exploitation but also includes mentalabuse on a massive scale. Trafficking is without doubt one of theworst forms of human rights violation in the present times.

WOMEN TRIFFICKING

SEX BASED NON SEX BASED(Prostitution, Commercial (Domestic labour, Adoption,

Sex Exploitation, Pornography, Organ Trans plant etc.)Cyber Sex etc.)

Trafficking of women for various purposed including sexualabuse is one of the culpable, regrettable and heinous crimes



perpetrated against humanity. Trafficking has turned today as a lowinvestment high return crime based professional activity. Womentrafficking had become an international shocking problem wheresociety remains almost helpness to the crimes against women. It isacute in the less developed countries due to economic distress andever increasing consumerism in particular.

Trafficking of women is embedded in power relationshipswithin the society, including that of caste, class and gender.Patriarchal attitude persists in our society that men are always to betrusted upon, migrating with male members would ensure safemigration. However it has always been the apposite. Moreover,communities most affected by trafficking are the so called SC/ ST,Muslim, low caste and class women. The demand of pretty andyoung girls have been increasing in the sex industry as they areconsidered to be very feminine, fair, tender, rooted in traditionalvalues that supports patriarchy and submissive to male demandsand desires. Women’s ethnic identities are exoticised and sexualized.Women have been tricked and trafficked because rich men thinkthat it is ok to continue exploiting them.

Trafficking is an abuse of globalization. It is the negative sideof globalization. Globalization with its logic of consumerism as itshighest form of activity not only commodities and commercializediverse forms of culture or ideologies but also individual body andbody parts. Women’s sexuality and sexual services are considered asmarketable goods for trade. Internet has been medium to market girlsall across the world. VariousTYPES OF TECHNOLOGY & TRAFFICKING:

In fact, various kinds of technology can be used for thepurpose of exploitation which is directly connected to humantrafficking. The traffickers use it as their commercial tools. Theseinclude:

1. Cable network: In some big cities cable network is usedin connection with trafficking of women and children for the purposeof sexual exploitation. The new cable network use satellitetransmission to deliver hundreds of channels and pay-per-viewdelivers content on demand. Cable Companies considers that obscene



pictures had a great demand.2. Scanners and Video-digitizers: Digital cameras and the

recorders make it easier for the people to become a producer of anobscene picture of the trafficked women and children.

3. Digital Video Disk (DVD): Videos of the trafficked victimscan be shot from multiple angles and copied on DVDs for distributionand online accessibility4.

4. Internet application and services: This helps in transferof files, images and videos across the continents in an undetectedmanner. In internet most of the acts are committed with the help ofweb sites, peer to peer network, file swapping programs, file transferprotocol (FTP), chat rooms, pornographic spam etc.CAUSES OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING:

Women are transferred from their paternal home to the homeof the in laws sometimes with their desire and sometimes againsttheir desire. Social custom and decisions of the family are suchtransfer. In our society girls grow up toying with puppets. In shapingthe family of the puppets, they grow an idea about real family life.And in course of time they themselves become puppets. They arepuppets in the hands of their father, husband, even to their sons.

The root causes of women trafficking are various and oftendiffer from one country to another. Trafficking is a complexphenomenon that is often driven or influenced by social, economic,cultural & other factors. Many of these factors are specific toindividual trafficking patterns and to the states in which they occur.There are, however, many factors that tend to be common to traffickingin general or found in a wide range of different regions, patterns orcases. [One such factor is that the desire of potential victims to migrateis exploited by offenders to recruit and gain initial control or co-operation, only to be replaced by more coercive measures once thevictims have been moved to another state or region of the country,which way not always be the one to which they had intended tomigrate. Migration can provide a vital source of income for migrantwomen and their families, lead to great autonomy, self confidenceand social status. At the same time it expresses them to severevulnerabilities, social stigma and discrimination. Many cases have



revealed that traffickers are not strong but one’s oven relatives andfriends.

Feminists of all hues have argued that trafficking is basicallya gender issue. Although poverty is considered the sole push factorof trafficking. Not all poor people are vulnerable to traffickers.Therefore, sex discrimination is a constant factor behind traffickingfor sexual exploitation. Trafficked girls or women are illiterate, poorand unlikely to fight against traffickers. Trafficking has its root ingender politics and sexual inequalities. Male control ever femalesexuality is a crucial mechanism for men to use and maintain theirsocial & economic dominance over women. Political instability,militarism, civil unrest, internal armed conflict and natural disastersmay result in an increase in trafficking as well. The destabilizationand displacement of populations increase their venerability to unfairtreatment and abuse via trafficking and farced labour.

War and civil strife may lead to massive displacements ofpopulations, leaving orphans and street children extremely vulnerableto trafficking.

Many societies and cultures devalue abuse and exploit women& girls, creating perilous living conditions for these women. Withlittle opportunities of upward mobility and value placed on womenand girls they are more vulnerable to human trafficking.

Lack of Education has an impact through out a women’s lifecycle. Education is the only tool that can break the intergenerationalcycle of oppression, abuse, and the poverty of women Education hasthe power to transform societies. Educated women are more awareof their rights. They are more likely to send their children to school.A greater participation of educated women in the economy andpolitical process would lead to a better world to day as well as futuregenerations.

These women are the most vulnerable group in contractingHIV infection due to unrelenting poverty and lack of unemploymentopportunities there is an increase in the voluntary entry of women insex work. Women are transferred from their paternal home to thehome of the in laws sometimes with their desire and sometimes againsttheir desire. Social custom and decision of the family are such transfer.



In our society girls grow up toying with puppets. In shaping the familyof the puppets, they grow an idea about real family life. And in courseof time they themselves become puppets. They are puppets in thehands of their father, husband, even to their sons.

The indecent representation of women by different mediahas been increasing day by day for which attraction to opposite sexhas been increasing rapidly among the youth, even in adolescenceperiod. The media is partly responsible for ever increasing traffickingof women.TRAFFICKING PREVENTION ACT:

To combat Trafficking the prevention Act were passed in 1956.The Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act 1956 makes traffickingand sexual exploitation of persons for commercial purpose apunishable offence. The act was passed in line with the Internationalconvention for the Suppression of the traffic in Persons & of theExploitation of the Prostitution of others, signed by India on May 9th

1950. Although the Act was amended twice (1978 and 1986), it didnot prove to be an effective deterrent to trafficking or sexualexploitation for commercial purpose. The Immoral traffic (Prevention)Amendment Bill, 2006 aims to punish traffickers and provide forstringent punishment to offenders.IMPACT OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING:

The impact of trafficking on the individual, most importantlythe girl child is a largely neglected area. The impact of traffickingand sexual exploitation is compounded by the life stage ofadolescence. Adolescence is a unique stage of development andtransition into adulthood, characterized by significant psychological,hormonal and emotional changes. Trafficking has psychological,physiological, emotional and other traumatic consequences.

However, the most alarming cause and consequences, oftrafficking in children is that of HIV and AIDS. On the one side, HIVand AIDS increases the number of children trafficked because thereis an increased demand for sex with young girls, since they areperceived to be HIV negative (despite the fact that they are morevulnerable to HIV & AIDS, both biologically & because of their lackof power to negotiate the use of condoms.) On the other side this



type of trafficking increases the number of HIV positive persons and.This is so because, besides the fact that women and girls are morevaluable to this infection, victims of trafficking are unable to assurecondom use for their protection, they may be forced to engage insexual practices most associated with HIV transmission, they areforced to have sex with multiple partners, they are victims of injuries(caused by violence during sex against their with) which increasetheir vulnerability to and risk of infection, their young and immaturebodies are extremely fragile and vulnerable to such injuries, theyoften suffer from other sexually transmitted diseases due to theirforced and unsafe sexual practices.CONCLUSION/SUGGESTION:

Women trafficking are a social disease. Though the incidentsthat take place in the society might took very normal but socialstructure is responsible for this. To counter this problem, it is essentialto ensure holy touch of education to learn vocational and technicaleducation to be self dependent. The reservation policy for women ineducation & employment will be implemented.

Many NGO’S have taken the lead in combating trafficking,inspite of limited resources, funding & training. The role of Govt.has been limited to complementing new legislation & holdingconferences. There is a need to involve the people at the glass rootlevel. Community policing and community consciousness will be aneffective strategy to combat the menace.

There is a need to speed up the implementation of the practicalmeasures to prevent the trafficking of women & children. These are:-

* Innovative technology to point out, monitor and disrupthuman trafficking role.

* Tall free help lines connected to the voltmeter organizationshas turned concerned citizens into anti- trafficking activities.

* Mobile technology can be used to raise public awareness indifferent regions.

*To strengthen the social plinth and social recognition ofwomen, it is essential to ensure them with economic empowermentfor which cottage based household activities e.g. poultry work, dairywork, handicrafts etc. have to be introduced among them.



* Rehabilitation centre (Govt. sponsored) should be set up inevery district of every state to give shelter to the rescued traffickedgirls, which is urgently needed.

* To make wide publicity against trafficking and violenceagainst women, this typo of seminar, conference can be organized incollaboration with the social activists, officials, Media PersonsAcademicians and people from every strata of society.

* Community should step forwards for their cause by devisingmean to check the issue and to make door to door campaign againstchild marriage, dowry and trafficking.

* Administrative steps can be taken by incorporating anti-trafficking provisions and victim rehabilitation programmes intonational policies and legislations.

* Local level steps & active participation in politics can betaken by strengthening of women’s participation in social campaignagainst such crime.

* Active participation of women’s SHG’S in social campaignsagainst child marriage, dowry and trafficking should be encouraged.

Public awareness is on the rise. Spread of women education,Administrative alertness have minimized such incidents in respectof increasing population. In spite of the present scenario, we are stillhopeful.REFERENCE:1. Humantrafficking. ory http : // www. Humantrafficking. Org.2. Human Rights web http : // hrweb. org3. Husain Mazhar – suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women

and Girls, Eastern Book, Lucknow, 19784. Orient Longman edited – Trafficking in women and children

in India.5. Biswas (Bhaumik) Manjari (ed) – the status of women in India.

From Antiquity to Modernity, Abhijeet Publication, Delhi.6. Kiran Bedi & P.M. Nair, Human trafficking in India, yojana,

Feb, 2008.



Agricultural investment and Role ofAgricultural Sector in Economic Planning

Mamta Kumari

The financing and investment pattern in Indian agriculturehas not been encouraging as both private and public investmentmarked declining tendency in the last decade. Though the agriculturalsector in India is one of the highly regulated sectors, the governmentis taking selective steps to liberalize and create an encouraginginvestment climate. The agricultural produce marketing committee(APMC) act that deals with the functioning of agric marketingactivities within each state is being amended by various states inorder to allow greater private participation and help and users sourceraw materials of farm produce directly from the farmers. This maynot only infuse more efficiency in the system but also allow increasedparticipation from corporate for contract farming and direct sourcing.India’s agricultural sector, especially with regard to food processingand allied activities driven by improving policy environment,increasing public-private participation and an increasing thrust onthe improvement to building state organizations to manageagricultural development programmes. Ministers of agriculture,starting often with very limited capacity, expended their range ofagencies of programs, many of which attempted to supply inputs,credits and services directly to producers, and to purchase and marketagricultural products. Some of these public sector investments hadhigh pay offs. However, economics returns to many of theseinvestments are lower and some interventions (Such as subsides) arevery costly in terms of the distorting effect that they have on domesticmarkets.

Lack of failure of sustainability of many programs led to arethinking of the role the state in agricultural sector. This wasresponsible for a surge in adjustment lending (that is, lending tosupport policy and institutional reforms conducive to growth) by theworld Bank in the 1980 when such annual lending averaged over US



$ 900 million. From 1990 through 2003, Bank agricultural adjustmentlending totaled US $ 5 billion.

The investment in agricultural as a percent gross domesticproduction has come to the situation of stagnation of mere 1.3% afterthe continuous decrease in 2001-2002. There is strong need to increasepublic as well as private investment future investments in policy andinstitutional capacity time to develop stable and competent publicsector institutions to support market development and address marketfailures. The level of financing required for these initiatives be quitemodest, but continuity of support is critical.

The reverse Band of India (RBI) observed in its 2001 Annualreport that the pace of progress in liberalization of external trade inthe agriculture warrants a sense of agency and priority to institutionalreforms in agriculture,’’ (RBI 2001),. With Stressing the importanceof public investment in basic infrastructure the RBI stressed theimportance of effective supply chain arrangements that encompassedstorage, processing and trading. It has been estimated thatcomprehensive reform and infrastructure intervention consisting ofrationalization of internal movement controls, reduction of transportcosts by 50% and decentralization of public procurement and publicdistribution system would have the effect of increasing welfare byabout $ 2 billion. The inability to reform price policy and containinput subsidies has led to decline in public investment in agricultureat a time when investment in new infrastructure and institution inneeded. Although, the executives and climate of private fullysubstitute for weak public investment. In India’s case, strongrequirement of significant investment in transport and marketinginfrastructure and institutional capacities to overcome.Role of Agricultural Sector in Economic Planning:

Importance of agriculture in the national economy is indicatedby many facts. For example, agriculture is the main support for India’stransport system, since railway and roadways secure bulk of theirbusiness from the movement of agricultural goods. Internal trade ismostly agricultural products. Further, goods crops implying largepurchasing power with the farmers lead to greater demand formanufactures and, therefore, better prices, In other words prosperity



of the farmers is also the prosperity of industries. Likewise bad cropslead to a depression in business. Generally, it is the failure in theagricultural front that has led to failure of economic planning inparticular periods. Agricultural growth has direct impact on povertyeradication. It is also an important factor in cantainingflation, raisingagricultural wages and for employment generation.Contribution to Capital Formation:

There is general agreement on the importance of capitalformation in economic development. Unless the rate of capitalformation increases to a sufficiently high decree, economicdevelopment cannot be achieved. Since agriculture happens to bethe largest industry in developing countries like India. It can and mustplay an important role in pushing up the rate of capital formation. Ifit fails to do so, the whole process of economic development willsuffer a setback. To extract surplus from agriculture, the policiesadvocated are (i) transfer of labour and capital from farm to non –farm activities (ii) taxation of agricultural in such a way that the burdenof agriculture is greater than the governmental services provided toagriculture and (iii) turning the terms of trade against agriculture byimposing price controls on agricultural products, taxation or the useof multiple exchange rates that discriminate against agriculture. Theimplementation of these policy measurers in the developing countriesis however, a difficult task. Therefore, generation of surplus fromagriculture will ultimately depend on increasing the agriculturalproductivity considerably. 1Provision of Food Surplus to the Expanding Population:

Because of the heavy pressure of population in labour –surplus economies like India and its rapid increase, the demand forfood increase at fast rate. The existing levels of food consumption inthese countries are very low and with a little increase in per capitaincome, the demand for food rises steeply (in other words, it can bestated that the income to continuously increase it marketed surplusof food grains a crisis is likely to emerge. Many developing countriesare passing through this phase and in a bid to meet the increasingfood requirements, have been compelled to import large quantitiesof food grains. The Ninth Five year Plan set a target of increasing the



food grains production from a level of 199.4 million tones in 1996-97 to 300 million tonnes by 2007-08 to meet the consumptionrequirement of India’s estimated population of more than a billionand to make the country ‘hunger free’. For this purpose, food grainsproduction will have to rise at an annual rate of 4.5 percent duringthe ten year period 1997-08 to 2007-08.Shift of Manpower:

Initially, agriculture absorbs a large quantity of labour force.In India still about 60% labour is absorbed in this sector. Agriculturalprogress permits the shift of manpower form agricultural to non-agricultural sector. In the initial stage, the diversion of labour fromagricultural to non – agricultural sector is more important from thepoint of view of economic development as it cases the burden ofsurplus labour force over the limited land. Thus, the release of surplusmanpower from the agricultural sector is necessary for the progressof agricultural sector and for expanding the non – agricultural sector.Helpful to Reduce Inequality:

In country which is predominantly agricultural andoverpopulated, there is greater inequality in income in the rural andurban areas of the country. To reduce this inequality of income, it isnecessary to accord higher priority to agriculture. The prosperity ofagriculture would raise the income of the majority of the ruralpopulation and thus the disparity in income may be reduced to acertain extent.Based on Democratic Nations:

If the agricultural sector does not grow at a faster rate, it mayresult in the growing discontentment amongst the masses which isnever healthy for the smooth running of domestic governments. Foreconomic development, it is necessary to minimize political as wellas social tension. In case the majority of the people have to be kindledwith the hopes of prosperity, this can be attained with the help ofagricultural progress. Thus development of agriculture sector is alsorelevant on political and social grounds.Create Effective Demand:

The development of agricultural sector would tend to increasethe purchasing power of agriculturists which will help the growth of



the non p agricultural sector of the sector of the country. It will providea market for increased production. In underdeveloped countries, it iswell known that the majority of people depend upon agriculture and itis they who must be able to afford to consume the goods produced.Therefore, it will be helpful in stimulation sector similarly improvementin the productivity of cash crops may pave the way for the promotionof exchange economic which may help the growth of non – agriculturalsector. Purchase of industrial products such as pesticides, farmmachinery etc. also provide boost to industrial dead out.

The above discussion brings out clearly the role andimportance of agriculture in the Indian economy. In fact, developmentof agriculture is a virtual pre condition of sectoral diversification andhence of development itself. A growing surplus of agriculturalproduce is needed in the country to (i) increase supplies of food andagricultural raw materials at non – inflationary prices ; (ii) powerwithin the rural sector ; (iii) facilitate intersectoral transfer of capitalneeded for industrial development (including infrastructing ; and (iv)increase foreign exchange earnings through agricultural exports.2

All the same, to sum up, we can conclude that agricultureoccupies a central place in the national economy. Good performanceencourage many virtuous cycles and bad crops lead to vice-like gripsof stagnation, malnutrition and inflation. Despite the substantialincrease in the share of the services sector in GDP over the years, theagricultural sector still plays an important role in determining theoverall growth rate of the economy through linkages with other sectorsof the economy. 3 This factor has moulded the plan – framing in ourcountry.Reference :Gulati, A . and S. Narayanan (2003), Subsidy Syndrome in Indian

Agriculture, New Delhi, oxford university press.Purohit, B and R. Reddy (1999), Capital formation in Indian

Agriculture;Issues and concerns, NABARD, Occasional papers 8.1. Subrata Ghatak and Ken ingersent , Agricultural and

Economic Development (New Delhi) page – 69.2. Subrata Ghatak and Ken ingersent, Op. cit. page – 60.3. D.V.S satry et ad ,” Sectoral linkages and growth prospects”

EPW vol xxxviii No. 24 June 20-2003.



Women empowerment ThroughEducation After Independence

Ujjal Kumar Halder

Abstract:The concept of women empowerment was introducedat the international women conference at NAROIBIin 1985. Women empowerment is empowering thewomen to take their own decisions for their personaldependent. Empowering women is to make themindependent in all aspects from mind, thought, rights,decisions, etc by leaving all the social and familylimitations. It is to bring equality in the society forboth male and female in all areas. Womenempowerment is very necessary to make the brightfuture of the family, society and country. Education ismilestone of women empowerment because it enablesthem to responds to the challenges, to confront theirtraditional role and change their life. So that we can’tneglect the importance of education in reference towomen empowerment India is poised to becomingsuperpower, a developed country by 2020. The year2020 is fast approaching; it is just 13 year away. Thiscan became reality only when the women of this nationbecame empowerment. India presently account for thelargest number no of illiterates in the world. Thispaper will investigate how education has been theinspiring soul of the women empowerment inindependent India.Key Words: women empowerment, policies, commission,

development, etc.

1. Intr oduction:Women Empowerment is a global issue and discussion on

women political right are at the fore front of many formal and informalcampaigns worldwide. The concept of women empowerment was



introduced at the international women conference at NAROIBI in1985. Women empowerment is empowering the women to take theirown decisions for their personal dependent. Empowering women isto make them independent in all aspects from mind, thought, rights,decisions, etc by leaving all the social and family limitations. It is tobring equality in the society for both male and female in all areas.Women empowerment is very necessary to make the bright future ofthe family, society and country. According to the provisions of theConstitution of India, it is a legal point to grant equality to women inthe society in all spheres just like male. The Department of Womenand Child Development functions well in this field for the properdevelopment of the women and child in India. Women are given atop place in India from the ancient time however they were not givenempowerment to participate in all areas. They need to be strong, awareand alert every moment for their growth and development.Empowering women is the main motto of the development departmentbecause an empowered mother with child makes the bright future ofany nation.

Women’s participation in India’s, freedom struggle began overa century before country became independent at the time whenconservative traditions and social customs had derived them theirrightful place in the society. Among earlier women fighters to raisebanner of revolt were Lakshmi Bai, Rani Jhansi, Rani of Ramgarh,Rani of Taci and Begum Hazart of Lucknow. After attainingindependence in 1947, India had huge task of social reconstruction,economic development and political awakening to be able to ensurejustice and equality to all its citizens. The framers of Indianconstitution , which amongst others, had prominent women likeSarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai, Renuka Ray and Maltichowdhry as its members.The participation of women in Indianfreedom struggle are landmarks in the history.

Education is milestone of women empowerment because itenables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditionalrole and change their life. So that we can’t neglect the importance ofeducation in reference to women empowerment India is poised tobecoming superpower, a developed country by 2020. The year 2020is fast approaching; it is just 13 year away. This can became reality



only when the women of this nation became empowerment. Indiapresently account for the largest number no of illiterates in the world.2. Significance of the Study:

A nation, a race cannot develop if almost half of thepopulation, more perfectly human resource, is put aside from thelight of education and thereby empowerment. If that half of humanresource is not properly empowered to share the duties andresponsibilities, the pleasure and sadness, the ifs and buts of the race,that nation, that race would be deprived of half, and sometimes morethan half, of the desired development. Here education plays animportant role. The developmental procedure started with the firstindependent government of India would not achieve the desired paceas long the women would have not allowed the light of educationand empowerment. This paper will investigate how education hasbeen the inspiring soul of the women empowerment in independentIndia.3. Objectives of the Study:The objectives of the study are—

i. To investigate what government of India has done forthe development of women empowerment in India.

ii. To look into the developmental graph of womenempowerment.\

iii. To observe the changing status of women in Indiansociety.

iv. To observe how education played important role behindwomen empowerment in India.

4. Picture of Women Education in Independent India:Several commissions were set up, several policies were taken

and further they were revised several times for the development ofeducational scenario in independent India. India got independencewith only 16% of its inhabitants educated. Since the first day, itappeared to be a great challenge to educate the Indians for betterIndia, better democracy. Though it is very sad but true that even in2016, i.e. almost 68 years after the independence till there is a worthypercentage of illiterate people in India, more of which are women, itshould also be admit that a long way has also been crossed at the aimof 100 percent literacy in India. The 2011 Census has been performed



almost 4 years ago, and the developmental curve is inspiring enough.The following table and the graphical representation may appear tobe more helpful:

Year Persons Males Females1901 5.3 9.8 0.71951 16.7 24.9 7.31961 24 34.4 131971 29.5 39.5 18.71981 36.2 46.9 24.81991 52.1 63.9 39.22001 65.38 76 542011 74.04 82.14 65.46Table 1: Literacy Rate in India (Census Data)

Figure 1: Literacy Rate in India (Census Data)So, it is noteworthy from the table and the figure cited above thatthough there is notable development in the field of education in Indiaafter Independence, especially since 1971, the education of womenis still at the behind in comparison to that of the men. And therefore,the process of women empowerment had somewhat affected too.1. Government Policies for women Empowerment in India:

There is no doubt that the Government of India, sinceindependence, has been working hard and fast to develop the statusof women education in India and thereby to develop the status ofwomen in India. Several policies have been taken and several of themhave been revised for better result. Here are some of them—5.1 Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB), 1953:

The Central Social Welfare Board came into being in anera when welfare services for the disadvantaged sections of society



were not systematised and the welfare infrastructure was not yeta formal construct. In the newly independent nation, visionariessuch as Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Pt. Govind Vallabh Pant and Sh.C.D. Deshmukh were preparing the blue print for the holisticdevelopment of all sections of the community against thebackground of recent Partition and communal disharmony. Dr.Durgabai Deshmukh, veteran social worker, parliamentarian andmember of the Planning Commission was entrusted theresponsibility of standing at the helm of the nascent Board thatwas perceived as an interface between the resources of theGovernment and the energy and outreach of the voluntary sector.5.2 Short Stay Home for Women and Girls (SSH), 1969:

The Scheme of Short Stay Home was launched in 1969 bythe then Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department ofWomen & Child Development, Govt. of India and handed over toCentral Social Welfare Board for implementation and monitoring fromApril,1999.Central Social Welfare Board is implementing thisprogramme through nongovernmental organizations with an objectiveto rehabilitate those women and girls who are facing social, economicand emotional setback due to family problems, social ostracism,exploitation, violence or other causes or are being forced intoprostitution and are in moral danger. This scheme provides temporaryaccommodation, maintenance, medical care, counseling andrehabilitative services to women and girls in distress. Under thisscheme, grant is provided for the maintenance of maximum 30residents and maximum 07 children. The period of stay of residentsnormally extends from six months to three years. The Short StayHome scheme has an inbuilt provision of 10 percent increase underthe head of maintenance for inmates every year and 15 percentincrease under head of rent after every three years.5.3 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK), 1993:

RMK is a national credit fund for women under the aegis ofthe Ministry of Women and Child Development. It was establishedin 1993 for socio-economic empowerment of women. It aims toprovide financial services with backward and forward linkages forwomen in the unorganized sector through Intermediary Micro FinanceOrganizations (IMOs) and Women Self Help Groups (SHGs) and to



augment their capacities through multi-pronged efforts. RMK alsoextends micro-credit to the women in the informal sector through aclient friendly, without collateral and in a hassle-free manner forincome generation activities.5.4 Swadhar, 1995:

Swadhar is the brain child of two of Maharashtra’s best-knownactivists — Meenakshi Apte and Mrinal Gore. On the advice of supercop Julio Ribeiro, the two formidable women began a series ofwomen-oriented activities at Goregaon (a Mumbai suburb) in 1980.In 1983, they set up a counseling centre that continues to operateeven today. Swadhar’s vision is to help and empower women indistress and achieve healthy development of underprivileged childrenthrough education, guidance, training and counselling, to ensure areasonable quality of life. It started by counselling women goingthrough a bad marriage or divorce; this was later expanded to coverall family disputes involving women. It conducts awarenessprogrammes on domestic violence, women’s rights, the need tomaintain important documents, health and hygiene, etc, once everymonth. It has other activities as well.5.5 Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS), 2009:

Mother and Child Tracking system (MCTS) is a name-basedtracking of pregnant women so that adequate and timely feedbackmay be given to the health workers who may, in turn, ensure thatpregnant women receive adequate Ante-natal and Post-natal carebesides encouraging institutional deliveries. The system also aimsto track the new-borns so that timely and complete immunisationmay be ensured to them. MCTS has been implemented in all theStates / UTs. It covers mothers from conception till 42 days afterdelivery. The infants are covered up to five years of age. Recently,MCTS has been included as Mission Mode Project under theNational e-Governance Plan (NeGP). The total number of pregnantwomen registered under MCTS scheme recently crossed 1 croremark.5.6 Swayam Siddha, 2001:

It is a flagship programme of the Ministry of Women andChild Development (WCD), Government of India. It is an integratedwomen empowerment programme (IWEP) initiated in 2001 by



merging Mahila Samriddhi Yojana and recasting Indira MahilaYojana (IMY was the first Self Help Group based women’sempowerment programme of Ministry of WCD launched in 1995-96) and including other sectoral programmes meant for womenempowerment. The objectives of the scheme include empowermentthrough creation of confidence and awareness among members ofSHGs regarding women’s status, health, nutrition, education,sanitation and hygiene, legal rights, economic upliftment and othersocial, economic and political issues; strengthening andinstitutionalizing the savings habit among rural women and theircontrol over economic resources; improving access of women tomicro credit; involvement of women in local level planning; andconvergence of services of Department of Women and ChildDevelopment and other Departments. The long term objective ofthe scheme is to achieve an all round empowerment of women,both social and economic empowerment. Direct access to andcontrol over resources through income generating activities wouldbe the main purpose of women SHGs under Swayam Sidha.5.7 Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana ConditionalMaternity Benefit plan (IGMSY -CMB), 2010:

This scheme sponsored by the Central Government forpregnant women age 19 and over for their first two live births. Thisprogram provides money to help better health and nutrition of thepregnant women. The beneficiary gets 4000/- in 3 installments. Anygovernment employee doesn’t come under this scheme.5.8 Priyadarshini, 2011

Priyadarshini is a pilot programme for Women Empowerment.This scheme offers women in seven districts, access to self-helpgroups and promotion of livelihood opportunities.5.9 Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls– Sabla (RGSEAG), 2012:This scheme targets adolescent girls of 11 – 18. The scheme offers apackage of benefits for improving their health and nutrition. Thisprogram offers many services on central level to help women tobecome Self Supporting, to get nutritional supplementation,education, education of health, life skills and various types ofvocational training.



5.10 Development of Women and Children in Rural Ar eas(DWCRA), 1982:

This scheme launched by the government to improve thesocio-economic status of the poor women in the rural areas.5.11 Support to Training and Employment Programme (STEP):

The Ministry of Women and Child Development has launchedthis programme with the aim of developing skills of women for selfand employment. The main targets of this scheme are rural womenand urban poor. This scheme provides funds to help the women andpoor. Funds are released to NGOs and not to the State Governments.5.12 National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW)

The Indian Government has also launched the NationalMission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW) for comprehensiveempowerment of women. This is a centrally sponsored scheme,coordinating all the women’s welfare and socio-economicdevelopment programmes across ministries and departments. TheMission contributes to empowering women socially, economically,erase crime and violence against women, to educate women,establishment of policies and programmes and spreading awareness.2. Present Status of Women in India:

The improvement in women’s position and status becamefurther evident when immediately after the independence, Indianwomen made their mark by becoming Governors, Cabinet ministers,and ambassadors. Several measures were taken by the Governmentof India to assign equal status to women in the economic, politicaland social fields. More avenues were opened to them to show theirtalents and have a sense of participation in national activities. TheConstitution of India pledges equality of status and opportunity tomen and women. The passage of several Acts by the Parliament andthe process of social change brought about by industrialization andurbanization during the last few decades have done much for women’semancipation both legally, politically and socially. Indian women,like men, have the right to vote and the right to be elected. Mrs. IndiaGandhi, the first women Prime Minister of India, is the pride of India’swomen folk. She served for fifteen years and remained the undisputedleader of the most powerful party in India. She was considered to bethe most powerful woman in the contemporary world. Women can



serve on juries, and there are many women doctors, lawyers and evenjustices. Similar type of references are there in the field of sports asSania Mirza, Jhulan Goswami, Saina Nehwal, Mary Kom; in the fieldof judiaciary, in the field of public service, in the corporate worldsuch as Arundhuti Bhattacharya, and so on.3. Conclusion:

The battle was started in 1947—this is the battle with theself, the battle to be mature, the battle to be self sufficient, the battleto establish India as the best democracy in the world. The battle ofthe women also started on the same day. Several fights have beenwon, and some have been lost too. Some goals have been reached,some are yet to reach, and some other are still to be started. But theprocess has started of educating the women of India and to empowerthem. A long way is still to go. A large number of women are still inthe darkness. But a huge number of women in independent Indiahave brightened the face of India in front of the world. So, it is hopedthat, though the battle is a tough one, it will surely be won, and theIndian women will go hand in hand with the rest of the world.

References:• S.P.Agarval(2001),Women’s Education in India(1995-98)

Present Status, Perspective, Plan, Statistical Indicators withGlobal View,Vol III Concept Publications Co, New Delhi.

• Government of India, Census of India 1951-2001• A Search for Aggregate-Level Effects of Education on

Fertility, Using Data from Zimbabwe Øystein Kravdal © 2000Max-Planck-Gesellschaft ISSN 1435-9871 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol3/3

• N.L.Gupta(2003)Women’s Education Through Ages,ConceptPublications Co,New Delhi.

• R.K.Rao(2001) Women and Education, Kalpaz Publications,Delhi.



Chronotope of the Threshold in ChinuaAchebe’s Things Fall Apart and Joseph

Conrad’s Heart of DarknessDivya Priyadarshini Pathak

Mikhail Bakhtin in his essay “Forms of time and chronotopein the novel” analyses the construction of time and space in literaturethe construction of time and space in literature. Time and spaceassumes great significance in the study of English literature. It isprevalent in poetry, fiction, non-fiction. Chronotopes can be studiedas a cross cultural reference, textual as well as intertextual genres.By the term chronotope Bakhtin indicates that the field of possibleaction varies. These differences define social situations, differentviews of the world and also different genres. The chronotopes tracethe novel’s historical development and also appropriate the aspectsof reality. As the critic Olufunwa Harry puts , “The literary chronotopeis a concept which shows how such temporal and spatial assumptionsplay important roles in determining the nature of fictional genres,particularly their themes and structures”. Further Bakhtin suggests,”The chronotope,focuses on how we live in space and time and thekind of modes of existence we choose: either ones that are passiveand closed or ones that are open to change, growth, and learning. Inthis way, the chronotope functions as “the primary means formaterializing time in space” and “emerges as a centre for concretizingrepresentation.”There is a clear link between the progression of timeand movement in space. Hence the perspective of the readers of anovel changes with the change of time and locations of space. Timeis a movement from one space to another. Hence both time andspace are linked to one another when we think about time it not onlyincluded the ongoing present time but also past as well as the future.Without knowing the past’s social and cultural significance it will beimpossible for us to study the present. Infact, the representation oftime and space effect the characters’s thoughts and actions in thepresent.. A novel when passes through these three spaces of time



gains its development in three different stages, therefore strenghteningthe impression of the temporal with the spatial. As Olufunwa Harrypoints “Chronotopes are thus distinguished by the presence of spatialand temporal markers of various kinds which combine in differentways to produce specific effects .”. The following essay examinesChinua Achebe’s Things fall apart and Joseph Conrad’s Heart ofDarkness from the chronotopic viewpoint. Its main aim is to showhow the chronotope of the threshold brings in life alteringconsequences in the lives of its protagonist thereby also raising themajor issue of colonialism in the novel.

The novel Things fall Apart by Chinua Achebe expresses thereaction of the Igbo community against colonial empire therebyhighlighting the colonial project of european empire. It also dealswith the subaltern view of the African country. The chronotope ofthe threshold is used more metaphorically than literally. It can bedefined as the turning point, passing which a moment of crisis arises.It is associated with the fall of the protagonist as a consequence oftaking certain decision which brings drastic change in his life. Thechronotope of the threshold can also be linked to the chronotope ofthe road which has both metaphorical as well as literary meaning.The “ road “ is a place where different encounters occur in a particularenvironment thereby collapsing “social distances”. As Bakhtinsuggests,it is both a point of new of departures and a place for eventsto find their denouement’. Time, as it were, fuses together with spaceand flows in it. On the other hand, metaphorically it serves as a pathon which a character travels through the narrative. These twochronotopes can be merged in the sense that the chronotope of theroad represents the spatial and temporal developmentof a characterwhereas the chronotope of the threshold involves their arrival at lifealtering situations which can bring about drastic change in their lives.

Things fall apart analyses the disintegration of a communityand its culture due to its inability to adapt to British colonialism inspatio temporal space . Simon Gikandi puts, “Umuofia’s attempt torepresent itself as an organic and unchanging community is alwaysconfronted with and often challenged by temporal and spatialprogression”.Okonkwo, a man who is strong and is determined to



overcome any obstacles that comes his way. The figure of “chi” is animportant cultural figure in the novel. As Olufunwa Harry points, “Itrepresents the affirmation of symbiotic spatio temporal relationshipbetween human and spirit and between free will and destiny. It is theintegrated comphrehensiveness of cyclical time that makes his dualitycomplementary rather than contradictory”. Therefore Okonkwo, afollower of such a culture when comes to term with a completelyforeign culture gives rise to a cultural conflict . The chronotope ofthe threshold is a point where life changing decisions are made andtherefore it offers some sort of freedom as well as limitation fromcrossing a particular threshold. In the novel Okonkwo transgressesthe cultural norms of the igbo community by killing the village boyon a funeral day. His act of killing becomes the threshold in his life.He is asked to leave the villagein order to cleanse his sin. The boundaryof the village becomes a threshold which okonkwo steps over by hisact of killing. This action leads him to utterly isolatated situationaway from the spatio temporal boundaries of his community. Onefall leads to another as Okonkwo feels his masculinity degrading,depending on his relatives. What he sees after coming back to hisland leaves him devastated. He finds it difficult to adjust in a newtemporal and spatial setting imposed by the settlers and his inabilityto adapt himself to the current situation makes him commit suicide.The person whom we see in the beginning of the novel as a greatwrestler who defeats Amalinze the Cat is in the end defeated by hisown values. Finding himself in a completely different cultural timeand space, changes his personalitycompletely. He is unable to cop upwith the new environment makes him take his own life.

Another example of the chronotope of Threshold in the novelis the depiction of the evil forest. It suggests the divinely sanctionedcultural mores. It represents the superstitious space where mattersinfecting the village community are isolated thereby cleansing theIgbo community’s evils present in their society. We can also say thatits very existence itself symbolizes those beliefs that colonialism aimsto eliminate from their culture. If we link the chronotope of thethreshold with the chronotope of the road we find that ‘road’ suggeststhe human mind which is constantly moving back and forth in



time.The memory of the past takes on the journey to a different timeand space. Okonkwo lack a clear vision of his past i.e. he has adistorted picture of it. Due to this he only remembers “the shameful“ death of his father and not the hardships faced by him during hislifetime. This perspective overpowers all the other characteristics ofhis father. His major fear in his life becomes not to be called‘effeminate’ like his father and also not to die a shameful death likehis father. He is so bent on not to be called ‘effeminate’ by his kinsmenthat he participates in the killing of Ikemefuna, the boy whom hetreated like his own son. But this distorted picture in his mind leadsto tragic consequences in his own life. After returning from exile, hecannot face the changed environment. He mourns for the village theway it was before. In his sheer anguish and his inability to bear thenew spatio temporal situation, he disowns his own son, Nwoye. Hetakes his own life as a result of his inability to come to terms with thecollapse of igbo culture by the colonial rule which he himself hadonce glorified. His death is actually ironic in the sense that the “strong”man Okonkwo who never aimed to die a shameful death, actuallydid. For a man who always intended to die a heroic death, his suicidecan be seen as an expression of the effects his own experiences in hisaspiring desire to become a hero.

Next novel that we are going to look at is Joseph Conrad’sHeart of Darkness. The novel is written in a framed narrativeconvention. The novella opens on Rives Thames but during the courseof the narrative we are taken to River Congo where the actual storyunfolds. Therefore the novella is distributed over spatio temporalspace. Through the novella Conrad critiques colonialism i.e. he bringsin the darker aspects of colonialism. If we examine the novella fromthe chronotope of threshold point of view, we find that it helps inmore deeper analysis of the text. Through the figure of Kurtz, Conradsymbolizes the fundamental conflicts and the decadence ofcolonialism. Kurtz in the novel represents entire Europe. His mainmotive of progress in Africa changes with the change of time andspace. He has come to Africa as to promote science and progress butin his quest for ivory he becomes corrupted and abandons his humanvalues. Jonah Ruskin in his essay, points out “Conrad’s critique of



imperialism points out that when civilized man transgresses againstbarbarism and exploits primitive man and nature, it leads to his tragicdownfall”. Kurtz tragedy lies in the fact that he has crossed thethreshold i.e. Europe, his country and has come to a different countryto preach the values of his own country and as well as develop theplace scientifically. Therefore he is a decadent colonist because heactively participates in the rituals of the savage society.

The novella takes place in two different time and space. Thevery beginning of the tale makes this clear when the narrator offerstribute to Thames and her adventures, but only for his words to beundercut by Marlow when he says, “And this also...has been one ofthe darkest places on the earth”. This line suggests that the story isgoing to take place on two different spaces of time. One is whenMarlow, the narrator who is narrating the story and second is thetime when the story actually took place. The river serves as a mediumby which the readers are taken from one space of time to another. Italso serves as an entrance to the colonists, i.e. it takes the them to acompletely different land where they can fulfill their missionaryprojects. Considering this point the river becomes a threshold forKurtz which he crosses in order to fulfill his quest. The moment hecrosses Europe, it suggests that he has left all his European cultureand civilization far behind and has come to a different space. Hencethe river carries him to a different spatio temporal area. Bakhtin usesthe ‘vocabulary’ of the river when describing the ‘flowing’ of fusedtime and space in the road chronotope. According to him river servesequal to that of the road. The road is a place for new fullfillments andnew opportunities in life and same can be said about the river. WhenKurtz comes to Africa, it is symbolic of the fact that he leaves his oldlife behind alongwith its cultures and traditions. He moves away fromthe particular European time and space and comes to a separate landand therein his tragedy begins. The figure of the ‘intended’ and theAfrican mistress symbolizes a contrasts between two different spaces,i.e Europe and Africa. One hand hand we have the passive ‘intended’and on the other hand we have the african mistress who lives on herurges. These both characters portray two different aspects of time inKurtz’s life in two different spaces. As Nina Pelikan Strauss adds,



“The one is a partner in Kurtz’s plunge into satanic unspeakable rites,

and the other is an example of fidelity to which man must cling for

salvation. Kurtz forever loses both women from his life. This is

suggestive of the fact that he has left the one far behind in time after

he moves to a new unknown space i.e. Africa. Whereas he loses the

other because he has actually tried to exploit her.

Modernist critics have viewed the text as a disintegration of

both European as well as African culture across time and space. The

moment when Kurtz crosses his threshold point and comes to Africa,

he not only exploits the African culture but also his own European

culture which he abandons. Therefore through this Conrad suggests

that imperialism destroyed the cultural integrity of not only tribal

culture but of European culture as well. Therefore, the novels Things

fall Apart and Heart of darkness when viewed from a chronotopic

point gives us a more wider understanding of the text, its themes and

backgrounds. In both the novels protagonist moves from the

displacement of their own land to a completely different land in all

aspects and thereby tragedy follows them. Thus the Chronotope of

threshold in both the novels proposes both positive as well as negative

change. It determines the extent of adaptation of a foreign culture

within the context of tribal culture. It also highlights the shortcomings

of cross cultural differences within a spatio temporal space. Both the

protagonists suffer due to crossing of their respective thresholds. They

crave for the life that was before and as a result their ability to gain

the past and their unwillingness to succumb to the present time,

destroys their future.

Hence through the chronotopic analysis of the novels one

can clearly understand a particular situation from two different space

by tracing its past, understanding the present as well as forming an

idea where the situation is going to lie in future.



Bibliography:Works Referred:1. Olufunwa Harry, “ Achebe’s spatial temporalities: Literary

chronotopes in Things fall Apart and Arrow of God”2. Simon Gikandi, “Chinua Achebe and the introduction of

African Literature”3. Jonah Ruskin, “Imperialism and Heart of Darkness”4. Nina Pelikan Strauss, “The exclusion of the ‘Intended’ from

the secret sharing in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness”






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Î¬◊øÚ˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ øZÓ¬œ ˛±ÀÒ« ı±„±ø˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¶§À˙Àõ∂˜ › ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı ı‘øX¬ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬º ¤ ¸˜˚˛ ı±„±ø˘ı˛ ¶§À˙ ˆ¬±ıÚ± õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±Àfl¬ ’ı˘•§Ú fl¬Àı˛ ·Àh¬ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬º ı±„±ø˘ı˛ ø‰¬ôL± › Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ Ó¬± Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±Àı õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬º ¬Ûı˛±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ˜˜«Ê;±˘±, ¶§ÀÀ˙ı˛ ˜ø˝˜± fl¬œÓ«¬Ú, Œ˙œ˚˛‹øÓ¬˝… › ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± Œ˙ı±¸œÀfl¬ ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ˆ¬±Àı Î¬◊Vœl fl¬Àı˛ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤Ó¬øÚ ÒÀı˛ ˝◊—Àı˛Ê ˙±¸Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ˜Ò…øıM ı±„±ø˘ı˛ Œ˚ Œ˜±˝ øÂ˘Ó¬± ˆ¬±„ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬º ø˝j≈À˜˘±ı˛ ï1867ó ¬Ûı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±œ ˆ¬±ıÚ± ^n∏Ó¬ ı±h¬ÀÓ¬Ô±Àfl¬º ¤ ¸˜À˚˛ Ú±È¬…fl¬±ı˛·Ì› Ó“¬±Àı˛ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ Œ·Ãı˛ı˜˚˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ › Œ˙œ˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…Àfl¬Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘Ú ¤ı— Œ˙À‰¬Ó¬Ú± › ¶§À˙ Œõ∂˜ Ê±·ı˛ÀÌ ˜≈‡… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¢∂˝Ìfl¬ı˛À˘Úº ¤˝◊ ¸ı Ú±È¬…fl¬±ı˛Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛ ï1849-1925ó øÂÀ˘Ú’Ú…Ó¬˜º

ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ ˜ÀÚ ¶§±Àø˙fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ¬Ûh¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬ øfl¬À˙±ı˛ ı˚˛¸ŒÔÀfl¬º Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛ı±øh¬ı˛ ¬Û±øı˛ı±øı˛fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ Ó“¬±Àfl¬ ¤ øı¯À˚˛ øıÀ˙¯ ˆ¬±Àı ’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬fl¬Àı˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ Î¬◊±ı˛ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/, ’±RøÚˆ«¬ı˛Ó¬±ı˛ ’±˙«, ı…øMêÀQı˛ Ê±·ı˛Ì, Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˜˚«±±ı˛õ∂øÓ¬á¬±, ’±RÓ¬…±À·ı˛ ˜ø˝˜± ˝◊Ó¬…±ø Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÚÀfl¬ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±œ ˆ¬±ıÚ±À˘±Àfl¬ Î¬◊MœÌ«fl¬Àı˛ Œ˚˛º ¶§À˙ Œõ∂À˜ı˛ ˜ÀLa øÓ¬øÚ œøé¬Ó¬ ˝Úº ÚıÀ·±¬Û±˘ ø˜ÀSı˛ Î¬◊»¸±˝ Ó“¬±ı˛Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ øıÀ˙¯ õ∂ˆ¬±ı øıô¶±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘º ëÊœıÚ¶ú‘øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ ø˘À‡ÀÂÚñ

ëëø˝j≈À˜˘±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ˝˝◊ÀÓ¬ Œfl¬ı˘˝◊ ’±˜±ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˝˝◊Ó¬ ñ øfl¬ Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛ ŒÀ˙ı˛õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ’Ú≈ı˛±· › ¶§À˙õ∂œøÓ¬ Î¬◊ÀZ±øÒÓ¬ ˝˝◊ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º Œ˙À¯ ø¶öı˛fl¬øı˛˘±˜, Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ıœı˛Q·±Ô± › ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ Œ·Ãı˛ıfl¬±ø˝øÚ fl¬œÓ«¬Úfl¬øı˛À˘ ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± fl¬Ó¬fl¬È¬± Î¬◊ÀV˙… ø¸X¬ ˝˝◊À˘› ˝˝◊ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬ ˝˝◊˚˛± fl¬È¬Àfl¬ Ô±øfl¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±øfl¬ÀÓ¬˝◊ ’±ø˜ ë¬Û≈èøıSê˜í Ú±È¬fl¬‡±øÚı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬øı˛˚˛± ŒÙ¬ø˘˘±˜ºíí1

fl¬À˚fl¬ ıÂÀıı ˜ÀÒ… øÓ¬øÚ ë¸Àı±øÊÚœí ï1870ó ı± ëø‰¬ÀÓ¬±ı ’±Sê˜Ì Ú±È¬fl¬í ï1875ó,ë’|n∏˜Ó¬œí ï1879ó, ë¶§õü˜˚˛œí ï1882ó ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬fl¬ ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛Úº ¤˝◊‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬fl¬&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Ú±È¬…fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬ø/ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ Œ˙ˆ¬±ıÚ± › ¶§À˙Àõ∂À˜ı˛



õ∂fl¬±˙ ˘é¬ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı¯˚˛ Î¬◊À°‡ Œ˚, ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ë˚ıÚí › ëŒ˜±·˘í ˙s ≈øÈ¬Àfl¬ ¸±•⁄±Ê…ı±œ, ¬Ûı˛ı˛±Ê… ¢∂±¸fl¬±ı˛œ, ’±Sê˜Ìfl¬±ı˛œ øıÀ˙œ˙øMêı˛ õ∂øÓ¬˙s ø˝¸±Àı ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Œ˙±¯fl¬ › ˙±¸fl¬ ˝◊—Àı˛ÀÊı˛ Ú±˜ ¸ı˛±¸øı˛¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛ ’±Sê˜Ì fl¬ı˛± ı± øfl¬Â≈ ø‰¬øSÓ¬ fl¬ı˛± ’ ≈øıÒ±ÊÚfl¬ øÂ˘º ¤ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ ëÚœ˘¬Û«Ìíï1860ó Ú±È¬fl¬ ¸—Sê±ôL ˝◊—Àı˛Ê ¸ı˛fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ı Ó“¬±ı˛ Ê±Ú± øÂ˘º Ó¬±˝◊ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±Ô ˝◊—Àı˛ÊÀı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬ ø˝¸±Àı ë˚ıÚí › ëŒ˜±·˘í ˙s ≈øÈ¬ ı…ı˝±ı˛fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº

ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬fl¬ ë¬Û≈èøıSê˜í ï1874ó Ú±È¬Àfl¬Œ˙ı˛é¬± › ŒÀ˙ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¬Û±?±Àıı˛ Úı˛¬ÛøÓ¬ ¬Û≈èı˛ ‹fl¬±øôLfl¬ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±¸±«Ôfl¬ˆ¬±Àı Ú±È¬…±ø˚˛Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øÚÀÊı˛ ı˛±Ê… ı˛é¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… øÓ¬øÚ ø¢∂fl¬-ıœı˛ Œ¸fl¬jı˛ ˙±ı˛øıèÀX ˚≈X fl¬ı˛À˘› Ó“¬±Àfl¬ Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ¬Û±?±Àıı˛ ¬Û=Ú-fl≈¬˘ıÓ¬π ı˛±Ê±Àı˛õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝¸±Àıº

Ú±È¬Àfl¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ’ÀÇ¬ Ú±È¬…fl¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ Î¬◊±ø¸Úœ ·±ø˚˛fl¬± ‰¬øı˛S ¤ÀÚ ¶§À˙ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ ı±Ó¬±ıı˛ÌøÈ¬Àfl¬ ˙øMê˙±˘œ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ŒÀ˙ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ’é≈¬iß ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ fl‘¬Ó¬¸—fl¬äfl≈¬°≈¬Ûı«ÀÓ¬ı˛ ı˛±øÚ ‹˘øı˘±Àfl¬ Œ¸ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ Ê˚˛fl¬œÓ«¬Ú øı¯˚˛fl¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ·±Ú ëø˜À˘¸Àı ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬-¸ôL±Úì¤fl¬Ó¬±Ú-˜Ú-õ∂±Ìì·±› ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˚À˙±·±Úí qøÚÀ ˛ÀÂº Œ¸ ◊ Î¬◊±ø¸Úœ·±ø˚˛fl¬± Œ˙Àfl¬ õ∂±ÀÌı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛› Œıø˙ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±À¸º ŒÀ˙ı˛ ÊÚ… ’Ú±˚˛±À¸ õ∂±Ì øÀÓ¬¬Û±Àı˛º ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«ı˛ õ∂ÀÀ˙ õ∂ÀÀ˙, Ú·Àı˛ Ú·Àı˛, ¢∂±À˜ ¢∂±À˜, ¬Û°œÀÓ¬ ¬Û°œÀÓ¬ Œ¸¤˝◊ ·±Ú Œ·À˚˛ ıœı˛¬Û≈è¯·ÌÀfl¬ õ∂±øÌÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛º ı˘± ı±U˘…, ¬Û≈èı˛ ¸˜À˚˛ ’‡Gˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬À‰¬Ó¬Ú±ı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± idea øÂ˘¬Ú±º2 ëÊ˚˛ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ Ê˚˛í, ë·±› ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ Ê˚˛í◊Ó¬…±ø Ú±È¬…fl¬±ı˛-’±Àı˛±ø¬ÛÓ¬ Œ˙ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ ◊ ıø˝–õ∂fl¬±˙º Ú±È¬Àfl¬ Œ‡± ˚± ˛, fl≈¬°≈¬Ûı«ÀÓ¬ı˛

ı˛±øÚ ‹˘øı˘± Œ¸fl¬jı˛ ˙±ı˛ ’±Sê˜Ì › ’±¢∂±¸Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ ı˛±Ê… ı“±‰¬±ÀÓ¬ Œ‚±¯Ì± fl¬Àı˛Ú,Œ˚ ı˛±Êfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ”¬ø˜ ı˛é¬±ÀÔ« ¸ı«±À¬Ûé¬± ıœı˛Q õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ, øÓ¬øÚ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¬Û±øÌ¢∂˝Ìfl¬ı˛ÀıÚº Œõ∂À˜ı˛ ıÀ˘ øÓ¬øÚ ¸˜ô¶ ı˛±Êfl≈¬˜±ı˛·ÌÀfl¬ ¤fl¬øSÓ¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛Úº¤‡±ÀÚ Ó“¬±ı˛ ı…øMê·Ó¬ Œõ∂˜±Ú≈ˆ¬ı › Œ˙ˆ¬±ıÚ± ¤fl¬±fl¬±ı˛ ˝À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂº

ı˛±Ê± Ó¬é¬˙œ˘ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ”¬ø˜Àfl¬ ı˛é¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… õ∂˚˛±¸œ ˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº øÓ¬øÚ Œ¸fl¬jı˛˙±ı˛ ’ÒœÚÓ¬± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±Ú Ú±º Ó“¬±ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ñ

ëë’±ø˜ ÚœÊ ˆ¬À˚˛ı˛ ı˙ıÓ¬π ˝À˚˛ Œ¸fl¬jı˛ ˙±ı˛ ¬ÛÓ¬À˘ ’ıÚÓ¬ ˝ı∑ ’±ø˜øfl¬ ¶§˝Àô¶ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı±¸œøÀ·ı˛ ÊÚ… ’ÒœÚÓ¬±-˙‘∫˘ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¬ı˛ı∑ Œ˚-¸fl¬˘ı˛±Êfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ”¬ø˜ ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ¸ø•úø˘Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚ, ˚“±Àı˛ ¤˝◊ ¤fl¬˜±Sõ∂øÓ¬:± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚, ˝˚˛ Ó“¬±ı˛± Ó“¬±Àı˛ ı˛±Ê… ı˛é¬± fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ, Ú˚˛ ı˛Ìˆ”¬À˜ õ∂±Ì



øı¸Ê«Ú ŒÀıÚ, Œ¸˝◊ ¸fl¬˘ ı˛±Êfl≈¬˜±ı˛·ÌÀfl¬ › øıÀ˙¯Ó¬ ˜˝±ı˛±Ê ¬Û≈èÀfl¬ øfl¬’±ø˜ ¤‡Ú ¬Ûøı˛Ó¬…±· fl¬ı˛ı∑ Ó¬± fl¬‡ÀÚ±˝◊ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±ºíí

øfl¬c, ˆ¬ø·Úœ ’•§±ø˘fl¬±ı˛ õ∂Àı˛±‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL øÓ¬øÚ Œ¸fl¬jı˛ ˙±ı˛ øıèX±‰¬ı˛Ì Ú±fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ¸øg fl¬Àı˛Úº ¬Û≈èı˛±Ê ¤˝◊ ¸øgÀfl¬ ‚‘Ì±ˆ¬Àı˛ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±Ú fl¬Àı˛Úº Œfl¬ÚÚ±,Œ¸-¸øg ±¸ÀQı˛ Ú±˜±ôLı˛º øÓ¬øÚ Ó¬é¬˙œÀ˘ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ıÀ˘ÀÂÚñ

ëëŒ¸ øıÚ± fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ ‡hƒ¬·˝Àô¶ ’±˜±Àı˛ ŒÀ˙ õ∂Àı˙ fl¬Àı˛, ˘≈È¬¬Û±È¬ fl¬Àı˛’±˜±Àı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Œfl¬±ÀÚ± õ∂À˙ Â±ı˛‡±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÙ¬˘À˘, ¤‡Ú øfl¬Ú± Ó¬±ı˛¸À/ ¸øg fl¬ı˛ı∑ ’±˜ı˛± Ó¬±Àfl¬ øfl¬ ¤ı˛ ¸˜≈ø‰¬Ó¬ ˙±øô¶ Œı Ú±∑ ¤‡Ú ı≈øÁ¬∆ı Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øı˜≈‡ ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚ, Ó¬±˝◊ øÓ¬øÚ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸À/ ¸øg fl¬ı˛ı±ı˛ ÊÚ…ı…ô¶ ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚºíí ï1ì2ó

¬Û≈èı˛±Ê Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ˙ÀÓ«¬˝◊ Œ¸fl¬jı˛ ˙±ı˛ ¸À/ ¸øg¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±Ú Ú±º øıÀø˙ Œ¸fl¬jı˛Àfl¬øÓ¬øÚ ø‰¬ı˛˙Sn∏ :±Ú fl¬Àı˛Úº ˚À˙±˜±Ú Œ¬ÛÃèÀ¯ı˛ øıøÚ˜À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ø¸—˝±¸Ú › õ∂±Ì ı˛é¬±fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±Ú Ú±º Ó¬é¬ı˛±Ê Ó“¬±Àfl¬ øÚı‘M fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬ı˛À˘ øÓ¬øÚ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ÊÚ… ¸—¢∂±À˜ õ∂±Ì±ÀÚı˛ fl¬Ô± ı…Mê fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸—fl¬äñ

ëë˚ø ’±ı˛ Œfl¬˝˝◊ ’±˜±ı˛ ¸˝±˚˛ Ú± ˝˚˛, ¸fl¬À˘˝◊ ˚ø ’±˜±Àfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Ó¬…±· fl¬Àı˛,Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ¶§ÀÀ˙ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤fl¬±fl¬œ˝◊ ’±ø˜ ‹ ’¸—‡… ˚ıÚÕ¸ÀÚ…ı˛¸ø˝Ó¬ ¸—¢∂±˜ fl¬ı˛ıº ¤ÀÓ¬ ˚ø õ∂±Ì ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±› ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ ...ííï1ì2ó

¬Û≈èı˛±Ê ø¢∂fl¬-”Ó¬ ¤ÀÙ¬øà¬˚˛ÚÀfl¬ Ê±øÚÀ˚˛ ŒÚ, ı˛±øÚ ‹˘øı˘± › ’Ú…±Ú… ı˛±Ê¬Û≈Ó¬Àı˛øÚÀ˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«ı˛ Œ·Ãı˛ı ı˛é¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬ı˛ÀıÚº ›øÀfl¬ ı˛±øÚ ‹˘øı˘± ¤fl¬ı±ı˛Œ˙¯ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛Ú Ó¬é¬˙œ˘Àfl¬ Œ¸fl¬jı˛ ˙±ı˛ øıèÀX¬ ˚≈ÀX ¸±ø˜˘ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ…º øfl¬cŒ¸ Œ‰¬©Ü± ı…Ô« ˝˚˛º ı˛±øÚ ‹˘øı˘± Ó¬é¬˙œÀ˘ı˛ ø˙øıÀı˛ Œ·À˘ Ó“¬±Àfl¬ ıøj fl¬Àı˛ ı˛±‡±˝˚˛º ’±ı˛ ˙Ó¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± ¸ÀN› ¬Û≈èı˛±Ê Œ¸fl¬jı˛ ˙±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¬Ûı˛±øÊÓ¬ ˝Úº ˚±˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬, ¬Û≈è› ‹˘øı˘±ı˛ Î¬◊Vœl Œ˙ı˛é¬±ı˛ ı±Ìœ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¶§À˙Àõ∂À˜ı˛ ‘Iˇ ı±Ó¬±ıı˛Ì ∆Ó¬øı˛fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ˜”˘Ó¬ ëÿÚøı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ Úıõ∂ı≈X¬ Œ˙±RÀı±ÀÒı˛ ∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…í˝◊ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ¤ Ú±È¬Àfl¬º3

ë¸Àı˛±øÊÚœí ï1875ó Ú±È¬Àfl¬› Œ˙ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ı±Ó¬±ıı˛Ì øÚ˜«±Ì fl¬ı˛±˝À˚˛ÀÂº ˚ıÀÚı˛ øıèÀX ˚≈X ÊÀ˚˛ı˛ ı±¸Ú± øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˜ı±Àı˛ı˛ ı˛±Ú± ˘ÑÌø¸—˝ Œıœ‰¬Ó≈¬ˆ≈«¬Ê±ı˛ ˜øjÀı˛ ¬Û≈ÀÊ± øÀÓ¬ ¤À¸ qÚÀ˘Ú ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ∆ıı±Ìœº Œ¸˝◊ ∆ıı±Ìœı˛ ’Ô«˝˘ ˘ÑÌø¸—À˝ı˛ ≈ø˝Ó¬± ¸Àı˛±øÊÚœÀfl¬ Œıœı˛ ‰¬ı˛ÀÌ ıø˘ Ú± øÀ˘ Ê˚˛˘±ˆ¬ ¸yı Ú˚˛ºøÓ¬øÚ ¬Ûh¬À˘Ú ˜˝±¸—fl¬ÀÈ¬ ñ ¤fl¬øÀfl¬ ŒÀ˙ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±, ’Ú…øÀfl¬ fl¬Ú…± ¸Àı˛±øÊÚœı˛ÊœıÚº ’Ú… Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ Ú± Ô±fl¬±˚˛ Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬ ı˛ÌÒœı˛ ø¸—˝ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ†



ëë˚‡Ú ’Ú… Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ Ú±˝◊ Ó¬‡Ú fl¬±ÀÊ˝◊ ¶§À˙ ı˛é¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤˝◊ øÚá≈¬ı˛fl¬±˚«› ’Ú≈À˜±Ú fl¬ÀM ˝Àıºííï1ì1ó

∆ˆ¬ı˛ı±‰¬±˚« Ê±øÚÀ˚˛ ŒÚ, ø‰¬ÀÓ¬±ı˛ ı˛é¬± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ Œıœ ı±fl¬… ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛± ı˛fl¬±ı˛’Ô«±» ¸Àı˛±øÊÚœı˛ ıø˘±Ú ’±ı˙…fl¬º øfl¬c ø¬ÛÓ¬± ˘ÑÌø¸—˝ Ó¬± øfl¬Â≈ÀÓ¬˝◊ ˜±ÚÀÓ¬¬Û±ı˛ÀÂÚ Ú±º ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı… ¸ôL±ÀÚı˛ ÊœıÚ ı˛é¬± fl¬ı˛± ¤fl¬Ô± Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀ˚˛› ı˛ÌÒœı˛ø¸—˝ ıÀ˘Úñ

ëë˙Sn∏ı˛ ’±Sê˜Ì ˝ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ê±·Ì ˚±ÀÓ¬ ı˛é¬± ¬Û±˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ øıÒ±Ú fl¬ı˛± øfl¬ı˛±Ê±ı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı… Ú˚˛ºíí

øÓ¬øÚ ’±ı˛› ıÀ˘Ú Œ˚, &èÓ¬ı˛ fl¬Ó«¬Àı…ı˛ ‡±øÓ¬Àı˛ ˘‚≈Ó¬ı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı…Àfl¬ øı¸Ê«Ú Œ›˚˛±˝◊˚≈øMê › Ò˜« ¸—·Ó¬º Ó¬±˝◊ ¸Àı˛±øÊÚœı˛ ıø˘±Ú ˚≈øMê › Ò˜« ¸—·Ó¬º ı˛ÌÒœÀı˛ı˛ Ú‘˙—¸˚≈øMêı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±Àı ˘ÑÌø¸—˝ ¸Àı˛±øÊÚœı˛ ıø˘±ÀÚ ¸•úøÓ¬ ŒÚ Œ˙ ı˛é¬±ı˛ fl¬Ô± øıÀı‰¬Ú±fl¬Àı˛º

˘éÆ¬Ì ø¸—À˝ı˛ ˆ¬±ıœ Ê±˜±Ó¬± øıÊ˚˛ ø¸—À˝ı˛ ˜≈À‡› Œ˙ı˛é¬±ı˛ fl¬Ô± qÚÀÓ¬¬Û±˝◊ñ

ëë˚ıÚÀı˛ øıèÀX¬ ˚ø Ê˚˛˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ÀM ¬Û±øı˛ - ø‰¬ÀÓ¬±ı˛¬Û≈ı˛œ ı˛é¬± fl¬ÀM ¬Û±øı˛ -’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ı… ˆ¬œ˜ø¸—À˝ı˛ ’¬Û˜±ÀÚı˛ ˚ø õ∂øÓ¬À˙±Ò øÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ - ˚øŒ¸˝◊ ˘•ÛÈ¬ ’±˘±Î¬◊øVÀÚı˛ ˜ô¶fl¬ ¶§˝Àô¶ ŒÂÚ fl¬ÀM ¬Û±øı˛ - Ó¬± ˝À˘˝◊’±˜±ı˛ ˜Ú¶®±˜Ú± ¬Û”Ì« ˝˚˛ºíí

øÓ¬øÚ ŒıÓ¬±ø·Àfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Ó≈¬©Ü › qˆ¬¢∂À˝ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÀÓ«¬ ıœı˛ÀQı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ Œıø˙ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘ºÓ¬±˝◊ øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ, ë˜±Ó‘¬ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ fl¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬ ’Ú≈ı˛±·, ˚≈XÀé¬ÀS˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±Àıºí øÓ¬øÚ ˚≈XÀé¬ÀS˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ Œ˙Àõ∂À˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ øÀÓ¬ ‰¬±Úº ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ ÊÚ…Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øfl¬Â≈˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ ’À˚˛ ŒÚ˝◊, ÊœıÚ±Ú ŒÓ¬± Ó≈¬BÂ ı…±¬Û±ı˛º

¸Àı˛±øÊÚœı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› ’±˜ı˛± ¶§À˙õ∂œøÓ¬ ˘é¬ fl¬øı˛º Ó¬±Àfl¬ ıø˘ Œ›˚˛± ˝Àı¤fl¬Ô± Ê±Ú±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±Àfl¬ ıÀ˘ÀÂ, ë’±˜±ı˛ ¤˝◊ é≈¬^ õ∂±Ì ˚ø ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊñ ’±˜±ı˛ ŒÀ˙ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊ ’±À¸ Ó¬±˝À˘ ’±ø˜ fl‘¬Ó¬±Ô« ˝ıºí ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ ’¸˝±˚˛ › øÚè¬Û±˚˛’ı¶ö± ¶úı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ ¸Àı˛±øÊÚœ ŒÀ˙ı˛ ÊÚ… õ∂±øÌÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ ’±ÀR±»¸·« fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ õ∂dÓ¬ ˝˚˛ºŒ¸ øıÊ˚˛ ø¸—˝Àfl¬ ıÀ˘ÀÂ Œ˚, Ó¬±ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬… Â±h¬± Œ˙-Î¬◊X±Àı˛ı˛ ’±ı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ŒÚ˝◊º ¬Ûøı˛À˙À¯ ’±˘±Î¬◊øVÀÚı˛ ø‰¬ÀÓ¬±ı˛ ’±Sê˜Ì ı…Ô« fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ øıÊ˚˛ ø¸—˝ ¸˝ ı˛±Ê¬Û≈Ó¬ıœı˛Àı˛ õ∂±Ì±ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ Œ˙±Ú≈ı˛±À·ı˛ ¸≈ı˛øÈ¬˝◊ õ∂ı˘ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº

ë’|n∏˜Ó¬œí ï1879ó Ú±È¬Àfl¬› Ú±È¬…fl¬ı˛ Œ˙ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ øı¯˚˛È¬±Àfl¬ ¸±˜ÀÚ¤ÀÚÀÂÚº Œ˜ı±Àı˛ı˛ ı˛±Ú± õ∂Ó¬±¬Ûø¸—˝ øfl¬Â≈ÀÓ¬˝◊ Œ˜±·˘ ¸•⁄±È¬ ’±fl¬ıÀı˛ı˛ ’ÒœÚÓ¬±



¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±Ú Ú±º ˜±Úø¸—˝ Œ˜±·À˘ı˛ ±¸Q ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ, øfl¬c õ∂Ó¬±¬Ûø¸—˝Ó¬±Àfl¬ Ê±øÚÀ ˛ÀÂÚñ

ëë’±ø˜ ıı˛= ¬Ûı«ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûı«ÀÓ¬, ıÀÚ ıÀÚ, ’Ú±˝±Àı˛ w˜Ì fl¬Àı˛ Œıh¬±ı, ¸fl¬˘õ∂fl¬±ı øı¬ÛÀfl¬ ’¸—Àfl¬±À‰¬ ’±ø˘/Ú fl¬ıı, ’‘À©Üı ¸fl¬˘ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı ◊ ’Ú±˚±À¸’Àflv¬À˙ ¸˝… fl¬ı˛ı, Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û Ó≈¬Àfl«¬ı˛ ±¸Q fl¬‡ÀÚ±˝◊ ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ı Ú±ºíí ï1ì1ó

¶§À˙ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ı˛é¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… øÓ¬øÚ ¸ı ≈–‡-fl¬©Ü ¸˝… fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ õ∂dÓ¬º ¤˝◊ øı¬ÛÀı˛øÀÚ w±Ó‘¬øıÀı˛±Ò-ÊøÚÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˜±Ú Ô±fl¬± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛º ı˛±Ê˜ø˝¯œÀfl¬ øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚñ

ëëˆ¬±À˚˛ ˆ¬±À˚˛ ˚Ó¬˝◊ ˙Sn∏Ó¬± Œ˝±fl¬-Ú±-Œfl¬Ú Œ˙ ∆ıı˛œı˛ øıèÀX øfl¬ ¸fl¬˘w±Ó¬±ı˛ Ó¬˘ı±ı˛ ¤fl¬S ˝Àı Ú±∑íí

˙Mêø¸—À˝ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¶§ÀÀ˙ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’Ú≈ı˛±· › ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸± ˘é¬ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ˚≈ÀX¬ ¬Ûı˛±øÊÓ¬› é¬Ó¬-øıé¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ õ∂Ó¬±¬ÛøÌ¸—˝ øÚø^Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ ¬Ûh¬À˘ ≈íÊÚ Œ˜±·˘ ∆¸ÀÚ…ı˛ ˝±Ó¬ŒÔÀfl¬ ˙Mêø¸—˝ ±±Àfl¬ ı˛é¬± fl¬Àı˛Úº ’øˆ¬˜±Ú ¸ÀN› Ó¬±ı˛ ˝+À˚˛› Œ˙Àõ∂À˜ı˛Ù¬â≈Ò±ı˛± ı˝˜±Ú øÂ˘º

Œ˜±·À˘ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¬Ûı˛±øÊÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ õ∂Ó¬±¬Ûø¸—À˝ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ı˛±Ê… ˝ô¶‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝˚˛º øÓ¬øÚıÀÚ-Ê/À˘-˜èˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬õ∂fl¬±ı˛ øÚı˛iß ’¸˝±˚˛ ’ı¶ö±˚˛ øÚ˚±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ı±Ò… ˝ÚºÓ¬ı≈› øÓ¬øÚ Œ˜±·À˘ı˛ ¸À/ ¸øg ı± ’ÒœÚÓ¬± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Ú øÚº ˜Laœ ˆ¬±˜˙±ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚…øÓ¬øÚ ’±ı±ı˛ ‚≈Àı˛ “±h¬±Ú ¤ı— Œ˜ı±Àı˛ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±—˙ ¶ö±Ú ¬Û≈ÚèX±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Úº øfl¬cø‰¬ÀÓ¬±ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú› ¬Û˚«ôL Î¬◊X±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ú± ¬Û±ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı ¢≠±øÚ ˘é¬fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ˚±˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬, ¤ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ’|n∏˜Ó¬œ › Œ¸ø˘À˜ı˛ Œõ∂˜ fl¬±ø˝øÚ øfl¬Â≈È¬± õ∂±Ò±Ú…Œ¬ÛÀ˘› ı˛±Ú± õ∂±Ó¬¬Ûø¸—À˝ı˛ ’Ó≈¬˘Úœ˚˛ ¶§À˙Àõ∂˜ øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛º

ë¶§õü˜˚˛œí ï1882ó Ú±È¬Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬±ø˝øÚÀfl¬ Ú±È¬…fl¬±ı˛ Œ˙±RÀı±ÀÒı˛ Œõ∂ı˛Ì±˚˛ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ øıÚ…ô¶ fl¬Àı˛ÂÚ ¤ı— Œ˙±Ú≈ı˛±·Àfl¬ ¤ Ú±È¬Àfl¬› øÓ¬øÚ ‰¬±ø˘fl¬± ˙øMê fl¬Àı˛Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬˚˛ÀÂÚº Œ¸ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ Ú±È¬…fl¬±ı˛ ¤‡±ÀÚ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±À¸ı˛ ¸Ó¬…Àfl¬ ˘„‚Ú˝◊ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚŒ˙±RÀı±ÀÒı˛ Œõ∂ı˛Ì±˚˛º

ø‰¬ÀÓ¬±˚˛± › ı«±ı˛ Ó¬±˘≈fl¬±ı˛ qˆ¬ø¸—˝ ø˝j≈Àı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ fiı˛/ÀÊÀıı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı˛¸˝… fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊ Œ¸ øıÀ^±˝œ ˝˚˛ ¤ı— ¸•⁄±ÀÈ¬ı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬Ô± Ê;˘ôLˆ¬±¯±˚˛ õ∂‰¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ÊÚ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÀfl¬ Î¬◊ÀMøÊÓ¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛º ¤ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛ Œ˙Àõ∂˜õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬º Œ¸ øıù´±¸ fl¬Àı˛ Œ˙˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ’±ı˛±Ò…± ÊÚÚœ, Œ¸-ÊÚÚœ ¬Û±øÔ«ı ø¬ÛÓ¬±˜±Ó¬±˝ÀÓ¬ Œ|á¬, ë¶§·« ˝ÀÓ¬› ·ı˛œ˚˛¸œíº ¤˝◊ øıù´±¸ Œ¸ ¬¶§õü˜˚˛œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸=±øı˛Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛Œı±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ ñ



qˆ¬† Œfl¬ ŒÓ¬±ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬± ˜±Ó¬±ı˛ ÊÚÚœ∑Œfl¬±Ô± ˝ÀÓ¬ ø¬ÛÓ¬± Ó¬ı Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ :±Ú∑Œfl¬±Ô± ˝ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ó¬± Ó¬ı Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ Œ¶ß˝∑Œfl¬ øÓ¬øÚ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˜±Ó¬± Ê±Ú ¶§õü˜ø˚˛∑

¶§õü† Ú± õ∂ˆ≈¬, Ê±øÚÀÚºqˆ¬† øÓ¬øÚ ŒÓ¬±ı˛ Êiúˆ”¬ø˜º¶§õü† ’±˜±Àı˛ Êiúˆ”¬ø˜∑ øÓ¬øÚ˝◊ ÊÚÚœ∑qˆ¬† ˝“± Ó¬ı ÊÚÚœ Œ¸˝◊ ŒÓ¬±ı˛ Êiúˆ”¬ø˜ºíí

øıÀø˙ Œ˜±·À˘ı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ ˘±>Ú±, øıÀ˙¯Ó¬ Œ•°BÂ ¬Û±‚±ÀÓ¬ Œı-˜La, Ò˜«-fl¬À˜«ı˛ Œ˘±¬Û, ı˛±Ê¬ÛÔ-˜±ÀÁ¬ Œ·±-˝Ó¬…± ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ¶§õü˜˚˛œÀfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛º Œ˚ ¤˝◊øıÀø˙ Œ˜±·˘Àfl¬ ø˜S ıÀ˘ ’±ø˘/Ú fl¬Àı˛ Œ¸ ˆ¬±˝◊-¬Û≈S-ø¬ÛÓ¬± ˝À˘› ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ˙Sn∏,ŒÀ˙ı˛ ˙Sn∏º Œfl¬ÚÚ± ë˜±Ó‘¬ˆ”¬ø˜ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œfl¬˝ ÚÀ˝ ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛íº ’Ô‰¬ ¶§õü˜˚˛œı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬± Œ¸˝◊˙Sn∏Àfl¬ ıı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº qˆ¬ø¸—˝ Î¬◊Vœl ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ ıÀ˘ÀÂñ

ëë˜±À˚˛ı˛ Œfl¬±˜˘ ˝Àô¶ ˙‘∫˘ ’“±øÈ¬ÀÓ¬Œ˚ ÊÚ Œ˜±·˘ ¸±ÀÔ fl¬øı˛˚˛±ÀÂ Œ˚±·,˜±À˚˛Àı˛ Œ˚ øıÀ˙œı˛± fl¬Àı˛ ’¬Û˜±Ú,Ó¬±Àı˛ Œ˚ ˝±ø¸˜≈À‡ fl¬Àı˛ ¸˜±ı˛Œ¸ ÊÚ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±, ˙Sn∏ Œ¸ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ºíí ï3ì1ó

¤ ¸—˘±À¬Û qˆ¬ø¸—À˝ı˛ ¶§À˙ Œõ∂˜ Œ˚˜Ú õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤˝◊ ’±Àı·˜˚˛œˆ¬±¯±ı˛ Z±ı˛± ¶§õü˜˚˛œı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› ¶§À˙Àõ∂À˜ı˛ ıœÊ ’Ç≈øı˛Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº SêÀ˜ Œ¸˝◊ ¶§À˙Œõ∂˜ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‘IˇÓ¬ı˛ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ˚±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Ú±À˜ Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ øıèX±‰¬±ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº

¶§À˙Àõ∂À˜ı˛ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±ıÚ± Ú±È¬fl¬øÈ¬ı˛ fl¬±ø˝øÚ › fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ ‰¬øı˛SÀfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº Ó¬±Â±h¬± ëŒÀ˙ ŒÀ˙ wø˜ ≈‡-·±Ú ·±ø˝À˚˛í ·±ÀÚ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ı˛ Œ˙ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ı±Ó¬±ıı˛ÌÀfl¬ ¸≈‘Iˇ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº Ó¬ı≈ ¤fl¬Ô± ¶§œfl¬±˚« Œ˚, ¤ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ Œ˙±RÀı±ÀÒı˛ õ∂fl¬±˙ŒÓ¬˜Ú øıô¶‘Ó¬ Ú˚˛ ¤ı— Ó¬± õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ øıÒ˜π fiı˛/ÀÊÀıı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı˛ Ó¬Ô±¸±•x±ø˚˛fl¬ øıÀZÀ¯ı˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬º4

ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛ Œı˛±˜±øKÈ¬fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬fl¬&ø˘ ı˛‰¬Ú±fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¶§À˙Àõ∂˜ › Œ˙±RÀı±Ò ¤fl¬øÈ¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂºÚ±È¬…fl¬±ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ¸—Sê±ôL Œı±Ò Ó¬Ô… › ¸ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¬ÛÔ ÒÀı˛ Ú± ‰¬˘À˘› Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ ’Ó¬œÓ¬Œ·Ãı˛ı fl¬œÓ«¬ÀÚ øÓ¬øÚ øÂÀ˘Ú ¤fl¬øÚá¬º ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ ˆ¬±Àı Ó“¬±ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ı˛ Œı˙øfl¬Â≈ ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ ˜”˘ øˆ¬øM ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ ¶§À˙Àõ∂À˜ı˛ Î¬◊Vœ¬ÛÚ± › Œõ∂ı˛Ì±º ˜”˘Ó¬ Î¬◊øÚ˙



˙Ó¬fl¬œ˚˛ Œ˙Àõ∂À˜ı˛ õ∂fl¬±˙˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸‘©Ü ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ Ú±È¬fl¬ › ‰¬øı˛ÀS ˘é¬ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º’‡G ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬À‰¬Ó¬Ú± Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂BÂißˆ¬±Àı Œ‡± Œ·À˘› øÚÊı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ’é≈¬iß ı˛±‡±ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¶§À˙Àõ∂˜ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬˝À˚˛ÀÂºÓ¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†1. ŒÊ…±øÓ¬øı˛fÚ±ÀÔı˛ ÊœıÚ¶ú‘øÓ¬, ı¸ôLfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ïõ∂˙±ôLfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ¬Û±˘

¸•Û±øÓ¬ó ¸≈ıÌ«Àı˛‡±, 2˚˛ ¸—¶®ı˛Ì 1419, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, ¬Û‘† 46º2. ı±—˘± Ú±È¬…¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ï1˜ ‡G¬ó ñ ’±qÀÓ¬±¯ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ¤ ˜≈‡±Êπ

’…±G Œfl¬±— õ∂±.ø˘. 5˜ ¸—‡…± 2002, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, ¬Û‘† 364º3. ı±—˘± Ú±È¬…¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ï1˜ ‡Gó ñ ’±qÀÓ¬±¯ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ¤ ˜≈‡±Êπ

’…±G Œfl¬±— õ∂±.ø˘. 5˜ ¸—‡…± 2002, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, ¬Û‘† 364º4. ı±—˘± Ú±È¬…¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ï1˜ ‡G¬ó ñ ’±qÀÓ¬±¯ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ¤ ˜≈‡±Êπ

’…±G Œfl¬±— õ∂±.ø˘. 5˜ ¸—‡…± 2002, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, ¬Û‘† 375º




÷ÅæîÂõ± Õ±ùÏõþ ‘úõò÷’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü üÅôÂÏ ›¶öÂ±õø˜Ê±Ú≈ı˛ ı˛˝˜±Ú

ë˙ıÚ˜í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¬Û”Àı« ¸≈Ù¬œ øfl¬, Œ¸ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬¸±˜±Ú… ’±À˘±fl¬¬Û±Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ı˛fl¬±ı˛º ë¸≈Ù¬œí ˙søÈ¬ ‡≈ı ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˙s ˝À˘› ¤ı˛ ˆ¬±¯±·Ó¬Î¬◊»¬ÛøMı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ ·Àı¯fl¬·ÀÌı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜Ó¬-¬Û±Ô«fl¬… ’±ÀÂº ë¸≈Ù¬í Ò±Ó≈¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ë¸≈Ù¬œí˙Àsı˛ Î¬◊»¬ÛøMº ë¸≈Ù¬í ˝˘ ¬Ûqı˛ Œ˘±˜ øÀ˚˛ ∆Ó¬ı˛œ ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Œ¬Û±¯±fl¬º øfl¬ˆ¬±Àıë¸≈Ù¬í ŒÔÀfl¬ ˙søÈ¬ Ò˜« ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛ ¸À/ ˚≈Mê ˝˘ Œ¸ øı¯À˚˛› øıÓ¬fl«¬ ’±ÀÂº Ó¬Àı Œ¸øıÓ¬Àfl«¬ Ú± ø·À˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± ¸≈Ù¬œÀı˛ fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ∆ıø˙©Ü… ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬Û±øı˛º ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±Òfl¬Àı˛ ¸≈Ù¬œ ˝ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ¬Û˙À˜ı˛ Œ¬Û±¯±fl¬ ¬Ûı˛±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±Ó¬øÈ¬øı¯˚˛ ˜±Ú… fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ¤&ø˘ ˝˘ ïfl¬ó Œ·±¬ÛÚ :±Ú, ’±°± ˚± ı±j±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œõ∂ı˛Ìfl¬Àı˛Úº ï‡ó ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸ı øfl¬Â≈ ¬Ûøı˛Ó¬…±· fl¬ı˛±, ï·ó øıı±˝ Ú± fl¬ı˛±, ï‚ó ±øı˛^Ó¬± ¢∂˝Ìfl¬ı˛±, ï„ó ’±°±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ’fl¬˜«fl¬ øÚˆ«¬ı˛Ó¬±, ï‰¬ó :±ÀÚı˛ ¸Àı«±B‰¬ ¸œ˜±ÀÓ¬ Œ¬“ÛÃÂ±ÀÚ±ºïÂó Ù¬±Ú±, øÚÀÊÀfl¬ ’±°±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ÒW—¸ fl¬Àı˛ Œ›˚˛±º ¤Â±h¬±› ¸≈Ù¬œ·Ì øıù´±¸ fl¬Àı˛’±°± ¬Û‘øÔıœ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀÊÀfl¬ õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ¸fl¬˘ Êœı˝◊ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ Œ˙À¯ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ øÙ¬Àı˛ ˚±Àıº ¤˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ ¸≈Ù¬œı˛± ÷ù´ı˛Àfl¬ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ’±ı˛±ÒÚ± fl¬Àı˛Úº ¤˝◊ ¸±ÒÚ±˚˛¸ı Œ‰¬À˚˛ ıh¬ ıh¬ ı±Ò± ’˝—Àı±Ò ı± egoº Êœı±R± ’˝— qÚ… ˝À˘ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂøÚÀÊÀfl¬ ˜≈Mê fl¬ı˛Àı ¤ı— ÷ù´ı˛-ı˛+¬Ûœ ¬Ûı˛˜±R±ı˛ ¸À/ ø˜ø˘Ó¬ ˝Àıº ¸≈Ù¬œı˛± ı˛±Ò±fl‘¬À¯ûı˛Êœı±R±-¬Ûı˛˜±R±ı˛ ˜Ó¬, ¬Û±øÔ«ı Úı˛-Ú±ı˛œı˛ Œõ∂˜±Ú≈ı˛±·Àfl¬ Êœı±R ¬Ûı˛˜±R±ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬Úº ¤˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ˘±˚˛˘œ-˜ÊÚ≈, ø˙øı˛-Ù¬ı˛˝± Êœı±R±-¬Ûı˛˜±R±ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¬ ı˛+À¬Û ’øÇÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ’±˜±Àı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬… ∆¸˚˛ ˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œı˛ë˙ıÚ˜í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸› Œ¸˝◊ ı˛+¬Û Ú±˚˛fl¬-Ú±ø˚˛fl¬±ı˛ Œõ∂˜-¸•ÛÀfl«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸≈Ù¬œ ˙«ÀÚı˛’±ø˙s ˜±qfl¬ ’Ô«±» Êœı±R± › ¬Ûı˛˜±R±ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬ øıÀù≠¯Ì fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ˚± ’±˜±Àı˛’±À˘±‰¬… øı¯˚˛º

∆¸˚˛ ˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œı˛ ë˙ıÚ˜í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ 1927 ‡Ëœ©Ü±s ŒÔÀfl¬ 1931‡Ëœ©Ü±s ¬Û «ôL ’±Ù¬·±øÚ¶ö±ÀÚı˛ fl¬±ı≈À˘ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ‡À˘ı˛ ◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ¶ö±Ú Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ÀÂº ◊øÓ¬˝±¸ı˘ÀÂ ¤˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ ı±B‰¬±-˝◊ ¸±Àfl¬± Ú±À˜ ¤fl¬ ı…øMê é¬˜Ó¬± ‡˘ fl¬Àı˛º ’±˜±Ú≈°± øÂÀ˘ÚŒ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ fl¬±ı≈À˘ı˛ ’±˜œı˛º øÓ¬øÚ ø˙é¬±-œé¬±, ø˙ä-¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ‘ø©Ü ŒÚ ¤ı—øÓ¬øÚ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú ’±Ù¬·±Ú ˜ø˝˘±ı˛± ¬Û«±ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ¤À¸ ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Œ˙



·h¬±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊ ˝±Ó¬ ˘±·±Àıº Œ˘‡fl¬ ˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œ fl¬˜«¸”ÀS Œı˙ øfl¬Â≈øÚ fl¬±ı≈À˘fl¬±È¬±Úº Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸øÈ¬ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬± õ∂Ò±Úº ˙ıÚ˜ Ú±À˜ ¤fl¬ Ú±ı˛œ ¤˝◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Œfl¬fœ˚˛‰¬øı˛S ¤ı— Œ˘‡fl¬ ¶§˚˛— Ú±˚˛fl¬º

Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ”S¬Û±Ó¬ ’±Ù¬·±øÚô¶±ÀÚı˛ ¬Û±·˜±Ú ˙˝ı˛º ¤fl¬ ı˛±ÀS ı…±À˘ Î¬…±Àkı˛’Ú≈á¬±ÀÚ ¬ÛÔ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈ı˛ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬± ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ õ∂Ô˜ ¸±é¬±» ˝˚˛º ¬ÛÀı˛Ú±˚˛fl¬ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬±ı˛ ¸g±ÀÚ fl¬±ı≈˘ ˙˝Àı˛ ˝±øÊı˛ ˝˚˛º ¸g…±˚˛ ˙ıÚ˜ Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ ‚Àı˛ ˝±øÊı˛˝À˚˛ Ú±˚˛fl¬Àfl¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ıÀ˘ ëı˘, ’±ø˜ ˝+˚˛ øÀ˚˛ ¸ı«fl¬±˘ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ Œ¸ı± fl¬ı˛ıºí ’±ı˛øÍ¬fl¬ ¸˜˚˛ ˜ÊÚ”ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂ ı±Î¬◊˘ ·±ÀÚı˛ ’Ú≈¸ı˛ÀÌ ≈øÈ¬ ÂS ñ

ëëŒfl¬±Ô±˚˛ ’±˜±ı˛ ÂS-`¬ Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ ø¸—˝±¸Ú, Œõ∂ø˜fl¬±ı˛ ¬Û±À˚˛ı˛ Ó¬˘±˚˛ ˘≈È¬±˚˛ÊœıÚºíí

Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’—À˙ ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ¶Û©Ü Òı˛± ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº ¤‡±ÀÚ Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˜ÊÚ”ı˛ ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛õ∂øÓ¬ Ò±øıÓ¬ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˆ¬ÀMêı˛ ˆ¬·ı±ÀÚı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ò±øıÓ¬ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ ¸±‘˙… ıÓ«¬˜±Úº¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì« ˆ¬·ı±ÀÚı˛ ¬Û±À˚˛ ¸˜¬Û«Ú Ú± fl¬ı˛À˘ Œ˚˜Ú Ó“¬±Àfl¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±Ä ŒÓ¬˜øÚ¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì« øÚÀıÚ Â±h¬± Œõ∂ø˜fl¬-Œõ∂ø˜fl¬± ¤Àfl¬ ’¬Ûı˛Àfl¬ ¬Û±˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊ ˙ıÚ˜Àfl¬ Ú±˚˛fl¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ ñ

ëë˜ÊÚ”ı˛ Œ˙¯ õ∂±Ì-øÚ–ù´±¸ fl¬Àı˛ ˘œÚ Òı˛±Ó¬À˘, Œ¸˝◊ øÚ–ù´±¸ ‚”øÌ«ı˛ ı˛+À¬Û˘±˚˛˘œÀfl¬ ‡≈“ÀÊ ‰¬À˘ºííÎ¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ˜≈ÊÓ¬ı± ’±˘œ Ú±˚˛fl¬-Ú±ø˚˛fl¬±ı˛ Œõ∂˜±fl¬¯«ÀÌı˛ øfl¬øÈ¬Àfl¬ Œı±Á¬±ÀÚ±ı˛

ÊÚ… ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’˜ı˛ fl¬±ı… ˘±˚˛˘œ-˜ÊÚ≈ı˛ õ∂¸/ ‰¬øı˛SÀı˛ fl¬Ô±ı±Ó«¬±˚˛ ‚≈øı˛À˚˛øÙ¬øı˛À˚˛ ¤ÀÚ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ·øÓ¬-õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬±¸ øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº ’±ı˛ Ó¬±˝◊ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬± Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ ŒÔÀfl¬ øı±˚˛ ŒÚ›˚˛±ı˛ õ∂±fl¬ ˜≈UÀÓ«¬ ıÀ˘ÀÂ ñ

ëë’±˜±ı˛ øıı˛À˝ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’ˆ¬…ô¶ ˝À˚˛ Œ˚À˚˛± Ú± - ›˝◊È≈¬fl≈¬ÀÓ¬˝◊ ’±˜±ı˛ ‰¬˘Àıºíí’ıÀ˙À¯ ı±B‰¬±À˚˛¸fl¬±› fl¬±ı≈˘ ’±Sê˜Ì fl¬Àı˛ ı±˙± ’±˜±Ú≈°±Àfl¬ Ó¬±h¬±˚˛º ¤˝◊¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬± ˙ıÚ˜ Ó¬±ı˛ ı˛é¬œ ŒÓ¬±¬Û˘ ‡±Ú › Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ ˆ‘¬Ó¬… ’±s≈ı˛ ı˛˝˜±ÚÀfl¬¸±é¬œ Œı˛À‡ Ú±˚˛fl¬Àfl¬ øıÀ˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ Œ·±¬ÛÀÚº ¬ÛÀı˛ ‰¬À˘ ˚±˚˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ ·‘À˝º øfl¬c ¤˜Úøı˙‘∫˘ ’ı¶ö±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬± fiı˛/ÀÊı ‰¬±˝◊À˘Ú fl¬Ú…± ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ øıÀ˚˛ Œfl¬±ÚøıÀ˙œı˛ ¸À/ øÀ ˛ ’±Ù¬·±øÚ¶ö±ÀÚı˛ ı± ◊Àı˛ Œıı˛ fl¬Àı˛ øÀÓ¬º Ó¬± ◊ ‚È¬Ú±SêÀ˜ ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛øıÀ˚˛ Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ øÍ¬fl¬ fl¬Àı˛ ¤ı— õ∂fl¬±À˙… ø¬ÛÓ¬± øıÀ˚˛ Œ˚˛ Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔº øıÀ˚˛ı˛¬ÛÀı˛ Úı•ÛøÓ¬ı˛ ı±¸ı˛ ‚Àı˛ ø˜˘ÀÚı˛ ‘˙… Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ Ú± fl¬Àı˛ Œ˘‡fl¬ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬±ı˛ ˜≈‡øÀ˚˛ ıø˘À˚˛ÀÂÚñ



ëëqÀÚ ı˛±‡, ’±ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˆ¬±˘ı±¸± øÀ˚˛ ŒÀ˝ı˛ Œ¸Ãj˚«Àfl¬ ˝±ı˛ ˜±Ú±Àı±ºííÚ±ø˚˛fl¬± ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ ıMêı… › ı±¸ı˛ ıÌ«Ú±˚˛ Ù¬±¸π ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ˘é¬fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º fl¬±ı˛Ì Ù¬±¸π ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Œ˝Àfl¬ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ Ú± fl¬Àı˛› Œ˝±Ó¬œÀÓ¬ı˛ ıÌ«Ú± ¶ö±Ú¬Û±˚˛º Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛±Mê ıMêı… Ó¬±˝◊˝◊ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¬Àı˛º

ı±¸ı˛ ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ øÚ ¸fl¬±À˘ Ú±˚˛fl¬ Œ˙ Â±h¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… fl¬±·Ê ¬ÛS øÍ¬fl¬fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œıı˛ ˝Àıº øÍ¬fl¬ Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬± Ú±˚˛fl¬Àfl¬ ŒÎ¬◊øh¬ ¬Û˚«ôL øı±˚˛ Ê±Ú±ÀÓ¬ ¤À¸ı˘À˘± ñ ëŒıø˙ Œøı˛ fl¬Àı˛± Ú±íº Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ fl¬±ÀÚ fl¬±ÀÚ ı˘˘ ñ ëÓ≈¬ø˜ ’±˜±ı˛ ø˜˘ÀÚ’ˆ¬…ô¶ ˝À˚˛ Œ˚À˚˛± Ú±ºí Ú±ø˚˛fl¬±ı˛ ¸Àj˝ ¸Ó¬… ˝˘º Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ ’ı«Ó¬˜±ÀÚ ˙ıÚ˜Àfl¬ı±B‰¬±ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛± ÒÀı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±˚˛º Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó¬±ı˛ ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ Œ‡± ˝˚˛ Ú±º qè ˝˚˛Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ øıı˛˝, ˚± ¸≈Ù¬œ-fl¬±ı… ˘±˚˛˘œ-˜ÊÚ≈íı˛ ˜ÊÚ≈ı˛ øıı˛À˝ı˛ fl¬Ô± ¶úı˛Ì fl¬ı˛±˚˛º

Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈ ¤ı±ı˛ ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ Œ‡“±ÀÊ ’fl«¬ ˙˝Àı˛ ˝±øÊı˛ ˝˚˛º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Ê…±Í¬±¸≈Ù¬œ-¸±Òfl¬ Ê±ÀÚ˜ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ Œ‡± ˝˚˛º Ú±˚˛fl¬ ¸—ı± Œ¬Û˘ ˙ıÚ˜ Ê±Ù¬ı˛ Ú±À˜ ¤fl¬’¬Û˝ı˛Ìfl¬±ı˛œÀfl¬ ‡≈Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ê±Ù¬Àı˛ı˛ Œ˝ı˛é¬œÀfl¬ øÚÀ ˛ ’ôL«Ò±Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº Ú± ˛fl¬ ¬Û±·À˘ı˛˜Ó¬ fl¬±ı≈˘ ˙˝ı˛ ¤ı— ¸y±ı… ¸˜ô¶ Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ Œ‡“±Ê± Œ˙¯ ˝À˘› ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú¸—ı± ¬Û±˚˛ Ú±º ¤˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ øıèÀX ’øˆ¬À˚±· fl¬Àı˛ ıÀ˘ÀÂ - ë... ıı˛= ’±°±ı˛˜¸øÊ Œˆ¬À„ ŒÙ¬˘, øfl¬c ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˝+ ˛ Œˆ¬À„± Ú±í - Ú± ˛Àfl¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬À˚±À·ı˛ fl¬Ô±&ø˘ı˛˜ÀÒ… õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ¸≈Ù¬œ-˙«ÀÚı˛ fl¬Ô±º ¸≈Ù¬œ·Ì øıù´±¸ fl¬Àı˛ ’±°±ı˛ ¸‘©Ü ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛Œfl¬±Ú Ê±˚˛·± ’¬ÛøıS Ú˚˛º ¬ÛøıS-’¬ÛøıÀSı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì± ˜Ú≈¯… ¸‘ø©Üº øÚÊ ˝+˚˛Àfl¬ ¬ÛøıSŒı˛À‡ øÚá¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ’±ı˛±ÒÚ± fl¬ı˛À˘ ˆ¬Mê ’ı˙…˝◊ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ¸±øißÒ… ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛Àıº

˜ÊÚ≈ ·‘À˝ øÙ¬Àı˛ ¤À˘ ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ ¸ø‡ ¬Ûı˛±˜˙« øÀ˚˛ÀÂ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±ÒÀfl¬ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ Œ˚ÀÓ¬º Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’—À˙ ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àı õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¤‡±ÀÚÚ±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬±ı˛ ’Ài§¯Ì, õ∂fl¬±ı˛ôLÀı˛ ¸≈Ù¬œ Ó¬ÀN ÷ù´ı˛Àfl¬ Œ‡“±Ê±ı˛ ¸±ø˜˘º ÷ù´ı˛Àfl¬Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±Òfl¬·Ì ¤fl¬ÊÚ &èı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ıÀ˘ÚºÎ¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ˜ÊÚ”› ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±ÒÀfl¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ˝±øÊı˛ ˝˚˛º ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±Òfl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈Àfl¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ Ê±ÀÚ˜Ú ¸±À˝Àıı˛ fl¬Ô±, Œ˚ Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ Ê…±Í¬±ù´qı˛º Ê±ÀÚ˜Ú ·äÀfl¬ ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂëëøÓ¬øÚ ë¸≈Ù¬í ï¬Û˙˜ó Ú± ¬Ûı˛À˘› ¸”Ù¬œííº ¸≈Ù¬œ ˙«ÀÚ ¬Û˙À˜ı˛ fl¬±¬Ûh¬ ¬Ûı˛±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘±˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±ÒÚ±˚˛ fl¬±¬Ûh¬ ¬Ûı˛±ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¬ qXÓ¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ÷ø/Ó¬ fl¬ı˛±˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±Òfl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈Àfl¬ ˜Ú øÀ˚˛ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ±˚˛ ’¢∂¸ı˛ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛±˜˙«øÀ˚˛ÀÂ ñ

ëë˚±Àfl¬ Ó≈¬ø˜ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸, Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ˚ø ¤fl¬±R Œ˝ ˝À˚˛ ø·À˚˛ Ô±fl¬ Ó¬ÀıøÚÀÊı˛ ’±R±ı˛ øÀfl¬ Ú± Ó¬±ı˛ øÀfl¬ ˜Ú èÊ≈ fl¬Àı˛Â Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ fl¬œ ¤À¸ ˚±˚˛º Œ¸ŒÓ¬± qÒ≈ Ú±À˜ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¬…ºíí



¤˝◊ ’—À˙ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ¸À/ ¤fl¬±R ˝›˚˛±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Ú±˚˛fl¬Àfl¬ ˙ıÚ˜-ı˛+¬Ûœ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ±˚˛ ¤fl¬±R Œ˝ ˝À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±ÒÚ±˚˛ ¤˝◊’ı¶ö±Àfl¬ ı˘± ˝˚˛ Ù¬±Ú±º øfl¬c ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Œ˘±ˆ¬œ ˜Ú øfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ±˚˛ø¶öı˛ ˝Àı∑ Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ õ∂Àùüı˛ Êı±ı ¸±Òfl¬ øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ ¸≈jı˛ ˆ¬±Àıº øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ ñ

ëë˜ÚÀfl¬ ˙±ôL fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ ˜ÀÚı˛ ı…±˚˛±˜ fl¬Àı˛º ... Ù¬˘ øÚˆ«¬ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛fl¬±˜Ú±ı˛ ‘IˇÓ¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛º ø˘Àfl¬ ¤fl¬ ı˛Ê≈ fl¬Àı˛ ˚ø õ∂±Ì¬ÛÀÚ ‰¬±›, Ó¬ÀıŒ‡Àı ÚÓ¬œÊ± ÚÊƒøflƒ¬ ñ Ù¬˘ ¸±˜ÀÚºíí¬Û±ı«Ó¬… õ∂ÀÀ˙ ˙ıÚ˜Àfl¬ Œ‡“±Ê±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ Ú±˚˛fl¬ ¸—ı± ¬Û±˚˛ Œı±ı˛‡± ¬Ûøı˛ø˝Ó¬±

¤fl¬ ı˛˜Úœ ˜±Ê±ı˛-˝◊-˙ı˛œÀÙ¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ Œfl¬Î¬◊ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ŒÀ‡ÀÂº Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ’±˙±ı˛’±À˘± ŒÊÀ· ›ÀÍ¬º Œ¸ Â≈ÀÈ¬ ˚±˚˛ ˜±Ê±ı˛-˝◊-˙ı˛œÀÙ¬ı˛ øÀfl¬º ø˝j≈fl≈¬˙ ¬Ûı«ÀÓ¬ı˛ ‰¬h¬±˝◊¬Û±ı˛ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ı±ø˜˚˛±ÀÚı˛ ıh¬ ŒıÃX¬ ˜”øÓ«¬ Œ¬ÛÂÀÚ ŒÙ¬À˘ ¤ø·À˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ÀÓ¬¬ÛøÔÀfl¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ ’Ài§¯Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈º ¬ÛÀÔ ¤fl¬ ¸ı˛±˝◊‡±Ú±ı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚŒÍ¬¸ øÀ˚˛ ıÀ¸ ˜ÊÚ≈ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œ¬Û˘ ˙ıÚ˜Àfl¬º Ú± ı±ô¶Àı Ú˚˛, ¶§Àõü ’±Ò-Ê±·ı˛ÀÌ-ëëŒ‰¬±‡ Œ˜À˘ Œø‡, ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ Œfl¬±À˘ ˜±Ô± Œı˛À‡ qÀ˚˛ ’±øÂº qø‰¬ø¶úÓ¬± ˙ıÚ˜ õ∂¸ißı˚˛±ÀÚ ’±˜±ı˛ øÀ˚˛ Ó¬±øfl¬À˚˛º ñ ˝±˚˛, ¤-˝◊ ¸Ó¬… ˝˘ Ú± Œfl¬Ú∑ ’±Àô¶ ’±Àô¶ Ó¬±ı˛Œ‰¬˝±ı˛± ø˜ø˘À˚˛ Œ·˘ Œfl¬Ú∑íí Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’ı¶ö±Àfl¬ ¸≈Ù¬œ ˙«ÀÚ ëÙ¬±Ú±í ı˘±˝˚˛º ¤˝◊ ’ı¶ö±˚˛ ¸±ÒÀfl¬ı˛ ı±˝…À‰¬Ó¬Ú± Œ˘±¬Û ¬Û±˚˛º øıÀù´ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ıdı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬±ı˛Î¬◊øV©Ü øõ∂˚˛±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ı˛+¬Û ŒÀ‡º ’Ú≈ı˛+¬Û ˆ¬±Àı ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±Òfl¬ ˚‡Ú ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ±˚˛ Ù¬±Ú±’ı¶ö±˚˛ Œ¬“ÛÃÂ±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú Œ¸ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸˜ô¶ øfl¬Â≈ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ’øô¶Q ’Ú≈ˆ¬ı fl¬Àı˛º¤˝◊ ’ı¶ö±˚˛ ¸±Òı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯ ÷ù´ı˛-Œõ∂˜œ ¸±Òfl¬Àfl¬ ¬Û±·˘ ıÀ˘º ’Ú≈ı˛+¬Û ˆ¬±Àı Œõ∂ø˜fl¬˜ÊÚ≈Àfl¬› ˜±Ê±ı˛-˝◊-˙øı˛ÀÙ¬ı˛ ’±À˙ ¬Û±À˙ı˛ Œ˘±fl¬ ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œõ∂ø˜fl¬ ¬Û±·˘ ıÀ˘ÀÂº

˜±Ê±ı˛-˝◊-˙øı˛ÀÙ¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ˜ÊÚ≈ Ú±˜±Ê ¬Ûh¬ÀÓ¬± Ú±º Ú±˜±Ê Ú± ¬Ûh¬±ı˛ÊÚ… Œfl¬Î¬◊ ˆ¬»¸Ú±› fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬± Ú±º ¤˝◊ ’—À˙› ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¸≈Ù¬œı˛± øıù´±¸fl¬Àı˛ Œ˚, ˚±ı˛± ¬Û≈Àı˛±¬Û≈øı˛ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ∆Úfl¬È¬… ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ, Ó“¬±Àı˛ ’±ı˛ ’±˘±±ˆ¬±ÀıÚ±˜±Ê Œı˛±Ê±ı˛ ı˛fl¬±ı˛ Ú±˝◊º Ó“¬±ı˛± øıù´±¸ fl¬Àı˛ øÊfl¬ı˛ ’Ô«±» ‚Ú ‚Ú ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ Ú±˜øÚÀ˘ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸±øißÒ… ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ’ıÀ˙À¯ ¸≈Ù¬œ ¸±ÒÀfl¬ı˛ ¸±bLÚ± ı±Àfl¬… Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ ÊœıÀÚ øÙ¬Àı˛ ’±À¸º øfl¬c Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˙ıÚ˜Àfl¬ ˆ≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±º Œ¸ ˜ÀÚ ˜ÀÚøıù´±¸ fl¬Àı˛ ñ

ëë’±˜±ı˛ Œõ∂À˜ Œfl¬±Ú ’¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± øÂ˘ ıÀ˘˝◊ ˙ıÚ˜ ’ôLı˛±À˘ ıÀ¸ õ∂Ó¬œé¬±fl¬ı˛ÀÂ, fl¬Àı ’±ø˜ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… Î¬◊¬Û˚≈Mê ˝ıºíí



¸≈Ù¬œ·Ì øıù´±¸ fl¬Àı˛ ’˝—Àı±Ò ˜≈Mê Ú± ˝À˘ ÷ù´ı˛Àfl¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤˝◊Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈› Œ¸˝◊ ’¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ıÀ˘ÀÂº Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬±Ó¬±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ’˝—Àı±ÀÒı˛ ˜Ó¬ Œfl¬±Ú ’¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± øÂ˘º Ó¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˙ıÚ˜ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ Œ·˘º¤˝◊ ’—À˙› ¸≈Ù¬œ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ıÓ«¬˜±Úº

Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˜ÊÚ≈ ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ ’±·˜Ú ’±˙±ı˛ ¬ÛÔ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ıÀ¸ ı˛˝◊À˘± qÒ≈ ˜±S˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ˜±S ¸±bLÚ± ı±fl¬… ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛º Œ¸øÈ¬ ˝˘ñ

ëëŒ¸ øfl¬ ’±˜±Àfl¬ ıÀ˘ ˚±˚˛ øÚ, ëı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¬±º ’±ø˜ øÙ¬ı˛ı∑ííÓ¬± ◊ ˜ÊÚ≈› ¸˜ô¶ ’¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ¶§ı˛+¬Û ˙ıÚÀ˜ı˛ øÙ¬Àı˛ ’±¸±ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± ˛øÚ fl¬±È¬±ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘±º ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± Ó¬±ı˛ øõ∂˚˛± ¤fl¬øÚ øÙ¬Àı˛ ’±¸Àıº ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ¸˜ô¶ ı±Ò±øı¬ÛøMı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ø˜˘ÀÚı˛ ’±Új fl¬©Üfl¬ı˛ ˝À˘›, ¤fl¬øÚ Œ¸˝◊ ’±˙± ¬Û”Ì« ˝Àıº ˜ÊÚ≈øÙ¬Àı˛ ¬Û±Àı Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂±Ì ¶§ı˛+¬Û ˙ıÚ˜Àfl¬º ’±ı˛ ’±˜ı˛± ˚±ı˛± ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛ ’¸œ˜ fl‘¬¬Û±ı˛ ÊÚ…Î¬◊iú≈‡ ˝À˚˛ ıÀ¸ ’±øÂ, ¤fl¬øÚ ’±˜ı˛±› øfl¬ ¬Û±ı Ú± ’±˜±Àı˛ ÷ù´ı˛Àfl¬ , ’±˜±Àı˛˜±qfl¬Àfl¬, ˚“±ı˛ Œˆ¬Ó¬Àı˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ Ù¬±Ú±øÙ¬°±˝ ˝Àı, ’±˜ı˛± ı±fl¬±øı°±À˝ ˜≈øMê ˘±ˆ¬fl¬ı˛Àı±∑






üÅú±üËòõþ Õ±¿/ËßÂ öÂ±õþîÂøÊ˘fl¬ ˜±˜≈Ú

¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±† ıÓ¬« ±Ú ˜À ˛ ≈ ±¸Ú •ÛÀfl¬« Ú±Ú±Ú ı…±‡…± ’±˜ı˛± Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ Ô±øfl¬ºøı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ Í¬±`±˚≈ÀXı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ı˛ øÀfl¬ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ˙&ø˘ÀÓ¬ øıù´±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ŒÂ±˚˛±˚˛˙±¸Ú Ò±ı˛Ì±øÈ¬› ’Ú… ˆ¬±Àı ı…ı˝¥Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ’±˝◊ÀÚı˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú, Ú…±˚˛ ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ˙s ˚≈Mêfl¬Àı˛ ÊÚ-õ∂˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ı…±‡…±Àfl¬ ’±ı˛› õ∂¸±øı˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛º øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ı˛ øÀfl¬ÊÚõ∂˙±¸ÀÚ ·ÌÓ¬Àiaı˛ ¬Û≈Ú«Úıœfl¬ı˛Ì, ¶§BÂÓ¬±, ±˚˛ıXÓ¬±, éÓ¬±, fl¬±˚«fl¬±øı˛Ó¬±, ’—˙¢∂˝Ì¤ı— ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú ˝◊Ó¬…±ø øı¯∏˚˛&ø˘ øıÀ˙¯∏ ˜±S± ¬Û±˚˛º ¤‡Ú ˙±¸Ú ı˘ÀÓ¬ øıÀ˙¯∏fl¬Àı˛ øıù´ı…±Ç, ’±˝◊.¤˜.¤Ù¬-¤ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’±ôi«Ê±øÓ¬fl¬ ¸—¶ö±&ø˘ ı˘ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬ Œ˚, ˙±¸Ú˝˘ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˚± ÀÀ˙ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¸—¶®±ı˛ õ∂øSê˚˛±&ø˘Àfl¬ı±ô¶ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛Àıº ±¸Ú —Sê±ôi øı¯∏À˚˛ Œ˚ ≈øÈ¬ øı¯∏˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ øıÀ˙¯∏ &èQ ¬Û±˚˛ Ó¬±˝˘ ·ÌÓ¬ia › ’±øÔ«fl¬ Î◊¬iß˚˛Úº ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı¯∏˚˛› Î◊¬ÀÍ¬ ’±À¸, Œ¸øÈ¬ ˝˘ ¬Û±ıø˘fl¬¬õ∂±˝◊Àˆ¬È¬ ¬Û±È¬«Ú±ı˛ø˙¬ÛÄ ˚± ‰¬œÀÚ ’ÀÚfl¬ ’±À·˝◊ ‰¬±˘≈ ˝˚˛º ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ øı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬º ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ¸—:± øÚÌ«˚˛Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛ Œı˙ øıÓ¬Àfl¬«ı˛ ¸¥ø©Ü ˝˚˛ºÓ¬Àı ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˆ¬±Àı ’±˜ı˛± ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ ¤øÈ¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’±˙« ˙±¸Ú ı…ı¶ö±, ˚±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜Î◊¬ißÓ¬Ó¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú ı…ı¶ö± ıÊ±˚˛ ı˛±‡± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤fl¬øÀfl¬ Œ˚˜Ú Ú±·øı˛fl¬Àı˛¶§øÚˆ¬«ı˛Ó¬±ı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ &èQ ’±Àı˛±¬Û fl¬ı˛± ˛, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤Ú.øÊ.›, Œ¸˘√Ù¬ Œ˝ä ¢∂n∏¬Û&ø˘Àfl¬›øıÀ˙¯∏ &èQ Œ›˚˛± ˝˚˛º ¸ı øfl¬Â≈˝◊ ı±Ê±ı˛ Œfl¬fœfl¬ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√ÀÓ¬º Ó¬Àı ¤˝◊¸≈˙±¸Ú qÒ≈˜±S ’±ôiÊ±«øÓ¬fl¬ ¸—¶ö± ¸˜≈À˝ı˛ Q±øN√fl¬¬ ı± ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ øı¯∏˚˛ Ú˚˛, ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ›Î◊¬iß˚Ú˙œ˘ ≈øÚ˚˛±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ› ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌı˛ øı¯∏˚˛ ˝À˚˛ “±øh¬À˚˛ÀÂº

ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬† ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¬ fl¬±À˘ı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Œõ∂é±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ¤˝◊ ¸≈˙±¸ÚÀfl¬Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ ¤fl¬È≈ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ ÚÊı˛ Œ›˚˛± ı˛fl¬±ı˛º õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¬±À˘ ˜±Ú≈¯∏¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ ı¸ı±¸ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº Ó¬“±Àı˛ øıøˆ¬iß Œ·±áœ øÂ˘º Œ·±áœı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±ı˛± ±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬– ±¸Úfl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¤˝◊ ˙±¸Ú ı˘ÀÓ¬ ø¸X±ôi ŒÚ›˚˛± › Œ¸˝◊ ø¸X±ôiÀfl¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ ‰¬±ø¬ÛÀ˚˛Œ›˚˛± ˝Ó¬º ¤˝◊ ˙±¸Ú› Ú±Ú±Ú ı˛+À¬Û øıøˆ¬iß Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ ¤‡Ú› ‰¬À˘º ¤ ŒÀ˙ ¤‡Ú›¢∂±˜ ¬Û=±À˚˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º Ú±Ú±Ú fl≈¬¸—¶®±Àı˛ ’±ıX ˝À˚˛ ø¬ÛøÂÀ˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± ˜±Ú≈¯∏,¤˜Úøfl¬ ˜ø˝˘±Àı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ ’±Sê˜Ú › õ∂±˚˛˙˝◊ ‚È¬ÀÓ¬ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊ fl≈¬˙±¸Ú ›’¬Û˙±¸ÚÀfl¬ ’ı˙…˝◊ ıg fl¬ı˛± ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ¤ı— Œ¸ øı¯∏À˚˛ ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛Àfl¬ ’±ı˛› ‘Ï¬ˇ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº



¤ ŒÀ˙ Êø˜±øı˛ ı…ı¶ö±› ‰¬±˘≈ øÂ˘º Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ Œ‡± Œ˚Ó¬ õ∂Ê±Àı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±Àı fl¬ı˛ ’±±˚˛ fl¬ı˛± ˝Ó¬, ’±ı˛ Ó¬± Œˆ¬±· fl¬ı˛Ó¬ ‡±øÚfl¬È¬± Êø˜±ı˛ › øıËøÈ¬˙Œfl¬±•Û±øÚ&ø˘º ¤Àı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±øı˛ ±¸ÀÚı˛ fl¬Ô± ˜±ÀÊı˛ Ú±Ú±Ú Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ øıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±Àı˘é… fl¬ı˛± Œ˚Ó¬º Ú±Ú±Ú ·ä, Î◊¬¬ÛÚ…±¸, Ú±È¬fl¬, ø¸ÀÚ˜±ÀÓ¬› Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂº’ı˙… Ó¬±ı˛± ˝±¸¬Û±Ó¬±˘ › øı…±˘˚˛ øÚ˜±«Ì fl¬Àı˛ ‡±øÚfl¬È¬± ÊÚø˝Ó¬fl¬ı˛ fl¬±Ê› fl¬Àı˛º¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ¬Û˚±«À˚˛ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ¬«Ú ˝ÀÓ¬ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º Œ˙Àfl¬ ˙±¸Úfl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… Œ˚˜Ú Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ı˛ ¶§˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛› ·øÍ¬Ó¬˝˚˛º ˝ı˛ › Ú·ı˛ ¤˘±fl¬±ÀÓ¬› ¤˝◊ ¶§˙±ø¸Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ·Àh¬ ›ÀÍ¬º Ó¬Àı ¤Àı˛ é˜Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûøı˛øÒ ‡≈ı Œıø˙ Ú±º ’±=ø˘fl¬ ı± ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ fl¬˜«ÀéÀSı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤ı˛± ¸œ˜±ıX Ô±Àfl¬º ˚±˝◊Œ˝±fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛, ¶ö±Úœ˚˛, Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸ı«ÀéÀS˝◊ ˙±¸Ú ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ õ∂±MêÚøı‰¬±ı˛¬ÛøÓ¬ ›˚˛±˝◊ Œfl¬ ¸±ˆ¬±ı˛›˚˛±˘ ıÀ˘Ú ë˙±¸Ú ˝˘ øıøˆ¬iß øı¯∏À˚˛ ø¸X±ôi ŒÚı±ı˛fl¬±˚«Sê˜ › Œ¸˝◊ ø¸X±ôi fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ fl¬±˚«Sê˜íº ˚±Àı˛ ÊÚ… ˙±¸Ú Ó¬±Àı˛ õ∂|˚˛õ∂±ÀÚı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ ±¸ÀÚı˛ &Ì˜±Ú ’ÀÚfl¬È¬±˝◊ øÚˆ¬«ı˛˙œ˘º ’±ı˛ ≈˙±¸Ú ˘ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ı±«Rfl¬Ò±ı˛Ì± ˚±ı˛ ı…øl ¸œ˜±˝œÚº ¤˝◊ ¸≈˙±¸Ú ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ’ôi«øÚ«ø˝Ó¬ ˙øMêÀfl¬ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ¸±øı«fl¬ Î◊¬iß˚˛ÀÚ ¸±˝±˚… fl¬Àı˛º ¸ø•¨ø˘Ó¬ Ê±øÓ¬¬Û≈? ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ’±È¬øÈ¬∆ıø˙À©Ü…ı˛ fl¬Ô± ıÀ˘º ¸˝˜ÀÓ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øMÀÓ¬ ˙±¸Ú, ¸ı±ı˛ ’—˙ ¢∂˝Ì, ’±˝◊ÀÚı˛ ˙±¸Ú,Ù¬˘õ∂¸≈ › é õ∂˙±¸Ú, Êı±ıøø˝ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ı±Ò…ı±Òfl¬Ó¬±, ¸—ÀıÚ˙œ˘Ó¬±, Ú±˚…Ó¬± ›øÚı˛À¬ÛéÓ¬± ¤ı— õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ÊÚ… ˙±¸Úº

ı˛±Ê± ˜˝±ı˛±Ê±ı˛± ¸≈œ‚«fl¬±˘ ÒÀı˛˝◊ Œ˙ ˙±¸Ú fl¬Àı˛ ’±¸ÀÂº õ∂Ê±Àı˛ ıÀ˙ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˙±¸fl¬ı˛± Ú±Ú±Ú ’¬Û˙±¸Ú› ‰¬±ø˘À˚˛ÀÂ ˙±¸ÀÚı˛ Ú±À˜º ’±ı±ı˛ ’ÀÚÀfl¬ õ∂Ê±Àı˛¸ı±«/œÚ Î◊¬ißøÓ¬ øıÒ±ÀÚ øÚÀÊÀı˛ ˜¢ü Œı˛À‡ÀÂÚº ıÓ¬«˜±ÀÚ ¤˝◊ ı˛±Ê± ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ’ÀÚfl¬ŒÀ˙º Ó¬Àı ¤Àı˛ ¬Û ˝˘ ’±˘Ç±øı˛fl¬ ˜±Sº øıËÀÈ¬Ú, ˆ≈¬È¬±Ú, ÊÎ¬«Ú õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ŒÀ˙ı˛ fl¬Ô±ı˘± ± ˛ Î◊¬±˝ı˛Ì ¶§ı˛+¬Ûº ı˛±ÊÓ¬iaÀfl¬ ¤fl¬Ú± ˛fl¬Ó¬±øiafl¬ ±¸Ú ı…ı¶ö± ı˘± ˛º ¤ ◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛˙±¸Ú ı…ı¶ö±˚˛ ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ◊BÂ±-’øÚBÂ±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÀÓ¬« ¤fl¬ÊÀÚı˛ ◊BÂ±-’øÚBÂ±˝◊ fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛ ˚˛º¤˝◊ ˙±¸fl¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˜˚˛ ∆¶§ı˛±‰¬±ı˛œ ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º øZÓ¬œ˚˛ øıù´˚≈ÀXı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ˙±¸fl¬Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¬˘œ˚˛ ˙±¸Ú ı…ı¶ö±› ∆¶§ı˛±‰¬±ı˛œ ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ¤˝◊ ¸˜ô¶ ı…ı¶ö±ÀÓ¸≈˙±¸Ú Œ˜±ÀÈ¬˝◊ ¸yı Ú±º Ó¬Àı ¤ı˛ ’±ı±ı˛ ı…øÓ¬Sê˜ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú ø˜˙Àı˛ı˛ õ∂±MêÚŒõ∂ø¸ÀÎ¬KÈ ·±À˜˘ ’±s≈˘ Ú±À¸ı˛ ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ı…ı¶ö± fl¬Àı˛Úº ’±ı±ı˛Î◊¬¢∂Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±œ ˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ù¬…±ø¸ı± ˙±¸Ú ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛º õ∂¸/SêÀ˜ ø˝È¬˘±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬Ô±ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ¤˜Úøfl¬ fl¬ø˜Î◊¬øÚ©Ü ˙±¸ÀÚ› ’±øÔ«fl¬ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú ¸yı ˝À˘› ı˛±©Üò¬Û≈À?ı˛ øÚÒ±«øı˛Ó¬¸≈˙±¸ÚÀfl¬ ¤ı˛± ı¥ÀM√√ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œı˙œ Ó¬»¬Ûı˛º



’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ Î◊¬±ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øiafl¬ ı…ı¶ö±ÀÓ¬˝◊ ¸≈˙±¸Ú ¸ı ŒÔÀfl¬ Œıø˙ fl¬Àı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ Œ¬ÛÃÀÂ Œ›˚˛± ¸é˜ ıÀ˘ Òı˛± ˝˚˛º ¤˝◊ ·ÌÓ¬Àiaı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ıU õ∂±‰¬œÚº Œı˛±À˜ ıU’±À· õ∂Ó¬…é ·ÌÓ¬ia ‰¬±˘≈ øÂ˘Ä ˚±ı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ’±˜ı˛± ¸≈˝◊Ê±ı˛˘…±À`› Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˚˛ºÊÚ¸—‡…±ı˛ Sê˜ıÒ«˜±Ú ¬Ûøı˛ÌøÓ¬ ¶§è¬Û ¬ÛÀı˛±é ·ÌÓ¬Àiaı˛ ’±øıˆ¬±«ı ˚˛º ıÓ¬«˜±ÀÚ Œıø˙ı˛ˆ¬±· ŒÀ˙ ’±ıË±˝±˜ ø˘ÇÀÚı˛ øı‡…±Ó¬ —:± “Democracy of the people, by the

people and for the people” ¤˝◊ ·ÌÓ¬ia ‰¬À˘Ä ± ’±Ê For the welfare of the

people ¤ “±øh¬À˚˛ÀÂº ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ˘±Àˆ¬ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ ˆ¬±Àı ·ÌÓ¬±øiafl¬ı…ı¶ö± ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Œfl¬Àf › ı˛±ÀÊ… ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ øÚı±«ø‰¬Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒı˛± ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ÊÚ… ’±˝◊Ú ∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº Ó¬Àı Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· øÚÀ˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˜˚˛ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ˜≈À‡ fl¬±ø˘˜±ø˘l fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ‚È¬Ú±› ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂº

¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ ı…ı¶ö±†¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ ı…ı¶ö±†¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ ı…ı¶ö±†¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ ı…ı¶ö±†¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ ı…ı¶ö±† øıøˆ¬iß ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øéÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬Ô± ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚,¸≈˙±¸Ú Ó¬‡Ú˝◊ ŒÀ˙ Œ‡± ˚±Àı ˚‡Ú ’±˜ı˛± Œ‡Àı± Œ˚, ŒÀ˙ ¶§±ÒœÚ › øÚı˛À¬Ûéøı‰¬±ı˛-ı…ı√¶ö±, ’±˝◊ÀÚı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ¸ı±ı˛ ¸˜±Ú øı‰¬±ı˛ ¬Û±ı±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ øı…˜±Úº ¸˜±Êøı:±ÀÚı˛ ¸˜ô¶ øı¯∏À˚˛ õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ øı:±ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± øÚøÓ¬ Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ Œ¬ÛÃÂ±ÀÚ± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Œ˚’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ˜”˘ Œfl¬f ˜±Ú≈¯∏ › ¸˜±ÊÀfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˜≈˝”Ó¬« ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ¬«Ú ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬º¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ¸ıøfl¬Â≈ı˛ ˆ¬±˘˜j Œˆ¬Àı˝◊ ‡±øÚfl¬È¬± ¢∂˝Ì › ı±øÓ¬À˘ı˛ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛º

ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¸—øıÒ±ÀÚ ¸≈˙±¸Ú ˚±ÀÓ¬ Ú±·øı˛fl¬ı˛± ¬Û±˚˛ Œ¸ÊÚ… ¸—øıÒ±ÀÚ Ú±Ú±Úı…ı¶ö± ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛± ˝À˘› Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬Ô± ¸ı±«À¢∂ ı˘± ı˛fl¬±ı˛º ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛¸—øıÒ±ÀÚ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ’Ò…±À˚˛ 13-35 Ú— Ò±ı˛±˚˛ ¤˝◊ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛&ø˘ı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘±˝À˚˛ÀÂñ

1. ¸˜Ó¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¸˜Ó¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¸˜Ó¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¸˜Ó¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¸˜Ó¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛† ’±˝◊ÀÚı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ÒÚœ › ·ı˛œı ¸ı±˝◊ ¸˜±Ú’øÒfl¬±ı˛ ¬Û±Àıº Ê±øÓ¬ , Ò˜«, ıÌ«, ø˘/, øÚøı«À˙À¯∏ ¸ı±ı˛ ŒéÀS ’±˝◊ÀÚı˛¸˜±Ú õ∂À˚˛±· ˝Àıº ¸ı˛fl¬±øı˛ ¸±˝±˚… ¬Û±›˚˛±ı˛ øı¯∏À˚˛ ¸ı±˝◊Àfl¬ ¸˜±ÚŒ‰¬±À‡ Œ‡± ˝Àıº

2. ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛† ¤˝◊ ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ õ∂±ÀÌı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±,˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ õ∂fl¬±À˙ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛, ˙±øôi¬Û”Ì« ˆ¬±Àı Ê˜±À˚˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛,¸ø˜øÓ¬ ı± ¸—‚ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛, ŒÀ˙ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú ¶ö±ÀÚ ˚±Ó¬±˚˛±Ó¬ ›ı¸ı±¸ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛,º Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú Œ¬Û˙± ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ºı…øMêı˛ › ŒÀ˙ı˛ Î◊¬iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ¸ı±ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛’±˝◊Ú› ’±ÀÂº



3. ¶§±ÒœÚˆ¬±Àı øÚÀÊı˛ Ò˜«¬Û±˘ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛º õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ ı…øMêı˛ øÚÀÊı˛Ò˜«¬Û±˘ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ˚Ô±˚Ô ı…ı¶ö± ¢∂˝ÀÌı˛ ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘± ’±ÀÂº

4. øÚÊ¶§ ¸—¶®¥øÓ¬ › ø˙é±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†øÚÊ¶§ ¸—¶®¥øÓ¬ › ø˙é±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†øÚÊ¶§ ¸—¶®¥øÓ¬ › ø˙é±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†øÚÊ¶§ ¸—¶®¥øÓ¬ › ø˙é±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†øÚÊ¶§ ¸—¶®¥øÓ¬ › ø˙é±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛† ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı¯∏« ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ıUˆ¬±¯∏± › ıU¸—¶®¥øÓ¬ı˛ Œ˙º ¤ ◊ ıUÀQı˛ ÀÒ… ‹fl¬… ◊ ˘ ” iaº ’± ◊ÀÚ õ∂ÀÓ¬…Àfl¬ ◊øÚÊ¶§ ˆ¬±¯∏± › ¸—¶®¥øÓ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ¸˜±Ú ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ Œ›˚˛±˝À˚˛ÀÂº 2002 ¸±À˘ ¸—øıÒ±Ú ¸—À˙±ÒÚ fl¬Àı˛ 6-10 ıÂÀı˛ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ø˙qÀı˛ ı±Ò…Ó¬±˜”˘fl¬ ø˙é±ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±˚˛ ’±Ú± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº

5. ŒŒŒŒŒ˙±¯∏ÀÌı˛ øıèÀX ’øÒfl¬±ı˛˙±¯∏ÀÌı˛ øıèÀX ’øÒfl¬±ı˛˙±¯∏ÀÌı˛ øıèÀX ’øÒfl¬±ı˛˙±¯∏ÀÌı˛ øıèÀX ’øÒfl¬±ı˛˙±¯∏ÀÌı˛ øıèÀX ’øÒfl¬±ı˛††††† øıÚ± ˜Ê≈ıœÀÓ¬ fl¬±Î◊¬Àfl¬ ◊ ŒÊ±ı fl¬Àı fl¬±Êfl¬ı±ÀÚ± ˚±Àı Ú±º ’ä ı˚¸œ ø˙qÀı Œfl¬±Ú fl¬±ÀÊ øÚÀ˚±· fl¬ı± ˚±Àı Ú±º

6. ¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬øıÒ±ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬øıÒ±ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬øıÒ±ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬øıÒ±ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛†¸±—øıÒ±øÚfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬øıÒ±ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛† Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú ı…øMê ø ’øÒfl¬±ı˛&ø˘ŒÔÀfl¬ ıø=Ó¬ ˝˚˛ Œ¸ øı‰¬±ı˛ ı…ı¶ö±ı˛ ±ı˛¶ö ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ¤Â±h¬± øÚÀÊı˛’±R ¬Ûé ˜Ô«ÀÚı˛ ≈À˚±À·ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛› ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’±˝◊ÀÚº Ó¬Àı¤¸ı ŒéÀS øı‰¬±ı˛ ı…ı¶ö±ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬ ¬ÛÀé¬Û ¸≈˙±¸ÚÀfl¬ ¤ø·À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ’ÀÚfl¬È¬± ı±˝Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº

7. ¤ ◊ ≈ ±¸ÚÀfl¬ õ∂À ˛±· fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˙˜ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±ÀÓ¬ øıÀ˙ ∏ ŒÊ±ı˛ Œ› ˛±˝˚˛º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ı˘± ˝˚˛ Œ˚, ˙±¸Ú ı…ı¶ö±ı˛ ¬˘é… ˝˘ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙∆Ó¬øı˛ fl¬ı˛±, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Œ˚˜Ú Ó¬±ı˛ ¶§é˜Ó¬±Àfl¬ ı±øh¬À˚˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛Ä’±ı±ı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬ÛÂj&ø˘Àfl¬ õ∂¸±øı˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ı…øMê, ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛, ¢∂±˜,’=˘, ı˛±Ê… › Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜ô¶ ô¶Àı˛ ¤˝◊ õ∂øSê˚˛± ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬, ¸±˜±øÊfl¬› ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ˆ¬±Àı õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ fl¬ı˛Àıº ˜±Úı Î◊¬iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ˘é… ˝Àı ı˛±©Üò,ı±Ê±ı˛ › ¸≈˙œ˘ ¸˜±Ê ∆Ó¬ı˛œº ı˛±À©Üòı˛ fl¬±Ê ˝Àı ı…øMêı˛ ¸é˜Ó¬± ›ı…øMê·Ó¬ Î◊¬À√…±· ∆Ó¬øı˛ı˛ ÊÚ… ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬, ’± ◊øÚ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬ı˛±º ’±ı˛ ı±Ê±ı˛ fl¬ı˛Àı ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸≈À˚±· ¸¥ø©Üº ¸≈˙œ˘ ¸˜±ÊÊÚ˜Ó¬ ¸—¢∂˝ fl¬Àı˛ ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ , ¸±˜±øÊfl › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ fl¬±Êfl¬À˜«ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝ÌÀfl¬ øÚøÓ¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ıh¬ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±Êfl¬ı˛Àıº

¤fl¬±˙ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±ÀÓ¬› ˘é… øÂ˘ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú ‚È¬±ÀÚ±º ±øı˛^ fl¬ø˜À˚˛¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ˜¸…±&ø˘ı˛ ’ı¸±Ú ‚È¬±ÀÚ±º ¤¸ı˝◊ yı Àı ≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ õ∂À˚˛±À·ı˛ ±Ò…À˜º¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú Œ˚ øı¯∏˚˛&ø˘Àfl¬ ¸≈øÚøÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ¸&ø˘ ˝˘ñ

1. ·ÌÓ¬iaÀfl¬ fl¬±À˚˛˜ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¸≈á › ’ı±Ò øÚı±«‰¬ÀÚı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛Àfl¬ øÚøÓ¬ fl¬ı˛±º



2. ¸˜ô¶ ô¶Àı˛ ¶§BÂ › ± ˛ıX ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ≈øÚøÓ¬ fl¬ı˛±º ¤ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬øÀfl¬ Œ˚˜Ú≈ÚπøÓ¬ ˜Ú fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛, ’Ú…øÀfl¬ ±˚˛ıXÓ¬± › ’—˙¢∂˝ÌÀfl¬› ı±øh¬À˚˛ŒÓ¬±À˘º

3. ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛Àfl¬ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛À¯∏ı±&ø˘ ¸øÍ¬fl¬ˆ¬±Àı õ∂±Úfl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ¤ı˛ ·Í¬Ú·Ó¬ › fl¬±˚«fl¬±øı˛Ó¬±ı˛ øfl¬&ø˘ÀÓ¬ øıÀ˙¯∏˜ÀÚ±øÚÀı˙ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº

4. ’±=ø˘fl¬ ı˛fl¬±ı˛&ø˘Àfl¬ Ô±˚Ô é˜Ó¬± õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛±ı˛ øı ∏À ˛ ÚÊı˛ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬˝Àıº Ó¬±Àı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¬ øı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬› ÚÊı˛ Œ›˚˛± ı˛fl¬±ı˛º

5. ’±˝◊ÀÚı˛ ±¸ÚÀfl¬ ≈øÚøÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Àıº ˜ô¶ õ∂øSê˚˛±øÈ¬ ‰¬˘Àı ±øı«fl¬Î◊¬iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ…º ø¬ÛøÂÀ˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊ Ò±ı˛Ì± ∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬˝Àı Œ˚, ŒÀ˙ı˛ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú fl¬˜«¸”‰¬œÀÓ¬ Ó¬±Àı˛› ¸˜±Ú ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº¤¸ı Œfl¬±Ú øfl¬Â≈ ◊ Ó¬±h¬±Ó¬±øh¬ yı Ú ˛ - ¤Àı˛ õ∂À ˛±· › øıfl¬±À˙ ÀÔ©Ü¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ı˛fl¬±ı˛º

¤˝◊ ¸˜ô¶ ¬ÛÀé¬Û Â±h¬± ’±ı˛› øfl¬Â≈ ¬ÛÀé¬Û ¬¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Œ˚˜Ú- Ó¬Ô…Ê±Ú±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛, ’˘ ◊ø` ˛± ±øˆ¬« è˘, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ” … ≈Mê fl¬ı˛, øÚı±«‰¬Úœ Ó¬˝øıÀ˘ı˛ —¶®±ı˛,Ó¬Ô… › õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛, Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¸≈øÚøÓ¬ fl¬˜«¸—¶ö±Ú, Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¶§±¶ö…ø˜˙Ú ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛±, ¤Ú. ø¬Ê. › Œı˛ ¸ı˛fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¸˝ˆ¬±·œ ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛±º ¤˜Úøfl¬ ÊÚ-õ∂˙±¸Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬Àfl¬ ’±ı˛› fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ › ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¬ ¸—¶®±ı˛ fl¬ø˜˙Ú·Í¬Ú fl¬ı˛±ı˛ fl¬Ô±› ı˘± À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ˜ô¶ ◊øÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬ ¬ÛÀéÀ¬Ûı˛ ‡±øÚfl¬È¬± ≈Ù¬˘ ’ı˙…˝◊¬Û±› ˛± Œ·ÀÂº

Œfl¬fœ˚˛ ¸ı˛fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ Ó¬ı˛Ù¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¬ ˜Êı≈Ó¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ…¬Ûøı˛À¯∏ı± ı˛ıı˛±À˝ı˛ ±Ú Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú, ø¬ÛøÂÀ˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± ˜±ÀÊı˛ ÊÚ… fl¬˜«¸”‰¬œ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú, õ∂˚≈øMê ›fl¬±øı˛·ı˛œ ı…ı¶ö±ı˛ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú, ±˚˛ıXÓ¬± › ¶§BÂÓ¬±º ≈ÚπøÓ¬ ˜Ú › ˜”˘…Àı±Ò Ê±¢∂Ó¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ÊÚ… ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ ¬ÛÀé¬¬Û&ø˘ı˛ —¶®±Àı˛ fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘ÀÚı˛¬ ÊÚ… Î◊¬»¸±˝ ¥ø©Ü fl¬ı˛±ı˛fl¬±ı˛º ·Ó¬ ≈˝◊ ˙Àfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… Ú±Ú±Ú ¬ÛÀé¬Û ‡±Ó¬±˚˛ fl¬˘À˜ ŒÚ›˚˛±˝À˚˛ÀÂº Ó¬±ı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú fl¬Ó¬È¬± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Œ¸È¬± Œ‡± ı˛fl¬±ı˛º

¸˜¸…± ¸˜”˝†¸˜¸…± ¸˜”˝†¸˜¸…± ¸˜”˝†¸˜¸…± ¸˜”˝†¸˜¸…± ¸˜”˝† ’±˜±Àı˛ —øıÒ±ÀÚ Ú±·øı˛fl¬Àı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øiafl¬ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ ı˛é±ı˛ fl¬Ô±ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ Œ¸˝◊ ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ õ∂¸±ı˛ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ¤˜Úøfl¬ ’±˝◊ÀÚı˛›¬Ûøı˛ıÓ¬«Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂº ¶§±ÒœÚ øı‰¬±ı˛ øıˆ¬±· › ¸—ı± ˜±Ò…À˜ı˛› õ∂¸±ı˛ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂº ¤&ø˘fl¬Ó¬È¬± ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ¬ÛÔÀfl¬ ˜¸¥Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ∑ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ˜”˘ øı¯∏˚˛ ˝˘ ≈ÚπøÓ¬˜≈Mê õ∂˙±¸Úº¤˝◊ ≈ÚπøÓ¬ fl¬Ó¬È¬± ˙±¸Àfl¬ı˛ ’Àia ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛ ’±‚±ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ fl¬Ó¬È¬± øı¬Û˚«ô¶ Ó¬±



’±˜ı± õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¬Àı˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚ ‰¬À˘øÂº ¤ ◊ ”ÚπøÓ¬ qÒ≈ ±S ı±ÊÚœøÓ¬øıƒ › ¬Û¶öfl¬ «‰¬±ıœÀı ˜ÀÒ… ◊ ¸œ˜±ıX Ô±Àfl¬ øÚ, ¸˜±ÀÊı õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ô¶Àı ¤ı ’Ú≈õ∂Àı˙ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂº ÒÚœ-·øıı ¸ı ÒıÀÚı ¤fl¬ ı¥ » ’—À˙ı ˜±Ú≈ ∏ ¤ ◊ ≈ÚπøÓ¬ı fl¬±ÀÊ ø˘l ˝À˚ÀÂº Printing. ›Electronic Media ı ŒÃ˘ÀÓ¬ ¤ı ‡ıı ’±˜±Àı fl¬±ÀÂ øÚÓ¬…-∆Ú˜øMfl¬ ı…±¬Û±ı ˝À˚“±øh¬À˚ÀÂº ‡±… ^Àı… Œˆ¬Ê±˘, fi ∏ÀÒ Œˆ¬Ê±˘, fl¬ı Ù¬“±øfl¬, ‰¬±fl¬ıœ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Î◊¬»Àfl¬±‰¬ õ∂±Ú,øıøˆ¬iß Ê±˚·±˚ fl¬±È¬ ˜±øÚı õ∂‰¬˘Ú, ¸ıfl¬±ıœ ıı±ÀVı ø¸—˝ˆ¬±· ±˘±˘Àı ¬ÛÀfl¬ÀÈ¬ ‰¬À˘˚±›˚± - ¤Â±h¬± ¸ıfl¬±Àıı ˜iaœ- ’±˜˘±Àı Œfl¬±øÈ¬ Œfl¬±øÈ¬ È¬±fl¬±ı Ó¬˝øı˘ Ó¬Âı+¬Û › øÚÊ¶§Œı’± ◊øÚ ¸•Û ∆Ó¬ıœı Ó¬»¬ÛıÓ¬±º ˙±¸fl¬À˘ı ¬ÛÀé õ∂¸±˙ÀÚı ı…ı˝±ı, ’-¸ø˝ ∏√û≈Ó¬±¸ı ◊ ˆ¬±ıÓ¬œ˚ ¸˜±ÊÀfl¬ fl¬±ı≈ fl¬Àı ŒÙ¬À˘ÀÂº ¤Â±h¬± ˜±Ô±ı Î◊¬¬Ûı ıÀ˚ÀÂ fl¬±À˘± È¬±fl¬±ı¬Û±˝±h¬º øı‰¬±ı øıˆ¬±·Àfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ fl¬ı±ı ˜Ó¬ ‚È¬Ú±› ˝±À˜˙± ◊ ‚È¬ÀÂº Ú±Ú±Ú ¸—·Í¬Ú ›ı…øMê ÊÚ˜Ó¬ ∆Ó¬ıœ fl¬ıÀ˘› ≈ÚπøÓ¬ı øıèÀX Œfl¬±Ú õ∂øÓ¬ı± ’±Àj±˘Ú fl¬ÀıøÚº ıfl¬±ı Œ˚Œfl¬±Ú øfl¬Â≈ fl¬Àı Ó¬± Ú˚Ä ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˜˚ ¸˜ô¶ ô¶Àıı ≈ÚπøÓ¬ ¢∂±¸ fl¬ı±ı ¸Ó¬… ‰¬±¬Û± ¬ÛÀh¬ ˚±˚ºŒ˚˜Ú, Œ˘±fl¬¬Û±˘ ·Í¬ÀÚı ı…±¬Û±Àı ıfl¬±ı ’ÀÚfl¬ ◊øÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬ ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¢∂ Ì fl¬ÀıÀÂº Œ˘±fl¬¬Û±˘øı˘› ’±Ú± ˝À˚ÀÂº ¸ıfl¬±øı ’Ú≈±ÀÚı È¬±fl¬±ı ’ÀÚfl¬È¬± ◊ ˜±Á ¬ÛÀÔ Î◊¬Ò±› ˝À˚ ˚±›˚±’±È¬fl¬±ÀÓ¬ ¸ıfl¬±ı ¤‡Ú ¸ı±¸øı ≈øıÒ±Àˆ¬±·œÀı ı…±Ç ’…±fl¬±Î◊¬ÀKÈ ¤ ◊ È¬±fl¬± Ê˜± Œı±ıfl¬Ô± Œ‚± ∏Ì± fl¬ÀıÀÂ › Ó¬±ı fl¬±Ê › ÀBÂº Ó¬Àı ≈ÚπøÓ¬ı ¬Ûøı˜±Ú ¤Ó¬ Œı˙œ Œ˚ ıfl¬±Àıı˚»¸±˜±Ú… ¸øBÂ± Œfl¬±ÀÚ± fl¬±ÀÊ ’±À¸ Ú±º ¸Àı±«¬Ûøı ¸ıfl¬±ı, ı±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ À˘ı ˚±ı±≈ÚπøÓ¬¬Ûı±˚Ì Ó¬±ÀıÀfl¬ ı«± ’±h¬±˘ fl¬ı±ı Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àıº ±ı Ù¬À˘ ≈ÚπøÓ¬ ˜Ú ’±fl¬±˙fl≈¬ ≈À˜¬ÛøıÌÓ¬ ˝À˚ÀÂº

õ∂˙±¸Ú› ¬Ûé¬Û±Ó¬≈©Ü ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº ¸˜ô¶ Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ ŒÚøÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬ ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ı˛õ∂ˆ¬±Àı éÓ¬±Àfl¬ Œ˝˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß fl¬ı˛± ˝ÀBÂº ı…ı¶ö±¬ÛÚ± › ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˘Ú± Î◊¬À¬Ûé± fl¬Àı˛ ˚±ı˛±’é › ’: ¤ı— ŒÚÓ¬±Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±¯∏±˜À ı…ô¶ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¬ÛÀ±ißøÓ¬ ÀBÂº Ó¬±˙± õ∂˙±¸ÚÀfl¬¢∂±¸ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ ’¬Û˙±¸Ú ¸ı«S øıı˛±Ê˜±Úº

¶§±ÒœÚ › øÚı˛À¬Ûé øı‰¬±ı˛ı…ı¶ö±ı˛ ’øô¶Q ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ øı…˜±Úº Ó¬Àı ¤˝◊øı‰¬±ı˛ı…ı¶ö±ı˛ ¸øSê˚˛Ó¬± › øÚı˛À¬ÛéÓ¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ı±ı˛ı±ı˛ √õ∂ùü Î◊¬ÀÍ¬ÀÂº ’±ı±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú øı‰¬±ı˛Œ˙¯∏ ˝ÀÓ¬ Œ˘À· ˚±ÀBÂ ıÂÀı˛ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ıÂı˛ ¤ı— ’ÀÚÀfl¬ Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±fl¬±˘œÚ ¸≈øı‰¬±ı˛ ŒÓ¬±”Àı˛ Ô±fl¬, øı‰¬±ı˛˝◊ ¬Û±ÀBÂ Ú±º ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬Ûøı˛¸—‡…±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ Ê±Ú± ˚±˚˛, ¸±ı˛± ŒÀ˙ ˝±˝◊Àfl¬±È¬«¸˝ øıøˆ¬iß Œfl¬±ÀÈ¬« ÊÀ˜ Ô±fl¬± ±˜˘±ı˛ —‡…± fl¬À˚˛fl¬ Œfl¬±øÈ¬º ¤˜Úøfl¬, ≈õ∂œ˜ Œfl¬±ÀÈ« ÊÀ˜Ô±fl¬± ˜±˜˘±ı˛ ¸—‡…± › ˘±À‡ı˛ fl¬±Â±fl¬±øÂ ï2012 ¸±˘óº ¤˝◊ ¸ı ˜±˜˘±ı˛ fl¬œˆ¬±Àı¸˜±Ò±Ú fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Œ¸ øÚÀ˚˛ ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ ˜ÀÒ… ˆ¬±Àı øÍ¬fl¬˝◊Ä øfl¬ôi≈ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú ¸˝ÀÊ˝Àı Ú± ıÀ˘˝◊ øıÀ˙¯∏:ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Úº



’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬› ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ Œ¸ı˛fl¬˜ ‰¬˜fl¬õ∂ Ù¬˘ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ŒÔÀfl¬ ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬Àı ˜±ÀÁ ˜ÀÒ… ’±øÔ«fl¬ øıfl¬±À˙ı˛ ˝±ı˛ ˙±¸fl¬ fl≈¬À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…‡±øÚfl¬È¬± ’±ù´±¸ ¤ÀÚ øÀ˘› ø¸—˝ˆ¬±· ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ŒÓ¬˜Ú ’±˙±ı˛ ’±À˘± Œ‡±ÀÓ¬¬Û±Àı˛øÚº ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ øÁø˜À˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± ø˙ä¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ’±øÔ«fl¬ øıfl¬±À˙ı˛ ˝±ı˛Àfl¬ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ı±h¬±ÀÓ¬¬Û±Àı˛øÚº ·Ó¬ fl¬À˚˛fl¬ıÂı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¬ øıfl¬±˙ øfl¬Â≈È¬± ı¥øX ¬Û±ı±ı˛ Ù¬À˘ øfl¬Â≈ ±Ú≈¯∏ ˚˛ÀÓ¬± ÒÚœ˝À˚˛ Î◊¬ÀÍ¬ÀÂº Ó¬Àı Œ˜±È¬ ÊÚ¸—‡…±ı˛ ¤fl¬ øıı˛±È¬ ’—˙ ·øı˛øı Œı˛‡±ı˛ ÚœÀ‰¬˝◊ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ·ÀÂºŒÓ¬`≈˘fl¬±ı˛ fl¬ø˜øÈ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ŒÀ˙ı˛ 37 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ·øı˛øı Œı˛‡±ı˛ ÚœÀ‰¬ı¸ı±¸ fl¬Àı˛º Œ˚ õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬ø˜˙Ú› ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ’±øÔ«fl¬ —¶®±ı˛ › ı±Ê±ı˛Œfl¬fœfl¬ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ŒÀ˙ Œfl¬±øÈ¬¬ÛøÓ¬ı˛ —‡…± ’ÀÚfl¬È¬± ŒıÀh¬ÀÂº ¤˜Úøfl¬ Ó¬Àfl¬±øÈ¬ı˛Î◊¬ÀX« ı…øMêı˛ ¸—‡…± › Sê˜ıÒ«˜±Úº ŒÙ¬±ı«¸ ˜…±·±øÊÀÚ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ Ó¬Ô… ŒÔÀfl¬ Ê±Ú± ˚±˚˛øıÀù´ Œ˚ ˆ¬±Àı ÒÚœı˛ ¸—‡…± ı±h¬ÀÂ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ˝±ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬È¬±˝◊ Œı˙œº Ó¬Àı ø‰¬ôi±ı˛øı ∏ ˛ ˘ ¤ ◊ ’±øÔ«fl¬ ı¥øXı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ±Ò±ı˛Ì ±Ú≈À ∏ı˛ Ú±·±À˘ı˛ ı± ◊Àı˛º ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬ø˜˙ÚqÒ≈ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± ∆Ó¬øı˛ fl¬Àı˛˝◊ ˚±˚˛ ¸±Ù¬À˘…ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ÚøÊı˛ ŒÚ˝◊º

õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ ı…ı¶ö±†õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ ı…ı¶ö±†õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ ı…ı¶ö±†õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ ı…ı¶ö±†õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ ı…ı¶ö±† ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ ŒÀ˙ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ¸˜ô¶Î◊¬¬Û±±Ú&ø˘ ±øÊı˛ fl¬ı˛± À˘› øıÀ˙¯∏ fl¬Àı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± fl¬˘…±Ì ≈‡œ ≈¬Ûøı˛ıÓ¬«Úœ˚˛ —øıÒ±Ú,·ÌÓ¬ia ¤Àfl¬ı±Àı˛ Ó¬¥Ì˜”˘ô¶ı˛ ¬Û˚«ôi, ¶§±ÒœÚ øı‰¬±ı˛ ı…ı¶ö±, ¶§±ÒœÚ ¸—ı± ˜±Ò…˜ ¤&ø˘ı˛õ∂À˚˛±À·ı˛ ŒéÀS ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ’˘¸Ó¬± › ’øÚBÂ±º Ó¬±Â±h¬± fi¬ÛøÚÀıø˙fl¬ ˙±¸ÀÚı˛Êh¬Ó¬± ¤˜Úøfl¬ ’±˜˘±Àı˛ ‡ıı˛±øı˛ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ±Úø¸fl¬Ó¬±, ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ’¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± õ∂fl¬ä&ø˘ı±ô¶ı±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ŒéÀS ı±Ò± ¸¥ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº Ó¬Àı ŒÀ˙ı˛ ¸±øı«fl¬ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú ‚È¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬’ÀÔ« ◊ ≈ ±¸ÀÚı˛ øÀfl¬ Œ˙Àfl¬ ¤ø·À ˛ øÚÀ ˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Àıº Ó¬Àı ¤ ◊ ≈≈ı˛õ∂¸±ı˛œ fl¬ «fl¬±`Àfl¬‰≈¬h¬±ôi ¬¬Û˚±«À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ ’±Àı˛± fl¬À˚˛fl¬ ˙fl¬ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº ¸≈˙±¸ÚÀfl¬ ˚ø¸øÓ¬…˝◊ fl¬±˚«fl¬øı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ fl¬Ó¬fl¬&ø˘ øı¯∏˚˛Àfl¬ ’ı˙…˝◊ ˜±Ô±˚˛ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº

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’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı¯∏˚˛ ’Ó¬…ôi Êèı˛œ, Œ¸È¬± ˝˘ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ˘Àé… Œ¬Û“ÃÂ±ÀÚ±ı˛ ÊÚ…˚Ó¬È¬± Ó¬±h¬±Ó¬±øh¬ ¬Û±ı˛± ± ˛ ±˜˘±ı˛ øÚ¶ÛøM ‚È¬±ÀÓ¬ Àıº ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ÀÒ… øı‰¬±ı˛ ı…ı¶ö±ı˛õ∂øÓ¬ ’±¶ö± ı±h¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº õ∂˙±¸ÚÀfl¬ øÚı˛À¬Ûé ˆ¬±Àı ’±˝◊ÀÚı˛ ˙±¸Ú õ∂‰¬˘ÀÚı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±Àı˛±˚˛ıX ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº

ı…øMê·Ó¬ øıøÚÀ˚˛±À·ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ fl¬˜«¸—¶ö±Ú ∆Ó¬ı˛œı˛ øı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬› Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıºøıù´˜±ÀÚı˛ ø˙é± õ∂øÓ¬á±Ú ∆Ó¬ı˛œı˛ ÊÚ… Î◊¬¬Û˚≈Mê ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ·Àh¬ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ¤ı— Œ¸È¬±fl¬ı˛± ’Ó¬…ôi Êèı˛œº ¤Ú.øÊ.› › Œ¶§BÂ±À¸ıœ ¸—·Í¬Ú&ø˘Àfl¬ ’±ı˛› fl¬±ÀÊı˛ ¸≈À˚±·øÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ¤ı˛± Œ˚Ú ¸ı˛fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸˝À˚±·œ ˝À˚˛ ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝ÀÌı˛ ˜±S±Àfl¬ı±h¬±ÀÓ¬ Ó¬»¬Ûı˛ ˛º ≈ÚπøÓ¬ ≈Mê õ∂˙±¸Ú ·Àh¬ ŒÓ¬±˘±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤ ◊ ˜ô¶ Œı¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ —·Í¬Ú’ÀÚfl¬ ˝◊øÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬ ¬ÛÀé¬Û ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º

’±ı˛ Œ˚ Œ˚ øı¯∏˚˛&ø˘ ’Ó¬…ôi ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ˘Àé… Œ¬Û“ÃÂ±ÀÚ±ı˛ ÊÚ…,Œ¸&ø˘ ˝˘ - ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ õ∂Ì±˘œÀÓ¬ ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝ÀÌı˛ ˜±S± ı±h¬±ÀÚ±ı˛ ÊÚ… ı˛fl¬±ı˛fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ øıÀfl¬fœfl¬ı˛Ìº ¬Û=±À˚˛Ó¬› Œ¬ÛÃı˛¸ˆ¬±&ø˘Àfl¬ ’±ı˛› é¬˜Ó¬±¬õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Àıº◊øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ¶§± ˛M˙±ø¸Ó¬ —¶ö±&ø˘ı˛ é˜Ó¬± ˛Ú õ∂øSê ˛± ’ÀÚfl¬È¬± ◊ õ∂¸±øı˛Ó¬ À ˛ÀÂº ı˛fl¬±ı˛

› ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸•Ûfl¬« ’±ı˛› ·±Ï¬ˇ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ¤˝◊ õ∂øÓ¬á±Ú&ø˘Àfl¬ ’øÓ¬ ¸øSê˚˛˝ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ¤ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤fl¬±˙, Z±˙ › SÀ˚˛±˙ ’Ô«fl¬ø˜˙ÀÚı˛ ¸≈¬Û±øı˛˙&ø˘Àfl¬ fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ı˛±Ê…&ø˘Àfl¬ ¤ø·À˚˛ ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ¶§±˚˛M˙±ø¸Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬á±Ú&ø˘ı˛’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ é˜Ó¬±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ı˛±Ê…&ø˘Àfl¬ ¸≈øÚø«©Ü ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ’ÀÚfl¬ ı˛±Ê… ¤ øı¯∏À˚˛Ó¬»¬Ûı˛ ˝À˘› Œıø˙ı˛ˆ¬±· ı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œ˝˘ Œ±˘ Ú±˝◊º Ó¬±Àı˛ ’øı˘À•§ ¤ øı¯∏À˚˛Î◊¬»¸±˝œ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº

73Ó¬˜ › 74Ó¬˜ ¸—øıÒ±Ú ¸—À˙±ÒÀÚı˛ ¬Ûı˛ Œ˚ ı…ı¶ö± ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, Ó¬±ı˛õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ı±ô¶ı±˚˛Ú ‚È¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬ø˜˙ÀÚı˛ ˜Ó¬ ŒÊ˘±&ø˘ÀÓ¬› ŒÊ˘±¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬ø˜øÈ¬ ·Í¬ÀÚı˛ Œ˚ Î◊¬À…±· ŒÚ›˚˛± À˚˛øÂ˘ Ó¬± Ù¬˘õ∂¸≈ ˚˛øÚº ¤ı˛ ± ± fl¬±Êfl¬ı˛±ı˛ fl¬Ô± øÂ˘ Ó¬± ’±ÀÃ ˛øÚº ¤Àı˛ fl¬±Ê øÂ˘ ¬Û√=±À ˛Ó¬ › ıvfl¬ô¶Àı˛ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±&ø˘ı˛˜ÀÒ… ¸˜i§˚˛ › ¸—À˚±· ¸±ÒÚ fl¬ı˛±º øfl¬ôi≈ ·Àı¯∏Ì±˚˛ Œ‡± Œ·ÀÂ Œ˚, ¤˝◊ fl¬ø˜øÈ¬&ø˘ı˛fl¬±Êfl¬˜« Ú±À˜ ±S ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ·ÀÂº Î◊¬iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… Œ˚È¬± ı˛fl¬±ı˛ Œ¸È¬± ˘ •ÛÀı˛ ˜i§˚˛¸±ÒÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± ¢∂˝Ì › Ó¬±ı˛ ı±ô¶ı±˚˛Úº

n ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ô¶Àı˛ ¶§øÚˆ¬«ı˛ Œ·±áœ › ¢∂±˜¸ˆ¬±Àfl¬ ’±Àı˛± fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±ºn ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ô¶Àı˛˝◊ Î◊¬X¥Ó¬ ¸˜¸…±&ø˘ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ô¶Àı˛˝◊ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıºn Û=±À˚˛Ó¬ › Œ¬ÛÃı˛¸ˆ¬±&ø˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜i§˚˛ ¸±ÒÚ fl¬ı˛±ºn ŒÊ˘± ¬Ûøıfl¬äÚ± fl¬ø˜˙ÀÚı ¸±ÀÔ ¶ö±Úœ˚ ô¶Àıı ¬Ûøıfl¬äÚ±Àfl¬ ¸—À˚±·

fl¬ı±ºn Ê±Ó¬œ ˛ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±ı˛ øı ∏ ˛&ø˘Àfl¬ ŒÊ˘±-¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±ı˛ ÀÒ… ’±Ú± ı˛fl¬±ı˛º



Œfl¬fœ˚˛ ı± ı˛±Ê…¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ¸˜”˝ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ fl¬˜«¸√—¶ö±Ú ∆Ó¬ı˛œı˛ ÊÚ… Œ˚ õ∂fl¬ä&ø˘ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛Œ¸&ø˘Àfl¬ ŒÊ˘± ı± ’±=ø˘fl¬ ô¶Àı˛ı˛ ±ÀÔ ˜i§ ˛ ±ÒÚ ‚È¬±ÀÓ¬ Àıº ’ı˙… ◊ ¤&ø˘Àfl¬¸±Ò±ıÌ ±Ú≈À ∏ı Î◊¬¬ÛÀ˚±·œ fl¬Àı ı…ı˝±ı fl¬ıÀÓ¬ Àıº ŒéSøˆ¬øM√fl¬ ˜œé± fl¬Àı õ∂fl¬ä&ø˘ıı˛+¬Û± ˛ÀÌı˛ &Ú·Ó¬˜±ÀÚı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ ‘ø©Ü ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Àıº Àı±«¬Ûøı˛ ¬Û=±À ˛Ó¬ › Œ¬ÛÃı˛ ˆ¬±&ø˘ı˛’±øÔ«fl¬ é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ÀÚı˛ øı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ˜±Ô±˚˛ ı˛±‡± ı˛fl¬±ı˛º

Ó¬Ô…õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· ‚È¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº 2006 ¸±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤ ŒÀ˙ ˝◊-·ˆ¬«ÀÚk¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛± À˚˛ÀÂº ı˛fl¬±øı˛ ¬Ûøı˛À¯∏ı± ±ÀÓ¬ ¶§BÂˆ¬±Àı ±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Œ¬Û“ÃÂ±ÀÚ±˚±˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ÊÚ…˝◊ ¤˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±º Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Úœ‰¬ ¬Û˚«ôi ¸ı«S Ó¬Ô…-õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛Àfl¬øÚøÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº fl¬ø•ÛÎ◊¬È¬±Àı˛ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú õ∂±˚˛ ¸ı Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øfl¬ôi≈ ˝◊KÈ¬±ı˛ÀÚÈ¬¬Ûøı˛À¯∏ı± ¸˜ô¶ Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ Œ¬“ÛÃÂ±˚˛øÚº Œı¸ı˛fl¬±øı˛ ŒÈ¬ø˘fl¬˜ ¸—¶ö±&ø˘ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ‰≈¬øMê fl¬Àı˛¢∂±˜&ø˘Àfl¬› Ó¬Ô…-õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ±ÀÔ ¬Û”Ì« —À˚±· ±ÀÓ¬ fl¬ı˛± ±˚˛¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ı…ı¶ö± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ÀıºÓ¬Ô…-õ∂ ≈øMêı˛ Ô±˚Ô õ∂À ˛±À·ı˛ ±Ò…À˜ ¶§BÂÓ¬±, ± ˛ıXÓ¬± › —ÀıÚ˙œ˘Ó¬±Àfl¬ øÚøÓ¬fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº

ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ —øıÒ±ÀÚı˛ ≈ ˝±Ú ’± «&ø˘ı˛ fl¬Ô± ±Ô± ˛ Œı˛À‡ ≈ÚπøÓ¬ ≈Mê õ∂˙±¸Ú·Àh¬ ŒÓ¬±˘±ı˛ ÊÚ… ”˘…Àı±Ò Ê±¢∂Ó¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊ ¤ø·À˚˛ ’±¸ÀÓ¬ Àıº ≈á › ¶§BÂ ı˘ÚœøÓ¬ ¤ı— éÓ¬±Àfl¬ &èQ Œ›˚˛±ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¬ ı˛fl¬±ı˛Àfl¬ øÚøÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Àıº ’¬Ûı˛±Ò˜Ú, ¶§BÂ øÚı˛À¬Ûé øı‰¬±ı˛ı…ı¶ö±Àfl¬ ’±¬Û±À˜±ı˛ ÊÚ¸±Ò±ı˛ÀÌı˛ Ú±·±À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˚±ÀÓ¬øÚÀ˚˛ ’±¸± ˚±ı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ Î◊¬¬Û˚≈Mê ı…ı¶ö± ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ˚±ı˛ ÊÚ… ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ëè¬¬˘-’Ù¬-˘í¤ı˛ ¶§±Ô«fl¬ õ∂À˚˛±·º ±˜±øÊfl¬ fl¬˜«fl¬±À` ±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ ’—˙¢∂˝Ì ’±ı˛› ı¥˝»˜±S±˚˛ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº Ú±Ú± ∆ıø‰¬S… Ô±fl¬± ¸ÀN› ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ¸¶Ûfl¬«Àfl¬ ˚±ÀÓ¬ Œı˙œ &èQŒ ˛, ±Ú≈ Àfl¬∏ Œ¸ øı ∏À ˛ ± Ó¬fl¬« Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ Àıº ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ’±˘±¬Û-’±À˘±‰¬Ú±, øıù´±¸,Œı±Á¬±¬Ûh¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ·ˆ¬œÀı˛ ’ıø¶öÓ¬ ¸˜¸…±&ø˘ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛õ∂˚˛±¸œ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˜”˘…Àı±ÀÒı˛ ˚Ô±˚Ô øıfl¬±À˙ı˛ Î◊¬¬ÛÀ˚±·œ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ·Àh¬Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˙¥∫˘±ı˛é±ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬› ˜±Ô±˚˛ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº

·ÌÓ¬±øiafl¬ ˙±¸Úı…ı¶ö±˚˛ ÊÚ·Ì˝◊ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ı˛é±fl¬ı‰¬º Ó¬±˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ ˘é…˝Àı, ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ’Úıı˛Ó¬ õ∂‰¬±ı˛ › õ∂¸±ı˛ ‚È¬±ÀÚ±Ä ˚±ÀÓ¬ ’Ú¢∂¸ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏&ø˘› ¤ı˛ ˘é…› Î◊¬ÀV˙… ˝ÀÊ˝◊ ’Ú≈ˆ¬ı fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ¤ı— Ó¬±Àı˛ ÀÒ… Œ˚Ú ¶§Ó¬–¶£≈Ó¬« ’—˙¢∂˝ÀÌı˛˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ı ¸¥ø©Ü ˝˚˛º õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬øÈ¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó¬±ı˛ øÚÊ¶§ é˜Ó¬± ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é˜ ˝˚˛ºÎ◊¬iß˚˛Ú ŒÓ¬± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ÊÚ… º ¤ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ˚È¬± ˝Àı Œ¸È¬± ˝˘ øÚÀÊı˛ ˝œÚ˜Ú…Ó¬± ”ı˛ ˝Àı ›’±¶ö± ı±h¬Àı øÚÀÊı˛ éÓ¬± › fl¬±ÀÊı˛ ›¬Ûı˛º ¸Àı±«¬Ûøı˛, ¤˝◊ ·ÌÓ¬±øiafl¬ ı…ı¶ö± ’“±fl¬Àh¬ÒÀı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¸≈˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ Î◊¬»¸±˝œ › Î◊¬À…±·œ ˝Àıº



¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†1. Kuldeep Mathur, From Government to Governance, NBT,

New Delhi-2008.

2. S. R. Maheswari, A Dictionary of Public Administration,

Orient Black Swan Pvt. 2002.

3. Œ˜±ø˝Ó¬ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«… › fl¬±Àıı˛œ ‰¬SêıÓ¬π, ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ Ó¬N › Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú õ∂˙±¸Ú,õ∂À¢∂ø¸ˆ¬ ¬Û±ıø˘¸±¸«, Œfl¬±˘fl¬±Ó¬± , 2006º

4. ’Ú±øfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜˝±¬Û±S, ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úı…ı¶ö± › ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬, ¸≈˝¥¬Û±ıø˘Àfl¬˙Ú, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± -2011º

5. Œ˚±ÊÚ±, ÒÀÚÒ±ÀÚ…, Ê±Ú≈˚˛±ı˛œ -2013




ç±hÂàËGõþ ÷ùÅéÂÏõþ ÎéÂõþ±ËßÂ±éÂ± ÷¿jõþ-¦š±ÂóîÂÉÐ ¦š±ÂóîÂÉ-õþÏ¿îÂ Ý ÆúùÏ ÛõÑ ü±÷±¿æßÂ-ü±Ñ¦´¨¿îÂßÂ îÂ±ÈÂóûÇ Ý ÷ÓùÉ

Ó¬Ú˚˛± ˜≈‡±#¬¬¬π¤ı—

¸≈Ê˚˛fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜G˘

1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†¬Ûø˜ı±—˘± › Á¬±h¬‡ÀGı˛ ¸œ˜±Àı˛‡± ˛ ’ıø¶öÓ¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ŒÂ±A ¢∂±˜ ˝˘ ˜ ≈È¬œº

¬Û”Àı« ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ıœı˛ˆ”¬˜ ŒÊ˘±ı˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬ øÂ˘, øfl¬c ¸œ˜±Ú±ˆ¬±À·ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬øı˝±Àı˛ı˛ ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ ¬Ûı˛·Ì± øıˆ¬±À·ı˛ ¸À/ ˚≈Mê ˝˚˛º øfl¬c ’±ı±ı˛ øı˝±ı˛ ı˛±Ê… øıˆ¬Mê˝À˘ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ Á¬±h¬‡ÀGı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‰¬À˘ ’±À¸º ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ Á¬±h¬‡G ı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛≈˜fl¬± ŒÊ˘±ı˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬ ø˙fl¬±ı˛œ¬Û±h¬± ıvÀfl¬ ’ıø¶öÓ¬º ¤˝◊ ŒÂ±A ¢∂±˜ ˜˘≈È¬œÀfl¬ øıÀù´ı˛ı˛ı±Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ±Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ Œ¸‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ’ÚÚ… ¸ı ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…º ¤fl¬¸˜˚˛ ¤˝◊ ŒÂ±A ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÂ˘ 108 øÈ¬ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛º øfl¬c ¸øÍ¬fl¬ ¸—ı˛é¬Ì› õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ≈À˚«±À·ı˛ Ù¬À˘ 72 øÈ¬ ˜øjı˛ ¤‡Ú ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ÊÚ… ’ÀÚfl¬·Àı¯fl¬ › ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬Nøıƒı˛± ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜Àfl¬ ë˜øjı˛ ¢∂±˜í ı± ‘Temple Village’ ıÀ˘Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ˜øjı˛˜˚˛ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ øıøˆ¬iß ∆˙˘œı˛ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ’¬Û”ı« ¸˜±Àı˙ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂº¤‡±ÀÚ Œ˚˜Ú ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ø˙‡ı˛, Œı˛‡± › ˜=Õ˙˘œÀÓ¬ øÚø˜«Ó¬ ˜øjı˛, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ’©ÜÀfl¬±Ú, ¤fl¬ı±—˘± › ¸˜Ó¬˘ Â±Àı˛ ˜øjı˛›º ¤ ◊ ¸ı ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ ·±À ˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛Ù¬˘Àfl¬ ø˙äœı˛± ’ ”¬Ó¬ é¬Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ Ù≈¬øÈ¬À ˛ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ Œ¬ÛÃı˛±øÌfl¬, ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬, ¸±˜±øÊfl¬,Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Ú±Ú± ‚È¬Ú±ı˛ fl¬±ø˝Úœ ø‰¬S, ˚±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ¤À¸ÀÂ Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯Àı˛ ø‰¬ôL±, ˆ¬±ıÚ±, Ò…±Ú-Ò±ı˛Ì± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øı¯˚˛º ¤˝◊ õ∂ıÀgı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬…øı¯ ˛ ˝˘ ˜ ≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ı˛œøÓ¬ › ∆˙˘œ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…º2. Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†2. Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†2. Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†2. Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†2. Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬†

˜˘≈È¬œ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¶ö±Úº ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Œ¯±h¬˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ Œ·ÃÀh¬ù´ı˛’±˘±Î¬◊øVÚ Œ˝±À¸Ú ˙±˝ õ∂M ¸ÚÀ õ∂±l ∆À‚«… ¤ı— õ∂À¶ö fl¬À˚˛fl¬ ˜±˝◊˘ øıô¶‘Ó¬ øÂ˘Ú±Úfl¬±ı˛ ı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛ ı˛±ÊÒ±Úœ ˜˘≈È¬œº ’Ú…øÀfl¬ ˜˘≈È¬œ Œıˆ”¬ø˜, ˜˝±À˚±·œ ı±˜±‡…±¬Û± ¸˝’ÀÚfl¬ ¸±ÒÀfl¬ı˛ ¬ÛÒ”ø˘ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜º ˜± Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± Œıœı˛ ¬ÛœÍ¬ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜˝◊



’ıø¶öÓ¬º ’±ı˛ ¤ ◊ ¢∂±˜Àfl¬ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ øÀ ˛ÀÂ ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ’¬Û”ı« ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › ˆ¬±¶®˚«º2.1 ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.1 ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.1 ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.1 ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.1 ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†

˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ¬Ûø˜ı/ › Á¬±h¬‡G ı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛ ¸œ˜±Àı˛‡±˚˛ ’ıø¶öÓ¬º ¤˝◊¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ ¬Ûı˛·Ì±ı˛ ’ôL«·Ó¬ øÂ˘, ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ≈˜fl¬± ŒÊ˘±˚˛ ’ıø¶öÓ¬º 1855¸±À˘ ø¸Ò≈-fl¬±Ú≈ı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ Œ˚ ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ øıÀ^±˝ ˝˚˛, Ó¬±ı˛˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛Ú±À˜ ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ ¬Ûı˛·Ì±ŒÊ˘±ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝˚˛º Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ øé¬ÀÌ õ∂ı±ø˝Ó¬±ø‰¬˘± ÚœÀfl¬ õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¸œ˜±Àı˛‡± ı˛+À¬Ûø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ ıœı˛ ”¬À˜ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… fl¬À ˛fl¬øÈ¬ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ˜ ≈È¬œÀfl¬› ÚÓ≈¬Ú ŒÊ˘± “±›Ó¬±˘¬Ûı˛·Ì±˚˛ ˚≈Mê fl¬Àı˛ Œ›˚˛± ˝˚˛º1 õ∂±‰¬œÚ ‹øÓ¬˝…˜øGÓ¬, ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬±øNfl¬ › Ò˜π˚˛ ˜±˝±ÀR…ˆ¬ı˛± ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜º ¢∂±À˜ Œ¬“ÛÃÂı±ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ŒÂ±È¬Ú±·¬Û≈ı˛ ˜±˘ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ ŒÏ¬Î¬◊ Œ‡˘±ÀÚ± ˆ”¬ø˜øıÚ…±¸ › ’±øı±¸œ ’Ò≈…ø¯Ó¬ Œé¬ÀSı˛ õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ Œ¸Ãj˚« ‡≈ı˝◊ ˜ÀÚ±ı˛˜º ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ı±—˘±ˆ¬±¯±ˆ¬±¯œ ¤ı— ı/-¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Z±ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬º øÚÀ•ß ’±˜ı˛± ¬Û˚«±˚˛SêÀ˜ ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬, ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬ ˛ øÚÀ ˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛Àı±º2.2 Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.2 Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.2 Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.2 Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.2 Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†

¬Ûø˜ı±—˘± › Á¬±h¬‡ÀGı˛ ¸œ˜±Àı˛‡±˚˛ ¤˝◊ ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ’ıø¶öÓ¬ºŒÂ±È¬Ú±·¬Û≈ı˛ ˜±˘ ”¬ø˜ı˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬ 2407« ’é¬Àı˛‡± › 87040« ^±ø‚˜±—˙ Œı˛‡± ˛ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ı˛’ı¶ö±Úº ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¬Û”Àı« ·/±, ¬ÛøÀ˜ ’ı˛Ì… ¤ı— Î¬◊MÀı˛ ˜±˘ˆ”¬ø˜º ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛’ı¶ö±Ú Î¬“◊‰≈¬ øÈ¬˘±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛º ¢∂±À˜ı˛ Î¬◊Mı˛-øé¬Ì ¤ı— ¬Û”ı«øÀfl¬ ıÀ˚˛ ˚±ÀBÂ ‰≈¬˜Àh¬ ¤ı—‰¬jÚ˘±Ú± Ú±À˜ ≈øÈ¬ é≈¬^ Úœº ¤˝◊ Úœ ≈øÈ¬ ’±ı±ı˛ ˜±˘Ó¬±ı˛± Ú±À˜ ¤fl¬ Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ø˜ø˘Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛±¬ÛœÀÍ¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ø‰¬˘± Ú±À˜ Z±ı˛fl¬± ÚœÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº ¬Ûø˜ øÀfl¬ ŒÏ¬Î¬◊Œ‡˘±ÀÚ± Úœ ’±ı˛ ”Àı˛ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂ±È¬ ¬Û±˝±h¬º2.3 ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.3 ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.3 ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.3 ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.3 ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†

1855 ¸±À˘ı˛ ¬Û”Àı« ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ øÂ˘ Ó¬±ÚœôLÚ ıœı˛ˆ”¬˜ ŒÊ˘±ı˛ Ô±Ú± øı˛-Œ˜ÃÀh¬ù´Àı˛ı˛ ’ÒœÀÚº 1855 ¸±À˘ ø¸Ò≈ fl¬±Ú≈ı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ øıÀ^±À˝ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Ú±˜¶§ı˛+¬Û Act No. XXXVII of 1855 Z±ı˛± ÚÓ≈¬Ú ŒÊ˘± “±›Ó¬±˘ ¬Ûı˛·Ì±ı˛ ‘ø©Ü ˝ ˛º’±ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊ ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ŒÊ˘± ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ ¬Ûı˛·Ì±ı˛ Œˆ¬Ó¬Àı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ŒÚ›˚˛±˝˚˛º Œfl¬±Ú› ¤fl¬ ¸˜˚˛ ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜¸˝ ¤˝◊ ’=˘ ı“±fl≈¬h¬±ı˛ ˜°ı˛±Ê±Àı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÀÓ¬…¤À¸øÂ˘º ˜°ı˛±Ê ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ˆ”¬-ˆ¬±À·ı˛ Ú±˜ øÂ˘ ˜°ˆ”¬˜º ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ ø˙ı-˜øjÀı˛ı˛ı±U˘… ¤ı— ¤Àı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ fl¬±èfl¬±˚«&ø˘ ˜°ı˛±Ê±Àı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ¸˜À˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ı“±fl≈¬h¬±øı¯≈û¬Û≈Àı˛ı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ ¸À/˝◊ ¤fl¬˜±S Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ≈˜fl¬± ŒÊ˘±ı˛’ôL·«Ó¬ ˜˘≈È¬œ Ú±Úfl¬±ı˛ ı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± ¬Û“±‰¬À˙± ıÂı˛ ’±À· ˝À˘› ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ı±h¬



ı±h¬ôL ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¬ÛÀı˛º ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ ı˛±Ê±ı˛± Ó¬±Àı˛ ı˛±ÊÒ±Úœ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¬Àı˛Ú’±Ú≈˜±øÚfl¬ 1617 ˙fl¬±Às ’Ô«±» ¤‡Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ¸±›˚˛± øÓ¬ÚÀ˙± ıÂı˛ ’±À·º ¤ı˛ ¬Û”Àı«ı˛±Ê ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ı˛±Ê±·Ì ıœı˛ˆ”¬˜ ŒÊ˘±ı˛ Î¬±˜ı˛± ¢∂±À˜ ı˛±ÊÒ±Úœ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬Àı˛Œ¸‡±ÀÚ õ∂±˚˛ Œh¬À˙± ıÂÀı˛ı˛ øfl¬Â≈ ¸˜˚˛ ı±¸ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº ı±Ê¬Û±‡œı˛ ıÀ˘ ı˛±‡±˘ı±˘Àfl¬ı˛ ı˛±Ê…˘±ˆ¬, Ó¬±˝◊ ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬Ú ÚøÔ-¬ÛÀS › ˝◊øÓ¬˝±À¸ Ó¬±ı˛ Ú±˜ Î¬◊À°‡ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ı˛±Ê± ı±Êı¸ôL ıÀ˘º2

2.4 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬, ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.4 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬, ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.4 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬, ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.4 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬, ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†2.4 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬, ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛†˜˘≈È¬œ Ú±À˜ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ı≈»¬ÛøM·Ó¬ ’Ô« ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Œ¸˝◊ ÊÚ…

’Ú≈˜±Ú fl¬ı˛± ’¸/Ó¬ ˝Àı Ú± Œ˚, ¢∂±À˜ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Ú±˜øÈ¬ Œfl¬±Ú› ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’±ø Ú±À˜ı˛’¬Ûw—˙º Œ¸˝◊ ’±ø Ú±˜øÈ¬ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ë˜U˘È¬œí ıÀ˘ ¤ı— ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ˜˘≈È¬œÚ±˜øÈ¬ ‹ ’±ø Ú±À˜ı˛ ı˛+¬Û±ôLı˛ ˜±Sº ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ ¬Ûı˛·Ì± øıˆ¬±À·ı˛ ¤˝◊ ˜±˘ˆ”¬ø˜ ’=À˘˜U˘ ·±ÀÂı˛ õ∂±‰≈¬À˚«ı˛ ÊÚ… ë˜U˘í Ú±˜˚≈Mê ë˜U˘ ¬Û±˝±h¬œí, ë˜U˘Àı±Ú±í ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ’ÀÚfl¬¢∂±À˜ı˛ Ú±˜ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¬˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜ ˆ¬±Àı ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ Ú±˜› Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ ë˜U˘í ˚≈Mê˝À˚˛ Ô±fl¬Àıº ¤˝◊ ’Ú≈˜±ÀÚı˛ õ∂˜±Ì ¶§ı˛+¬Û Êø˜ › ’±øÔ«fl¬ Œ˘ÚÀÀÚı˛ fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬¬Û≈ı˛±ÀÚ± ø˘À˘ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ø˘˘&ø˘ Œ˘‡± ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ ı±—˘± ¸Ú1272 ˝ÀÓ¬ 1288 ¸±À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ï˝◊—Àı˛Êœ 1865-1881 ¸±À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…óº ¤˝◊ø˘˘&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˘‡± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ë˜U˘È¬œíº ’±ı±ı˛ 1302 ı/±Às ’Ô«±»1895 ¸±À˘ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ˝…±G¬ÀÚ±ÀÈ¬ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ Ú±˜ ˜˘≈È¬œ Œ˘‡± ’±ÀÂº ’Ú…øÀfl¬ ˝◊©Ü-˝◊øG˚˛±Œfl¬±•Û±Úœı˛ ’ÒœÀÚ Ô±fl¬± ıœı˛ˆ”¬˜ ŒÊ˘±ı˛ fl¬±À˘"ı˛ 1793 › 1796 ¸±À˘ ≈í‡±øÚø‰¬øÍ¬ÀÓ¬ ëÚ±Úƒfl¬±ı˛ ˜≈À˘±È¬œí ıÀ˘ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ¤ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Ò±ı˛Ì± fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚,ÿÚøı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ Œ˙¯ˆ¬±· ¬Û˚«ôL ı±—˘± Œ˘‡±˚˛ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ Ú±˜ ˜U˘È¬œ ıÀ˘ Œ˘‡± ˝Ó¬º¤È¬±› ¸yı ◊—ÀıÊœ Î¬◊B‰¬±ıÀÌı ˜±Ò…À˜ ˜U˘È¬œ Ú±˜ ˜ ≈È¬œÀÓ¬ ı+¬Û±ôLøıÓ¬ ˝À˚ ø·À˚ÀÂº3

¢∂±À˜ı˛ ’øÒı±¸œ·Ì ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯±ˆ¬±¯œº ¬ı±—˘±ı˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…, ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬, Ò˜π˚˛ ¤ı—¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ’±‰¬±ı˛-ı…ı˝±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±Àı õ∂ˆ¬±ı øıô¶±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ’±ÀÂº Ó¬Àı¢∂±À˜ı˛ ÊÚ¸—‡…±ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ ’ÀÒ«fl¬ øÚfl¬È¬¶ö ˙˝Àı˛, ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ı˛±ÀÊ… ¤ı— ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ı±˝◊Àı˛ fl¬À˜«±¬Û˘Àé¬… ı±¸ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ÊœıÚÒ±ı˛± ø˜| õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ › ¸˜ô¶ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛ õ∂±Àø˙fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊ÀX«¬º ‰¬˘˜±Ú Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ˆ¬±ıÒ±ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˜˘≈È¬œ ’Ú…±Ú… ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì¢∂±˜&ø˘ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ¶§Ó¬La ∆ıø˙©Ü… ı˛é¬± fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ œ‚«øÚ ÒÀı˛º ¢∂±À˜ ı¸Ó¬ ı±øh¬ı˛¸—‡…± õ∂±˚˛ øÓ¬ÚÀ˙± ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ Œ˚±· ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Œ¬ÛÃÀÚ ¤fl¬À˙± ˜øjı˛º ˜øjı˛ ›ı±øh¬&ø˘ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ı˛ ·±À˚˛ ’Ú…øÈ¬ Œ˘À· ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ÊÚ¸—‡…± øÓ¬Ú ˝±Ê±Àı˛ı˛˜ÀÓ¬±, øfl¬c ¤˝◊ ÊÚ¸—‡…±ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ ’ÀÒ«fl¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¶ö±˚˛œ ˆ¬±Àı ı±¸ fl¬Àı˛Ú Ú±º ¶ö±˚˛œ



’øÒı±¸œÀı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¬-Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛±—˙ Ó¬Ù¬ø¸ø˘ Ê±øÓ¬ ¤ı— ı±øfl¬ı˛± ıÌ« ø˝j≈ › øfl¬Â≈’ôLÊ… ¸•x±˚˛º ıÌ«ø˝j≈Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ıË±p¬ÌÀı˛˝◊ ¸—‡…±øÒfl¬… Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º ıË±p¬Ì Â±h¬±¢∂±À˜ Œ·±˚˛±˘±, ŒÓ¬˘œ, Ú±ø¬ÛÓ¬, ˜˚˛ı˛±, Ó¬cı±˚˛, ı±·ø, fl¬±˜±ı˛, ¸≈“øh¬ ˝◊Ó¬…±ø Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ı±¸ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº

¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ø˙é¬±ı˛ ’±À˘± ’ÀÚfl¬ øÚ ’±À·˝◊ Ê;À˘ÀÂº ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¤‡±ÀÚ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Ê≈øÚ˚˛±ı˛ ˝±˝◊¶≥®˘ ¤ı— ¤fl¬øÈ¬ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ı±ø˘fl¬± øı…±˘˚˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¤Â±h¬± ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬Ú Î¬±fl¬‚ı˛ ¤ı— ¤fl¬øÈ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ı…±Ç, ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¶ö± ˛œ ı±ø¸j±Àı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬øˆ¬øM ˜”˘Ó¬ fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±À˚«ı˛ ›¬ÛÀı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘º3

2.5 ı˛œøÓ¬†2.5 ı˛œøÓ¬†2.5 ı˛œøÓ¬†2.5 ı˛œøÓ¬†2.5 ı˛œøÓ¬†˜øjı˛ ¢∂±˜ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ·Í¬Úı˛œøÓ¬ ø˜| õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛º

ı˛±Iˇ ı±—˘±ı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ·Í¬Ú ı˛œøÓ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı› ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º ·Í¬Úı˛œøÓ¬ ’Ú≈¸±Àı˛ ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…Àfl¬ ¬Û“±‰¬ˆ¬±À·ˆ¬±· fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ñ

˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ·Í¬Ú-ı˛œøÓ¬↓

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓‰¬±˘± Œı˛‡± ˜= ¤fl¬ı±—˘± ¸˜Ó¬˘ Â±

¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‰¬±˘± ı± ø˙‡ı˛ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ¸—‡…± 57øÈ¬, Œı˛‡± ŒÎ¬◊˘ 1øÈ¬, ˜= ∆˙˘œÀÓ¬øÚø˜«Ó¬ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ¸—‡…± 1øÈ¬, ¤fl¬ı±—˘± ˜øjı˛ 1øÈ¬ ¤ı— ı±øfl¬ 12øÈ¬ ¸˜Ó¬˘ Â±Àı˛˜øjı˛º ¤ı±ı˛ øÚÀ•ß ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝Àı ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ·Í¬Úı˛œøÓ¬ õ∂¸À/†

‰¬±˘±†‰¬±˘±†‰¬±˘±†‰¬±˘±†‰¬±˘±† ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ ‰¬±˘± ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ¸—‡…± ¸ı«±øÒfl¬º ¤‡±ÀÚ 57øÈ¬ ‰¬±˘±ı˛œøÓ¬ı˛ ˜øjı˛ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊ ı˛œøÓ¬ı˛ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ·Í¬Ú õ∂Ì±˘œ ¸˝Ê-¸ı˛˘ › ı±—˘±ı˛¤fl¬±ôL øÚÊ¶§º ‰¬±ı˛Àfl¬±ÀÌ ‰¬±ı˛øÈ¬ õ≠±È«¬Ù¬À˜«ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ›˚˛±˘&ø˘ ‡±h¬± ˝À˚˛Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ øÀfl¬ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ˚±˚˛ ¤ı— ø˙‡ı˛ Œ˙ ’Ò«À·±˘±fl‘¬øÓ¬ ˝˚˛º ˜øjı˛&ø˘ ’±˚˛Ó¬Ú ‡≈ı¤fl¬È¬± ıÀh¬± ˝ ˛ Ú± ¤ı— ¤fl¬ Â±-øıø˙©Ü ¤ ◊ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ ˝ ˛º ˜ ≈È¬œı˛ ‰¬±˘± ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛·Í¬ÚÕ˙˘œ ¤˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜˝◊ Ó¬Àı ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ¤fl¬‡±øÚ ı±ı˛±j± ¤ı— ›¬ÛÀı˛ Î¬◊Í¬ı±ı˛ÊÚ… ø¸“øh¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ Œıø˙ı˛ˆ¬±· ‰¬±˘± ˜øjÀı˛ ø˙Àıı˛ ¬Û”Ê± ˝˚˛º

Œı˛‡±†Œı˛‡±†Œı˛‡±†Œı˛‡±†Œı˛‡±† ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ˜±S Œı˛‡± ˜øjı˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ Ó¬˘À˙ŒÔÀfl¬ ı˛Ê±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ¬Û «ôL ˜ ‘Ì ¤ı— õ∂Àı˙ ¬ÛÀÔı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ø˙‡ı˛ ¬Û «ôL ‡“±Êfl¬±È¬±º¤˝◊ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ·Í¬ÚÕ˙˘œ ø˙‡ı˛ ˜øjı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ øfl¬Â≈È¬± ¬Û‘Ôfl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛º ¤˝◊ Œı˛‡± ŒÎ¬◊À˘ı˛Òı˛ÌøÈ¬ Î¬◊øh¬¯…± ŒÔÀfl¬ Î¬◊æ≤Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂ÀÀ˙ Âøh¬À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº



¤˝◊ Œı˛‡± ŒÎ¬◊˘ Î¬◊øh¬¯…±˚˛ ı…±¬Ûfl¬ˆ¬±Àı õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬º ¤˝◊ÊÚ… ¸±Ò±ı˛Ìˆ¬±Àı ‹Œı˛‡± ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ·Í¬ÚÕ˙˘œÀfl¬ Î¬◊øh¬¯…±Õ˙˘œ› ı˘± ˝À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬º Î¬◊øh¬¯…± ı˛±Ê… Á¬±h¬‡G¬ı˛±Ê… ¸—˘¢ü, Ù¬À˘ Î¬◊øh¬¯…±Õ˙˘œı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ˜øjı˛ ¸˜”À˝ı˛˜ÀÒ… ’ôLÓ¬– ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Œı˛‡± ŒÎ¬◊˘ ¶ö±Ú fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂº Œı˛‡± ŒÎ¬◊˘ ¸•§Àg ŒÎ¬øˆ¬Î¬˜…±flƒ¬fl¬±B‰¬Ú ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ†

“Pr edominant in the western district bordening on Orrisa

and Biharc, also extending east into Hooghly and north-

east into Burdwan district. The Sikhara is free of horizontal

bars, the ratha paga projections are deep and spaced, the

straight baranda cormice just out boodly, there are generally

one or several more horizontal bars between the baranda

and the base moulding, and the corwning amalaka is large

and flat sunmounted by a pot finial or series of spheres.”4

˜=†˜=†˜=†˜=†˜=† ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ı˛±¸˜= ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ¸—‡…±› ¤fl¬øÈ¬, ¤øÈ¬ ˜=Õ˙˘œÀÓ¬øÚø˜«Ó¬ ˜øjı˛º ˜=¬Õ˙˘œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó≈¬˘¸œ˜=, Œ±˘˜=, ı˛±¸˜= ¤&ø˘ ¬ÛÀh¬º ¤Àı˛˜ÀÒ… ı˛±¸˜À=ı˛ ’±˚˛Ó¬Ú ’Ú… ≈øÈ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ıh¬º ¤˝◊ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ Œ˜ÀÁ¬ Î¬“◊‰≈¬ õ≠±È«¬Ù¬À˜«ı˛Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬º ’Ò«Àfl¬±Ú±fl‘¬øÓ¬ ˜øjı˛ ¤ı— ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ’±È¬ øfl¬˝◊ Œ‡±˘±º ¤ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙…˝˘ ˆ¬Mêı˛± ˚±ÀÓ¬ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ‰¬Ó≈«¬øÀfl¬ “±øh¬À˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬˜± ˙«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ı˛±¸˜=¬ Ú±˜ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛¶®±ı˛ Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ’øÒá¬±Ó¬± ŒıÓ¬± ı˛±Ò±fl‘¬¯ûÄ øfl¬c ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ı˛±¸˜=¬ ˜øjÀı˛ fl¬±˘œ õ∂øÓ¬˜±ı˛ ¬Û”Ê± ˝˚˛º

¤fl¬ı±—˘±†¤fl¬ı±—˘±†¤fl¬ı±—˘±†¤fl¬ı±—˘±†¤fl¬ı±—˘±† ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ˜±S ¤fl¬ı±—˘± ı˛œøÓ¬ı˛ ˜øjı˛ ˝˘ ¢∂±À˜ı˛øé¬Ì õ∂±ÀôL ’ıø¶öÓ¬ Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± Œıœı˛ ˜øjı˛º ¤fl¬ı±—˘± ı˛œøÓ¬ı˛ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…fl¬˘±ı±—˘±ı˛ Œ˘±fl¬øõ∂ ˛ ¤fl¬ ı±—˘± ı˛œøÓ¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ Ú ≈Ú±º ¤ ◊ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ·Í¬ÚÕ˙˘œ ˝˘ Œ±‰¬±˘±fl≈¬È¬œı˛ ’±fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛, ¸±˜ÀÚ ŒÂ±È¬ ı±ı˛±j± ¤ı— ı±ı˛±j±ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬é¬ ’ıø¶öÓ¬º ¤˝◊fl¬é¬øÈ¬˝◊ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ·ˆ«¬·‘˝º ˜øjÀı˛ õ∂ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ˜±S ı˛Ê± ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πfl¬±À˘øˆ¬Ó¬Àı˛ ’±À˘± õ∂ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ÊÚ… Î¬◊Mı˛ › øé¬Ì Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ øÀfl¬ı˛ Œ›˚˛±˘ Œfl¬ÀÈ¬ ŒÂ±È¬Ê±Ú±˘± ı¸±ÀÚ± ˝˚˛º ≈í‰¬±˘± Â± Ï¬±˘≈ ˝À˚˛ øÚÀ‰¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ ŒÚÀ˜ ¤À¸ÀÂº ˝“◊ÀÈ¬ı˛ ∆Ó¬ı˛œ˜øjı˛øÈ¬ ¸•ú≈‡ˆ¬±À· ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ ’˘—fl¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸ø#¬¬¬Ó¬ øÂ˘, øfl¬c ˜øjı˛øÈ¬ ¸—ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚ Œı˙ fl¬À˚˛fl¬ ıÂı˛ ’±À· ¸•Û”Ì« ˜øjı˛ ø¸À˜KÈ¬ øÀ˚˛ õ≠±à¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ Œ›˚˛±˝˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ≈-¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¶ö±Ú ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ’˘—fl¬ı˛Ì&ø˘ ’±ı˛ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ·ˆ«¬·‘À˝ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬Àı˛¤fl¬Ù≈¬È¬ Î¬“◊‰≈¬ Œıœı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ˜”øÓ«¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº



¸˜Ó¬˘ Â“±†¸˜Ó¬˘ Â“±†¸˜Ó¬˘ Â“±†¸˜Ó¬˘ Â“±†¸˜Ó¬˘ Â“±† ¸˜Ó¬˘ Â±Àı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ ·Í¬ÚÕ˙˘œ ‡≈ı˝◊ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ìº ¤&ø˘’±˚˛Ó¬±fl¬±ı˛ ˝˚˛ ¤ı— øÓ¬Úøfl¬ Œ›˚˛±˘ øÀ˚˛ Ï¬±fl¬± Ô±Àfl¬º ¸±˜ÀÚı˛ øÀfl¬ ‰¬›h¬± Œıø˙˝À˘ Â± ÒÀı˛ ı˛±‡±ı˛ ÊÚ… Ô±À˜ı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛º ˜˘≈È¬œÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜ ¸˜Ó¬˘ Â±Àı˛˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ¸—‡…± ı±Àı˛±øÈ¬º ¤˝◊ ¸ı ˜øjÀı˛ ≈·«±, fl¬±˘œ, Ú±ı˛±˚˛Ì ˝◊Ó¬…±ø Œıœ ¤ı—ŒıÓ¬±ı˛ ¬Û”Ê± fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛º4. ∆˙˘œ†4. ∆˙˘œ†4. ∆˙˘œ†4. ∆˙˘œ†4. ∆˙˘œ†

¬Û±ÔÀı˛ı˛ ’ˆ¬±Àı ¬Û”ı«-ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ’=À˘ Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › ˜”øÓ«¬øÚ˜«±ÀÌı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú ˝˚˛º ¤˝◊ ’=À˘ ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œ ¬Û±ÔÀı˛ı˛ ’ˆ¬±Àı ŒÂ±È¬ŒÂ±È¬ ˝±®± ˝“◊È¬ øÀ˚˛ ˜øjı˛ øÚø˜«Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ˜øjı˛ ˝˘ ¶ö±˚˛œ Î¬◊»¸À·«ı˛ øÚ˙«Ú Œé¬Sº ¤˝◊˜øjı˛&ø˘ øıMı±ÚÀı˛ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯fl¬Ó¬± ˛ øÚø «Ó¬ ˝À ˛ÀÂº ˜ ≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…&ø˘ ¶ö±˚˛œ Î¬◊»¸À·«ı˛ øÚ˙«Ú ø˝¸±Àı ’±˜ı˛± Òı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛º ¤˝◊¸ı ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… ∆˙˘œ·Ó¬ Î¬◊»fl¬¯« › ø˙ä ¸øSê˚˛Ó¬±˚˛ ¸˜≈#¬¬¬˘º ˜øjı˛ øÚ˜«±ÀÌ ‰¬Ó≈«¬øÀfl¬ Ê≈Àh¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ ÚÀÓ¬±ißÓ¬ Œ‡±±˝◊ fl¬ı˛± ˝“◊È¬º ¤˝◊ ˝“◊È¬&ø˘ ’Ó¬…ôL øÚ‡“≈Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı ›’ÀÚfl¬ ø˝¸±ı øÚfl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ‡“±ÀÊ ‡“±ÀÊ ı¸±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œ ø˝¸±Àı ·øÌÀÓ¬ı˛ÂÀfl¬ ˜øjı˛ ·±ÀS õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ ø˙äœı˛±º ’±ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ÂÀfl¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊ ÚÀÓ¬±ißÓ¬Œ‡±± ◊ øıøˆ¬iß Œ¬ÛÃı˛±øÌfl¬, ¸±˜±øÊfl¬, ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬, Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ øı¯ ˛Àfl¬ øÚ¬Û”Ìˆ¬±Àı˜øjı˛ ·±ÀS øıÚ…ô¶ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ ø˙äœı˛±º ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › ˆ¬±¶®À˚«ı˛’¬Ûı˛+¬Û Œ˜˘ıgÚ ˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛, ˚± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ø˙ä&ÌÀfl¬ ’Ú… ˜±S± õ∂±Úfl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ı˛±Iˇ ı±—˘±ı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ Ò±ı˛± ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ˘øé¬Ó¬˝˚˛º ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ·±ÀS ’¸—‡… Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ Ù¬˘fl¬ ˚≈Mê ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº Œ‰¬ÃÀfl¬± ›Ê…±ø˜øÓ¬fl¬ ’±fl¬±Àı˛ øıˆ¬±øÊÓ¬ ¬Û…±ÀÚÀ˘, ’ı ˛Àıı˛ ŒÂ±È¬ ˜±¬Û › øıÚ…±À¸ı˛ øÚı˛øıøBÂißÓ¬±˜øjı˛·±ÀSı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± Ù¬˘fl¬&ø˘Àfl¬ ø‰¬S±ÇÀÚı˛ &Ì¸•Ûiß fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂº õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬Ù¬˘Àfl¬ı˛ ‰¬Ó≈«¬øÀfl¬ ıÎ«¬±ı˛ ı± ¸œ˜±Àı˛‡± Ô±fl¬±ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤&ø˘ Œ˚ õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…øÚ˜«±ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˝“◊È¬ Ó¬± ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ’¸≈øıÒ± ˝˚˛ Ú±º Ù¬˘fl¬&ø˘ ŒÀ‡ Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Ù¬˘fl¬ øÚ˜«±Ìfl¬±À˘ Œ¸˝◊ Ù¬˘fl¬øÈ¬ Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛± ˝Àı ¤ı— ˙«Àfl¬ı˛±Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ‡Àı Ó¬± øıÀı‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Ù¬˘fl¬&ø˘ı˛ Úflƒ¬˙± › øı¯˚˛ıd¬Û «Àıé¬Ì fl¬ı˛À˘ Ú±Ú± õ∂øÓ¬fl¬œ Ó¬±»¬Û « Òı˛± ¬ÛÀh¬º ˜ ≈È¬œı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’˘—fl¬ı˛ÀÌı±—˘±ı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ø˙Àäı˛ øÚÊ¶§ ‹øÓ¬˝…˜˚˛ ø˙ä ∆˙˘œÀfl¬ ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ø˙äfl¬˜« Ú±jøÚfl¬ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’¬Ûı˛+¬Û ¤ı— ÒÀ˜«ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚ ¤˝◊ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…&ø˘ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬ı˛±˝À˚˛ÀÂ, Ó¬±˝◊ ¤˝◊ ø˙ä ı˛œøÓ¬ Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬º



5. ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…†5. ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…†5. ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…†5. ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…†5. ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘…†¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬±øNfl¬ øÚ˙«ÀÚı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘… ’¬Ûøı˛¸œ˜º

¤Àé¬ÀS ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬±øNfl¬ øÚ˙«Ú ø˝¸±Àı ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ’Ó¬…ôL &èQ¬Û”Ì«º ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¸˜±ÊÊœıÀÚı˛¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˜Ú ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Ú±Ú±øıÒ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂÚ±Ú±øıÒ ˜”˘… ı± valueº õ∂ıÀgı˛ ¤˝◊ ’—À˙ ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…&ø˘ı˛¸±˜±øÊfl¬- ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ˜”˘… ¬Û˚«±˚˛SêÀ˜ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº5.1 Ó¬±»¬Û˚«†5.1 Ó¬±»¬Û˚«†5.1 Ó¬±»¬Û˚«†5.1 Ó¬±»¬Û˚«†5.1 Ó¬±»¬Û˚«†

˜øjı˛ ¢∂±˜ ˜˘≈È¬œÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ¸˜˚˛ 108 øÈ¬ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛ øÂ˘º øfl¬cıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¤‡Ú 72øÈ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…&ø˘ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Ú±Ú± Î¬◊O±Ú-¬ÛÓ¬ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ ’±Ê› Œı“À‰¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ¤ı— ˚±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ¸˜±Ê › ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝… › ø˙äÀı±ÀÒı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛º ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’ôL-˜Ò… ˚≈À·ı˛¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… fl¬˘±ı˛ Œ˚ ‰¬ı˛˜ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ ‚ÀÈ¬øÂ˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ¶§Ó¬La ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ¸˜À ˛ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ Î¬◊»fl¬ «Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ı±—˘±ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¶ö±ÀÚ Âøh¬À ˛ ¬ÛÀh¬øÂ˘,˜˘≈È¬œ øfl¬c Ó¬±ı˛ ı…øÓ¬Sê˜ øÂ˘ Ú±º fl¬±ı˛Ì ¸œ˜±Ú± ˆ¬±À·ı˛ ¬Û”Àı« ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬¬Ûø˜ı±—˘±ı˛ ıœı˛ˆ”¬˜ ŒÊ˘±˚˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬ øÂ˘º ¤Â±h¬± ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…&ø˘ı˛˜Ò… øÀ˚˛ ¬Û”ı« ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’±=ø˘fl¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… fl¬˘±ı˛ õ∂±‰≈¬˚«Ó¬± ¬Û≈∫±Ú≈¬Û≈∫ˆ¬±Àı Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº ¤ ◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ “◊È¬ › ‰≈¬Ú ≈ı˛øfl¬ Z±ı˛± ¬Û‘Ôfl¬ ¤fl¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬˝À˚˛øÂ˘, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˝“◊ÀÈ¬ı˛ Â“±‰¬ ¤ı— Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ Ù¬˘fl¬&ø˘ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬¤ı— ı±ô¶øıfl¬ Œ¸Ãj˚«Àfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛º

˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ¤˝◊ ÒW—¸õ∂±l ˜øjı˛&ø˘ ¬Ûøı˛¶®±ı˛ ˆ¬±Àı ı…Mê fl¬Àı˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊ ¶ö±ÚøÈ¬Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…-fl¬˘±ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¸±é¬œ ı˝Ú fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂº ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛¬Û‘©ÜÀ¬Û±¯fl¬Ó¬± fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ı˛±Ê± ı±Ê ı¸ôL › Ó“¬±ı˛ ı—À˙ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ı…øMêı·« ¤ı—¤˝◊ ı—À˙ı˛ ˜ø˝˘± ¸¸…ı˛±› øfl¬c ¤øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ø¬ÛøÂÀ˚˛ øÂ˘ Ú±º ¤˝◊ ¸ı ı˛±ÊÚ…ıÀ·«ı˛¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯Ó¬±˚˛ ˜˘≈È¬œÀÓ¬ ¤Àfl¬ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬ ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… ∆Ó¬ı˛œ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Ó¬±˝◊ ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ›·Àı¯Àfl¬ı˛± ¤ ◊ ¢∂±˜Àfl¬ ë˜øjı˛¢∂±˜ ıÀ˘í ’øˆ¬ø˝Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ¤ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ú±Úfl¬±ı˛ ı˛±ÊÀQı˛fl¬± «fl¬˘±¬Û ¤ı— Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ı±„±ø˘ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬ ˛ Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº ¤Â±h¬± ¤ ◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ÀÓ¬øıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±¸… Œı-Œıœı˛ ¸˜i§˚˛¬Û”Ì« Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ ˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú ø˙ı, fl¬±˘œ,≈·«±, øı ≈ûı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ ¶ö±Úœ ˛ Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ Œı-ŒıÓ¬±Ä Œ˚˜Ú Ò «ı˛±Ê, ˜Ú¸±, fl¬±˘±¸±À˝ı,¢∂±˜œÌ Œıœ Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± ˝◊Ó¬…±øº



Ê˘|n∏øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˜˘≈È¬œ ë˜øjÀı˛ı˛ Œ˙í Ú±À˜ ’±‡…±Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ’±ı˛› ı˘± ˚±˚˛¤‡±ÀÚ ˚Ó¬ ‚ı˛, Ó¬Ó¬ ˜øjı˛º ıı˛— Ó¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œıø˙º ¤ ¸ı˝◊ Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ fl¬±èfl¬±˚«¬Û”Ì« ˝“◊ÀÈ¬ı˛ ∆Ó¬ı˛œº ı±øh¬ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ı±øh¬, ·±À˚˛ ·±À˚˛ ı±øh¬º ˘±˘˜±øÈ¬ı˛ Œ›˚˛±˘, ‡Àh¬ı˛‰¬±˘, Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û±À˙ ¬Û±fl¬± ı±øh¬› ’±ÀÂº Ó¬Àı Œ¸˝◊ ¤fl¬˝◊ fl¬Ô±, ˚Ó¬ ı±øh¬ Ó¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œıø˙˜øjı˛º Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ Œ¬Û±h¬± ˝“◊ÀÈ¬ı˛ ˘±˘ ·±À˚˛ ˜˝±fl¬±Àı…ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±º ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì › ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛fl¬±ø˝øÚº Œ¸˝◊ ¸À/ ¬Û≈ı˛±ÀÌı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ‰¬øı˛S, Ú±Ú± fl¬±ø˝øÚº ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ı˛±Ê±Àı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬’ı¶ö±ı˛ ’ıÚøÓ¬ı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ ı˛é¬Ì±Àıé¬ÀÌı˛ ’ˆ¬±Àı øÀÚ øÀÚ é¬˚˛ õ∂±l˝ÀÓ¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö±˚˛ Œ¬“ÛÃÀÂÀÂº5.2 ˜”˘…†5.2 ˜”˘…†5.2 ˜”˘…†5.2 ˜”˘…†5.2 ˜”˘…†

Value ı± ˜”˘… ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘ ¤ı— ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ¸À/ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ¬«Ú˙œ˘º¸—ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ˘é¬ ˝˘, Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú ¸•ÛÀı˛ &Ì˜±Ú ¤ı— ˜”˘…Àfl¬ ı˛é¬± fl¬ı˛± ¤ı—ˆ¬øı¯…» õ∂ÊÀiúı˛ ÊÚ… Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ¸˜¢∂Àfl¬ ’é¬Ó¬ ı˛±‡±º ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…˜øGÓ¬ ¶ö±Ú’ÀÚfl¬ ” … ¸—ı˛é¬Ì fl¬Àı˛ ı˛±À‡º øıøˆ¬iß ” …Àı±ÀÒı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ ı± ’Ú≈¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬‹øÓ¬˝…˜øGÓ¬ ¸•Û&ø˘ ¸—ı˛é¬ÌÀfl¬ Qı˛±øi§Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛º ¤fl¬˝◊ ¸À/ ¤˝◊ ˜”˘…Àı±Ò&ø˘øÍ¬fl¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ‹øÓ¬˝…˜øGÓ¬ ¶ö±ÚÀfl¬ ¸—ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬º ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…&ø˘ ¤Àé¬ÀS ı…øMêSê˜ Ú˚˛º øÚÀ•ß ¬Û˚«±˚˛SêÀ˜ ¤ øı¯˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝˘†

5.2.1. õ∂PÓ¬±øNfl¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.1. õ∂PÓ¬±øNfl¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.1. õ∂PÓ¬±øNfl¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.1. õ∂PÓ¬±øNfl¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.1. õ∂PÓ¬±øNfl¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ˜”˘…† ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ’±Í¬±Àı˛± ¤ı—Î¬◊øÚ˙ ˙Ó¬fl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ 70øÈ¬ı˛› Œıø˙ ˜øjı˛ ¸—ı˛é¬Ì fl¬Àı˛ ’±¸ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ ¤ı—˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ fl¬±èfl¬±˚«˜øGÓ¬ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ Ù¬˘fl¬&ø˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ ¤˝◊ ¤˘±fl¬±ı˛’±=ø˘fl¬ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸, ˜øjı˛ ø˙Àäı˛ SêÀ˜±iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ Ó¬Ô… › Î¬◊»¸ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Ê±Ú± ˚±˚˛º¤Â±h¬± ¤˝◊ ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…&ø˘ Ú±Úfl¬±ı˛ ¸±•⁄±ÀÊ…ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ÊœıÚ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬›’±ˆ¬±¸ Œ˚˛º ¤Â±h¬± ¤˝◊ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…&ø˘ ’±Í¬±Àı˛± Î¬◊øÚ˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ’ˆ¬…±¸› ı˛œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬› ’±˜±Àı˛ :±Ú õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛º ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ ‡ø‰¬Ó¬ ø˘ø¬Û&ø˘ qÒ≈˜±S˜øjı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛Àfl¬˝◊ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛ Ú±, Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¬ ¸˜˚˛fl¬±ı˛ı±—˘±, ¬Û±ø˘, ıË±p¬œ, ‡Àı˛±©Üœ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ˝ı˛Ù¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬› ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛º

Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú õ∂PøÚ˙«ÀÚı˛ Œ˚˜Ú ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬N·Ó¬ ˜”˘… ı± &èQ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ŒÓ¬˜øÚı˛À ˛ÀÂ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ &èQº ˜ ≈È¬œÀÓ¬ ’ıø¶öÓ¬ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œ˚¸ı ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ ø˙äfl¬± «ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Œ¸&ø˘ ’±=ø˘fl¬ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ øÚ˜«±ÀÌı˛ Î¬◊»¸ ø˝¸±Àı øıÀıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ’Ú…øÀfl¬ø˙ä‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸·Ó¬ Œ˚ Sê˜øıfl¬±˙, Ó¬±ı˛ ı˛+¬ÛÀı˛‡± øÚ˜«±ÀÌı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛˚ÀÔ©Ü &èQ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ’±ı˛ ¬Û”Àı«˝◊ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ¤fl¬¸˜˚˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸



õ∂ø¸X ¶ö±Ú øÂ˘º fl¬±ÀÊ˝◊ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ õ∂±‰≈¬˚« › ø˙ä ∆Ú¬Û≈ÀÚ…ı˛øı‰¬±Àı˛ ˜ ≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬±øNfl¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ” … ˚ÀÔ©Ü Œ·Ãı˛ı˜ ˛º

5.2.2 ∆˙øäfl¬ ¤ı— Ú±jøÚfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.2 ∆˙øäfl¬ ¤ı— Ú±jøÚfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.2 ∆˙øäfl¬ ¤ı— Ú±jøÚfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.2 ∆˙øäfl¬ ¤ı— Ú±jøÚfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.2 ∆˙øäfl¬ ¤ı— Ú±jøÚfl¬ ˜”˘…† ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…’ıø¶öÓ¬ Î¬◊B‰¬&Ì˜±ÀÚı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± Ù¬˘Àfl¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ∆˙øäfl¬ › Ú±jøÚfl¬ ˜”˘… Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº ı±—˘±ı˛ ’ôL-˜Ò…˚≈·œ˚˛ ¸˜À˚˛› ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝… ’ı…±˝Ó¬ øÂ˘ Ó¬± Œı±Á¬±˚±˚˛ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… fl¬˘±˚˛º Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ Ù¬˘Àfl¬ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ øıøˆ¬iß‘˙… Œ˚˜Ú ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì, fl‘¬¯û˘œ˘±ı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ø‰¬S±Ç¬Ú ¤ı—õ∂±Ìœfl≈¬˘ › Î¬◊øæfl”¬À˘ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ’ı¶ö±Ú&ø˘ı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ˚˛ ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¬ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛øıøˆ¬iß øıù´±¸ › ’ˆ¬…±À¸ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ı±—˘±ı˛ ’ôL…-˜Ò…˚≈·œ˚˛ fl¬±À˘ı˛ ¤˝◊øÚ˙«Ú&ø˘ Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛fl¬±ı˛ ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛ › ø˙äœÀı˛ ø˙ä¸M±ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¸±é¬œı˝Ú fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ, ˚± ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ø˙äfl¬˘±˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ø˙ä&ÀÌı˛ Œ|á¬Q õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº¤ ◊ ¸˜ ˛ ¤ ◊ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛ı˛± ı±—˘±ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ¶ö±ÀÚ ˜øjı˛ øÚ «±Ìfl¬±À « õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±Àı ’—˙¢∂˝Ìfl¬Àı˛ ˜øjı˛ øÚ «±ÀÌı˛ ¤ ◊ fl¬±˘¬Ûı«øÈ¬Àfl¬ ∆˙øäfl¬ é¬Ó¬±ı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ ˛ øı¬Û≈ ˆ¬±Àı ’˘—fl‘¬Ó¬› õ∂˙—¸Úœ˚˛ Î¬◊»fl¬¯«Ó¬± øıø˙©Ü ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¤fl¬ øı˙±˘ ˆ¬±G±ı˛ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛¸˜Àé¬ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº

ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…-ı˛œøÓ¬ı˛ ∆˙˘œ › ’˘—fl¬ı˛ÀÌı˛ øı‰¬±Àı˛ Œ˘±fl¬Ê∆˙øäfl¬ &Ì Œ˚˜Ú õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ Ó¬± ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ Ú±jøÚfl¬ &Ì¸•Ûiß,˜øjı˛ ·±ÀS ’ıø¶öÓ¬ ’·øÌÓ¬ Ù¬˘fl¬&ø˘ ¬Û «Àıé¬Ì fl¬ı˛À˘ ◊ Œ¸ ◊ Ú±jøÚfl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬ ˛¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˜øjı˛·±ÀSı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Ù¬˘Àfl¬ı˛ ‰¬Ó≈«¬øÀfl¬ ıÎ«¬±ı˛ ˚± ¸œ˜±Àı˛‡± Ô±fl¬±ı˛ Ù¬À˘¤&ø˘ Œ˚ õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… øÚ˜«±ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˝“◊È¬ Ó¬± ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ’¸≈øıÒ± ˝˚˛ Ú±ºÙ¬˘fl¬&ø˘ ŒÀ‡ Œı±Á¬± ˚± ˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Ù¬˘fl¬ øÚ «±Ìfl¬±À˘ Œ¸ ◊ Ù¬˘fl¬øÈ¬ Œfl¬±Ô± ˛ õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±¬ÛÚfl¬ı˛± ˝Àı ¤ı— ˙«Àfl¬ı˛± Œfl¬±Ô± ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ‡Àı Ó¬± øıÀı‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’˘—fl¬ı˛Ì ø˙äfl¬À˜«ı˛ Ú±jøÚfl¬ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’¬Ûı˛+¬Ûº

5.2.3. ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › fl¬±øı˛·ı˛œ ˜”˘…†5.2.3. ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › fl¬±øı˛·ı˛œ ˜”˘…†5.2.3. ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › fl¬±øı˛·ı˛œ ˜”˘…†5.2.3. ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › fl¬±øı˛·ı˛œ ˜”˘…†5.2.3. ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › fl¬±øı˛·ı˛œ ˜”˘…† Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ ’˘—fl¬ı˛Ì ¤ı— ˝“◊ÀÈ¬ı˛ı…ı˝±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ ¸˜¸˜À˚˛ı˛ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛ ø˙äœÀı˛ é¬Ó¬±ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¸±é¬œ ı˝Ú fl¬Àı˛øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ¤˝◊ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘º ¤˝◊ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ øÚ˜«±ÀÌı˛ õ∂Ò±ÚÎ¬◊¬Û±±Ú øÂ˘ ˝“◊È¬ ¤ı— ‰≈¬Úº ıø˝«ˆ¬±À· ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ øıøˆ¬iß Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ Ù¬˘fl¬,˚±ı˛ Ù¬˘¶§ı˛+¬Û ∆Ó¬ı˛œ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ Ú±Ú±Ú õ∂fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… ∆˙˘œı˛ ¸≈jı˛ ø˜|Ì ñ ˚± ¤˝◊¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’±˘±± ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ±Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ‰≈¬Ú ¸≈ı˛øfl¬ øÀ˚˛ ¬Û±Ó¬˘± ˝“◊È¬ Œ·“ÀÔ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ ∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬Ó¬± 60 ŒÔÀfl¬ 15 Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ı˛˜ÀÒ…º ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛ øS˙”À˘ı˛ ’±fl¬±Àı˛ ı<G ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ˜øjÀı˛ õ∂ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ¬ÛÔ



’Ó¬…ôL ŒÂ±È¬º ı˛Ê±ı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬Ó¬± ‰¬±ı˛ Ù≈¬È¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Û“±‰¬ Ù≈¬È¬ ¤ı— ‰¬›h¬± Œh¬ Ù≈¬È¬ ˜±Sº‰¬›h¬±-ı˛Ê± ’À¬Ûé¬± ŒÂ±È¬ ı˛Ê±˚˛ Œı-ŒÎ¬◊À˘ ˜Ú¸—À˚±· ¸˝Ê ˝Àı ¤ı— ŒÂ±È¬ı˛Ê±˚˛ ı±Ò… ˝À˚˛ ˜±Ô± øÚ‰≈¬ fl¬Àı˛ ˜øjÀı˛ õ∂Àı˙ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ¤˝◊ Œˆ¬Àı˝◊ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ı˛Ê±&ø˘Àfl¬ ŒÂ±È¬ ı˛±‡± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº 30 øÈ¬ı˛› Œıø˙ ˜øjı˛ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ ’±Ê› ’é¬Ó¬’ı¶ö± ˛ ¸À·Ãı˛Àı “±øh¬À ˛ ’±ÀÂ, ˚±ı˛ ¸•ú≈‡ˆ¬±· ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ı± Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ ’—˘fl¬ı˛ÀÌ¸≈¸ø#¬¬¬Ó¬º ŒÈ¬ı˛±fl¬±È¬± ’˘—fl¬ı˛Ì Z±ı˛± ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ ’/¸#¬¬¬± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº¤‡±ÀÚ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬±ı˛ Ù¬˘fl¬&ø˘ ¤Ó¬ Î¬◊B‰¬˜±ÀÚı˛ Œ˚, õ∂Ô˜ ÚÊÀı˛ ¤&ø˘Àfl¬¬Û±Ôı˛ ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝Àı ñ ˚± Î¬◊B‰¬˜±ÀÚı˛ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛œ é¬Ó¬±ı˛ øÚ˙«Ú ø˝¸±Àı Òı˛± ˚±˚˛º

5.2.4 Ò˜π˚˛ › ’±Ò…±øRfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.4 Ò˜π˚˛ › ’±Ò…±øRfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.4 Ò˜π˚˛ › ’±Ò…±øRfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.4 Ò˜π˚˛ › ’±Ò…±øRfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.4 Ò˜π˚˛ › ’±Ò…±øRfl¬ ˜”˘…† ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬±øNfl¬ ∆ıø˙À©Ü… ˆ¬ı˛± ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ÊÚ¸˜Àé¬ Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀı˛ÀÂ ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › ˆ¬±¶®˚«º ¬Û”Àı« ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ 108øÈ¬˜øjÀı˛˝◊ ¬Û”Ê± fl¬ı˛± ˝ÀÓ¬±º øfl¬c ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… 12øÈ¬ ˜øjÀı˛ ¤‡Ú› ¬Û”Ê±ı˛õ∂‰¬˘Ú ’±ÀÂº ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø˙ı ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ¸—‡…±˝◊ Œıø˙º ˜øjÀı˛˝◊ ø˙ıø˘À/ı˛ ’øô¶Qı˛À˚˛ÀÂ, Œfl¬±ÚÈ¬±ÀÓ¬ fl¬±À˘± ’±ı±ı˛ Œfl¬±ÚÈ¬±ÀÓ¬ ¸±±º ¸˜ô¶ ˜øjÀı˛˝◊ ø˙ıø˘À/ı˛ ¸±ÀÔŒ·Ãı˛œ¬Û±Í¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ø˙ıø˘/&ø˘ı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬Ó¬± 1-2 Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…º øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ ˜øjÀı˛ øÚÓ¬…¬Û”Ê± ˝˚˛ ’±ı˛ ø˙ıı˛±øSı˛ øÚ ¸˜ô¶ ˜øjÀı˛˝◊ ¬Û”Ê± fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛º ˜˘≈È¬œÀÓ¬ ¤ÀÓ¬± øı¬Û≈˘¸—‡…fl¬ ø˙ı˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÚı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ı˘± ˚±˚˛†

õ∂Ô˜Ó¬† ø˙ı ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… øıÀ˙¯ Œfl¬±Ú Ò˜π˚˛ ı˛œøÓ¬ ¬Û±˘ÀÚı˛õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ˝˚˛ Ú±º

øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬† ı˛±Ê ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ˜ø˝˘± ø˙Àıı˛ Ú±À˜ ˜øjı˛ Î¬◊»¸·«fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº

Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬† ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ ı˛±Ê&è·Ì ø˙¯… ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±˚˛ ∆˙ı-ø‰¬ôL± Ò±ı˛±ı˛ Ù¬˘¶§ı˛+¬Ûø˙¯…ø·Àfl¬ ’Ú… ˜øjı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± ø˙ı˜øjı˛ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˙øÀ˚˛ ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ fl¬±˙œÒ±À˜ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ é≈¬^ ¸—¶®ı˛Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº

¤Â±h¬± ˜˘≈È¬œÀÓ¬ ’±ı˛ Œ˚ ¸ı Œı-Œıœı˛± ¬Û”øÊÓ¬ ˝Ú Ó¬±ı˛± ˝À˘Ú† ≈·«±,fl¬±˘œ, ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ŒıÓ¬± Ò˜«ı˛±Ê õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± Œıœı˛ ˜øjı˛øÈ¬› ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜Àfl¬øıÀù´ı˛ ı˛ı±Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ±Ú fl¬øı˛À˚˛ÀÂº Ú±Úfl¬±ı˛ ı˛±Ê±ı˛± ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±À˜ ı˛±ÊÒ±Úœ ¶ö±¬ÛÚfl¬ı˛±ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ’±À· ŒÔÀfl¬ ◊ ˜ ≈È¬œÀÓ¬ Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± ˜±À ˛ı˛ ˜øjı˛øÈ¬ øÂ˘º ’Ó¬œÓ¬ ’Ú≈ g±Úfl¬ı˛À˘ Ê±Ú± ˚±˚˛ ı<˚±Úœ ŒıÃX Ó¬±øLafl¬·Ì Ó¬±Àı˛ Œ·±¬ÛÀÚ ¸±ÒÚ ˆ¬ÊÀÚı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙…¤˝◊ ¶ö±ÀÚ Œ˜Ãø˘é¬± Œıœı˛ ˜øjı˛øÈ¬ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¬Àı˛Úº ¤˝◊ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± ˜±Àfl¬ ıËÊ˚±Úœ ŒıÃXÀı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ Œıœ ıÀ˘˝◊ Ò±ı˛Ì± fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Œ˜Ã˘œé¬±ı˛



˜”øÓ«¬ı˛ ¸À/ ¬Û±Gı˛±ı˛ Œı˙ øfl¬Â≈È¬± ¸±‘˙… ˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º øÚfl¬È¬ıÓ¬π Ó¬±ı˛±¬ÛœÀÍ¬ı˛ Ú…±˚˛¤Ó¬È¬± õ∂‰¬±øı˛Ó¬ ø¸X¬ÛœÍ¬ Ú± ˝À˘› ¤˝◊ Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± ˜±À˚˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¤À¸ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸±Òfl¬Ó¬La¸±ÒÚ±˚˛ ø¸øX˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ·ÀÂÄ ¤˝◊ ’ÀÔ«˝◊ Œ˜Ãø˘é¬± Œıœı˛ ¬ÛœÍ¬› ø¸X¬ÛœÍ¬º ¤õ∂¸À/ Î¬◊À°‡… ¸±Òfl¬ ı±˜Àı Ó¬±ı˛±˜±À˚˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ø¸øX˘±Àˆ¬ı˛ ¬Û”Àı«˝◊ Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± ˜±À˚˛ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ ø¸øX˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛Úº

5.2.5 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.5 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.5 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.5 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.5 ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˜”˘…† ’ÀÚfl¬ õ∂Ô±·Ó¬ › ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ fl¬±Êfl¬˜« Ó¬Ô±’ˆ¬…±¸ ’±Ê› ¤ ◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ Ò±ı˛±ı±ø˝fl¬ˆ¬±Àı ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ı˛À ˛ÀÂ, ˚±ı˛ èÚ ¤ ◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬Ò˜π˚˛ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ¤ı— ¬Û≈ı˛±ÀÚ± õ∂Ô± › ¸•§ø˘Ó¬ Ó¬ÀÔ…ı˛ ˆ¬±G±ı˛ ¶§ı˛+¬Ûø˝¸±Àı øıÀı‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛º ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ’øÒı±¸œı˛± ’±Ê› ı±—˘±ı˛ Ú±Ú±Ú Ò˜π˚˛ ›¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ı˛œøÓ¬ ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¬ ÒÀı˛ Œı˛À‡ÀÂ øı˘≈l ˝ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˛øÚº

Ò˜π ˛ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ŒÓ¬± ıÀÈ¬ ◊, ¤Â±h¬± ŒÂ±È¬Ú±·¬Û≈ı˛ ˜±˘ ”¬ø˜ı˛ fl¬±Â±fl¬±øÂ ’ıø¶öÓ¬˝›˚˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ Œ¸Ãj˚« › Ò˜π˚˛ ¬Û˚«È¬ÀÚ ’±¸± ˜±Ú≈¯Àı˛ ’±fl¬ø¯«Ó¬fl¬Àı˛º ’ÀÚÀfl¬ ˝◊KÈ¬±ı˛ÀÚÀÈ¬ ˜˘≈È¬œı˛ øÚÊ¶§ ›À˚˛ı¸±˝◊ÀÈ¬ ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… ŒÀ‡’±¢∂˝œ ˝À˚˛ ¤ı— Ê±Ú±ı˛ ˝◊BÂ± øÚÀ˚˛ ¤‡±ÀÚ w˜Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’±À¸º øıÀ˙ ŒÔÀfl¬ ıU¬Û˚«È¬fl¬ ıUı±ı˛ ˜˘≈È¬œÀÓ¬ ¤À¸ÀÂº øıÀ˙¯ fl¬Àı˛ ’±À˜øı˛fl¬±, ˝◊—˘…±G › ÙË¬±k ñ ¤˝◊øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ Œ˙ ŒÔÀfl¬ ıU ¬Û˚«È¬fl¬ ıUı±ı˛ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤À¸ÀÂº ¤Â±h¬± fl¬±˘œ ¬Û”Ê±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛Œ˜Ã˘œé¬± ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ˜øjÀı˛ ıU ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ¸˜±·˜ ‚ÀÈ¬º

5.2.6. ’ı¶ö±Ú·Ó¬ øıÚ…±¸ › õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ‘˙…·Ó¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.6. ’ı¶ö±Ú·Ó¬ øıÚ…±¸ › õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ‘˙…·Ó¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.6. ’ı¶ö±Ú·Ó¬ øıÚ…±¸ › õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ‘˙…·Ó¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.6. ’ı¶ö±Ú·Ó¬ øıÚ…±¸ › õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ‘˙…·Ó¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.6. ’ı¶ö±Ú·Ó¬ øıÚ…±¸ › õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ‘˙…·Ó¬ ˜”˘…† ˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛øıÚ…±À¸ı˛ èÌ ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ ¤fl¬È¬± ’±˘±± ˜±S± õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ˜øjı˛&ø˘¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß õ∂±ÀôL ¤˜Úˆ¬±Àı øıÚ…ô¶ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚, ¤˝◊ ˜øjı˛&ø˘Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛± ¤fl¬Sœˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ‰¬‰«¬± › ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ fl¬±˚«fl¬˘±¬Û ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬fl¬Àı˛º ¤Â±h¬± õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ‘À˙…ı˛ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬› ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ Œı˙ øfl¬Â≈ ¸—‡…fl¬ ¬Û≈fl≈¬ı˛ ›Œ‡±˘±À˜˘± ‰¬±ı˛Ìˆ”¬ø˜ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ¤-¸ı˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ ¸±øı«fl¬ˆ¬±Àı ¤fl¬È¬± ’±˘±± ˜±S±õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜Àfl¬ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬, Ò˜π˚˛ › ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ ı˛œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±G±ı˛ ø˝¸±Àıø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

5.2.7. ·Àı¯Ì± › øı…±˚˛Ó¬øÚfl¬ ø˙é¬±·Ó¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.7. ·Àı¯Ì± › øı…±˚˛Ó¬øÚfl¬ ø˙é¬±·Ó¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.7. ·Àı¯Ì± › øı…±˚˛Ó¬øÚfl¬ ø˙é¬±·Ó¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.7. ·Àı¯Ì± › øı…±˚˛Ó¬øÚfl¬ ø˙é¬±·Ó¬ ˜”˘…†5.2.7. ·Àı¯Ì± › øı…±˚˛Ó¬øÚfl¬ ø˙é¬±·Ó¬ ˜”˘…† ˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ øıøˆ¬ißøı¯À˚˛ ·Àı¯Ì±ı˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¸≈À˚±· ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ, Œ˚˜Ú ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… fl¬˘±, ˆ¬±¶®˚«, ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬› Ò˜π˚˛ ı˛œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬º ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ı±—˘±ı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… øı¯˚˛fl¬ ·Àı¯Ì±ı˛’Ú…Ó¬˜ Ê±˚˛·±º ¤Â±h¬±› ¶ö±ÚøÈ¬ ı±—˘±ı˛ Î¬◊ißÓ¬˜±ÀÚı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛&èQ¬Û”Ì« Ó¬Ô… õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛, ˚± ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯Àı˛› ¸˝ÀÊ Œı±Ò·˜… ˝˚˛ ¤ı— ¤˝◊˜øjı˛&ø˘ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ı±—˘±ı˛ Œ˙œ˚˛ ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÀÓ¬…ı˛ SêÀ˜±iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ı…±‡…±¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º



Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†˜˘≈È¬œ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬ ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬øNfl¬ ∆ıø˙À©Ü… ˆ¬ı˛±º ˚Ô±Ô«ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ·Àı¯fl¬ı˛± ˜˘≈È¬œ

¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ Temple Village ı± ë˜øjı˛ ¢∂±˜í ø˝¸±Àı ’±‡…± øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº ¤fl¬¸À/¤ÀÓ¬±&À˘± ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ Ó¬œÔ«Àé¬S fl¬±˙œÒ±˜Àfl¬ ¶úı˛Ì fl¬øı˛À˚˛ Œ˚˛º ¤ÀÓ¬±Œıø˙ ∆ıø‰¬S…˜˚˛ ¢∂±˜ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«ı˛ ’±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ô±› ’±ÀÂ øfl¬Ú± ¸Àj˝ ’±ÀÂº ’±˙± fl¬ı˛±˚±˚˛ ˙œ‚Ë˝◊ World Haritage Fondation, ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ Heritage Village

ı˛+À¬Û ’±‡…± øÀÓ¬ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜Àfl¬º ¤˝◊ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ¬Û≈ı˛± Ó¬ÀNı˛·ˆ¬œı˛ Œ˚±· ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ¢∂±˜øÈ¬Àfl¬ ¸±øı«fl¬ øı‰¬±Àı˛ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬… ’=À˘ı˛ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛-¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… ’Ó¬…ôL &èQ¬Û”Ì«º Œ˘±fl¬-‹øÓ¬À˝…ı˛ øıø‰¬SÒ±ı˛± ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸Êœıˆ¬±Àı ı˝˜±Úº Ó¬Àı ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝… ¸˜˚˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ ¬Ûøı˛ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝ÀBÂ ¤ı— ¤˝◊’˜”˘… ¸•Û&ø˘ ı˛é¬Ì±Àıé¬Ì › ¸—ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛ ’ˆ¬±Àı Ú©Ü ˝À˚˛ ˚±ÀBÂ ñ ˚± ÒW—À¸ı˛˝±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ı˛é¬± fl¬ı˛± ‡≈ı˝◊ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ºÓ¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†1. ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, Œ·±¬Û±˘±¸, ı±ÀÊı˛ ıÀ˘ ı˛±Ê, ˝¯« ¤KÈ¬±ı˛õ∂±˝◊Ê, fl¬±©Ü·h¬±,

ıœı˛ˆ”¬˜, 2011, ¬Û‘á¬±† 100º2. ≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…± ˛, Œ·±¬Û±˘±¸, Ú±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜ ≈È¬œ, ˝ « ¤KÈ¬±ı˛õ∂± ◊Ê, fl¬±©Ü·h¬±, ıœı˛ ”¬˜,

2012, ¬Û‘á¬±† 19-25º3. ^©Üı… 1Ú—, ¬Û‘á¬±† 101º4. Mc Cutchion, David, Late Mediaval Temples of Bengal,

The Asiatic Society Monograph Services, Vol.- XX, Calcutta,

1972, Page: 9.

Ó¬Ô…±Ó¬±†Ó¬Ô…±Ó¬±†Ó¬Ô…±Ó¬±†Ó¬Ô…±Ó¬±†Ó¬Ô…±Ó¬±†1. Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ‰¬…±È¬±#¬¬¬π, ı˚˛¸† 55, ¢∂±˜ › Œ¬Û±† ˜˘≈È¬œ, Ô±Ú±† ø˙fl¬±ı˛œ¬Û±h¬±,

ŒÊ˘±† ≈˜fl¬±, Á¬±h¬‡Gº2. Úœ˘± ‰¬…±È¬±#¬¬¬π, ı˚˛¸† 80, ¢∂±˜ › Œ¬Û±† ˜˘≈È¬œ, Ô±Ú±† ø˙fl¬±ı˛œ¬Û±h¬±, ŒÊ˘±†

≈˜fl¬±, Á¬±h¬‡Gº3. ˝◊f±Úœ ‰¬…±È¬±#¬¬¬π, ı˚˛¸† 50, ¢∂±˜ › Œ¬Û±† ˜˘≈È¬œ, Ô±Ú±† ø˙fl¬±ı˛œ¬Û±h¬±, ŒÊ˘±†

≈˜fl¬±, Á¬±h¬‡Gº4. ¸?œı ı˛±˚˛, ı˚˛¸† 33, ¢∂±˜ › Œ¬Û±† ˜˘≈È¬œ, Ô±Ú±† ø˙fl¬±ı˛œ¬Û±h¬±, ŒÊ˘±†

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5. fl¬±˘œõ∂¸± ı˛±˚˛, ı˚˛¸† 66, ¢∂±˜ › Œ¬Û±† ˜˘≈È¬œ, Ô±Ú±† ø˙fl¬±ı˛œ¬Û±h¬±, ŒÊ˘±†≈˜fl¬±, Á¬±h¬‡Gº

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Ï¬±fl¬±, 1992ºŒ‚±¯, øıÚ˚˛, ¬Ûø˜ıÀ/ı˛ ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ï3˚˛ ‡Gó, õ∂fl¬±˙ ˆ¬ıÚ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1980ºŒ‚±¯, Úœ˝±ı˛ ïˆ¬±¯±ôLı˛ ˙±ù´Ó¬œ Œ‚±¯ › ·œÓ¬± øÚÀ˚˛±·œó, ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜øjı˛ ø˙ä ∆˙˘œ

ï’ôL ˜Ò…˚≈·ó, ’˜ı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2012ºŒ‚±¯, õ∂…», ı±—˘±ı˛ Œ˘±fl¬ø˙ä, ¬Û≈ô¶fl¬ øı¬ÛøÌ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2004º˜G˘, ¸≈Ê˚˛fl≈¬˜±ı˛, Œ˘±fl¬ø˙ä† Ó¬±øNfl¬ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬, ÚÈ¬Ú˜Àfl¬±˘fl¬±Ó¬±, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2011º≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…± ˛, øıÀÚ±øı˝±ı˛œ › ’Ú…±Ú… ï¸•Û±.ó, ¬Ûø˜ıÀ/ı˛ ˜øjı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬È¬± ïøZÓ¬± ˛

’—˙ó, ı/œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¬Ûøı˛¯, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1419º˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, Œ·±¬Û±˘±¸, ı±ÀÊı˛ ıÀ˘ ı˛±Ê, ˝¯« ¤KÈ¬±ı˛õ∂±˝◊Ê, fl¬±à¬·h¬±, ıœı˛ˆ”¬˜,

2011º≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…± ˛, Œ·±¬Û±˘±¸, Ú±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜ ≈È¬œ, ˝ « ¤KÈ¬±ı˛õ∂± ◊Ê, fl¬±à¬·h¬±, ıœı˛ ”¬˜, 2012º

ıÀj±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ’ø˜˚˛fl≈¬˜±ı˛, ı“±fl≈¬h¬±ı˛ ˜øjı˛, ø˙q ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸—¸ õ∂±– ø˘–, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±,2015º

ı¸≈, ¿˘±, › ’w ı¸≈, ı±—˘±ı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛ ’±‡…±Ú › ’˘—fl¬ı˛Ì, ø¸·ÀÚÈ¬Œõ∂¸, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2015º

ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ˙y≈, ¬Ûø˜ıÀ/ı˛ ˜øjı˛, ˜ÚÚ õ∂fl¬±˙Ú, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2009ºı˛±˚˛, õ∂Ìı, ı±—˘±ı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… › ˆ¬±¶®˚«, ¬Û”ı«±ø^ õ∂fl¬±˙Úœ, Œ˜øÚœ¬Û≈ı˛,

1999º‰¬SêıÓ¬π, ı˛Ó¬Ú˘±˘, ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ˜øjı˛, ı±—˘± ¤fl¬±ÀÎ¬˜œ, Ï¬±fl¬±º¸“±Ó¬ı˛±, Ó¬±ı˛±¬Û, ¬Ûø˜ı±—˘±ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬… ˜øjı˛ › ˜¸øÊ, ¬Ûø˜ı/ ı±—˘±

¤fl¬±À˜œ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1998º¸±Ú…±˘, ø˝ÀÓ¬˙ı˛?Ú, ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜øjı˛, fl¬±øı˛·ı˛ õ∂fl¬±˙Úœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2015ºBandyopadhyay, Sukhamay, Temples of Birbhum, B.R. Publishing

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1953.



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¬ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¬±†¬ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¬±†¬ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¬±†¬ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¬±†¬ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¬±†M, ıèÌ, ëfl¬±˘œ¬Û”Ê±ı˛ ˜˘≈È¬œ ˙«Úí, ¸±l±ø˝fl¬ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú, 22 ’À"±ıı˛, 2011º’Ú≈·Àı¯Ì±¬ÛS†’Ú≈·Àı¯Ì±¬ÛS†’Ú≈·Àı¯Ì±¬ÛS†’Ú≈·Àı¯Ì±¬ÛS†’Ú≈·Àı¯Ì±¬ÛS†˜≈‡±#¬¬¬π, Ó¬Ú˚˛±, ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ŒÈ¬ı˛±Àfl¬±È¬± ˜øjı˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…† ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬±øNfl¬ ’Ài§¯Ì,

Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ øıˆ¬±·, fl¬˘…±Ìœ øıù´øı…±˘˚˛, fl¬˘…±Ìœ, 2012ºReport/õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ†õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ†õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ†õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ†õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ†The Terracotta Temples of Maluti : A Consurvation Report,

Abhawarain Lambah Associates, Global Heritage Find, PaloAlto, March, 2001, Reprint from : ghn.globalheritagefund.com, viewed on 04.04.2015,

›À˚˛ı¸±˝◊È¬†›À˚˛ı¸±˝◊È¬†›À˚˛ı¸±˝◊È¬†›À˚˛ı¸±˝◊È¬†›À˚˛ı¸±˝◊È¬†The Terracotta Temples of Maluti : A consurvation Report, Abouwww.Malui.com, Viewed on 15-07-2015www. Maluti. Org Viewed on 15-07-2015https\\rangandutta. Wordpress.com Viewed on 11-06-2015timesofindia.indiatimes.com\city\Terracotta-temples-of-malui-to-be-

part-of-R-day-tableau\articleshow Viewed on 27-01-2015www.anlassociates.com\projects\monuments Viewed on 03-03-2015https:\\rangandatta.wordpress.com Viewed on 01-08-2015globalheritagefund.org\onthewire\taglist Viewed on 04-01-2015



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¸ÀÔ« ¤fl¬ øı ”Iˇ ≈À·ı˛ øıw±ôL fl¬øı ÊœıÚ±Új ±˙º ı±—˘± fl¬±Àı… ÊœıÚ±ÚÀjı˛’±øıˆ¬«±ı ˘¢üøÈ¬, ¸˜˚˛-¸˜±Ê › fl¬±˘·Ó¬ Œ¶Û¸øÈ¬ ıh¬˝◊ øıw±øôL ¸”‰¬fl¬ øÂ˘º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬fl¬øıÀı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬±Àı… ’ÀÚfl¬ Œıø˙-Œıø˙ fl¬Àı˛ ˚≈À·ı˛ ¸—˙˚˛œ ˜±Úı±R±ı˛ é¬Ó¬-øıé¬Ó¬ ı˛Mê±Mê ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛øÈ¬ Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº ˜±Úı±R±ı˛ ı˛Mê é¬ı˛ÀÌı˛ øıø˙©Ü › ıø˘á¬õ∂fl¬±˙ ¬Ûı˛¬Ûı˛ ≈ÀÈ¬± øıù´˚≈Xº Ó¬±ı˛ ÒW—¸ - øıˆ¬»¸Ó¬±, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±˚˛ øı˜±Ú ’±Sê˜Ì,¤À˙œ˚˛ ¬Ûı˛±ÒœÚÓ¬±, Ó¬œıË ˜≈øMê ¸—¢∂±˜, ±/±, ˜i§ôLı˛ ñ ¸˜ô¶ øfl¬Â≈˝◊ ı/À˙œ˚˛ÊÚÊœıÀÚ › ¸˜±ÀÊ õ∂ı˘ ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ Œ˝ÀÚøÂ˘º ¬Û±Àå øÀ˚˛øÂ˘ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬øıÚ…±¸Àfl¬º Ù¬À˘ øı¬Û˚«ô¶ ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬øÂ˘ ˜±ÚÀıı˛ ˜Ú › ˜ÚÚº øıw±ôL ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬øÂ˘¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ˜±ÚÀıı˛ ø¶öøÓ¬õ∂±ÌÓ¬±º Œ¸ ˜±Úı ŒÓ¬˜Ú ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ÀÓ¬, øÚÀÊı˛ ’øô¶ÀQı˛’±˝◊ÀÎ¬ÚøÈ¬øÈ¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü Œ‰¬±‡ Ó≈¬À˘ Ó¬±øfl¬À˚˛ Œ¸˝◊ fl¬±À˘ ‡≈“ÀÊ ¬Û±˚˛øÚ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øıù´±À¸ı˛ÒËn∏ıÓ¬±ı˛±º ˚≈À·ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ øı˜”Iˇ - øıw±øôLı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ˜±Úı±R±ı˛ ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ı±Ìœ-ıjÚ±˚˛ ˜≈‡ı˛ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ëıÚ˘Ó¬±À¸Úí fl¬øıÓ¬±øÈ¬º

˝“…±, ’ôLı«˚˛Àı ëıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Úí fl¬øıÓ¬±øÈ¬ ¸ÀÔ«˝◊ ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬±º˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú± ı± Œõ∂˜À‰¬Ó¬Ú± ı± õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬À‰¬Ó¬Ú± Œ¸˝◊ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ ı±˝fl¬ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú˜±Sº ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯Ì ¤˝◊ fl¬øıÓ¬±˚˛ ≈ÀÈ¬± ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ‰¬øı˛S ≈øÈ¬ı˛¸À/ ¸•Û‘Mê ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬±ø˝øÚı˛ ’ı˚˛ı Œı˛‡±º fl¬øıÓ¬±˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ fl¬±Àı…±¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ŒÂ“±˚˛±º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ≈øÈ¬ ‰¬øı˛S Œ˚Ú ≈øÈ¬ ¶§Ó¬La ¸jÀˆ«¬ı˛ ø˙±†fl¬. fl¬øı Ú±˚˛fl¬ ¶§˚˛—º ø˚øÚ ’Ó‘¬l ˝+À˚˛ı˛º ø˚øÚ flv¬±ôL õ∂±Ìº ø˚øÚ ÊœıÀÚı˛

¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ ¬ÛÀÔı˛ ¬ÛøÔfl¬º ø˚øÚ ˝±Ê±ı˛ ıÂı˛ ÒÀı˛ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ¬Û‰¬±ı˛Ì±fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ ¸Ó¬…-¶§ı˛+À¬Ûı˛ ¸g±ÀÚº ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸À˘±fl¬-‹øÓ¬˝…À˘±fl¬-øÚ¸·«À˘±Àfl¬øıw±ôL-øı˜”Iˇ ˚≈À·ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ˜±Úıœı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±˜±Ú…Ó¬˜ ˝À˘› ‡≈“ÀÊŒ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº

‡. ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Úº ø˚øÚ ı…øMê ˝À˚˛› ∆Úı…øMêfl¬º ø˚øÚ ’±˙± › ’±À˚«ı˛ Œfl¬føıj≈º ø˚øÚ ¸≈Ò± › Œ¸ÃjÀ˚«ı˛ Î¬◊ÀZ±Òfl¬º ˚±ı˛ ˜≈À‡ |±ıô¶œı˛ fl¬±èfl¬±˚«, ‰≈¬À˘øıø˙±ı˛ øÚ˙±, Œ‰¬±À‡ ¬Û±ø‡ı˛ ÚœÀh¬ı˛ ’±˙±-’±ù´±¸-’±fl¬±„é¬±º ø˚øÚ flv¬±ôLõ∂±Ì fl¬øı-Ú±˚˛fl¬Àfl¬ ø‰¬ı˛fl¬±˘œÚ Ú± ˝À˘› ≈íÀ`¬ı˛ ˙±øôL øÀ˚˛øÂ˘À˘Úº



Œ˚ ’øÚÀ«˙… ˜±Úøıfl¬ øıÀé¬±ˆ¬, ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ ¬Ûøı˛Ì±˜˝œÚ ÊœıÚ ’øˆ¬¸±ı˛ ¤ı— õ∂Ó¬…˚˛Œfl¬f‰≈¬…Ó¬ ∆Úı˛±˙…-˝Ó¬±˙±-¸—˙ ˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ fl¬øıÓ¬±ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ∆ıø˙©Ü… ñ Ó¬± ÊœıÚ±ÚÀjı˛fl¬øıÓ¬±ı˛ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì Ò˜«º Ó¬Àı Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬± qÒ≈˜±S ˝Ó¬±˙±-∆Úı˛±À˙… Œ˙¯ ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛øÚº˝Ó¬±˙± fl¬±øÈ¬À˚˛ ’±˙±ı±Àı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬±ı˛ Î¬◊Mı˛Ì ÊœıÚ±ÚjÀfl¬ øıø˙©Ü fl¬Àı˛ÀÂºÓ¬± ◊ ŒÓ¬± fl¬øı-Ú± ˛fl¬ øı¬Û «ô¶ ÊœıÚ-’øô¶ÀQı˛ ¸j «¬øıj≈, ’±ı˛ ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸ ◊ øı¬Û «À ˛ı˛˜ÀÒ…› øfl¬Â≈È¬± øıù´±À¸ı˛ ÒËn∏ıÀ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ¸jˆ«¬øıj≈º ¤˝◊ ≈˝◊ ¸jˆ«¬øıj≈ ˚Ô±Ô«ˆ¬±Àı ›ı˛+À¬Û ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Œfl¬Àf ø˜˘À˘ Ó¬Àı˝◊ ˜±Úı-’øô¶ÀQı˛ Êiú-ø‰¬˝êøÈ¬ ‡≈“ÀÊ ŒÚ›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ºøfl¬c fl¬øıÓ¬±˚˛ Ó¬± ¸yı ˝˚˛øÚº Œfl¬ÚÚ±, fl¬øıÓ¬±ı˛ Œ˙À¯ Œ¸˝◊ ı±ø>Ó¬ ø˜˘ÚøÈ¬ Œ˚ˆ¬±ÀııøÌ«Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Ó¬± é¬øÌfl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ø‰¬˝ê-˚≈Mêñ

ëë¸ı ¬Û±ø‡ ‚Àı˛ ’±À¸ ñ ¸ı Úœ ñ Ù≈¬ı˛±˚˛ ¤-ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸ı Œ˘ÚÀÚÄÔ±Àfl¬ qÒ≈ ’g¬fl¬±ı˛, ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ ıø¸ı±ı˛ ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Úºíí

ø˚øÚ ¸Ó¬… ’øô¶ÀQı˛ ¸g±ÀÚ ˝±Ê±ı˛ ıÂı˛ ÒÀı˛, ı…±¬Ûfl¬ ’ÀÔ« ¸±ı˛±ÊœıÚ ÒÀı˛ ¬ÛÔ˝“±È¬ÀÂÚ ñ øÓ¬øÚ ıÚ˘Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¬Û”Ì« Ó‘¬øl Œ¬ÛÀ˘Ú Ú±, Œ¬ÛÀ˘Ú é¬øÌfl¬ë˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ ıø¸ı±ı˛í øı|±˜º ’Ô«±» ı¸±ı˛ Œ˙À¯ ’±ı±ı˛ ˝“±È¬±ı˛, ’±ı±ı˛ ’Ài§¯ÀÌı˛˝◊ø/Ó¬øÈ¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸≈¶Û©Üº ¤˝◊ é¬øÌfl¬ ’øô¶ÀQı˛ ˝◊ø/Ó¬øÈ¬ fl¬øıÓ¬±ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ’Ú≈ÀBÂÀı˛Œ˙À¯› ıÓ«¬˜±Úº Œ¸‡±ÀÚ fl¬øı Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛, ø˚øÚ ¸Ó¬… ‡≈“ÊÀÂÚ Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜≈À‡ ¶§œfl¬±Àı˛±øMêı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ñ øÓ¬øÚ ˜±S ≈í`¬ ˙±øôL Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ†

ëë’±ø˜ flv¬±ôL õ∂±Ì ¤fl¬, ‰¬±øı˛øÀfl¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸˜≈^ ¸ÀÙ¬Ú,’±˜±Àı˛ ≈-ôL ˙±øôL øÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘± Ú±ÀÈ¬±Àı˛ı˛ ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Úºíí

fl¬øı Ú±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛, fl¬øıı˛› ¤˝◊ Œı±Ò ˚Ô±Ô«º Œfl¬ÚÚ±, øıw±øôLı˛ fl¬±À˘ øı¬Û˚«ô¶ ˜±Úø¸fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ÊÍ¬Àı˛ ı±¸ fl¬Àı˛ fl¬‡ÀÚ± ˜±ÚıÓ¬±ı˛ ¬Û”Ì« ’øô¶QÀfl¬, Ó¬±ı˛ ¶§ı˛+¬ÛÀfl¬ ‡≈“ÀÊ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛Ú±º fl¬±À˘ı˛ Œ¬Û±fl¬±ı˛± ï±/±-˜i§ôLı˛-˚≈X-ıœˆ¬»¸Ó¬±ó Ó¬±ı˛ ¸Ó¬…-’øô¶QÀfl¬ ¢∂±¸ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ô±Àfl¬ ’øıı˛Ó¬º Ó¬±˝◊ÀÓ¬± ıÚ˘Ó¬± ¬Û”Ì« ˙±øôLı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ı˛+¬Û ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº Œõ∂À˜ı˛Œfl¬f èÀ¬Û Œ¸ qÒ≈ ˝±˘-ˆ¬±/± Ú±øıÀfl¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¸ı≈Ê ZœÀ¬Ûı˛ ø˙± Œ‡±˚˛ ñ Œ¸˝◊ZœÀ¬Ûı˛ ı±ø¸j± fl¬±Àı˛± ¬Û”Ì« ˙±øôL Œ˚˛ Ú±º Œfl¬ÚÚ±, øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ õ∂Ô˜ øÓ¬Ú-‰¬±ı˛øÈ¬˙Àfl¬ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ’Ài§¯Ì fl¬ı˛À˘ Ê±Ú± ˚±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú ˚≈X-˜i§ôLı˛-±/±-fl¬±À˘±ı±Ê±ı˛œ-Œıfl¬±ı˛Q ¸˜±Ê › ı˛±©ÜòÀfl¬ ’ø¶öı˛ fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬À˘øÂ˘º ¬Ûı˛±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ŒıÚ± ’±ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛¸≈Ó¬œıË ’±fl¬±„é¬± ¤˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ¸ı Œ‰¬À˚˛ ıh¬ ‚È¬Ú± ñ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ¤˝◊ ı˛±é¬¸œ Œı˘±˚˛’±ı˛ ı±ô¶Àıı˛ ı˛MêÓ¬ÀÈ¬ ÊœıÚ±ÚÀjı˛ ’±·˜Úº Ù¬˘Ó¬– fl¬øıÓ¬±˚˛ ’Ài§¯fl¬ ˜±Ú≈¯øÈ¬Àfl¬ë’±¬ÛøÚí ¸À•§±ÒÚ fl¬Àı˛˝◊ ıÚ˘Ó¬± Ó¬±ı˛ ’±ˆ¬±¸ñŒ˚˛†



ëë... ıÀ˘ÀÂ Œ¸, ë¤Ó¬øÚ Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ øÂÀ˘Úí∑¬Û±ø‡ı˛ ÚœÀh¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Œ‰¬±‡ Ó≈¬À˘ Ú±ÀÈ¬±Àı˛ı˛ ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Úºíí

¸ÀÔ« ıÚ˘Ó¬± ˚ø ø‰¬ı˛ôLÚ Œõ∂ø˜fl¬± ˝Ó¬, ˚ø ù´±¶§Ó¬ Œõ∂À˜ı˛ Œfl¬f ˝Ó¬, Ó¬Àı ¤˝◊’¬Ûøı˛‰¬À˚˛ı˛ ı…ıÒ±ÚÀfl¬ ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛Ó¬ Ú±º ¤˝◊ ’¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛˝◊ ı≈øÁ¬À˚˛ Œ˚˛ øÚÂfl¬ Œõ∂À˜ı˛fl¬øıÓ¬± ø˝¸±Àı ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Ú ¸±Ô«fl¬ Ú˚˛º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ › õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ ˚≈Mê ˝À˚˛ ı…øMêı˛Œõ∂˜ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±ı˛ ÚÊı˛ Œ¬Ûøı˛À˚˛ fl¬øıÓ¬±øÈ¬ ı±ô¶ı ¸•úÓ¬ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ ÊœıÚ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ fl¬øıÓ¬±º ¬Û±ø‡ı˛ Úœh¬ ıÚ˘Ó¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ¸À/ Î¬◊¬Ûø˜Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ ’±˙±-’±ù´±À¸ı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ Œ˚ÃÚÓ¬±ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬øÈ¬Àfl¬› ’±ˆ¬±ø¸Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛º Œfl¬ÚÚ±, ¸˜ô¶ øÀÚı˛Œ˙À¯ ÚœÀh¬ øÙ¬Àı˛ ¬Û±ø‡-¬Û±ø‡Úœ ÊœıÚ-¸•Ûfl¬π˚˛ ¸ıı˛fl¬˜ ›˜-˝◊ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬º flv¬±ôLõ∂±Ì Ú±˚˛fl¬øÈ¬, Œ¸˝◊ ¸ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ø˙± ıÚ˘Ó¬±˚˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ˘, øfl¬c ıÚ˘Ó¬± ≈í`¬ ˙±øôL øÀ˚˛˝◊|±øôL ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛˘º ıÚ˘Ó¬±ı˛ ¤ ’±‰¬ı˛Ì ˚Ô±Ô«º Œ˚ øıw±øôLfl¬±À˘ ÊœıÚ±Új ıÚ˘Ó¬±Àfl¬¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Ó¬± ‡ø`¬Ó¬º ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸˝◊ ‡`¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ”¬º

ëıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Úí fl¬øıÓ¬±øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ÊœıÚ ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯ÀÌı˛ fl¬Ô± ı…Mê Ó¬± fl¬±À˘ı˛-˚≈À·ı˛ ¸•Û‘øMêÀÓ¬ ˜≈‡ı˛º Œ˚ fl¬±À˘ ’±Ô«-∆ı¯À˜…ı˛ ŒÊ±Àı˛ Úœ˘±˜ ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ Œõ∂ø˜fl¬±Ú±ı˛œ, Œ¸˝◊ fl¬±À˘ı˛ ˜˜« Î¬◊Àiú±‰¬ÀÚ ıÀ¸ fl¬øı ÊœıÚ±Új ıÚ˘Ó¬± › ¸Ó¬…±Ài§¯Àfl¬ı˛Êı±ÚœÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ÊœıÚˆ¬±¯… ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛À˘Ú Ó¬± øıw±ôL ˚≈À·ı˛ øı˜”Iˇ › ı˛Mê±R ¸ÀÓ¬…ı˛˝◊õ∂øÓ¬ı˛+¬Ûº ˝◊øÓ¬˝±À¸ı˛ Ò±À¬Û Ò±À¬Û› øÂ˘ Œ¸˝◊ ‡ø`¬Ó¬ ÊœıÚ ’øô¶Qº øÂ˘ ø˜˙Àı˛,ø¸—˝À˘, |±ıô¶œÀÓ¬, øıÀˆ«¬, øıø•§¸±ı˛ ’À˙±Àfl¬ı˛ Ò”¸ı˛ Ê·ÀÓ¬º œ‚« øÀÚı˛ ’Ài§¯ÀÌfl¬øı-Ú±˚˛fl¬ Œ¸˝◊ ¸Ó¬… Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº Ù¬À˘ ‡ø`¬Ó¬ ıÚ˘Ó¬±ı˛ ‡ø`¬Ó¬ ˙±øôL˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ ‰¬ı˛˜Ó¬˜ ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸˜ô¶ Œ˘ÚÀÀÚı˛ Œ˙À¯ Ó¬±˝◊ Œ¸ ÚÓ≈¬Ú¬Û±`≈¬ø˘ø¬Û ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˛ Ó¬±ø· ’Ú≈ˆ¬ı fl¬Àı˛º Œ¸˝◊ ¬Û±`≈¬ø˘ø¬ÛÀÓ¬ ’øÇ¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ¤˝◊ ¸Ó¬… ñ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸ı ø˙fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› Œı“À‰¬ Ô±Àfl¬ ıÚ˘Ó¬±, Ó¬±ı˛ ≈íôL ˙±øôL, Œõ∂˜Ä Œõ∂À˜ı˛ÊÚ… ŒÊ±Ú±øfl¬ - ı˛À„ı˛ øÁ¬˘ø˜˘ ¸M±&À˘±º ı…±‡…± ˚±˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬ Ú± Œfl¬Ú, ‰¬±ı˛-¬Û=˜±—˙˙Ó¬±sœ ’±À· ëıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Úí ı˛ıœÀf±Mı˛ ı±—˘± fl¬øıÓ¬±Àfl¬ ¶§œfl‘¬øÓ¬ ±Ú fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘º ¤˝◊fl¬øıÓ¬± øÀ˚˛ ı±—˘± fl¬±Àı…ı˛ Œ˜±h¬ Œ‚±ı˛±, ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π ’±È¬ ˙fl¬ ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œfl¬±Ú› ıh¬ı“±Àfl¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˝ ˛ Œ‡± Œ˜À˘øÚº ’Ó¬¤ı ı˛ıœÀf±Mı˛ ≈À·ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Œ|á¬ fl¬øı ÊœıÚ±Új±˙ øıı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ëıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Úí -¤ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝… ’Ú≈¸ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛˝◊ ı±—˘± fl¬±Àı…ı˛ ¤‡Ú› ¬ÛÔ-¬Ûøı˛Sê˜±º¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—À˚±ÊÚ†¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—À˚±ÊÚ†¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—À˚±ÊÚ†¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—À˚±ÊÚ†¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—À˚±ÊÚ†

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˜±ÀÁ¬-˜±ÀÁ¬ øÚıÓ«¬fl¬ ’±˝◊ÀÚ ıøjı˛± Œfl¬ Œfl¬±Ú fl¬±ı˛±·±Àı˛ ’±ÀÂÚ ı± Œfl¬±Úƒ ŒÊ˘ ŒÔÀfl¬Œfl¬±Úƒ ŒÊÀ˘ ¶ö±Ú±ôLøı˛Ó¬ ˝À˘Ú, Œ¸-¸˜ô¶ ‡ıı˛ ŒıÀı˛±Ó¬º ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± 1932 ¸±˘ ˝Àı,Ú˚˛ÀÓ¬± Ó¬±ı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ ıÂı˛, ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ¸Ú Ú±iúœ ¤fl¬ ı˛±ÊıøjÚœ ı˛±Ê˙±ø˝ ŒÊÀ˘ ’±ÀÂÚ,‡ıı˛È¬± Ó“¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ ¬ÛÀh¬øÂ˘, ı˛±Ê˙±ø˝ ŒÔÀfl¬ Ú±ÀÈ¬±ı˛ ŒÓ¬± ¤fl¬ ø‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÔº ˝◊øÓ¬ı‘ÀMı˛¤‡±ÀÚ˝◊ Œ˙¯º õ∂±flƒ¬-¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ˚≈À· ı˛±ÊıøjÚœ Œ¸˝◊ ˜ø˝˘± ¬ÛÀı˛ ·øÌÀÓ¬ı˛ ’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬±˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊ› ¬Ûøh¬À˚˛ÀÂÚº øıı±À˝±Mı˛ ¬ÛÀı« ’Ú… ¬Ûıœ ı…ı˝±ı˛fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú, Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ¸±˜±Ú… ’±˘±¬Û ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º ˆ¬ı…Ó¬±ı˙Ó¬˝◊ øÊÀ:¸ fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛øÚ øÓ¬øÚfl¬øıÓ¬±øÈ¬ı˛ ¸À/ ’±ÀÃ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ øfl¬Ú±º øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ ı˛˝¸…Àfl¬ ’gfl¬±Àı˛ ŒÏ¬Àfl¬ ı˛±‡±˝◊¸yıÓ¬ Œ|˚˛ºííŸ¬Ì ¶§œfl¬±ı˛†Ÿ¬Ì ¶§œfl¬±ı˛†Ÿ¬Ì ¶§œfl¬±ı˛†Ÿ¬Ì ¶§œfl¬±ı˛†Ÿ¬Ì ¶§œfl¬±ı˛†1. Œ˙ ¬ÛøSfl¬±º2. ’±Újı±Ê±ı˛ ¬ÛøSfl¬±º3. ¿˜Ó¬œ ˜±Ú± ·±À˚˛Úº4. ¿˜Ó¬œ ı¸≈˜Ó¬œ ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛º5. ¶§õüZœ¬Û ˜`¬˘º6. õ∂ˆ¬±Ó¬fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ±¸º






U÷±ûþÓò Õ±ýË÷ð - ßÂï±ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ÛßÂÕ›¶¿îÂZeÏ ßÂ±¿õþáõþ

’±ø˜Ú± ‡±Ó≈¬Ú

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ˆ¬±·…‰¬ÀSê ı±—˘±ı˛ ı≈Àfl¬ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ ı˛Mêé¬ı˛Ì - ¤fl¬øÚ ı≈Àfl¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛¸œ˜±ÀôLı˛ õ∂±‰¬œı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ ≈øÈ¬ ı±—˘±ı˛ Ó¬Ô± ¬Û”ı«ı/ › ¬Ûø˜ıÀ/ı˛ ¸‘ø©ÜÄ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ Œ˙øıˆ¬±ÊÀÚı˛ ı˛Mê±Mê ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ˚˛ ¬Û”ı«-¬Û±øfl¬¶ö±ÀÚı˛ Êiúº Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’±ı±ı˛ı˛Mêé¬ı˛Ì - ˆ¬±¯± ’±Àj±˘Ú, ’·øÌÓ¬ ±˜±˘Àı˛ øÚ–¶§±Ô« ’±RÓ¬…±À·ı˛ øıøÚ˜À ˛ 1971-¤ı˛ øÎ¬À¸•§Àı˛ ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ Êiúº ¸À/ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ˆ¬±¯±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ ’±R¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ Ó¬Ô±



¶§±øˆ¬˜±ÀÚı˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¬ ı˛+À¬Û ’±ôLÊ«±øÓ¬fl¬ ô¶Àı˛ ¬ÛÓ¬±fl¬± Î¬◊ÀM±˘Ú, ˚± ¸˜¢∂ ı±/±˘œ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ ıh¬ Œ·Ãı˛Àıı˛ øı¯˚˛º ¤˝◊ ı˛Mêé¬ı˛Ì Œfl¬ı˘ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øÚø«©Ü Œˆ¬Ã·ø˘fl¬ ¸œ˜±ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬¸œ˜±ıX øÂ˘ Ú±º õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ˚LaÌ± ’±˜±Àı˛ ≈íÀÀ˙ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬˝◊ fl“¬±øÀ˚˛ÀÂº fl¬±ı˛Ì’±˜±Àı˛ ˆ¬±¯± ¤fl¬, Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ Œ˜˙± ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ı≈Àfl¬ı˛ ·g, ¶§±, ˜±˚˛±, ’±fl¬¯«Ì, øÚøıh¬Ó¬±,’±øRfl¬ È¬±Ú - ¸ı ¤fl¬º ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸≈‡-≈–À‡ı˛, ø˜˘Ú-øıı˛À˝ı˛, ˆ¬±˘ı±¸± -˚LaÌ±ı˛õ∂fl¬±˙› Œ˚ ¤fl¬º øfl¬c ’±Ê ’æ≥Ó¬ ¤fl¬ øÚ˚˛øÓ¬ - ’±˜ı˛± Œ¸˝◊ ¤fl¬˝◊ ˆ¬±¯± ¸±ø˝Ó¬…,·…Àfl¬ ≈˝◊ ˆ¬±øıº ¸œ˜±ÀôLı˛ õ∂±‰¬œı˛ ’±Ê ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜ÀÚ›º ’±¸À˘ ¤˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛˝±¸øıÀıÀfl¬ı˛, ’±ı˛ ¤˝◊ øıÀıfl¬Àfl¬ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÂ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¬ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸, ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬,’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ’ı¶ö±, Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—fl¬œÌ«Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± øfl¬Â≈ Ó≈¬BÂ øı¯˚˛º øfl¬c ’±˜ı˛± øfl¬ ’±˜±Àı˛˝+»ø¬ÛGÀfl¬ ≈íÈ≈¬fl¬Àı˛± fl¬Àı˛ øıøBÂiß ˆ¬±Àı øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛∑ ¬Û±øı˛ Ú±, ’±ı˛ Ó¬± ¸yı›Ú˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊ Œ˙ øıˆ¬±ÊÀÚı˛ øÚá≈¬ı˛ ı±ô¶ıÀfl¬ Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀ˚˛, øˆ¬iß ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬-¸±˜±øÊfl¬Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬Àfl¬ ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀ˚˛› ’±˜ı˛± Œfl¬±Ô±› ¤fl¬ ¸”ÀS ı“±Ò± ı˛À˚˛ Œ·øÂÄ ’±ı˛Œ¸øÈ¬ ˝˘ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øı˙±˘ øıô¶‘Ó¬ õ∂±ôLÀı˛ ˆ¬±¯±ı˛ ı“±ÒÀÚº

‡±Ó¬± fl¬˘À˜ ¸œ˜±ıX ¬Û”ı«-¬Û±øfl¬¶ö±ÀÚı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ı±—˘±À˙œ Œ˘‡fl¬ ø˝À¸Àı ˚“±ı˛Ú±˜ øÓ¬øÚ ˝À˘Ú ˜œı˛ Œ˜±˙±ı˛Ù¬ Œ˝±À¸Úº Ó“¬±ı˛ Œ˘‡± ëøı¯±ø¸g≈¬í õ∂‰¬±Àı˛ › ‡…±øÓ¬ÀÓ¬õ∂ı± ˝À˚˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ fl¬Ô±¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˜˚«±±˚˛ ¸˜¢∂ ı±/±ø˘ı˛ ˝+À˚˛º õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û±fl¬-ı±—˘±˚˛ø˘ø‡Ó¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ ˝˘ ë’±ÀÚ±˚˛±ı˛±íº ’ÀÚfl¬ Sn∏øÈ¬ ’±ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ±À¯ ≈©Ü ˝À˘› õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬õ∂˚˛±¸ ı˛+À¬Û ¤˝◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸øÈ¬ı˛ &èQ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬Àı ¤˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ ı±—˘±ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¸‘ÊÚÒ˜π ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ˜≈Mê ø˙Àäı˛ ’±Újı˛¸ ’±¶§±ÀÚ ıh¬ ı±Ò±øÂ˘ Œ˘‡±ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ’±h¬©ÜÓ¬±, ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ¸˜fl¬±˘œÚ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ÊøÈ¬˘Ó¬± Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú fl¬±ı˛ÌºÓ¬Àı 1972-¤ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ÊÀiúı˛ ¬Ûı˛ Œ¸ ŒÀ˙ı˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ¤fl¬øı˙±˘ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ŒÙ¬ıËn∏˚˛±øı˛ı˛ ˆ¬±¯± ’±Àj±˘Ú Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜±S±Œ˚±· fl¬Àı˛º ˆ¬±Àı ’±À¸ ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬Ó¬±, õ∂¸/ õ∂fl¬ı˛ÀÌı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ Òı˛± Œ˚˛ øÚ‡≈“Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Üı˛ıÌ«˜˚˛Ó¬±º ¬Û±øfl¬¶ö±øÚ ˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ˆ¬˚˛±ı˝ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±, ’·øÌÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ı≈Àfl¬ Œ˘‡± ’fl¬Ô…’Ó¬…±‰¬±Àı˛ı˛ øÚ˜«˜ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸, Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˘≈ø_Ó¬ ¸•ú±Ú - Œ¸‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ Œ˘‡fl¬Àı˛ øˆ¬ißı˛+À¬ÛÊœıÚÀfl¬ ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ Œ˙‡±˚˛º fl¬Ô±¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Ú±Ú± Ò±ı˛±˚˛ ïÎ¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸, ŒÂ±È¬·ä, Ú±È¬fl¬õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ó ‰¬À˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ’±Rõ∂fl¬±˙ ïfl¬±ı˛Ì ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ˝˘ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ø˘˘óº ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú Œ˘‡fl¬fl≈¬˘’±R-¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±ı˛ ¸”S ÒÀı˛ ¸˜fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜˚˛, ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ±øı±›˚˛±, ˆ¬±¯±Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛¤fl¬øÈ¬ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ fl¬èÌ ’±øÓ«¬ - ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’±¸Àı˛ ’±ôLøı˛fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ Ó≈¬À˘Òı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬Úº ı˛±Àı˚˛± ‡±Ó≈¬ÀÚı˛ ëõ∂Ô˜ ıÒ…ˆ”¬ø˜í, Ê±ø˝ı˛ ˝±¸±ÀÚı˛ ë¤fl≈¬À˙ı˛ ·äí,¸±˝ø ˛ ’±øÓ¬fl≈¬°±˝ı˛ ë˝±ø¸í, ’±øÚ ≈#¬¬¬˜±ÀÚı˛ ë‘ø©Üí õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ ·ä&ø˘ ˆ¬±¯± ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛



Œ¸˝◊ Ê;±˘±˜˚˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±À¸ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬BÂøı ˜±Sº ¸˜fl¬±À˘ı˛ impact ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…õ∂‰≈¬ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛˜±ÀÌ Œ‡± Œ·À˘› Œõ∂À˜ı˛ ·ä Œ˚ ¤fl¬˜ Œ˘‡± ˝˚˛øÚ Ó¬± Ú˚˛, ıı˛— ı˘±˚±˚˛ ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ Œı˛±˜±øKÈ¬fl¬ ·Àäı˛ Ò±ı˛±øÈ¬ı˛ õ∂±‰≈¬˚« › ¸˜‘øX øı¶ú˚˛fl¬ı˛ ˆ¬±Àı ’±˜±Àı˛È¬±ÀÚº ’±¸À˘ Œõ∂˜ ø‰¬ı˛ôLÚ, ’±ı˛ ¤˝◊ øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ ˙±ù´Ó¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¤fl¬ ˜Êı≈Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¬ı˛Ìº˙›fl¬Ó¬ ›¸˜±ÀÚı ëøõ∂˚Ó¬˜±í, ˝±¸±Ú ’±øÊÊ≈ ˝Àfl¬ı ë˜Ú Ó¬±ı ˙ø∫Úœí, Ê˝œı ı±˚˝±ÀÚıëŒ¸øÚ øıÀfl¬À˘í õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ˝˘ ı±—˘±À˙œ Œı˛±˜±øKÈ¬fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øfl¬Â≈ Î¬◊»fl‘¬©Ü Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ìº

Ó¬Àı ¸˜fl¬±˘, Œı˛±˜±øKÈ¬fl¬ Ó¬Ô± ÊœıÀÚı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ ¤fl¬øSÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛˜ÀÚı˛ ı˛— øÀ˚˛ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ fl¬…±Úˆ¬±À¸ ’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˆ¬±Àı Ù≈¬øÈ¬À˚˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ø˙äœı˛é¬Ó¬± ’±Ê ¸ı«ÊÚ ¶§œfl‘¬Ó¬ øÓ¬øÚ ˝À˘Ú U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜º Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸, ŒÂ±È¬·ä, Ú±È¬fl¬- ¸ıÀé¬ÀS˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ ∆Ú¬Û≈Ì…Ó¬± õ∂˙—¸±À˚±·…º ¸‘ÊÚ˙œ˘Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ˙±‡±˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ’Úı…,’Ó≈¬˘Úœ˚˛º ëU˜±˚˛”Ú øıø‰¬S±í Ú±˜fl¬ ¢∂ÀLöı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±˚˛ õ∂fl¬±˙Àfl¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ı˘± øfl¬Â≈fl¬Ô± ’±ø˜ ¤‡±ÀÚ Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊º fl¬±ı˛Ì Œ˘‡fl¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ‡≈ı ’ä fl¬Ô±˚˛ ’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì˜”˘…±˚˛Ú Œ¸&ø˘ ˚± ’±˜±Àı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± øı˙±˘ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Àfl¬ Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ › ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝±˚…fl¬Àı˛ñ

ëë¬Û±Í¬Àfl¬ı˛ ’±¢∂˝ ¤ı— Œfl¬ÃÓ”¬˝˘ Œfl¬±Ú ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±›˚˛± ¸yı Ó¬± ¤ŒÀ˙ı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ Œ˘‡fl¬ ’±˜±Àı˛ Œø‡À˚˛ÀÂÚº Ó“¬±ı˛ Ú±˜ U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜ºøÓ¬øÚ ¤˝◊ ¸˜˚˛fl¬±ı˛ ˝…±ø˜˘È¬ÀÚı˛ ı—˙œı±fl¬º øÓ¬øÚ ı“±ø˙ÀÓ¬ ¸≈ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘Ú ’øÓ¬¸˝ÀÊ øfl¬c ˜≈˝”ÀÓ«¬˝◊ Œ¸˝◊ ¸˝øÊ˚˛± ¸≈Àı˛ ’À˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ øfl¬Â≈ ˆ¬ı˛ fl¬Àı˛º ’±˜ı˛±’øˆ¬ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝˝◊ ¤ı— ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Œ‚±ı˛ øfl¬Â≈ÀÓ¬˝◊ fl¬±È¬ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛Ú±ºíí ïU˜±˚˛”Ú øıø‰¬S±, õ∂fl¬±˙fl¬, ’ÚÚ…±, 38ì2 ı±—˘±ı±Ê±ı˛, Ï¬±fl¬±óı±ô¶Àı˝◊ ¤fl¬±À˘ı˛ ˝…±ø˜˘È¬ÀÚı˛ ı—˙œı±fl¬ U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛

øı¶ú˚˛º ¸±Ò±ı˛ÀÌı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ’¸±Ò±ı˛ÀÌı˛ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛Ó¬±˚˛ Œ‚ı˛± Ó“¬±ı˛ øı˙±˘ øıô¶‘Ó¬ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…ı˛±Ê… ïÓ“¬±ı˛ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ¢∂ÀLöı˛ ¸—‡…± ≈˝◊ ˙Ó¬±øÒÀfl¬ı˛› Œı˙œóº Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ı±ÊÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬± ˝…±ø˜˘È¬ÀÚı˛ ı“±˙œı˛ ¸≈Àı˛ı˛ Ó¬iú˚˛Ó¬±˚˛ ˜≈* ’±Ê õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ õ∂Êiúº Ó“¬±ı˛ı˛‰¬Ú± Œ˚˜Ú ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ øıfl¬±ı˛¢∂¶öÓ¬±, ÚœøÓ¬˝œÚÓ¬±, œ‚« ’±‰¬øı˛Ó¬ ¸≈¶ö ˜±ÚÀıı˛ ’¸•ú±Ú-’¬Û˜±Ú, y, ’˝—fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ øÚ˜«˜ õ∂fl¬±˙, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ∆ıø‰¬S…˜˚˛ Œõ∂À˜ı˛ Úı Úı ı˛+¬ÛÓ¬±ÀÓ¬º øı¯À˚˛ı˛ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œõ∂À˜ı˛ ¤Ó¬ ıÌ«˜˚˛ ÊøÈ¬˘ ı˛+¬Û±ˆ¬ı˛Ì ’Ú… ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…Àfl¬ı˛ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ ‡≈ı fl¬˜ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º

Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú± ¬Ûh¬ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Œ˚ ∆ıø˙©Ü…øÈ¬ õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊ ÚÊÀı˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ Ó¬± ˝˘ ë·ä-¸ ‘øXíº øÓ¬øÚ ’Ú±˚±À¸ › øıù´±¸À˚±·… ˆ¬±Àı ’øÓ¬ı±ô¶ı ¤˜Ú ¸ı ‚È¬Ú±ı˘œı ’ıÓ¬±ıÌ±fl¬Àı˛Ú ˚±Àfl¬ ¤fl¬ı˛+¬Û ˚±≈ ı±ô¶ıÓ¬± ø˝À¸Àı ·Ì… fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ ·ä › Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸



¸—˘±¬Û õ∂Ò±Úº Ó“¬±ı˛ ıÌ«Ú± ¬Ûøı˛ø˜Ó¬ ¤ı— ¸±˜±Ú… ¬Ûøı˛¸Àı˛ fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ ˜±S ı±Àfl¬…ı˛˜±ÒÀ˜ ‰¬øı˛S ø‰¬SÀÌı˛ ’‘©Ü¬Û”ı« õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬± ¸øÓ¬… õ∂˙—¸±ı˛ Œ˚±·…º ˚ø› ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±ı˛’ˆ¬±ı ŒÚ˝◊ Ó¬ı≈ ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ Œ˚, Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ õ∂ÀÌ±Ú± ’Ú≈¬Ûø¶öÓ¬º ¸fl¬˘ı˛‰¬Ú±ÀÓ¬˝◊ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ õ∂·±Iˇ qˆ¬Àı±Ò øSê˚˛±˙œ˘, Ù¬À˘ ëŒÚøÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬í ‰¬øı˛S› Ó“¬±ı˛ Œ˘‡ÚœÀÓ¬˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ ı˛œ ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ìº ¤ øı¯À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ˜±øfl«¬Ú Œ˘‡fl¬ Œà¬˝◊ÚÀıfl¬ Z±ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ºÓ“¬±ı˛ Œı˙œı˛ˆ¬±· ı˛‰¬Ú±˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ ı…øMê·Ó¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¤ı— Î¬◊¬Û˘øtı˛ ∆˙øäfl¬ ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ú˜±Sº

Ï¬±fl¬± øıù´øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ Â±S ÊœıÀÚ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Ú±øÓ¬œ‚« Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ˚˛U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜Àı˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ÊœıÀÚı˛ qèº ¤˝◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸øÈ¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ëÚøjÓ¬ Úı˛Àfl¬íºÓ¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’øıı˛Ó¬ Œ˘‡±º ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ’±À· ¬Û˚«ôL øÓ¬øÚ ≈˝◊ ˙Ó¬±øÒfl¬ ·ä¢∂Lö › Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸‘©Ü ø˝˜≈ › ø˜ø¸ı˛ ’±ø˘ Ú±˜fl¬ ‰¬øı˛S&ø˘ ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ˚≈ıfl¬Œ|ÌœÀfl¬ ·ˆ¬œı˛ ˆ¬±Àı Î¬◊ÀZø˘Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ’±¬Û±Ó¬‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸˝Ê ¸ı˛˘ ¤˝◊ ‰¬øı˛S&ø˘˜”˘Ó¬ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬Àı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ øıÀıÀfl¬ı˛ ’±˚˛Ú±º Ó¬±Àı˛ simplicity, ¬Û±·˘±ø˜ı˛˜±ÀÁ¬ Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛± ÊœıÀÚı˛ øÚ˜«˜ reality ÚıœÚ õ∂ÊÀiúı˛ ÊœıÚÀfl¬ Œ‡±ı˛, Ó¬±Àfl¬Ê±Ú±ı˛ ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œÀfl¬˝◊ ¬Û±Àå¬ øÀ˚˛ÀÂ ¸Àj˝ ŒÚ˝◊º ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬fl¬ Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛¤øÈ¬ øı˙±˘ ıh¬ fl‘¬øÓ¬Qº Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ÊÚ… Œõ∂ı˛Ì±, ¸±ø˝Ó¬…Àõ∂˜œÀı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ˜±Úø¸fl¬ õ∂˙±øôLº øÓ¬øÚ ˝À˘Ú ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ’‡…±Ó¬ÊÀÚı˛ øÚı«±fl¬ ˜ÀÚı˛ ø˙äœº Ó“¬±ı˛øı˙±˘ øıô¶‘Ó¬ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…Àfl¬ ¸—øé¬l ¬Ûøı˛¸œ˜±˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ¸˝Ê¸±Ò… Ú˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸±•⁄±Ê… ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±ø˜ ŒıÀÂ øÚÀ˚˛øÂ øfl¬Â≈ ŒÂ±È¬·äÀfl¬, ï˚ø› øÓ¬øÚ ŒÂ±È¬·Àäı˛ŒÔÀfl¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸˝◊ ø˘À‡ÀÂÚ Œı˙œó Œ˚&ø˘ øˆ¬iß ø˙ä Œ˜Ê±ÀÊı˛, øˆ¬iß ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ø‰¬S˜˚˛ õ∂fl¬±˙ ¤ı— ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¤fl¬ ı…øÓ¬Sê˜œ ¸—À˚±ÊÚº ŒÂ±È¬ ·Àäı˛ ˚Ô±Ô«¸—:±˚˛ Œ¸&ø˘ ˝˘ ‘slice of life’º ’±ı˛ ¸ı ŒÔÀfl¬ ıh¬ fl¬Ô± ·ä&ø˘ı˛ Ú±È¬fl¬œ˚˛·øÓ¬, ıÌ«Ú±ı˛ ‘lÓ¬± ˜ÚÀfl¬ ’±BÂiß fl¬Àı˛, ·Àäı˛ ‰¬øı˛S&ø˘ ıh¬ ’±¬ÛÚ, ıh¬ Œ‰¬Ú± ıÀ˘˜ÀÚ ˝˚˛º

õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ ’ÚÚ… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬äøı:±Ú øˆ¬øMfl¬ ëøÚÎ¬◊È¬ÀÚı˛ ˆ≈¬˘ ¸≈Sí ·äøÈ¬ Ó≈¬À˘Òı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º øı¯˚˛ıdı˛ ÚÓ≈¬ÚÀQ ·äøÈ¬ øıÀ˙¯ õ∂˙—¸±ı˛ Œ˚±·…º ’±˜ı˛± Ê±øÚ,U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜ øı:±ÀÚı˛ Â±S øÂÀ˘Ú, Œ¬Û˙±˚˛ Ï¬±fl¬± øıù´øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ ı˛¸±˚˛Ú øıˆ¬±À·ı˛’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬º øı:±Ú Œ˚ ¤ ◊ øıù´øı…±˘À ˛ı˛ fl‘¬øÓ¬ Â±S › ’Ò…±¬ÛÀfl¬ı˛ ı˛ÀMê-ı˛ÀMê õ∂ı±˝˜±Ú¤ fl¬Ô± ¸˝ÀÊ˝◊ ’Ú≈À˜˚˛º ¸…±ı˛ ’±˝◊Ê±fl¬ øÚÎ¬◊È¬ÀÚı˛ øı‡…±Ó¬ ¸”S øfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ¤fl¬ÊÚøÚá¬±ı±Ú ’ÀÇı˛ ˜±à¬±ı˛˜˙±˝◊À˚˛ı˛ ¬Û≈Àı˛± ÊœıÚÈ¬±˝◊ ¬Û±Àå¬ Œ˚˛ Ó¬±˝◊ øÚÀ˚˛ ·äøÈ¬º‚È¬Ú±øÈ¬ ’±¬Û±Ó¬‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸ı˛˘ ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˘› ˜ÀÚ Œı˛À‡ ˚±˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ õ∂Àùüı˛ Œı˛˙º



Œ˘‡fl¬ ·äøÈ¬ qè fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ ¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àıñëëı˛+À¬Ûù´ı˛ øÚÎ¬◊ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ ˝±˝◊¶≥®À˘ı˛ ¸±À˚˛Àkı˛ øÈ¬‰¬±ı˛ ˝ÀBÂÚ ’˜ı˛ı±ı≈º ’˜ı˛Ú±Ô ¬Û±˘, øı.¤¸ø¸ ï’Ú±¸«, Œ·±ã Œ˜Î¬±˘óº ‡≈ı ø¸øı˛˚˛±¸ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ø˙é¬fl¬º¶≥®À˘ı˛ ¸…±ı˛Àı˛ ’±¸˘ Ú±À˜ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± Úfl¬˘ Ú±˜ Ô±Àfl¬º Â±S˜˝À˘Œ¸˝◊ Ú±À˜˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛± ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝Úº ’˜ı˛ı±ı≈ ¶≥®À˘ı˛ ë‚øh¬ ¸…±ı˛í Ú±À˜ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ºÓ“¬±ı˛ ı≈fl¬¬ÛÀfl¬ÀÈ¬ ¤fl¬È¬± Œ·±˘ ‚øh¬ ’±ÀÂº flv¬±À¸ ŒÏ¬±fl¬±ı˛ ’±À· ı˛Ê±ı˛¸±˜ÀÚ “±øh¬À˚˛ ‚øh¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜˚˛ ŒÀ‡ ŒÚÚº flv¬±¸ Œ˙À¯ı˛ ‚KÈ¬± ¬Ûh¬±˜±S ’±ı±ı˛‚øh¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜˚˛ ŒÀ‡Úº Ó¬‡Ú ˚ø Ó“¬±ı˛ ˆ≈¬è fl≈¬‰¬Àfl¬ ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı‚KÈ¬± øÍ¬fl¬ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ÛÀh¬øÚº ≈í¤fl¬ ø˜øÚÈ¬ ¤fl¬øfl¬ ›øfl¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂºíí ïøÚÎ¬◊È¬ÀÚı˛ˆ≈¬˘ ¸≈Sí, U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜ó¸—øé¬l ¤˝◊ øııı˛ÌœÀÓ¬ ëı˛+À¬Ûù´ı˛ øÚÎ¬◊ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ ˝±˝◊¶≥®À˘íı˛ ¸±À˚˛Àkı˛ øÈ¬‰¬±ı˛

’˜ı˛ı±ı≈ı˛ Œ‰¬˝±ı˛± ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜±Ú¸ ‰¬Àé¬ Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ ›ÀÍ¬º ı ˛ ¬Û=±À˙ı˛, ’ø˜qfl¬, ¶§äˆ¬±¯œ,fl¬ «õ∂±Ì, ë¸±À ˛k ˚±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ŒÂÀ˘À‡˘± Ú ˛í - ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬ ı…øMê ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸À/ øÚÎ¬◊È¬ÀÚı˛˜±Ò…±fl¬¯«Ì ¸”SøÈ¬ı˛ ¸Ó¬…Ó¬± ‡≈“ÊÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ÚÊÀı˛ ¬Û±·˘ ¸±ı…¶ö ˝À˚˛ ¤fl¬øÚŒfl¬±Ô±› Î¬◊Ò±› ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊ ·äøÈ¬ ¬Ûh¬ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Œ˚ øÊøÚ¸øÈ¬ ÚÊÀı˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ Ó¬± ˝˘U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜ øı:±ÀÚı˛ Œ˘±fl¬ ˝À˘› øı:±Ú Ó“¬±Àfl¬ ¢∂±¸ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº ıı˛— ı˘±˚±˚˛, Ó“¬±ı˛ ∆ı:±øÚfl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œ › øıÀù≠¯Ì øõ∂˚˛Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’±ÀÈ«¬ı˛ ı˛+¬Û øÀ˚˛ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…¤fl¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±ı˛±ı˛ ¸—À˚±ÊÚ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº Ó“¬±ı˛ ¤˝◊ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…fl¬Àfl¬ ˜ÀÚfl¬øı˛À˚˛ Œ˚˛, øÓ¬øÚ ˝À˘Ú ˜±øÚfl¬ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛º ˝◊øÚ› Œ˚ øı:±ÀÚı˛ Â±S øÂÀ˘Ú Ó¬±¸ı±ı˛ Ê±Ú±º ¤˝◊ ≈˝◊ ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…Àfl¬ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ¸±‘˙… ˝˘, Ó“¬±ı˛± ≈íÊÀÚ˝◊ ÊœıÀÚ fl¬äÚ±ı˛ı˛ø„Ú Ù¬±Ú≈¸ ›h¬±ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±Ú øÚº ˝+˚˛±ÀıÀ·ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ˚≈øMêøı:±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ Œı˙œ øÚˆ«¬ı˛fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ∆ı:±øÚÀfl¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛± ÊœıÚÀfl¬ ¬Û˚«Àıé¬Ì, øıÀù≠¯Ì fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸±˜±Ú… ¸”S ’±øı©®±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ, ˚± øı:±ÀÚı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ¸”ÀSı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ÊœıÀÚøÚˆ≈«¬˘ ˆ¬±Àı õ∂À˚˛±· fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±ı˛ ëøÚÎ¬◊È¬ÀÚı˛ ˆ≈¬˘ ¸”Sí ·äøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜Œ˚ ¸≈SøÈ¬ ’±øı©®±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Œ¸øÈ¬ ˝˘, ˚‡Ú Œfl¬±Ú øı:±ÚÀõ∂˜œ ÚÓ≈¬Ú øfl¬Â≈ ‡≈“Êı±ı˛Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛Ú, ¶§œfl‘¬øÓ¬ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ¸˝ÀÊ Œ˜À˘ Ú±º ¸ı±˝◊ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¬Û±·˘ ˆ¬±Àı, ë’±ı˛ ¤fl¬ı±ı˛¬Û±·˘ ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ qè fl¬ı˛À˘ Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL ¬Û±·˘ ˝ÀÓ¬˝◊ ˝˚˛...íº

U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜Àı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ∆ıø˙©Ü… ˝˘ ·Àäı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ·ä ı˘±º·äøÈ¬ Œfl¬±Ú fl¬ÔÀfl¬ı˛ ˜≈‡ øÀ˚˛ qè fl¬ı˛À˘› Œıø˙ı˛ˆ¬±· Œé¬ÀS Œ‡± Œ·ÀÂ fl¬Ôfl¬øÚÀÊ ·äÈ¬± ıÀ˘Ú øÚ ıı˛— ·Àäı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ’Ú… Œfl¬Î¬◊ ¤À¸ ·äøÈ¬ fl¬Ôfl¬Àfl¬ qøÚÀ˚˛ÀÂº’±ı˛ fl¬Ôfl¬ Œ¸øÈ¬Àfl¬ UıU ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀı˛ÀÂÚ ˜±Sº ¤˜øÚ øfl¬Â≈ ·ä ˝˘



ëı˛+¬Û±í, ëŒ¸í, ë¸±˘±˜ ¸±À˝Àıı˛ ¬Û±¬Ûí, ë¸ø/Úœí õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º ëı˛+¬Û±í ˜”˘Ó¬ Œı˛±˜±øKÈ¬fl¬ ·ä,˚±ÀÓ¬ ’±˜ı˛± Œø‡ Œà¬˙ÀÚ ŒCÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ’À¬Ûé¬˜±Ú Œ˘‡fl¬Àfl¬ ˝Í¬±» fl¬Àı˛ ¤fl¬’¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˆ¬^À˘±fl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ÊœıÀÚı˛ øfl¬Â≈ ˜Ê±ı˛ ‚È¬Ú± qøÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ øÚÀÊ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ˚À‰¬˝◊ºŒ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ› ‚È¬Ú±øÈ¬ ’æ≥Ó¬ ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˘› ’¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ı…øMêı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ·äŒ˙±Ú±ı˛ ’±fl¬¯«Ì Œ˘‡fl¬Àfl¬ ·äøÈ¬ Œ˙±Ú±ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±fl¬ø¯«Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ, ¸À/ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àı˛›ºøfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ˆ¬^À˘±Àfl¬ı˛ Œ˘‡± Œõ∂À˜ı˛ ø‰¬øÍ¬ ˆ≈¬˘ øÍ¬fl¬±Ú±˚˛ Œ¬“ÛÃÀÂ ø·À˚˛ ˆ¬^À˘±fl¬øÈ¬ı˛ÊœıÚÈ¬±˝◊ ¬Û±Àå¬ Œ˚˛, Œ¸˝◊ ·ä øÓ¬øÚ qøÚÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ ï˝˚˛Ó¬ ıUøÚ ÒÀı˛ ˜ÀÚı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬Àı˛˘≈øfl¬À˚˛ Ô±fl¬± ¤fl¬ ’¬Ûı˛±ÒÀı±Ò ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ øÓ¬øÚ ˙±øôL Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂÚóñ

ëëŒ˚ ·ˆ¬œı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±˚˛ ˝±Ó¬ ı±h¬±À˘± Œ¸ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±Àfl¬ Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬± fl¬ı˛±ı˛é¬˜Ó¬± ÷ù´ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬ ŒÚøÚº ’±ø˜ Ó¬±ı˛ ˝±Ó¬ Òı˛˘±˜º ¤˝◊ fl≈¬øh¬ ıÂı˛ ÒÀı˛˝◊ÒÀı˛ ’±øÂº ˜±ÀÁ¬ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ’ø¶öı˛Ó¬± Œı±Ò fl¬øı˛º w±øôLı˛ ¤˝◊ ·ä’±˜±ı˛ ¶aœÀfl¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˝◊BÂ± fl¬Àı˛º ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ Ú±º...íí

·äøÈ¬ ¬Ûh¬ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬fl¬øõ∂˚˛Ó¬± ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜≈* fl¬Àı˛º ëŒ¸í ·äøÈ¬ÀÓ¬øflv¬øÚÀfl¬ Œ˜À˚˛Àfl¬ Œ‡±ÀÓ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ·À˘ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Î¬±Mê±ı˛ ˝±¸Ú± ı±Ú≈ Œ˘‡fl¬Àfl¬ ¤˝◊’æ≥Ó¬ ·äøÈ¬ Œ˙±Ú±Úº õ∂Ô˜ ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ ·äøÈ¬ ’±˜±Àı˛ Œı“ÀÒ ı˛±À‡ ¤fl¬ ’Ê±Ú± ı˛˝À¸…ı˛˜±ÀÁ¬º ¤fl¬øÚ ˝±¸Ú± ı±Ú≈ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Œı˛±·œ ˝À˚˛ ¤À¸øÂ˘ ’±Í¬±Àı˛±-ÿøÚ˙ ıÂÀı˛ı˛ ¸ôL±Ú-¸yı± ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Œ˜À˚˛, Œ˚ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’æ≥Ó¬ ˆ¬À˚˛ı˛ ø˙fl¬±ı˛º Œfl¬Î¬◊ Ó¬±ı˛ Úı±·Ó¬ ¸ôL±ÚÀfl¬Œ˜Àı˛ ŒÙ¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ’øˆ¬À˚±· Œ¸ ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ fl¬ı˛À˘› Ó¬±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú Î¬◊¬Û˚≈Mê fl¬±ı˛ÌÎ¬±Mê±ı˛ ˝±¸Ú± ı±Ú≈ ï¤˜Ú øfl¬ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬›ó ‡≈“ÀÊ ¬Û±Ú øÚº Ó¬Àı ·Àäı˛ Œ˙À¯ Œ˘‡fl¬Œ˚ˆ¬±Àı Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊Mı˛ øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ Ó¬± ¬ÛÀh¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬ ô¶t ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ñ

ëëõ∂±˚˛ ¬Û“˚˛Ó¬±ø°˙ ø˜øÚÈ¬ ¬Ûøı˛|˜ fl¬Àı˛ Î¬±Mê±ı˛ Œ¸Ú ŒÎ¬ø˘ˆ¬±øı˛ fl¬ı˛±À˘Ú - Œ˚øÊøÚ¸øÈ¬ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ¤˘ ’±˜ı˛± Œ‰¬±‡ ıh¬ ıh¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ¸øÀfl¬ Ó¬±øfl¬À˚˛ ı˛˝◊˘±˜ºfl≈¬»ø¸Ó¬ fl¬±fl¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± øfl¬Â≈ ˚±ı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±fl¬±ÀÚ± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤ ’±ı˛ ˚±˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬˜±Úı ø˙q Ú˚˛º Œ‰¬Ú± Ê±Ú± ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸À/ Ó¬±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú Œ˚±· ŒÚ˝◊º ‚Úfl‘¬¯ûıÀÌ«ı˛ ¤fl¬Ó¬±˘ ˜±—¸ø¬ÛGº...íí’æ≥Ó¬ ›˝◊ õ∂±ÌœøÈ¬Àfl¬ ı±Ò… ˝À˚˛˝◊ Œ˜Àı˛ ŒÙ¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛º øfl¬c ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ’±À· Ó¬±ı˛

Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬ õ∂ı˘ Œ‰¬©Ü± Î¬±Mê±ı˛ ˝±¸Ú±Àfl¬ ’±˚« fl¬Àı˛º ˜ı˛±ı˛ ’±À· Ó¬±˝◊˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ fl¬À_ ø‰¬»fl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ›ÀÍ¬ ë˜±í ıÀ˘º ıUøÚ ¬Ûı˛ ›˝◊ ’æ≥Ó¬ ø˙qı˛ Êiú, ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛’±À· Ó¬±ı˛ ˜± Î¬±fl¬ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜ÀÚ ÊÀ˜ ›Í¬± ¸ı õ∂Àùüı˛ Î¬◊Mı˛ Œ˘‡fl¬øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ øı:±ÀÚı˛ øıù´±¸À˚±·…Ó¬±˚˛º ’±¸À˘ ’æ≥Ó¬ ø˙qøÈ¬ øÂ˘ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ˝◊ÀBÂı˛õ∂Ó¬œfl¬ºí õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ ˝◊Àˆ¬±ø˘Î¬◊¸Ú õ∂øSê˚˛±˚˛ ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œfl¬±ÀÚ± õ∂±Ì ¸‘ø©Üı˛ fl¬Ô± ˆ¬±ıÀÂ,



ø˙qøÈ¬ øÂ˘ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ˝◊ÀBÂı˛ ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ìº ’±˜ı˛± ¸ˆ¬… Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯ Œ¸˝◊ õ∂øSê˚˛±˚˛Sê˜±·Ó¬ ı±Ò± øÀ˚˛ ˚±øBÂº Ó¬±˝◊ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ’±À· ë˜±í Î¬±fl¬ ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜ÀÚ Ó¬±Àı˛ ÊÀÚ…¸˝±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ Ê±·ı˛ÀÌı˛ ¤fl¬ ’±ôLøı˛fl¬ õ∂˚˛±¸ ¶§ı˛+¬Ûº ·äøÈ¬Àfl¬ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛¤fl¬ ¸Ó¬fl«¬ı±Ìœ› ı˘± ˚±˚˛º é¬˜Ó¬±¬Ûπ ˜±Ú≈¯ ’±Ê› õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ ’¸˝±˚˛, ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ¸ı ı˛˝¸… ’Ú≈Ò±ıÚ fl¬ı˛± ¸yı Ú˚˛, Ó¬±ı˛ ˙±øô¶Àfl¬› Ú˚˛º

U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜Àı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˛ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ∆ıø˙©Ü… ˝˘, Ó“¬±ı˛ ’¬Ûı˛+¬Û ˆ¬±¯± ’±ı˛øıÀù≠¯Ìœ ˙øMêº Ó“¬±ı˛ ı±ô¶ı ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±, øÚı˛œé¬±Ò˜π øıÀù≠¯Ì ¤ı— ’±=ø˘fl¬ ˆ¬±¯±ı˛’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì õ∂À˚˛±· Ó“¬±ı˛ ·Àä ¤fl¬ ’Ú… ˜±S± ¸—À˚±ÊÚ fl¬Àı˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ ¸ı ·ä˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ìº Ó¬Àı ˙œÓ¬, ¸≈À˘‡±ı˛ ı±ı±, ÊœıÚ ˚±¬ÛÚ, fl≈¬fl≈¬ı˛, ı±Ú, Ê≈˚˛±, ø¬Û˙±‰¬, Ê±≈fl¬ı˛,˙ı˚±S±-1, ˙ı˚±S±-2 õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ øıÀ˙¯ Î¬◊À°‡À˚±·…º ¤ı˛ Œı˙œı˛ ¬±· ·ä ◊ ˝˘ ÊœıÀÚı˛¸À/, é≈¬Ò±ı˛ ¸À/, ¸ı ŒÔÀfl¬ ıh¬ fl¬Ô± øÚÀÊı˛ ˆ¬±À·…ı˛ ¸À/ ˘h¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬± ˝Ó¬ øı˛^˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛º Œ¬ÛÀÈ¬ı˛ ±À˚˛ øÚÀÊı˛ ¸ôL±ÚÀfl¬ øıøSê fl¬Àı˛ Œ›˚˛± ¤fl¬ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ øÚ˜«˜¶§œfl¬±Àı˛±øMêñ

ëë‡≈ı ’ˆ¬±ıº ˆ¬±ÀÓ¬ı˛ fl¬©Ü ˝˝◊˘ ø·˚˛± ıh¬ fl¬©Üº Œ¬ÛÀÈ¬ı˛ Ê˝◊ÀÚ… ¤˝◊ fl¬±˜fl¬ı˛˘±˜º ›˜Ú fl≈¬fl¬±˜ fl¬ı˛˘±˜íí

ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ ‚‘Ì… fl‘¬Ó¬fl¬˜«Àfl¬ Ê±Ú±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛› ¤fl¬ ¸˜ÀıÚ±ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ ï¸≈À˘‡±ı˛ ı±ı±ó, ˜±Á¬ı˛±ÀÓ¬ ı±ÀÚı˛ ÊÀ˘ Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ Œ˙¯ ¸•§˘È≈¬fl≈¬ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ ı±Ó¬±¸œ, ı˛˝˜±ÚÀı˛ fl¬±iß±ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ø‰¬ı˛fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜¸…± › Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ˘h¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬± ¸ı« ±ı˛± Î¬◊ƒı±dÀı˛ ŒıÚ±˝Ó¬ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àı˛ “±h¬ fl¬ı˛±˚˛ ïı±Úóº ’±ı±ı˛ ˜≈øMê˚≈ÀX¬ ˙ø˝ ¬Û≈ÀSı˛ ı±ı±˜øÓ¬ ø˜˚˛±ı˛ ˙œÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ı“±‰¬ı±ı˛ ’±õ∂±Ì õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬•§À˘ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±øÓ«¬ ï˙œÓ¬ó˜ÚÀfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛±Sê±ôL fl¬Àı˛º ·ä&ø˘ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ fl¬±ø˝Úœı˛À¸ı˛ ¸—˚Ó¬, Ê˜±È¬ ¶§ˆ¬±ı ø˙ä˜”À˘…øı¶ú˚˛fl¬ı˛º

U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜Àı˛ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬ øıø‰¬S¶§±œ ·ä ˝˘ ëø¬Û“¬ÛÀh¬íº ·äøÈ¬ı˛ È¬±Ú È¬±ÚÎ¬◊ÀMÊÚ±˜˚˛ øı¯˚˛ıd, Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ¤fl¬ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛ ˙œÓ¬˘Ó¬±, ’‘˙… ¤fl¬ øı¯JÓ¬±Àfl¬¸ı«±À/ Êøh¬À˚˛ Œ˚ ·…ˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ ·äøÈ¬ øÚø˜«Ó¬ Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¬ ·äøÈ¬ ¤fl¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú dimension

˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬˝◊ ˝˚˛, ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸±Ô«fl¬ › ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Œ|á¬·Àäı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œ õ≠È¬ ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ˘‡fl¬ øÚ–¸ÀjÀ˝ ¤fl¬ fl‘¬Ó¬œ ·äfl¬±ı˛º

·Àäı˛ qè˝◊ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ‰¬˜fl¬ øÀ˚˛º Î¬±Mê±ı˛ Ú”è˘ ’±Ù¬¸±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ı…ô¶ ¸g…±˚˛¤fl¬ Œı˛±·œı˛ ï˜fl¬ı≈˘ó Œ‡± ¬Û±Ú, ˚±ı˛ Î¬◊æÈ¬ ’¸≈‡ Î¬±Mê±Àı˛ı˛ ˜øô¶©®Àfl¬ ˙”Ú… fl¬Àı˛Œ˚˛, ¸À/ ’±˜±Àı˛›º ˜fl¬ı≈À˘ı˛ ’¸≈‡ ˝˘ Ó¬±Àfl¬ Œfl¬ı˘ ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬±˚˛ fl¬±˜h¬±˚˛, ø¬Û“¬ÛÀh¬Ó¬±ı˛ ¸≈¶ö ÊœıÚÀfl¬ Ú©Ü fl¬Àı˛ øÀ˚˛ÀÂ, Ú©Ü fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ Ó¬±ı˛ Ù≈¬¸Ù≈¬¸Àfl¬›º Ó¬±˝◊ fl¬±ø˙ı˛ ¸À/



ı˛ÀMêı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ’±À¸ ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬± ’±ı˛ ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬±ı˛ øÎ¬˜º ’±¬Û±Ó¬‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ˝±¸…fl¬ı˛’ı±ô¶ı ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˘› ’±˜±Àı˛ ‰¬˜Àfl¬ Œ˚˛ ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π ıÌ«Ú± ñ

ëë¬Ûı˛ ≈ ”ÀÓ«¬ ◊ Œ˚ ‚È¬Ú±È¬± ‚È¬˘ Ó“¬±ı˛ ÊÀÚ… Ú”è˘ ’±Ù¬¸±ı˛ ¸±À˝ı ˜±Úø¸fl¬ˆ¬±Àıõ∂dÓ¬ øÂÀ˘Ú Ú±º... øÓ¬øÚ Œ‡À˘Ú ˜fl¬ı≈˘ ø˝—¶⁄ ˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ ˘±øÙ¬À˚˛ ˘±øÙ¬À˚˛,¬Û± ‚À¯ ‚À¯ ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬± ˜±ı˛±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬ı˛ÀÂº ¤fl¬ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ Œ¸ U˜øh¬ Œ‡À˚˛¬Ûh¬˘ ŒÈ¬øıÀ˘, ≈í˝±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ÛÀ¯ ŒÙ¬˘˘ ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬±ı˛ ¸±øı˛ºíí¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ·äøÈ¬ ˚Ó¬ ¤ø·À˚˛ÀÂ ’±˜±Àı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± Œfl¬ÃÓ”¬˝À˘ı˛ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛Ó¬±ı˛

¬Û«± ¸øı˛À˚˛ ¤fl¬ ˙˚˛Ó¬±Ú Ò˜π ˜±Ú≈¯ ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ’±˜±Àı˛Àfl¬ “±h¬ fl¬øı˛À˚˛ÀÂº˜fl¬ı≈˘ ‰¬øı˛SøÈ¬ ’øˆ¬Úı ˆ¬±Àı Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀı˛ÀÂÚ Œ˘‡fl¬º Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀı˛ÀÂ¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ñ

ëëÊÚ±ı, ’±¬ÛÀÚÀı˛ ’±ø˜ ’±À·˝◊ ı˘øÂ ’±ø˜ È¬±fl¬±¬Û˚˛¸±›˚˛±˘± Œ˘±fl¬...’±ø˜ ø¬ÛÓ¬± ˜±Ó¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ¸ôL±Úº øıı˛±È¬ ˆ”¬-¸•ÛøMı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¬º È¬±fl¬±¬Û˚˛¸±,é¬˜Ó¬± ¤˝◊¸ı øÊøÚ¸ Œı˙œ Ô±fl¬À˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ¶§ˆ¬±ı-‰¬øı˛S øÍ¬fl¬ Ô±Àfl¬ Ú±ºíí¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ˜fl¬ı≈À˘ı˛ ’±R-¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ øÀ˚˛ qè ˝˚˛ ø¬Û“¬ÛÀh¬ı˛ ı˛˝¸… øÀfl¬

˚±S±º Œ˚ ’Ú± ˛±¸ ˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ Œ¸ fl¬Ô±&ø˘ ıÀ˘ÀÂ, ø¬Û“¬ÛÀh¬ı˛ Ê;±˘±Ó¬ÀÚ ’ø¶öı˛ ˜fl¬ı≈À˘ı˛õ∂øÓ¬ qèÀÓ¬ ˜ÀÚı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬ı˛ Œ˚È≈¬fl≈¬ ¸˝±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À^fl¬ ˝˚˛Ä ·äøÈ¬ øıô¶±ı˛ ˘±Àˆ¬ı˛ ¸À/¸À/ Ó¬± Œ˚Ú øı˘≈l ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º È¬±fl¬± ¬Û˚˛¸±ı˛ Ày ≈¬øı˛S ˜fl¬ı≈À˘ı˛ ÚÊı˛ ¬ÛÀh¬Ó¬±ı˛˝◊ ı±h¬œÀÓ¬ ’±|˚˛ ŒÚ›˚˛± Ó¬±ı˛ ”ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±V ¬ÛÀÚı˛ ıÂÀı˛ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Œı±ÀÚı˛õ∂øÓ¬º Ó¬±ı˛ øıÒı± ˜± ıU Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛› Ó¬±ı˛ fl≈¬-ÚÊı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ˜À˚˛Àfl¬ ı“±‰¬±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±ºŒ˙À¯ ı±Ò… ˝À˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÂ±A Œ˜À˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¬ øı¯ øÀ˚˛ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀÊ ·˘±˚˛ øh¬ øÀ˚˛’±R˝Ó¬…± fl¬Àı˛º ¤˝◊ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˜fl¬ı≈˘Àfl¬ øıj≈˜±S øı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ Ú±º øÓ¬ÚøÚ ‚Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…ŒÙ¬À˘ ı˛±‡±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ·ı˛À˜ı˛ øÀÚ ¬Û‰¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬± ˘±˙Àfl¬ ’±&Ú øÀ˚˛ Ê;±ø˘À˚˛ øÚø˝êfl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ˜fl¬ı≈À˘ı˛ ÚÊÀı˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ ¤fl¬ ’æ≥Ó¬ ‘˙…ñ

ëë˘±‡ ˘±‡ ˘±˘ ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬± ˘±À˙ı˛ ˙ı˛œÀı˛º ˜ÀÚ ˝˝◊ÀÓ¬ÀÂ ˜±·œı˛ ¸±ı˛± ˙˝◊À˘˘±˘ ‰¬±ı˛ ... øfl¬Â≈é¬ÀÌı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬±&ø˘ ı± ◊Àı˛ ’±¸˘º ˜ÀÚ ˝ ◊ ’±˜±Àı˛‡≈“ÊÀÓ¬ÀÂº Œ¸˝◊ ŒÔ˝◊fl¬± qèº Œ˚‡±ÀÚ˝◊ ˚±˝◊ ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬±ºííëø¬Û“¬ÛÀh¬í ·Àäı˛ ˜fl¬ı≈˘ ‰¬øı˛SøÈ¬ ˝˘ õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ’ÀÔ« ¬Û≈“øÊ¬ÛøÓ¬ Œ|Ìœı˛ ’ıé¬˚˛œ

˜±Úø¸fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¬º ˜±Ú≈¯ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ õ∂±Ìœ ¤ı— ¤fl¬˝◊ ¸À/ ¤fl¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¬ ı…øMê¶§Q±›ºÒÚÓ¬±øLafl¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ ¤˝◊ ı…øMê˝◊ õ∂Ò±Ú ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ¸˜±Ê ı…ı¶ö±ı˛ ÊøÈ¬˘Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊ÊøÈ¬˘ ˜±Úı ˜Ú›º ˜Úô¶±øNfl¬Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’±˜ı˛±› øıù´±¸ fl¬øı˛ ‘Matter creates

mind’º ÙË¬À˚˛Î¬ øıù´±¸ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú ı…øMê ˜ÀÚı˛ ’ıø˜Ó¬ ø‰¬ôL± ı± ˆ¬±ı øÚÎ¬◊Àı˛±ø˜fl¬



’¬Ûfl¬À «ı˛ ‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛º ˜ÀÚ±øı:±Úœ ¬Û…±ˆ¬˘ˆ¬› ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛ › fl¬±Êfl¬ «Î¬◊ÀV˙… õ∂ÀÌ±øÓ¬, Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¬Ó¬± ¶ö±Ú-fl¬±˘ øÚˆ«¬ı˛, ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’ı¶ö±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ øˆ¬øMfl¬Àı˛ fl¬±˚«fl¬±ı˛Ì ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Ó¬± ·Àh¬ ›ÀÍ¬º fl¬Ô±&ø˘ ˜fl¬ı≈˘ ‰¬øı˛S øıÀù≠¯ÀÌı˛ Œé¬ÀS›ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º Î¬◊B‰¬-ô¶ı˛œ˚˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ’ı¶ö±Ú Ó¬±ı˛ ˝+˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸ı ’¬Ûı˛±ÒŒı±ÒÀfl¬ Œ˚Ú Ú©Ü fl¬Àı˛ øÀ˚˛ÀÂº Ó¬±˝◊ ¤fl¬ ’ä ı˚˛¸œ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ŒÚ±—ı˛± Œ˘±ˆ¬,õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘ ¶§ı˛+¬Û Ó¬±ı˛ øÚ˜«˜ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ñ Œfl¬±Ú øfl¬Â≈˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ øıÀıfl¬Àfl¬ ¶Û˙« fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº ¸˜±Ê Ó¬±Àfl¬ ˙±øô¶ Ú± øÀ˘› ›˝◊ øÚ©Û±¬Û Œ˜À˚˛øÈ¬ı˛ ’±R± Œ˚ˆ¬±Àı ˙±øôLı˛ ¬ÛÔ‡≈“ÀÊ øÚÀ˚˛øÂ˘ Ó¬± Œfl¬±Ô±› Ú± Œfl¬±Ô±› ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜ÚÀfl¬ ˙±øôL Œ˚˛ ¤˝◊ Œˆ¬Àı Œ˚’±øÔ«fl¬ õ∂±‰≈¬À˚«ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ˚Ó¬˝◊ ˙øMê˙±˘œ Œ˝±fl¬ Ú± Œfl¬Ú Œfl¬±Ú Supreme power

’±ÀÂÚ ’¸˝±˚˛Àı˛ ¸±˝±˚… fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ…º Ó¬±˝◊ ·Àäı˛ Œ˙À¯ ø¬Û“¬Ûh¬±Àı˛ ˜≈À‡ øÎ¬˜ ıÀ˚˛øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±›˚˛± ’Ú…±˚˛ ’qÀˆ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ú…±À˚˛ı˛ ŒÊ˝±Àı˛ ø‰¬ı˛fl¬±˘œÚÓ¬±Àfl¬ ıÀ˘ øÀ˚˛ ˚±˚˛º

U˜± ˛”Ú ’±˝À˜ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬fl¬ Œ˘‡fl¬º ∆˙øäfl¬ ± ˛ıXÓ¬±Àfl¬ ¶§œfl¬±ı˛fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀ˚˛˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸±ÒÚ±º Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ˝˘ ÊœıÚ˚≈ÀX¬ ˘h¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬± Ê˘-Êœ˚˛ôL ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Ù¬ÀÈ¬±¢∂±Ù¬º øıô¶‘ÀÓ¬ Ú˚˛, Ó≈¬ø˘ı˛ fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ ±À· ¸•Û”Ì« ‰¬øı˛S ø‰¬S±˚˛Ì˝˘ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ∆ıø˙©Ü…º ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø·ÀôLı˛ Î¬◊Àiú±‰¬fl¬ U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ øıé≈¬t ¸˜˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¬ ‡≈ı fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ŒÀ‡øÂÀ˘Úº Ó“¬±ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬± ˜≈øMê ˚≈ÀX¬˙˝œ, øÚÀÊ› ¬Û±øfl¬¶ö±Úœ Œ¸Ú±ı±ø˝Úœ fl¬Ó‘«¬fl¬ øÚ˚«±øÓ¬Ó¬ ¤ı— ’À˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ˆ¬±Àı Œı“À‰¬˚±Úº øÚı«±fl¬ ˜ÀÚı˛ ’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ¤˝◊ ø˙äœ ¤øÈ¬ ‡≈ı ˆ¬±˘ fl¬Àı˛ ’Ú≈ˆ¬ı fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú Œ˚Œ˙-Œõ∂À˜ı˛ Î¬◊Vœ¬ÛÚ± ¸=±Àı˛ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ ’±&ÀÚ Œ¬Û±h¬± ˜Ú&À˘±ÀÓ¬ õ∂˙±øôLı˛õ∂À˘¬Û› ˘±·±ÀÚ± õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº Ó¬±˝◊ øÓ¬øÚ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Êiú øÀ˘Ú ¤˜Ú øfl¬Â≈ ‰¬øı˛S, ˚±Àı˛øˆ¬ißÒ˜π õ∂øÓ¬ı±œ ı˛+¬Û Ó¬èÌÀı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬ ’Ú≈Àõ∂ı˛Ì±, õ∂ıœÌÀı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¤fl¬’±øRfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Ó‘¬ølº Á¬h¬ øıé≈¬tÓ¬±ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ¤Àı˛ ıh¬ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ øÂ˘, ¸Àj˝ ŒÚ˝◊ºı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…fl¬Àı˛ Œ˘‡± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±˜±ı˛ :±Ú ’øÓ¬ ¸—øé¬l, Ó¬Àı ¶§œfl¬±ı˛fl¬Àı˛Ó¬ øZÒ± ŒÚ˝◊, U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜Àfl¬ ˚Ó¬ ¬ÛÀh¬øÂ, ˜≈* ˝À˚˛øÂº ¶§äı±flƒ¬, øfl¬Â≈È¬± ˘±Ê≈fl¬õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ¤ı— Ó≈¬˘Ú±ı˛ø˝Ó¬ ÊÚøõ∂˚˛Ó¬± ¸ÀN› ’ôLı˛±˘ ÊœıÚ-˚±¬ÛÀÚ ¶§±BÂj…Àı±Òfl¬±ı˛œ¤˝◊ ’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ø˙äœ U˜±˚˛”Ú ’±˝À˜ ı±/±˘œ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬ ’¸˝±˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ ˝Í¬±» 19 Ê≈˘±˝◊2012 ¸±À˘ ø‰¬ı˛fl¬±À˘ı˛ ÊÚ… ô¶t ˝À˚˛ ˚±Úº Ó“¬±ı˛ ‰¬À˘ ˚±›˚˛± ’·øÌÓ¬ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¤ı—Ú±È¬…Àõ∂˜œÀı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ øı˙±˘ é¬øÓ¬º Ó“¬±ı˛ ”Ú…¶ö±Ú ¬Û”ı˛ÀÌı˛ Ú ˛º ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ Î¬◊»fl¬À «ı˛Œ˚ ˜±S± øÓ¬øÚ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¶Û˙« fl¬ı˛± ¸˝Ê¸±Ò…› Ú˚˛º Ó¬Àı ¤È≈¬fl≈¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬¬Û±øı˛, õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…Àõ∂˜œ ˝+À˚˛ Ó¬±èÀÌ…ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¬ ¤˝◊ ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…fl¬ |X±ı˛ ’±¸ÀÚ’±ÊœıÚ ’øÒøá¬Ó¬ Ô±fl¬ÀıÚº



õþõÏf üÔ¿©†ËîÂ ð±¿÷òÏ ÛßÂ õþýüÉ÷ûþÏ ò±õþÏı˛±Êfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ¬Û±øÚ¢∂±˝œ

‘ø©Üfl¬Ó«¬± ıËp¬±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ◊ ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô› Ó“¬±ı˛ ’±¬ÛÚ ‘ø©Ü ¸y±Àı˛ Œ˜ÀÓ¬ÀÂÚ, Œ¸‡±ÀÚøÚÀÊ› Œ˚˜Ú ˜ÀÊÀÂÚ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’Ú…Àfl¬› ˜øÊÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº ı˛ıœf ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¬Û˚«Àıé¬Ìfl¬ı˛À˘ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ qÒ≈ ∆ı¬Ûı˛œÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¸˜±˝±ı˛, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ øÓ¬øÚ ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛˝◊ øÚÀÊÀfl¬˘„‚Ú fl¬ı˛±ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ ¤ı— ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛˝◊ øfl¬Â≈ Ú± øfl¬Â≈ ÚÓ≈¬ÚQ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ±Úfl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚº ı˛ıœf ¸‘©Ü ë‰¬Ó≈¬ı˛/í ï1916ó Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸øÈ¬ Œ¸ ı˛fl¬˜˝◊ ¤fl¬øÈ¬õ∂˚˛±¸º Œ˚‡±ÀÚ qÒ≈ ±ø˜Úœ Ú˚˛, Œ·±È¬± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸È¬±˝◊ ¤fl¬È¬± ÚÓ≈¬ÚÀQı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸º Ó¬Àı’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ øı¯˚˛ Œ˚À˝Ó≈¬ ±ø˜Úœ, Œ¸À˝Ó≈¬ ±ø˜Úœ õ∂¸À/ ’±¸± ˚±fl¬º ë±ø˜Úœí fl¬Ô±ı˛’Ô« ˝˘ øı≈…», ’Ô«±» ˚±Àfl¬ ÒÀı˛ ı˛±‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±, ˚± é¬øÌÀfl¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬ Î¬◊æ±ø¸Ó¬ ˝À˚˛‰¬±øı˛øfl¬ ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ˜≈˝”ÀÓ«¬˝◊ ø‰¬ı˛ ’gfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øı˘≈l ˝˚˛º fi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸Àfl¬ı˛fl¬Ô±˚˛

ëë±ø˜Úœ Œ˚Ú |±ıÀÌı˛ Œ˜À‚ı˛ Œˆ¬Ó¬ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ±ø˜Úœ ı±ø˝Àı˛ Œ¸ ¬Û≈? ¬Û≈?Œ˚ÃıÀÚ ¬Û”Ì« ’ôLÀı˛ ‰¬=˘ ’±&Ú øÁ¬flƒ¬ø˜flƒ¬ fl¬øı˛˚˛± Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÓ¬ÀÂºíí

Œ¸ fl¬±Àı˛±ı˛ ı˙…Ó¬± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ú±ı˛±ÊÄ Ó¬Àı ¤ Ú±ı˛œ ¸‘ø©Üfl¬Ó«¬±ı˛ ı˙…Ó¬± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘, Ú±øfl¬ ¸‘ø©Üfl¬Ó«¬±Àfl¬˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˙…Ó¬± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ ¤ øÚÀ˚˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü õ∂ùüÊ±·± ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬º

ı˛ıœf ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Œ˚ øÓ¬ÚÊÚ Ú±ı˛œ ¸‘ø©Üfl¬Ó«¬±ı˛ ¸±øißÒ… Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ˘ Ó¬±ı˛± ˝˘˚Ô±SêÀ˜ ëŒ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ı±ø˘íı˛ ï1903ó øıÀÚ±øÚœ, ëı˛Mêfl¬ı˛ıœí-ı˛ ï1926ó ÚøjÚœ ’±ı˛ëŒ˚±·±À˚±·í ï1929ó-¤ı˛ fl≈¬˜≈øÚœº ¤Àı˛ ˜Ó¬ ±ø˜Úœ ı˛œıfÚ±ÀÔı˛ ˜±Ú¸ fl¬Ú…± ˝À˚˛Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ Ú± ¬Û±ı˛À˘› ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øıø‰¬S ¸y±Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¶ö±ÚøÈ¬Àfl¬ Œ˚ ¬Û±fl¬±fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛ÀÂ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ Œfl¬±Ú ¸Àj˝ ŒÚ˝◊º ’±ÊœıÚ ÊœıÚ ı˛À¸ı˛ ı˛ø¸fl¬ ¤ Ú±ı˛œøÚÊ ∆ıÒı… ÊœıÀÚı˛ ı˙…Ó¬± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ Ú± fl¬Àı˛, Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊BÂW˘, Î¬◊V±˜ Œ˚ÃıÀÚı˛ ˆ¬±Àı˛ˆ¬±ı˛±Sê±ôL ˝À˚˛ S¶a ˝øı˛Ìœı˛ ˜Ó¬ ’Ú…Àfl¬ ˝+˚˛ øÀÓ¬ õ∂dÓ¬º qÒ≈ Ó¬±˝◊ Ú˚˛, Œ¸ Œ˚ ¶§˚˛—ı˛ıœfÚ±ÀÔı˛› ˝+˚˛ ˝ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘, Ó¬± øÚ–¸ÀjÀ˝ ı˘± ˚±˚˛º Ú± ˝À˘ ı˛ıœfÚ±ÔÓ¬±Àfl¬ øÀ˚˛ œ‚« øÀÚı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ øÚ˚˛À˜ı˛ øıèÀX¬ fl¬h¬± ‰¬±ı≈fl¬È¬± ˝±ÚÀÓ¬Ú Ú±º˚ø› Œ¸Àé¬ÀS ’Ú… ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± fl¬±ı˛Ì› øÂ˘º Ú±ı˛œ ı˛œ fi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸fl¬ ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô Ó“¬±ı˛’±¬ÛÚ ˝+˚˛ øÀ˚˛ Œ¸ ˚≈À·ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ ’¸˝±˚˛± Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ˝+˚˛ ˚LaÌ± Œ˚˜Ú-Œ˚˜Ú ˆ¬±Àı



Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú, øÓ¬øÚ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ¸y±Àı˛› øÍ¬fl¬ ŒÓ¬˜Ú-ŒÓ¬˜Ú ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ı˛+¬Û øÀÓ¬‰¬±˝◊ÀÓ¬Úº Œ¸ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ˝◊ Œı±Ò ˝˚˛ ±ø˜Úœ ‰¬øı˛S ¤Ó¬‡±øÚ ı±ô¶ı¸•úÓ¬, øıfl¬ø˙Ó¬ ›ÊœıôLº ¤ õ∂¸À/ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬Ô±› ¶úı˛Ì ı˛±‡± õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ñ Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜±ÀÊÚ±ı˛œı˛ ¶ö±Ú øÂ˘ ’jı˛˜˝À˘ı˛ ‰¬±ı˛ Œ›˚˛±À˘ı˛ ·`¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±ıX¬, ’±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±—˙Œé¬ÀS˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛± Ô±fl¬Ó¬ Œ‚±˜È¬± õ∂Ô±ı˛ ’±h¬±À˘º Ù¬À˘ ¬Û≈è¯-˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ Ó¬±Àı˛¶§±øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú Ê±˚˛·±˝◊ Ô±fl¬Ó¬ Ú±º qÒ≈ Ó¬±˝◊ Ú˚˛, Œıø˙ı˛ ˆ¬±· Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±ı˛± øÂ˘øÚ˚«±øÓ¬Ó¬, øÚ¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬, ’¸˝±˚˛ › ’ıÀ˝ø˘Ó¬º ’±ı±ı˛ øıÒı± ˝À˘ ŒÓ¬± ’±ı˛ fl¬Ô±˝◊ ŒÚ˝◊ºı˛ıœfÚ±Ô Œ˚À˝Ó≈¬ øÂÀ˘Ú ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú, Œ¶ß˝ õ∂ıÌ, ı˛œ fl¬Ô±ø˙äœ ¤ı— øı‰¬é¬Ì ›õ∂±: ±˙«øÚfl¬, ”ı˛‘ø©Ü ¸•Ûiß ı…øMêQ, Œ¸À˝Ó≈¬ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ‡≈“øÈ¬Ú±øÈ¬ øı¯˚˛&ø˘ Ó“¬±ı˛ ‘ø©Ü¤h¬±˚˛ øÚº Ù¬À˘ ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ ˝+˚˛ ˜±Ò≈ı˛œ øÀ˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˜˜«ÀıÚ±Àfl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛¬Û±Ó¬±˚˛ ø‰¬S±ÇÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œfl¬±Ú fl≈¬_± Œı±Ò fl¬Àı˛Ú øÚº

Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜±ÀÊ øıÒı±Àı˛ ÊœıÀÚ Œõ∂˜È¬± øÂ˘ ’¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ı± ’ÕıÒı…±¬Û±ı˛º Œ¸ Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ ±ø˜ÚœÀfl¬ øÀ˚˛ ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô ˚± Œ‡±ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊À˘Ú Ó¬± ˝˘, ¤˝◊∆ıÒı…-ÊœıÚ ı…øÓ¬Ó¬ øıÒı±Àı˛ ’±˘±± Œ˚ ¤fl¬È¬± ÊœıÚ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ ¤ı— Œ¸ÊœıÀÚ øÚÓ¬… ÚÓ≈¬Ú ’±˙±-’±fl¬±∫± Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛, ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ ‚ı˛ ı“±Ò±ı˛ ¶§õü Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬¬Û±Àı˛, Œõ∂˜-ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸± Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ ¤ı— Ô±fl¬±È¬±› Œı±Ò ˝˚˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ ñ Ó¬±ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô ë±ø˜Úœí ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ‡±À˘Úº fl¬±ı˛Ì ı“±‰¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ◊¸˜±Ú, Ó¬±˝À˘ øıÒı± ıÀ˘ Œ¸ ¤fl¬± Œfl¬Ú ¸˜ô¶ ≈–‡-˚LaÌ± Œˆ¬±· fl¬ı˛Àı∑ Ù¬À˘±ø˜ÚœÀfl¬ øÀ˚˛ ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô œ‚« øÀÚı˛ ¸˜±Ê ¸—¶®±Àı˛ı˛ Œıh¬±È¬± ˆ¬±„À˘› ¸˜±Ê˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ˆ¬˚˛È¬± Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÂ˘º Œ˚ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ ±ø˜Úœı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ıgÚ ˜≈Mê ÊœıÀÚı˛ ’±˙±Ê±ø·À˚˛› ˜≈Mê ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¶§±È¬± øÓ¬øÚ Ó¬±Àfl¬ øÀ˘Ú Ú±º ±ø˜Úœ› ¤Ó¬ ¸˝ÀÊ ˝±ı˛˜±Ú±ı˛ ¬Û±Sœ Ú˚˛º Œ¸ øÚÀÊı˛ ˆ¬±·… øÚÀÊ Ê˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀÓ¬ Ó¬»¬Ûı˛ ˝˘º õ∂ÔÀ˜ øÚÀÊı˛¸ı«¶§ ¸˜¬Û«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊˘ ˙‰¬œÀ˙ı˛ ¬Û±À˚˛º Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ˙‰¬œ˙ fl¬Ó‘«¬fl¬ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±Ó¬ ˝À˚˛øÚ–¸ÀÇ±À‰¬ õ∂ı˘ ¸±˝ø¸fl¬Ó¬± › ŒÊÀı˛ ıÀ˙ ¿øı˘±À¸ı˛ ˝±Ó¬ Òı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊˘º ¤ı˛Œ¬ÛÂÀÚ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬±ı˛Ì› ıÓ«¬˜±Úº Œ¸ ˚≈À·ı˛ ¸˜±Ê øÂ˘ õ∂Ô˜ øıù´˚≈Xfl¬±˘œÚ¸˜±Êº Œ˚ ¸˜±ÀÊ ˜±Ú≈¯ ¤fl¬È≈¬ ¸≈À‡ı˛ ÊÚ…, ¤fl¬˜≈ÀÍ¬± ‡±À…ı˛ ÊÚ…, ¤fl¬È≈¬ ˙±øôLı˛ ÊÚ…˘±˘±ø˚˛Ó¬º ±ø˜Úœ› Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ı…øÓ¬Sê˜œ øÂ˘ Ú±º Œ¸› ¤fl¬È≈¬ ¸≈À‡ı˛ ’±˙±˚˛,˙±øôLı˛ Úœh¬ ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˛ ’øˆ¬˘±¯ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤fl¬ı±ı˛ ˙‰¬œ˙ ŒÓ¬± ¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ ı±ı˛ ¿øı˘±À¸ı˛ ¬Û±À˚˛˜±Ô± fl≈¬ÀÈ¬ ˜Àı˛º ’±ı±ı˛ ŒÊ› Ó¬±ı˛ øfl¬Â≈ fl¬˜ Ú˚˛ ñ Œ˚ ¬Û≈è¯ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ’ıÀ˝˘±fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ, Ó¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸± ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ’±ı±ı˛ Œ¸ Ó¬±Àfl¬ øÀ˚˛ï˙‰¬œ˙Àfl¬ øÀ˚˛ó øıı±˝ Œé¬ÀS øÚÀÊı˛ ¸•x±Ú fl¬øı˛À˚˛ÀÂº



¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ∆‰¬S ˜±À¸ øıı±˝ fl¬±˚« ¸≈¸•Ûiß fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ı≈Àfl¬fl¬h¬± ‰¬±ı≈fl¬È¬± ˝±ÚÀÓ¬ Œ¸ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Œ˚ ¸˜±ÀÊ ∆‰¬S ˜±À¸ øıı±˝ fl¬ı˛±È¬± øÚ˚˛˜øıèX, Œ¸ ¸˜±Ê Œ¸ ˜±ÀÚ Ú±º ¬Ûøı˛Ú±˜ ¶§ı˛+¬Û ¿øı˘±À¸ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ı…øMêÀfl¬ Œ¸ Ê˚˛fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº øfl¬c Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ‚ı˛ ı“±Ò±ı˛ ¶§õüÈ¬± Ó¬±ı˛ ¶§õü ˝À˚˛˝◊ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ·ÀÂº ¿øı˘±À¸ı˛¸À/ Œ˚ÃıÚ˘œ˘± Œ‡˘±ı˛ ¸/œ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛˘ Ú± Œ¸º ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô› Ó¬±Àfl¬ Œ˙¯¬Û˚«ôL ¤fl¬ ”ı˛±Àı˛±·… Œı˛±À· ’±Sê±ôL fl¬Àı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ¬Ûı˛¬Û±Àı˛ Œ¬“ÛÃÀÂ øÀ˘Ú ¤fl¬ ’¬Û±øÔ«ı˙±øôLı˛ ’±˙±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊ ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛, ¤ Ú±ı˛œ Œ˚Ú ¸‘ø©Üfl¬Ó«¬±ı˛ı˙…Ó¬± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ’±¸À˘ Ó¬± Ú˚˛, ˜‘Ó≈¬…Àfl¬ Œ˚Ú Œ¸ Œ¶§BÂ±˚˛ ıı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂºfl¬±ı˛Ì ¤ ı…Ô± øÂ˘ Ó¬±ı˛ Œ·±¬ÛÚ ‹ù´˚«º ˙‰¬œÀ˙ı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±‚±Ó¬ ¬Û±›˚˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛˝◊ Œ¸¤ ı…Ô± ’Ú≈ˆ¬ı fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ øÚÊ ı≈Àfl¬º Ù¬À˘ ±ø˜Úœ Ó¬±ı˛ ı…Ô±Ó≈¬ı˛ ˝+˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ¿øı˘±À¸ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ Òı˛± øÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛øÚº Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Œ˙À¯ Ó¬±˝◊ ˜‘Ó≈¬…¬ÛÔ˚±Sœ ±ø˜ÚœÀfl¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬ qøÚ-

ëë¸±Ò ø˜øÈ¬˘ Ú±, Êiú±ôLÀı˛ ’±ı±ı˛ Œ˚Ú ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ ¬Û±˝◊ííºÎ¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ fl¬±ø˝øÚ ’—À˙ ¿øı˘±À¸ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ±ø˜Úœ ¤ Î¬◊øMê fl¬ı˛À˘› ¬ÛÀı˛±é¬ ˆ¬±Àı ¤Î¬◊øMê Œ˚ ı˛ıœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ õ∂øÓ¬› øÂ˘ Ó¬± ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º fl¬±ı˛Ì ¤ ÊÀiú Ó¬±ı˛¬ÛÀé¬ ˚± fl¬ı˛± ¸yı ˝˘ Ú±, ¬Ûı˛ÊÀiú Ó¬± Œ¸ ¬Û”Ì« fl¬ı˛Àıº ’ı˙… ±ø˜Úœ Ê±ÚÓ¬ ˜‘Ó≈¬…˝◊ÊœıÀÚı˛ Œ˙¯ Ú˚˛ ıı˛— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÊœıÀÚ ¬Û±¬Û«ÀÌı˛ qˆ¬ ¸”‰¬Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊ ¤fl¬ı˛±˙ ’øˆ¬˘±¯ı≈Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛˝◊ ˜‘Ó≈¬…Àfl¬ Œ¸ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛˘ ¤ fl¬Ô± ı˘± ˚±˚˛º Ù¬À˘ Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL ±ø˜Úœ ¤Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛œ Ú±ı˛œ ˝À˚˛˝◊ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ·ÀÂ¬Ä ı±ø˝…fl¬ ‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ˚± ˜ÀÚ ˝˚˛’±¸À˘ Œ¸ øÍ¬fl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ øı¬Ûı˛œÓ¬º¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†1. ëı˛ıœf Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ ¸˜¢∂í ïõ∂Ô˜ › øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡`¬ ¤fl¬ÀSó, ¿ ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛,

qˆ¬˜ƒ õ∂fl¬±˙Úœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-73º2. ëı˛ıœf Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ ¬Ûøı˛Sê˜±í ñ Î¬. ’‰«¬Ú± ˜Ê≈ ±ı˛, ŒíÊ õ∂fl¬±˙Úœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-

73º3. ëı˛ıœf Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ ¸˜œé¬±í, ¿ ¸Ó¬…ıËÓ¬ Œ, õ∂:± øıfl¬±˙, 9ì3, ı˛˜±Ú±Ô

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¿õöÓÂ¿îÂöÓÂøËíõþ öÂ±õò±ûþ ÕÂóÅõþ ¿úq÷òÿø˜«˘± Œ¬Û±V±ı˛

øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯ÀÌı˛ ¸˜˚˛fl¬±À˘ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ ø‰¬ôL±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛œ ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…Àfl¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± øÂ˘¸œø˜Ó¬º ¤fl¬øÀfl¬ ı˛ıœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü é¬˜Ó¬± ˜Ò…±˝ê ¸”À˚«ı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¬ Î¬◊#¬¬¬;˘, ’Ú…øÀfl¬Úı±·Ó¬ fl¬øı-¸±ø˝øÓ¬…fl¬·ÀÌı˛ ¸”Ñ øıÀù≠¯∏Ì õ∂ıÌÓ¬± › ¸≈Î¬◊B‰¬ fl¬äÚ±, ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ı±„±ø˘¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬ ˜ÀÚ±¢∂±˝œ fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬À˘øÂ˘º øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…fl¬ ø˚øÚ ¸˝Ê¸≈Àı˛, ¸˝Ê ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ı˛¸ÒWøÚ õ∂±ÀÌ±#¬¬¬;˘ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ˚ø› ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ÊœıÚÀı±ÀÒı˛¸”‰¬Ú±˘¢ü ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¬ fl¬±À˘ ˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˜Ú˝◊ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ øÚˆ¬πfl¬, Î¬◊±ı˛˜ÀÚı˛ ¶⁄©Ü±ı˛+À¬Û ’±øıˆ”«¬Ó¬ ˝À˘Ú ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…fl¬ øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ìº

ø˙q ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±ı±˘ ı‘X± ¸fl¬À˘ Ó¬±Àı˛ øÚÊ øÚÊ ’Ú≈fl”¬À˘ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ı˛¸Àfl¬˜ÀÚ±¢∂±˝œ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ı…±fl≈¬˘º ë¬ÛÀÔı˛ ¬Û“±‰¬±˘œí Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ øÓ¬øÚ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ › ˜±ÚıÊ±øÓ¬Àfl¬¤fl¬¸”ÀS ı˛+¬Û±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂÚÄ ˚± ˜ÚÀfl¬ õ∂¸±øı˛Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ¬“ÛÃÀÂ Œ˚˛ ’ÚôL’¸œÀ˜º øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯ÀÌı˛ ë’¬Û≈íı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ı˛ıœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ ëı˘±˝◊í ñ¤ı˛ ¤fl¬ ’¬Û”ı« ¸±‘˙…Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ Œ˚Ú ¤˝◊ ≈˝◊ ø˙qı˛ ’“±Ó≈¬ı˛ ‚ı˛º õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤Àı˛Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬˝˘ ı˛˝¸…˜˚˛ Ê·ÀÓ¬ Œ¬“ÛÃÀÂ Œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¬ı˛ ˜ÚÀfl¬º ∆˙˙Àı ’ÀÚfl¬ ’Ê±Ú±fl¬±ø˝Úœ ’¬Û”Àfl¬ ˆ¬±øıÀ ˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤‡±ÀÚ ◊ ’¬Û≈ ’Ú…Àı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˘±± ˜ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛œñ ŒÂ±A ’¬Û≈ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Œfl¬±Ì Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º ¤˝◊ Ê±Ú±ı˛ ’±fl¬±„é¬± ’¬Û≈Àfl¬Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬˝˘œ fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂº ˝øı˛˝ı˛ øÚÀÊ˝◊ ’¬Û≈ı˛ Œı˛˘·±øh¬ Œ‡±ı˛ ’±fl¬±„é¬± õ∂¸À/ıÀ˘øÂ˘ñ

ëëŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ Î¬±·ı˛ ÚıœÚ Œ‰¬±‡ øıù´ ¢∂±¸œ é≈¬Ò±˚˛ ‰¬±øı˛øfl¬Àfl¬ ø·ø˘ÀÓ¬ ø·ø˘ÀÓ¬‰¬ø˘˚˛±ÀÂñ øÚÀÊı˛ ’±ÚÀjı˛ ¤ ø˝¸±Àı Ó≈¬ø˜› ¤fl¬ÊÚ Œ˙ ’±øı¶®±ı˛fl¬ºíí

ø˙qfl¬±À˘˝◊ ’¬Û≈ fl¬äÚ±ı˛ Ê·ÀÓ¬ øıı˛±Ê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬±º ¤˝◊ fl¬äÚ± ’¬Û≈Àfl¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¶§õüŒ‡ÀÓ¬ ø˙ø‡À˚˛ÀÂº ’¬Û≈ı˛ Œ‰¬±‡ øÀ˚˛˝◊ øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì Œø‡À˚˛ÀÂÚ Œ‰¬Ú± õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ¤Ó¬ı˛+¬Û, ı˛¸, ·g¬ › ¶Û˙«º õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Œ‡˘± ‚Àı˛ ¤Ó¬ ı˛À„ı˛ ¸˜±Àı˙ ’¬Û≈ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡˝◊Î¬◊#¬¬¬;˘ ˝À˚˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº õ∂¸/Ó¬ øıø˙©Ü ¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¬ ’èÌ fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛ı˛ ˜ôLı…Î¬◊À°‡… ñ

ëëøÓ¬øÚ ±øı˛À^ı˛ Âøı Œø‡À˚˛ÀÂÚ, øfl¬c Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ øıÀ^±À˝ı˛ ¸≈ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘Ú øÚ,ıı˛— ±øı˛^… Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Î¬◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±·… ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ... ¤˝◊ ’=À˘ı˛ ·ı˛œı



˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ¸ı˛ ±øı˛ …-¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ Âøı øÓ¬øÚ ¤“Àfl¬ÀÂÚ, øfl¬c Ó“¬±ı˛ Ó≈¬ø˘fl¬± ˛’¬Ûı˛+¬Û ı˛+À¬Û Œ‡± øÀ˚˛ÀÂº ¤ øÚ¸·«-Œ¸ÃjÀ˚« øÓ¬øÚ ˜≈* ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚº Œ˚ı…øMê ¤˝◊ Œ¸ÃjÀ˚« ˜≈* ˝˚˛ Ú±, Ó¬±Àfl¬ øÓ¬øÚ ˝Ó¬ˆ¬±·… ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ, ±øı˛^…¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬Àfl¬ ˝Ó¬ˆ¬±·… ıÀ˘Ú øÚºíí1

øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì fi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸fl¬ ˝À˘› Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl¬±øı…fl¬ ˘±ø˘Ó¬… Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º’¬Û≈Àfl¬ øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ëıı˛¬Û≈Sí ı˛+À¬Û fl¬äÚ±ı˛ ı˛À„ ¤“Àfl¬ÀÂÚº ëøÚø˘ø¬Ûí-ı˛¬Û±Ó¬± Œ‡À˘ ◊ ’±˜ı˛± ’¬Û≈ı˛ ¬ÛÔ‰¬˘± fl¬Ó¬È¬± ı±ô¶ı ¸•úÓ¬ Ó¬± ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛ıº øı ”¬øÓ¬ ”¬¯ÌŒ˚ ¸ı ıÚ… ˘Ó¬±-¬Û±Ó¬± › ¬ÛÀÔı˛ Ò±Àı˛ ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂ±È¬ Ú±˜ Ú± Ê±Ú± ·±ÀÂı˛ Ú±˜ ø˘À‡ÀÂÚÓ¬± ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬ ˆ¬±øıÀ˚˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ŒÂ±È¬ ¬’¬Û≈ Ó¬±ı˛ øø ≈·«±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ‚≈Àı˛ÀÂ øıøˆ¬iß ·±ÀÂı˛øÚÀ‰¬ ‡±ı±ı˛ ¸—¢∂À˝ı˛ Ó¬±ø·Àº é≈¬Ò± øÚı±ı˛ÀÚı˛ ¸±ÀÔ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Œfl¬±À˘› Œ˚ ¤Ó¬ ’±ÚjøÂ˘ Ó¬± ¤˝◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àı Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ ˜±Ó¬±ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü Œfl¬±Ú øÊøÚ¸ Ó≈¬BÂÚ˚˛, Ó¬± ’¬Û≈ › ≈·«±ı˛ Œ‰¬±‡ øÀ˚˛ ¶Û©Ü ˆ¬±Àı Œ‡± Œ·ÀÂº ’¬Û≈ı˛ ¤˝◊ Œ‡±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ≈·«±Œ˚Ú ˝+ƒfl¬•ÛÀÚı˛ ˜Ó¬ õ∂±ÀÌı˛ ¸=±ı˛ Ê±ø·À˚˛ÀÂº ’gfl¬±ı˛ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› Œı˛±˜±=fl¬ı˛’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ’¬Û≈ı˛ ¤˝◊ Œ‡±ı˛ ’±fl¬±„é¬± Ó¬±Àfl¬ ‘cosmic’ Œ¸ÃjÀ˚« Î≈¬øıÀ˚˛Œı˛À‡ÀÂº ’¬Û≈ Œ‰¬±‡ ‡≈˘À˘ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˚˛ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ ˜±Ó¬±ı˛ ’Ú±ø fl¬±À˘ı˛ ÊœıÚ±˙øMêºøıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì øÚø˘ø¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ¤fl¬˝◊ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ˚±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬BÂøı ’¬Û≈‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±ıÂ±ˆ¬±Àı Òı˛± ¬ÛÀh¬º ëøÚø˘ø¬ÛíÀÓ¬ øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì ø˘À‡ÀÂÚ-

ëëñ ¤ı˛ ı˛˝¸… ˝ÀBÂ ¤˝◊ Œ˚, ¤˝◊ Ê±˚˛·±ÀÓ¬ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ ¸≈À˚±· Œ›˚˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ˝◊BÂ±˜Ó¬ ı±h¬ÀÓ¬º õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ fl¬˘˜ ‰¬±˘±ÀÚ± ˝˚˛øÚºíí¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ ’¬Û≈ ˚Ó¬ ıh¬ ˝ÀBÂ Ó¬±ı˛ ø‰¬ôLÚ Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ õ∂¸±ı˛Ó¬± ˝ÀBÂ

Ó¬Ó¬º Ÿ¬Ó≈¬ ∆ıø‰¬S… õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸±ÀÊ ¸±Ê±˚˛º Ÿ¬Ó≈¬ı˛ Úı Úı ı˛+À¬Û ’¬Û≈Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬± Œı˛±˜±=fl¬ı˛ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬º Œı˛±˜LöÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬± øÚøøj¬Û≈Àı˛ı˛ Ê˘-’±À˘±-˝±›˚˛±ı˛ ø¶ß*Ó¬±º ’¬Û≈ øÚøøj ¬Û≈Àı˛ı˛ ’±À˘± ’±Ò±Àı˛ı˛ ˚±Sœº Á¬Àh¬ ı‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ’¬Û≈ ¬Û°œı±—˘±˚˛ ˜±øÈ¬ı˛ ·Àg ˘±ø˘Ó¬º õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Ó¬±`¬ı › ˆ¬˚˛Çı˛ ı˛+À¬Û› ’¬Û≈-≈·«±ı˛ ˆ¬˚˛ øÂ˘Ú±º ¤˜Ú˝◊ ı‘ø©Üı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ ’¬Û≈ ≈·«± Á¬h¬ - ı‘ø©Ü ‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ ˝Ó¬ ñ

ëëı‘ø©Üı˛ ÊÀ˘ ŒÂÀ˘À˜À˚˛ı˛ ˜≈‡ ı‘ø©ÜÀÒ±˚˛± Ê≈“˝◊ Ù≈¬À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¸≈jı˛ Œ‡±˝◊ÀÓ¬øÂ˘º Í¬±`¬±˚˛ Ó¬±˝±Àı˛ ŒÍ“¬±È¬ Úœ˘ ˝˝◊˚˛± ø·˚˛±ÀÂ, ˜±Ô±ı˛ ‰≈¬˘ øˆ¬øÊ˚˛± fl¬±ÀÚı˛¸À/ Œ˘¬ÛÈ¬±˝◊˚˛± ˘±ø·˚˛± ø·˚˛±ÀÂºíí¬Û°œ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛ ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂÀ˘ Œ˜À ˛ı˛± Ú±Ú± ı˛fl¬˜ Âh¬± fl¬±È¬ÀÓ¬±º

¢∂±˜ ı±—˘±ı˛ ’±Êı ’±Êı Âh¬± ’±ÀÂ, ˚± ›ı˛± ë˜ôLı˛í ı˘ÀÓ¬± ñ Œ˚˜Ú ≈·«±ı˛ ˜≈À‡˝◊qÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ ñ



ëë‰¬øıW˙ Ù≈¬È¬ ı±Úı¯«± ø˙Àıı˛ ¸À/ ‰¬À˘ -¸Ó¬…˚≈À·ı˛ ˜ı˛± ’…±˘, ˚≈À·ı˛ ˜±øÈ¬ø˙ı ø˙ı ı˘ Œı˛ ˆ¬±˝◊ Ï¬±Àfl¬ …±› fl¬±øÍ¬ ñíí¸ı«Ê˚˛±ı˛ fl¬Ô±˚˛ ≈·«± ·gı ±ø˘ı˛ ¬Û±Ó¬± ‡≈“ÊÀÓ¬ ‡≈“ÊÀÓ¬ ·±Ú ·±˝◊À˘± ˜ÀÚı˛

≈À‡ ñëë˝˘≈ ıÀÚ ıÀÚ ñÚ±fl¬ Â±øıøÈ¬ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ ¸≈‡ ŒÚ˝◊Àfl¬± ˜ÀÚííı±˘fl¬ ı˚˛À¸ ’¬Û≈ ˚≈X Œ‡˘± Œ‡˘ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸ÀÓ¬±º ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ fl¬±ø˝Úœ

˜±À˚˛ı˛ ˜≈À‡ qÀÚ ’¬Û≈ ’”Àı˛ Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ Œ˚Ú ˝±øı˛À˚˛ Œ˚Ó¬º fl¬ÀÌ«ı˛ øÚı˛¶a ’¸˝±˚˛,øı¬ÛißÓ¬±˜˚˛ fl¬±ø˝Úœ qÚÀÓ¬ qÚÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ Ê˘ ı±· ˜±ÚÓ¬ Ú±º ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ’ù´Ô·±ÀÂı˛ ›¬ÛÀı˛ ’¬Û≈ fl¬Ì«Àfl¬ Œı˛±Ê fl¬äÚ± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬±º Œ¸ Œ˚Ú õ∂±Ì¬ÛÀÚ ı˛ÀÔı˛ ‰¬±fl¬±Ó≈¬˘ÀÂº ¤Â±h¬± ¤fl¬È¬± ı±‡±øı˛ øfl¬—ı± ·±ÀÂı˛ Î¬±˘Àfl¬ ’¶a ı±øÚÀ˚˛ Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ı±·±ÀÚ ı±Î¬◊Í¬±ÀÚ ‚≈Àı˛ Œıh¬±ÀÓ¬±º õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˘≈Àfl¬±‰≈¬øı˛ Œ‡˘ÀÓ¬ Œ‡˘ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ’¬Û≈ ıh¬˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ’À·±‰¬Àı˛ ‰¬h≈¬˝◊ˆ¬±øÓ¬ Œ‡À˚˛ÀÂ ’¬Û≈-≈·«± ¸˝ ’±Àı˛± ıg≈ı˛±º ¤˜Ú˝◊’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‚È¬Ú± Œı˛˘·±øh¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ˚±›˚˛±º ‚È¬Ú±&ø˘ ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂ±È¬ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˘› ı±˘fl¬ı˚˛À¸ õ∂Ô˜ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ øıÉ˚˛ Œı±Ò ¸=±øı˛Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº õ∂¸/SêÀ˜ ’|n∏fl≈¬˜±ı˛ø¸fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ôLı… õ∂øÚÒ±ÚÀ˚±·… ñ

ëëŒ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ ¸˝Ê±Ó¬ fl¬äÚ±˙øMê › ¸—ÀıÚ˙œ˘Ó¬± ’¬Û≈ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…º ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ˜≈À‡Œ¸ ı˛+¬Ûfl¬Ô±ı˛ ·ä qÀÚÀÂº Œ¸ fl¬äÚ± fl¬Àı˛ ˜±ÀÍ¬ı˛ ›¬Û±Àı˛ ˙…±˜ ˘Ç±ı˛ -Œ˙, Œı/˜±-Œı/ø˜ Ô±Àfl¬ ·±ÀÂı˛ øÚÀ‰¬, øÚı«±ø¸Ó¬ ı˛±Ê¬Û≈S Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Ó¬À˘± ˛±ı˛¬Û±À˙ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤fl¬± qÀ˚˛ ı˛±Ó¬ fl¬±È¬±˚˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ ø˙q˜Ú ¤fl¬È¬± ’Ê±Ú± ’¸yÀıı˛Œ˙ ˜ÀÚ ˜ÀÚ Œˆ¬Àı ŒÚ˚˛ºíí¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ’±À˘± ’“±Ò±Àı˛ ’¬Û≈ ıh¬ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘±º

&è˜˝±˙À ˛ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬˙±˘± ˛ ’¬Û≈Àfl¬ ¬Û±Í¬±À˘ ¬Ûh¬±qÚ± ’À¬Ûé¬± œÚ≈¬Û±ø˘Ó¬ › ı˛±Ê≈ ı˛±À ˛ı˛·ä qÚÀÓ¬˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ Œı˙œ ˆ¬±À˘± ˘±·ÀÓ¬±º ı˛±Ê≈ ı˛±˚˛ Œ˚ÃıÚfl¬±À˘ ëı±øÌÀÊ… ˘é¬œı˛ ı˛±¸í¶úı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ ’±¯±Iˇ≈ı˛ ˝±ÀÈ¬ øfl¬ˆ¬±Àı Ó¬±˜±Àfl¬ı˛ Œ±fl¬±Ú ‡≈À˘øÂ˘ Œ¸¸ı ·ä ’¬Û≈Àfl¬’±fl‘¬©Ü fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬±º ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ ·ä øÂ˘ ˚± Œ˙±Ú±ı˛ ÊÚ… ’¬Û≈ ’À¬Ûé¬± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬±ºı˛±ÀS ÚœÀÓ¬ ˚±›˚˛±, ŒÂ±A ˝“±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ˜±ÀÂı˛ ŒÁ¬±˘ ı˛±iß± fl¬Àı˛ ‡±›˚˛±, ˜±øÈ¬ı˛ õ∂œ¬Û -Ê;±ø˘À˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± ˝◊Ó¬…±øı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬˜Ú ¸≈‡ ’¬Û≈ ‡≈“ÀÊ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬± ˚±ı˛ ’æ≥Ó¬ ıÌ«Ú± øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯ÀÌı˛ ˜Ó¬ ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…Àfl¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬˝◊ Œ›˚˛± ¸yı ñ



ëëı±ø˝Àı˛ ’gfl¬±Àı˛ ı¯«± ı˛±ÀÓ¬ øÈ¬¬Û øÈ¬¬Û ı‘ø©Ü ¬Ûøh¬ÀÓ¬ÀÂ, Œfl¬˝ Œfl¬±Ô±› Ú±˝◊,ø¬ÛÂÀÚı˛ ŒÎ¬±ı±˚˛ ı…±— Î¬±øfl¬ÀÓ¬ÀÂ ñ fl¬œ ¸≈jı˛º ıÀh¬± ˝˝◊À˘ Œ¸ Ó¬±˜±Àfl¬ı˛Œ±fl¬±Ú fl¬øı˛Àıºíí¤ı˛fl¬˜˝◊ ’¬Û≈ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¶§õü ˆ¬±¸ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘±º ¤fl¬ı±ı˛ Â±¬Û±ı˛

’é¬Àı˛ Œ˘‡± ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬Û≈Àı˛±ÀÚ± ı˝◊À˚˛ ¬Û±ı˛Àı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬±ø˝øÚ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¸•Û”Ì« øıù´±¸fl¬øı˛À˚˛øÂ˘º ¤Ó¬ ¸˝ÀÊ Î¬◊h¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛Àı Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ’ÀÚfl¬ õ∂ùü Ê≈ø·À˚˛øÂ˘øÍ¬fl¬˝◊Ä øfl¬c õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬øÈ¬ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ’¬Û≈ı˛ ¸ı˛˘ ˜ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º øıù´õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ Œ‡±ı˛ ’±Új ’¬Û≈Àfl¬ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ øıø¶úÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘º ¬Û±ı˛Àı˛ &Ì ıÌ«Ú±õ∂¸À/ ë¸ı«-˙«Ú ¸—¢∂˝í ¢∂LöøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˘‡± øÂ˘ ñ

ëë˙fl≈¬øÚı˛ øÎ¬À˜ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±ı˛ ¬Û≈øı˛˚˛± fl¬À˚˛fl¬ øÚ Œı˛ÃÀ^ ı˛±ø‡ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛, ¬ÛÀı˛Œ¸˝◊ øÎ¬˜ ˜≈À‡ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬ı˛ ¬Û≈øı˛˚˛± ˜±Ú≈¯ ˝◊BÂ± fl¬øı˛˚˛± ˙”Ú… ˜±À·« øı‰¬ı˛Ì fl¬øı˛ı±ı˛é¬˜Ó¬± õ∂±l ˝˚˛ºíí’±˚«±˚˛fl¬ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ’¬Û≈Àfl¬ ’±˙± ’±ı˛ Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬˝À˘ ı…±fl≈¬˘ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º

øı¶ú˚˛Àı±Òfl¬ Œfl¬±Ú fl¬±ø˝øÚ qÚÀ˘˝◊ ¤ı˛ ’Ú≈¸g±Ú fl¬ı˛±˝◊ Œ˚Ú Ó¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ˘é¬… ˝˚˛ºŒ¸ ˙fl≈¬øÚı˛ øÎ¬À˜ı˛ ÊÚ… ’ÀÚfl¬ øfl¬Â≈ Ó¬…±· ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ı˛±øÊº Ó¬±ı˛˝◊ õ∂˜±Ì ı±˘fl¬˝+À˚˛ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˚˛ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ı˛±‡±˘ ı±˘Àfl¬ı˛ ¸g±Ú fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ˙fl≈¬ÀÚı˛øÎ¬˜ ¸—¢∂˝ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› ’¬Û≈ı˛ Œ‡±ı˛ ’±fl¬±„é¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ Œ˜À˘ ñ

ëë¤˝◊ fl¬øh¬&À˘± ’¬Û≈ı˛ õ∂±Ì, ’ÀÒ«fl¬ ı˛±ÊQ › ı˛±Êfl¬Ú…±ı˛ øıøÚ˜À˚˛› Œ¸ ¤˝◊fl¬øh¬ fl¬‡Ú› ˝±Ó¬ Â±h¬± fl¬øı˛Ó¬ Ú±, ’Ú… ¸˜˚˛, ... Œ¸ Î¬◊øh¬˚˛± Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ ˚±˝◊Àı∑˜±˜±ı˛ ı±øh¬ı˛ ŒÀ˙∑ ı±ı± Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ’±ÀÂ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ∑ Úœı˛ ›¬Û±Àı˛∑ ˙±ø˘‡¬Û±ø‡ ˜˚˛Ú± ¬Û±ø‡ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±›-˝◊ ’±fl¬±À˙ı˛ ·±À˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛±È¬± Œ˚‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊øÍ¬˚˛±ÀÂ∑íí

¤˝◊ õ∂¸À/ ’ø¸Ó¬fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛ı˛ ˜ôLı… Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ ñëë...¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ øııÌ« Œ˙fl¬±À˘ı˛ ’ôLÀı˛ ’¬Û”ı« fl¬äÀ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ı˛¸ıd ˘≈øfl¬À˚˛’±ÀÂ, fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ ı±ô¶Àıı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ı˛+¬ÛÀ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ¶§õü ˜±Ò≈ı˛œ øÚø˝Ó¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂºø˙qı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬˝˘ ¤ı— fl¬øıı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± fl¬äÚ±ı˛ õ∂À˘¬Û øÀ˚˛ øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì’ÚÚ≈fl¬ı˛Ìœ˚˛ ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¢∂±˜œÚ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ø‰¬S ¤“Àfl¬ÀÂÚ Œ˚, ø‰¬S ø˝À¸ÀıÓ¬± ’Úı… ¤ı— ’ÚøÓ¬Sê˜Úœ˚˛ºíí4

¤˜Ú˝◊ ¸˝Ê-¸ı˛˘-qX¬ ˜ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛œ ’¬Û≈ ¬Û°œ ı±—˘±ı˛ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Œfl¬±À˘ ˘±ø˘Ó¬˝À˚˛øÂ˘º ˜≈Mê ˜ÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛œ ’¬Û≈Àfl¬ Œfl¬±Ú ı“±ÒÚ˝◊ ı“±Ò ˜±Ú±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛Ó¬ Ú±º õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛Œfl¬±À˘ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬± Œ¸º Úœ˘ ’±fl¬±À˙ı˛ Úı Úı ˜±˚˛± ı˛+¬Û, ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ^±é¬±fl≈¬?Àıø©ÜÓ¬Úœ˘ ¬Ûı«Ó¬¸±Ú≈ ñ ¤¸ı˝◊ ’¶Û©Ü ’±ıÂ±˚˛± ˝À˚˛ ˜˝±˜Ò≈ı˛ fl≈¬˝Àfl¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬± ’¬Û≈ı˛



˜ÚÊ·ÀÓ¬º ’±ı˛ Ó¬±ı˛˝◊ ’±Rõ∂fl¬±˙ ’¬Û≈ı˛ ‰¬øı˛SÀfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛ Î¬◊æ±ø¸Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂºõ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Œfl¬±À˘ ’¬Û≈ı˛ ŒıÀh¬ ›Í¬± ÊœıÚ Œ˚ fl¬Ó¬È¬± ı±ô¶ı ¸Ó¬… Ó¬± ¶Û©ÜÓ¬˝◊ Ê±Ú±˚±˚˛º¬Û±È¬œfl¬±†¬Û±È¬œfl¬±†¬Û±È¬œfl¬±†¬Û±È¬œfl¬±†¬Û±È¬œfl¬±†1. ’èÌfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ëfl¬±À˘ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬˜± ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ¬¬Û‰¬±Mı˛ ıÂı˛

1923-1997í, ¬Û‘† 54-55º2. øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ëøÚø˘ø¬Ûı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¬ øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ìí, ¬Û‘† 365º3. ’|n∏fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ø¸fl¬±ı˛, ë’±Ò≈øÚfl¬Ó¬± › ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸í, ¬Û‘† 85º4. ’ø¸Ó¬fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ıÀj±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ëı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¸•Û”Ì« ˝◊øÓ¬ı‘Mí, ¬Û‘† 559ºÎ¬◊À°‡¬Ûø?†Î¬◊À°‡¬Ûø?†Î¬◊À°‡¬Ûø?†Î¬◊À°‡¬Ûø?†Î¬◊À°‡¬Ûø?†1. Î¬. ı˛±À˜ù´ı˛ ˙ - ë’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ › øıøıÒ õ∂¸/í ïõ∂Ô˜

õ∂fl¬±˙ - 2006ó - ¬Û≈ô¶fl¬ øı¬ÛøÌ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-700009º2. ’ø¸Ó¬ fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…± ˛, ëı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¸•Û”Ì« ◊øÓ¬ı‘Mí ïõ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¬±˙-

1966ó, ˜Î¬±Ì« ı≈fl¬ ¤ÀÊkœ õ∂±˝◊Àˆ¬È¬ ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-700073º3. ’èÌfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ëfl¬±À˘ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬˜± ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ¬Û‰¬±Mı˛ ıÂı˛,

1923-1997í, ïõ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¬±˙ ¤øõ∂˘ 1974ó, ŒíÊ ¬Û±ıø˘ø˙—, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±700073º

4. ’|n∏fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ø¸fl¬±ı˛, ë’±Ò≈øÚfl¬Ó¬± › ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸í ïõ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¬±˙ Ê≈˘±˝◊1988ó, ’èÌ± õ∂fl¬±˙Úœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 700006º

5. Œ·±ø¬Ûfl¬±Ú±Ô ı˛±˚˛À‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛œ, ëøıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì† ˜ÚÚ › ø˙äí ïõ∂Ô˜ ¸—¶®ı˛Ì,’¢∂˝±˚˛Ì, 1385 ˝◊— ÚÀˆ¬•§ı˛, 1978ó, ŒíÊ ¬Û±ıø˘ø˙—, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-700073º

6. ¸˜Àı˛˙ ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛, ëı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ¬Û“ø‰¬˙ ıÂı˛í ï1923-1947ó ïõ∂Ô˜õ∂fl¬±˙ 21 ÚÀˆ¬•§ı˛, 1986ó, ı/œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¬Ûøı˛¯, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-700009º

7. ¸Àı˛±Ê ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ëı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ fl¬±˘±ôLı˛í ïõ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¬±˙ 1961ó,ŒíÊ ¬Û±ıø˘ø˙—, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-700073º



õ±Ñù± ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ý±üÉõþËü ùÏù± ÷æÅ÷ð±õþÎ¬◊#¬¬¬;˘± ¬Û±˝◊fl¬ ˜G˘

ı˛¸ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬˜ ’˘—fl¬±ı˛º ’˘—fl¬±ı˛ ¸#¬¬¬±˚˛ Œ˚˜Ú Ú±ı˛œÀ˝¸≈¸ø#¬¬¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ı˛À¸ı˛ ¸˜i§À˚˛ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝Ó¬… Î¬◊»fl‘¬©Ü ı˛+À¬Û ’±Rõ∂fl¬±˙fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬º ˚Ô±, ˙‘/±ı˛ ı˛¸, fl¬èÌ ı˛¸, ıœı˛ ı˛¸, ˙±øôL ı˛¸, ±¸… ı˛¸, ¸‡… ı˛¸,ı±»¸˘… ı˛¸, Œı˛Ã^ ı˛¸, ’æ≥Ó¬ ı˛¸, ˝±¸…ı˛¸ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º ¤Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ë˝±¸…ı˛¸í ¸ı«±øÒfl¬ÊÚøõ∂˚˛º ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ıU fl¬øı, Œ˘‡fl¬, ·äfl¬±ı˛, õ∂ıgfl¬±ı˛, fi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸fl¬ ¤˝◊ë˝±¸…ı˛¸í øÚÀ˚˛ ıU ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº fl¬Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ ¤˝◊ Ò±ı˛±ı˛ ¤fl¬ŒÓ¬Êø¶§Úœ Œ˘ø‡fl¬±º ø˙q-¸±ø˝Ó¬… Ó¬Ô± ˝±¸…ı˛¸ ¸˜‘X ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¤fl¬ øı¬Û≈˘ › ıÌ«±Ï¬…Î¬◊Mı˛±øÒfl¬±ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˘ø‡fl¬± ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛ Êiú › ıh¬ ˝›˚˛±º Î¬◊À¬Ûføfl¬À˙±ı˛ı˛±˚˛À‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛œ, fl≈¬˘±ı˛?Ú, ¸≈fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ı˛±˚˛, ¸≈‡˘Ó¬± ı˛±› ñ ¤“ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛˜ÀÚ±ˆ”¬ø˜ ∆Ó¬ı˛œÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ı± ¬ÛÀı˛±é¬ˆ¬±Àı ¤fl¬ ’Úı… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± øÚÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº Ó¬Àıœ‚« ÊœıÀÚ Œ˘ø‡fl¬± ï26 ŒÙ¬ıËn∏˚˛±ı˛œ 1908 ñ 3 Œ¸õI◊•§ı˛, 2008ó øÚÀÊÀfl¬ õ∂‰≈¬ı˛¬Ûøı˛|À˜ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¤fl¬ ≈øÚø«©Ü Ò±ı˛±ÀÓ¬ ı…±l › ¸•Û‘Mê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛øÂÀ˘ÚºÓ¬±˝◊ Œ˘ø‡fl¬±ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ ı±—˘± ø˙q › ˝±¸…ı˛¸ ¸•Û‘Mê ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ Œ·±È¬±¤fl¬íÀ˙± ıÂÀı˛ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±À¸ı˛ ˝˘ ˚ıøÚfl¬±¬Û±Ó¬º

ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ ñ ¤˝◊ õ∂¸À/ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¬Û”Àı«¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ˝±¸…ı˛¸ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ øfl¬Â≈ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’±ı˙…fl¬º ˝◊—Àı˛Êœ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛õ∂fl¬±ı˛Àˆ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ øıÓ¬fl«¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ˜”˘Ó¬– ‘Humour’ › ‘Wit’ ¤˝◊ ≈íÀ˚˛ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¬…øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¬ı˛± ˚ÀÔ©Ü øı‰¬±ı˛ ˙øMêı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº ‘Wit’ ˝˘ı≈øXı˛ ¶§±BÂj… ˘œ˘±, ˚± ’±˜±Àı˛ Œ‰¬±‡ Ò“±øÒÀ˚˛ Œ˚˛ › ¸õ∂˙—¸ øı¶úÀ˚˛ı˛ Î¬◊À^fl¬fl¬Àı˛ ñ ¤‡±ÀÚ Œ˚Ú ı≈øX¬ı˛ Ó¬ı˛ı±øı˛ Œ‡˘± ˚± øÚ–¸•Ûøfl«¬Ó¬ ıd, øı¯∏˚˛ ı± ø‰¬ôL±ı˛˜ÀÒ… ’øÓ¬fl«¬Ó¬ ¸±‘˙… ’±øı©®±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬º ¤ı˛ ‚±Ó¬-õ∂øÓ¬‚±Ó¬ ’ÀÚfl¬È¬± ˚≈XÀé¬ÀSı˛∆Zı˛Ô ˚≈ÀXı˛ ¸À/ Ó≈¬˘Úœ˚˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¤fl¬ õ∂fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ øÚá≈¬ı˛Ó¬±, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏∏ı˛ ¸≈fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˆ¬±ı -õ∂ıÌÓ¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¤fl¬ Î¬◊XÓ¬ fi±¸œÀÚ…ı˛ ¸≈ı˛ ÒWøÚÓ¬ ˝˚˛º ‘Wit’ ¤ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ‘©Ü±ôLShakespeare -¤ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ˚≈À·ı˛ Ú±È¬fl¬ › ¸l˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ˚≈À·ı˛ Ú±È¬fl¬±ı˘œº ’Ú…øÀfl¬, ‘Humour’ ¤ ı≈øXı˛ Ó¬œıË œølı˛ ¸À/ ¸˝±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ı˛ ¤fl¬ ¸fl¬èÌ ˆ¬±ı-¸˜i§˚˛˜≈À‡ı˛ ˝±ø¸ › Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ Ê˘ ø˜ø|Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ ¤fl¬ ’¬Û”ı« ˝◊fÒÚ≈ı˛ ıÌ«Õıø‰¬S… ¬Ûøı˛˘øé¬Ó¬



˝˚˛º ‘Humour’ -¤ı˛ ‘©Ü±ôL Œ˜À˘ Shakespeare -¤ı˛ Œ˙¯∏∏ ı˚˛À¸ı˛ Ú±È¬fl¬±ı˘œ ›ÿ∏∏Úøı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ Lamb-¤ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛º

’±Àı˛± ¤fl¬È≈¬ øı˙À ı˘À˘, ‘Wit’ Œ˚Ú ¤fl¬ ˜≈˝”Ó«¬fl¬±˘¶ö±˚˛œ ’±Ó¬¸ı±Êœº¤‡±ÀÚ Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ ı± fl¬Ô±fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¸˜fl¬±˘œÚ ÊœıÚ ı± ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œfl¬±Ú ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬‘ø©Üˆ¬/œı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ Œ˜À˘ Ú±, Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ ‰¬øı˛S øfl¬—ı± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±Àıı˛ ’±ˆ¬±¸ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛˜±Sº øfl¬c ‘Humour’ -¤ı˛ ·ˆ¬œı˛ › ¶ö±˚˛œ ’±ÀıÀÚ ¤fl¬ øıø˙©Ü ˜ÀÚ±ı‘øM, ÊœıÚ-’ˆ¬…±¸ ·Ó¬±Ú≈·øÓ¬fl¬Ó¬± ıÊ«Úfl¬±ı˛œ ˆ¬/œı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ Œ˜À˘º Humourist -¤ı˛ ˝±ø¸ı˛Œ‡“±‰¬± ¸˜ô¶ w±ôL ’¸—·øÓ¬Àfl¬ ˜≈˝”ÀÓ«¬ ¸≈¶Û©Ü, Î¬◊#¬¬¬;˘ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ’±˜±Àı˛ øÚÓ¬…ÊœıÚÒ±ı˛±Àfl¬, Œ˙±ˆ¬Ú-’À˙±ˆ¬Ú øÚÒ«±ı˛ÀÌı˛ ˜±Ú`¬Àfl¬ ’±˜”˘ ¬Ûøı˛ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ˚˛ºøÓ¬øÚ ÊœıÀÚı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ¸≈Ó¬œéÆ¬ ıøÇ˜ ‘ø©ÜÀé¬¬Û fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬, ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ ¸ÀÓ¬…ı˛’ˆ¬…ôLÀı˛ ’˘øé¬Ó¬ › øı¶ú‘Ó¬ ¸ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’±øı©®±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Ú ¤ı— ’±˜±Àı˛ ·Ó¬±Ú≈·øÓ¬fl¬‰¬˜fl¬ ˆ¬±ø„À˚˛ ’¸—ıı˛Ìœ˚˛ ˝±À¸…±BÂW±À¸ ¶£¬œÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘Úº ˝◊—Àı˛øÊ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…Fielding › Sterne øfl¬—ı± Dickens Ó“¬±Àı˛ Œ˘‡±˚˛ ı…±¬Ûfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ‘Humour’ ¤ı˛ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº Fielding › Dicknes -¤ı˛ ı˛ø¸fl¬Ó¬± ’ÀÚfl¬ Œé¬ÀS˝◊ ¶ö”˘,’·ˆ¬œı˛ › ’±øÓ¬˙˚…≈©Üº Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Sterne õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ’ÀÔ«˝◊ Humourist ¬Û˚«±˚˛ˆ≈¬Mê˝›˚˛±ı˛ ±ıœ ı˛±À‡Úº Ó¬“±ı˛ ¸‘©Ü ‰¬øı˛S Uncle Toby Î¬◊B‰¬±À/ı˛ ¸”Ñ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ¤fl¬øÚ‡≈“Ó¬ õ∂Ó¬œfl¬º

ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… fi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸fl¬ ¬Û…±ı˛œ‰“¬± ø˜S › Ú±È¬…fl¬±ı˛ œÚıg≈ ø˜S õ∂Ô˜¤˝◊ õ∂fl¬±ı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ õ∂ıÓ«¬Ú fl¬Àı˛Úº ¬Û…±ı˛œ‰“¬± ø˜ÀSı˛ õ∂±˚˛ ¸˜ô¶ ˜≈‡… ‰¬øı˛S˝◊ ñı±>±ı˛±˜, ıÀSêù´ı˛, Í¬fl¬‰¬±‰¬± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¤˝◊ Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬fl¬˜˚˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ Z±ı˛± ¸•Û‘Mêº ¤fl¬ø˝¸±Àı Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ ‰¬øı˛S ¸‘ø©Üı˛ ˜≈‡… Î¬◊ÀV˙… › Œõ∂ı˛Ì± ¤À¸ÀÂ ¤˝◊ ˝±¸…ı˛¸ õ∂ıÓ«¬ÀÚı˛Œ‰¬©Ü± ˝ÀÓ¬º ’±ı±ı˛ œÚıg≈ ø˜Sı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ Verbal wit ı± fl¬Ô± fl¬±È¬±fl¬±øÈ¬ı˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü‘©Ü±ôL ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û Ó“¬±ı˛ øÚ˜‰“¬± ‰¬øı˛S Î¬◊B‰¬±À/ı˛ Humour ¤ı˛ Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ìø˝¸±Àı ·Ì… ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º

ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Œ|á¬ fi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸fl¬·Ì ñ ıøÇ˜‰¬f, ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô › ˙ı˛»‰¬Àfı˛Œıø˙ı˛ ˆ¬±· Œ˘‡±˚˛ Humour -¤ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øıÀ˙¯∏∏ õ∂ıÌÓ¬± Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ’ı˙… Ó“¬±Àı˛¸‘©Ü ’ä øfl¬Â≈ ‰¬øı˛ÀS, Ó¬±Àı˛ fl¬ÔÀ¬Û±fl¬ÔÀÚ › Œ˘‡fl¬Àı˛ øıÀù≠¯∏∏Ì-˜ôLÀı…ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬fl¬‡ÀÚ± fl¬‡ÀÚ± ¸Êœı ıø¸fl¬Ó¬±ı ¬Ûøı‰¬˚ ¬Û±›˚± ˚±˚º ıøÇ˜‰¬Àfı ·Ê¬ÛøÓ¬, øı…±ø·ƒ·Êõ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ ‰¬øı˛ÀS øÚÀ «¬Ê±˘ “¬±h¬±ø˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬ ˛ Œ˜À˘º Ó“¬±ı˛ ’±¸˜±øÚ, ø·ƒøıÊ ˛, ø·øı˛Ê± ˛±õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±ı˛fl¬-Œ|Ìœı˛ ‰¬øı˛ÀS ‰¬±˘±øfl¬ › Œı±fl¬±ø˜-ø˜ø|Ó¬ ¤fl¬õ∂fl¬±ı˛ ı˛ø¸fl¬Ó¬± Œ‡ÀÓ¬¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬Àı ıøÇ˜ ¸‘©Ü ëfl¬˜˘±fl¬±ÀôLı˛ lı˛í-¤ Humour -¤ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ ¸˜ô¶ &Ì˝◊



õ∂fl¬È¬ˆ¬±Àı øı…˜±Úº ¤˝◊ õ∂ıg&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ Ó¬œéÆ¬, Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ øıÀù≠¯∏∏Ì ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛øıø˙©Ü ˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ › øıqX ˝±¸…ı˛¸-¸•Û±ÀÓ¬ œl ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº

ıøÇ˜‰¬Àfı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛¸ ˜”˘fl¬ fl¬±ø˝øÚı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ¶⁄©Ü± ëı/ı±¸œí ¬ÛøSfl¬±ı˛õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ó¬± Œ˚±À·f‰¬f ı¸≈ › ¤˝◊ ¸—ı±¬ÛÀS ë¬Û=±Újí ÂΩÚ±˜Ò±ı˛œ ˝◊fÚ±ÔıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ õ∂˝¸Ú±Rfl¬ ı…/ fl¬±ı… ëˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬-Î¬◊X±ı˛í ¤ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ø˜Ó¬˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊ õ∂¸À/ Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ëfl¬äÓ¬èí › ëé≈¬øı˛±˜í Ú±À˜˝±¸…ı˛¸ õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ ≈í‡±øÚ Î¬◊À°‡À˚±·…º Œ˚±À·f‰¬f ı¸≈ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ë˜ÀÎ¬˘ˆ¬ø·Úœí,ëfl¬±˘±‰“¬±í, ëø‰¬øÚı±¸-‰¬øı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬í, ë¿¿ ı˛±Ê˘Ñœí õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¢∂ÀLö ı±—˘± ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛¸≈øÚ¬Û≈Ì ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ Œ˜À˘º

¤ı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ ˚≈À· ’±À¸Ú õ∂˜Ô Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛œº ¸‘ÊÚ˙øMêı˛ ’±Àı˙˜˚˛Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/¸˜À˘±‰¬Ú±˙øMê Ó¬Ô± øı‰¬±ı˛ı≈øXı˛ ¤fl¬ ¸≈jı˛ Œ˜˘ıgÀÚı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øÚ¬Û≈Ú ˝±¸…ı˛¸ ¸‘ø©Üı˛øÓ¬øÚ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ëÙ¬ı˛˜±À˚˛¸œ ·äí, ëC±ÀÊøÎ¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬í, ë¸˝˚±Sœí õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬·ä ¤˝◊ õ∂¸À/ ¶úı˛Ìœ˚˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ Úœ˘ Œ˘±ø˝Ó¬ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ˆ≈¬Mê ·ä&ø˘ Œ˚˜Ú, ëÚœ˘ Œ˘±ø˝Ó¬í,ëÚœ˘ Œ˘±ø˝ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’±ø Œõ∂˜í, ëÚœ˘ Œ˘±ø˝ÀÓ¬ı˛ Œ¸Ãı˛±©Üò ˘œ˘±í, ëÚœ˘ Œ˘±ø˝ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¶§ ˛—ıı˛í,õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ’øÓ¬ı˛?ÀÚı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… ’•°±ÚıÀÚ ’±RÀ·Ãı˛ı õ∂‰¬±Àı˛ı˛ Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬fl¬fl¬ı˛õ∂˚˛±¸º ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ¸ı«õ∂Ô˜ Î¬◊æÈ¬ fl¬äÚ± ¸—ıø˘Ó¬ › ˜±Úøıfl¬ ‚È¬Ú±ı˛ ¸—ø˜|ÀÌŒfl¬ÃÓ≈¬fl¬fl¬ı˛ fl¬±ø˝Úœ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ ∆SÀ˘±fl¬…Ú±Ô ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ ëÎ¬˜è‰¬øı˛Ó¬íï1923ó, ë˜≈Mê˜±˘±í ï1903ó, ëfl¬Ç±ıÓ¬œí ï1982ó, øıÀ˙¯∏∏ ˆ¬±Àı Î¬◊À°‡…º ’±ı±ı˛ı˛±ÊÀ˙‡ı˛ ı¸≈ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ø˜øÓ¬Àı±Ò ’±ı˛› ¸”Ñ ¤ı— Ó“¬±ı˛ ’À˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ Ê·ÀÓ¬ øı‰¬ı˛Ì’±ı˛› øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬º

Œfl¬±ıÚ±Ô ıÀj±¬Û±Ò…±˚, øı ”¬øÓ¬ ”¬ ∏∏Ì ≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚, ı±ÊÀ˙‡ı ı ≈, øZÀÊf˘±˘ı˛±˚˛ õ∂˜≈‡ ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…Àfl¬ı˛± Sê˜±i§À˚˛ ı±—˘± ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ Ò±ı˛±øÈ¬Àfl¬ ¸•Û‘Mê fl¬Àı˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº˚≈· ¸øgé¬ÀÌı˛ fl¬øı ÷ù´ı˛ &l ŒÔÀfl¬ øZÀÊf˘±˘ ¬Û˚«ôL Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛± Œ˚ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛¸‘ÊÚ fl¬Àı˛ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝Ó¬…Àfl¬ ¸˜‘X¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ·ÀÂÚ, ¸ı Œé¬ÀS˝◊ ¤fl¬ ¸—¶®±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ı‘øM› õ∂øÓ¬ı±Àı˛ Ó¬œıË Ê;±˘± õ∂fl¬È¬ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº

˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝Ó¬…Àfl¬ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ fl¬Ó¬È¬± ¸˜‘X fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚŒ¸È¬± øıÀ˙¯∏∏ˆ¬±Àı Œ‡±ÀÚ±˝◊ ˝˘ ¤é¬ÀÌ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ øı¯∏∏˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛¸œ˜±ıXÓ¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¸˜ô¶ ı±—˘± ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ’¸yıº Ó¬±˝◊ qÒ≈ Ú±À˜±À°‡fl¬Àı˛ ¤˝◊ Ò±ı˛±øÈ¬ı˛ Sê˜ıX«˜±Ú ı˛+¬ÛÀı˛‡± Ù≈¬øÈ¬À˚˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂºÎ¬◊À¬Ûføfl¬À˙±ı ı±˚À‰¬ÃÒ≈ıœ ŒÔÀfl¬ ≈fl≈¬˜±ı ı±˚ ı±—˘± ø˙q¸±ø˝Ó¬… Ó¬Ô± Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬fl¬¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı,øıÀ˙¯∏∏ fl¬Àı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛¸ ¸‘ø©Üı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø˜| Œ˚ Ò±ı˛±øÈ¬ı˛ ¸±Ô«fl¬ è¬Ûfl¬±ı˛ øÂÀ˘Ú Ó¬±ı˛˝◊



Î¬◊Mı˛±øÒfl¬±ı˛ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝Ó¬… õ∂±/ÀÌ ’±øıˆ«¬±ıº øÓ¬øÚ ¸±ı˛±ÊœıÚÒÀı˛˝◊ ¸˚ÀP Ó¬±ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ± fl¬Àı˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº 1922 ¸±À˘ ˜±S Œ‰¬ÃV ıÂı˛ ı˚˛À¸ ıh¬±¸≈fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ı˛±À˚˛ı˛ ’±¢∂À˝ ë¸Àj˙í ¬ÛøSfl¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… øÓ¬øÚ õ∂Ô˜ ·ä ø˘‡À˘Ú ë˘ÑœÂ±h¬±íÄ˚± ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πÀÓ¬ ë˘ÑœÀÂÀ˘í Ú±À˜ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝˚˛º Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ¸≈øıÚ˚˛ ı˛±À˚˛ı˛ ¸•Û±Ú±˚˛’±ı±ı˛ ˚‡Ú ë¸Àj˙í õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú øÓ¬øÚ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ Œı˙ øfl¬Â≈ ·ä Œ˘À‡Úº 1940¸±À˘ ¤˝◊ ·ä&ø˘ øÚÀ˚˛ ëıø…Ú±ÀÔı˛ ı±øh¬í Ú±À˜ ı˝◊ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œı˙fl¬À˚˛fl¬ ıÂı˛ øÓ¬øÚ ±øÊ«ø˘— › ˙±øôLøÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚ ø˙é¬fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛Úº ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πÀÓ¬øıÀ˚˛ı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ ¸—¸±ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ’±ıX¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ, øÓ¬øÚ øÚ˚˛ø˜Ó¬ Œ˘‡±ı˛ ¸≈À˚±·¬Û±ÚøÚº ¶ú‘øÓ¬‰¬±ı˛ÀÌ øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ - Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˚˛¸œ fl¬Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏∏ı˛˝◊ Ó¬‡Ú Œ˘‡fl¬ ø˝À¸ÀıÚ±˜-Î¬±fl¬ ˝À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂº Ó¬±˝À˘ ¤˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ fl¬œ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ∑ ¤˝◊ õ∂Àùüı˛ Î¬◊Mı˛ øÓ¬øÚ¤ˆ¬±Àı øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ ñ

ëë’ÀÚÀfl¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ¤¸ı ’ı±ôLı˛ fl¬Ô±, øfl¬c ’±˜±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Ú˚˛º ¸±ı˛±ÊœıÀÚ ¤ ◊ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸±ÒÚ± ◊ fl¬Àı˛øÂ, ı ◊ ¬Ûh¬±, ı ◊ Œ˘‡±º øıÀ˙ ∏∏ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÂ±È¬Àı˛ı˝◊ Œ˘‡±, ŒÂ±È¬Àı˛ ¬ÛøSfl¬± ¸•Û±Ú± fl¬ı˛±, fl¬œ fl¬ı˛À˘ ŒÂ±È¬Àı˛ ı˝◊-¬ÛøSfl¬±’±ı˛› ˆ¬±À˘± ˝˚˛, fl¬œ fl¬ı˛À˘ ŒÂ±È¬ı˛± ¶≥®˘¬Û±ÀÍ¬…ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛ ¤¸ı ı˝◊ ŒÔÀfl¬¸ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Œıø˙ ’±Új › ø˙é¬± ¬Û±˚˛ - ¤˝◊¸ı ø‰¬ôL± Â±h¬±, ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘fl¬±ÀÊı˛ fl¬±Ê øfl¬Â≈˝◊ fl¬øı˛øÚº ’±ı˛ ¸ı ø‰¬ôL± ’±˜±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Œ·ÃÌ ˝À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂºøfl¬c ÊœıÀÚı˛ 32-33 ıÂı˛ Œfl¬ÀÈ¬ Œ·øÂ˘ øÚÀÊÀfl¬ ∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬˝◊, øÚÀÊÀfl¬Ê±ÚÀÓ¬˝◊ºíí1

¤˝◊ ¬ÛÀı« ëı˛±˜ÒÚ≈í, ëı˛„˜˙±˘í, ëŒ˜Ã‰¬±fl¬í õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¬ÛøSfl¬±˚˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ·ä-Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ¬ÛÀı˛ ë’±ÚjÀ˜˘±í › ’Ú…±Ú… ¬ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¬±ÀÓ¬› Ó“¬±ı˛ Œ˘‡±õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ ˜”˘Ó¬– ø˙q-¸±ø˝øÓ¬…fl¬º ¸±ı˛±ÊœıÚ ø˙q-¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛¤fl¬øÚá¬ Œ¸ı± fl¬ı˛À˘› Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú± ¸y±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚Àfl¬±Ú ı˚˛¸œ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬ ˜≈øMê Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛˚±Ú ¤fl¬ ¶§BÂ ¸ı≈Ê ¸ı˛¸Ó¬±ı˛ øÀfl¬º ¸ı ô¶Àı˛ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ Œıø˙ı˛ ˆ¬±· Œ˘‡±ı˛˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¬ øÚÀ «¬Ê±˘ “¬±h¬±À˜±˝œÚ ˝±¸…Àfl¬ÃÓ≈¬Àfl¬ı˛ ¸g±Ú ¬Û±Úº ¸ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ø˜Ó¬ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸Ó“¬±ı˛ ıU Œ˘‡±˝◊ ¸˜‘Xº øıqX ’ÀÔ« ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛ ¸ı ı˛‰¬Ú±˝◊ Œ˚ ˝±¸…ı˛¸¸˜‘XÓ¬± Ú˚˛ ñ øÓ¬øÚ ˜”˘Ó¬– ø˙q-øfl¬À˙±ı˛Àı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ø˘‡ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ øÚÀÊı˛ ’Ê±ÀôL˝◊’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˜À˚˛ øfl¬Â≈ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ Œ˚±·±Ú øÀ˚˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº ŒÂ±È¬Àı˛ ¸ı ¬ÛøSfl¬±ı˛ ÊÚ…˝◊øÓ¬øÚ ’äøıô¶ı˛ ·ä ø˘‡ÀÓ¬Úº Œ˘ø‡fl¬±ı˛ fl¬Ô±˚˛ ñ

ëë·ä&À˘± Œfl¬˜Ú Œ˚Ú ∆Ó¬ı˛œ ˝À˚˛˝◊ fl¬˘À˜ı˛ Î¬·±˚˛ ’±¸Ó¬º 1931 ¸±À˘¤˜.¤. ¬Û±˙ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ˙±øôLøÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚ ¬Ûh¬±ÀÓ¬ ¤˘±˜º ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô› Œ‡˘±˜



ë¸Àj˙í ¬ÛÀh¬Úº ’±˜±Àfl¬ ‡±ø˘ ı˘ÀÓ¬Ú - ë·ä&À˘± ¤fl¬¸À/ fl¬Àı˛ ı˝◊ Œıı˛fl¬Àı˛±º Ú˝◊À˘ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ ˚±Àıº ’±˜±ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂºí ’±˜±ı˛ ·ä’±ı±ı˛ ı˝◊ ˝À˚˛ ŒıÀı˛±Àı, Ó¬‡Ú› ¬Û˚«ôL ¤ ’±˜±ı˛ ¶§Àõüı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛ øÂ˘º Œ˙¯∏∏È¬±˚‡Ú ¸øÓ¬… ¸øÓ¬… ëıø…Ú±ÀÔı˛ ı±øÎ¬í Œıè˘, ı˛ıœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ ˙ı˛œı˛ Ó¬‡Ú Œˆ¬À„Œ·ÀÂº ı˝◊ øÚÀ˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¬ øıı˛Mê fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±ºíí2

˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ Œ˘‡±ÀÓ¬ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ øfl¬Â≈È¬± ı˛˝¸…, Ó¬ôLøfl¬•§± fl¬äøı:±ÀÚı˛ ≈jı˛ ’±À˘‡… ¬Û±› ˛± ˚± ˛º ˚±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ˜À˘ qÒ≈ øıqX ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ øı‡…±Ó¬ ·ä ë¬Ûøø¬Ûø¸ı˛ ıø˜«ı±¶®í-ŒÓ¬ ¬Ûøø¬Ûø¸ı˛ ˜øÚ-˜±øÚfl¬… ˆ¬ı˛±ıø˜«ı±¶® õ∂±øl › Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬¬Û”«Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Î¬◊Àı ˚±›˚˛± Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ıU fl¬±˘±ıøÒ ‹ ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛Œ˚ ı˛˝¸…-Œı˛±˜±= ˆ¬ı˛± ’Ài§¯∏∏ÀÌı˛ Œ·±À˚˛j± fl¬±ø˝øÚ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬ ¤fl¬ ¸≈jı˛ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸˜ø`¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬, Ó¬±ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± Œ˜˘± ˆ¬±ı˛º ¬Ûøø¬Ûø¸ı˛ ¬Û“±‰≈¬˜±˜±, ¬Ûøø¬Ûø¸ı˛ŒÂÀ˘ ·Ê±, Œ˘ø‡fl¬± øÚÀÊ ¤ı— ’Ú…±Ú… ‰¬øı˛SÀfl¬ ¤Ó¬ ¸≈jı˛ ¸≈¯∏∏˜±˚˛ ¤fl¬ Œ·±À˚˛j±fl¬±ø˝øÚı˛ Œ˜±h¬Àfl¬ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚, ¤ÀÓ¬ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ¸g±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬fl¬©Ü fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ Ú±º Œ˘ø‡fl¬±ı˛ ¶§˚˛— ë˝±¸… › ı˛˝À¸…ı˛ ·äí ¤˝◊ Ú±À˜ ≈øÈ¬ ‡G ¤ı—ë˝±ø¸ı˛ ·äí Ú±À˜ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ·ä¢∂Lö ’±ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ·ä¢∂Lö&ø˘ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ·Àäı˛ ’±˘±±’±˘±± fl¬Àı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± Ú± fl¬Àı˛ øfl¬ˆ¬±Àı øıøˆ¬iß ’±ø/Àfl¬ ˝±¸…ı˛¸ ¸‘ø©Üı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜·Àäı˛ øı¯∏∏˚˛ıdÀfl¬ ı…±‡…± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Ó¬±ı˛ ıÌ«Ú± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ı˛˝¸…Ò˜π ˝±ø¸ı˛ ·äŒ˚˜Ú ñ ëøZÓ¬œ ˛ øÈ¬fl¬øÈ¬øfl¬í, ëøÚfl≈¬À?ı˛ Ú…±fl¬±ø˜í, ë¸˜±V±Àı˛ı˛ ’‘ …fl¬ı˛Ìí, ëŒ·±˘fl¬Ò±˜í,ëøZÓ¬œ˚˛ øÈ¬fl¬øÈ¬øfl¬ı˛ ’ôLÒ«±Úí, ëŒ‰¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¸…±„±Ó¬í õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬ÊÚ Œ·±À˚˛j±º Ó“¬±ı˛’…±ø¸à¬…±KÈ¬ı˛± › Œfl¬±Ú ¸≈øÚø«©Ü Ó¬ÀôLı˛ øı¯∏∏˚˛ øÚÀˆ«¬Ê±˘ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ Œ˜±h¬Àfl¬¬Û±Í¬fl¬fl≈¬À˘ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¬Ûøı˛Àıø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ Œ˚ qèÀÓ¬ ıøÌ«Ó¬ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ Ó¬±øNfl¬’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ‘Wit’ ı± ‘Humour’ ¤ı˛ õ∂Ô±ø¸X ‘©Ü±ôL ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ˜˘± ˆ¬±ı˛Ä øfl¬c ¤˝◊¸ı ·Àäı˛ qèÀÓ¬ Œ˚, Œ·±À˚˛j± õ≠È¬ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˘ø‡fl¬±’¢∂¸ı˛ ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚ, ø˙q - øfl¬À˙±ı˛ Ó¬Ô± ı˚˛¶® ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬ ¸≈jı˛ ˜Ê±±ı˛ Œ·±À˚˛j± Ó¬ÀôLı˛˜Ò… øÀ˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ø·À˚˛ ¤fl¬ ˝◊øÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤À¸ ·Àäı˛ ¸˜±ølfl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ¶≥®˘¬Ûh≈¬˚˛± &ø¬Û ’±ı˛ ¬Û±Ú≈, Œ·±À˚˛j± ŒÂ±ÀÈ¬±˜±˜±ı˛ ≈˝◊ ’…±ø¸à…±KÈ¬ñ

ëëŒ·±À˚˛j± ’±ø¬ÛÀ¸ ‰¬±fl¬øı˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ ’ıøÒ &ø¬Ûı˛ ŒÂ±ÀÈ¬±˜±˜±ı˛ øÚ&À˘±Ú±Ú±ı˛fl¬˜ Œ˘±˜˝¯∏∏«fl¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˚˛ ˆ¬Àı˛ Ô±fl¬Ó¬º &ø¬Û ø˝—¸±˚˛ Ê;À˘ Œ˚Ó¬º’Ç¬ ˆ”¬˘ fl¬ı˛Ó¬º Ó¬±˝◊ øÚÀ˚˛ ¶≥®À˘ ’±ı˛ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ≈íÊ±˚˛·±˚˛ ’˙±øôL ˝Ó¬º ...¬Û±Ú≈Àı˛ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬˝◊ ŒÂ±ÀÈ¬±˜±˜±ı˛ &ø¬Ûı˛ ¸À/ Œ‡± ˝Ó¬º ˜±ÀÁ¬ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ¬Û±Ú≈ı˛Œ˜ÀÊ±fl¬±fl¬± ’±ı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ø¸-’±˝◊-øÎ¬ ıg≈ fl¬±Ú≈ ¸±˜ôL› ¤À¸ ˝±øÊı˛ ˝ÀÓ¬Úº



≈í¤fl¬ı±ı˛ ø°œı˛ ¬Û≈ø˘À˙ı˛ ø‰¬¬Û øıÚ≈ Ó¬±˘≈fl¬±ı˛ ¬Û˚«ôL ¤À¸øÂÀ˘Úºíí3

‰¬øı˛S&ø˘ı˛ Ú±˜fl¬ı˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ qè fl¬Àı˛ ·Àäı˛ øı¯∏∏˚˛ Œ˚˜Ú ñ ëøZÓ¬œ˚˛ øÈ¬fl¬øÈ¬øfl¬í ŒÓ¬ˆ¬± ≈Àfl¬ı˛ ı˛ ¸… Î¬◊X±ı˛, ëøÚfl≈¬À?ı˛ Ú…±fl¬±ø˜í ŒÓ¬ Î¬◊ ◊À˘ı˛ ı˛ ¸… Î¬◊X±ı˛ ◊Ó¬…±ø ¸ıÀé¬ÀS ◊¬Û±Í¬fl¬-¬Û±øÍ¬fl¬±Àfl¬ Œ˘ø‡fl¬± ¤fl¬ ¸±ı˘œ˘ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ Œ‡±ı˛±fl¬ øÀ˚˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº ëøÚfl≈¬À?ı˛Ú…±fl¬±ø˜íÀÓ¬ Î¬◊øfl¬˘ ˙˙Òı˛ı±ı≈ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ œ‚« fl¬À˚˛fl¬ ıÂı˛ ÒÀı˛ ·øBÂÓ¬ Î¬◊˝◊˘ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤fl¬Œ˚ÃÔ ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ øÓ¬Ú ›˚˛±øı˛À˙ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚ È¬±Ú È¬±Ú Î¬◊ÀMÊÚ±, ˚±ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±ı±ı˛Œ·±À˚˛j± øÚÀ˚˛±· ¤ı— Œ¸˝◊ Œ·±À˚˛j± ŒÂ±È¬˜±˜± › Ó¬±ı˛ ≈˝◊ ’…±ø¸à…±KÈ¬ &ø¬Û ›¬Û±Ú≈ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛ Œ˙À¯∏∏ Î¬◊øfl¬˘ ˙˙Òı˛ı±ı≈ı˛ Î¬◊˝◊˘ Î¬◊Àiú±‰¬Úº Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ Œ˘‡±ñ

ëë‰¬±ı˛øÈ¬ fl“¬±‰¬fl¬˘± Œfl¬Ú±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˙˙Òı˛ ˜ø°Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¤fl¬ È¬±fl¬± ı˛±ø‡ ˛± Œ·˘±˜ºı±øfl¬ ¸•ÛøM ÊœıÚfl¬±À˘˝◊ ·ı˛œı ≈–‡œÀfl¬ ±Ú fl¬øı˛˚˛±øÂºíí

¤˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜ øıqX ˝±¸…ı˛¸˝◊ ¤˝◊¸ı Œ·±À˚˛j±Ò˜π ·Àäı˛ ˜”˘ ¸≈ı˛º’±ı±ı˛ ë˝±ø¸ı˛ ·äí ·ä¢∂ÀLöı˛ Ê±≈øı…± ë&˜ƒÙ¬±í, ëŒı˛À˘í, ë·ı˛˜ ¬Û±øÚí õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬

·ä&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œ‡± ˚±Àı ¬Û”ı«ıøÌ«Ó¬ Œ·±À˚˛j± fl¬±ø˝øÚ ŒÚ˝◊º ¤&ø˘ qÒ≈˝◊ Œfl¬ı˘ ˝±ø¸ı˛·äº ¬Û±Í¬fl¬-¬Û±øÍ¬fl¬±Àfl¬ øıøˆ¬iß øı¯∏∏À˚˛ı˛ ’ıÓ¬±ı˛Ì± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ˝±ø¸ı˛ Œ˜±h¬Àfl¬º Œ˚˜Úñ ëÊ±≈øı…±íÀÓ¬ ·Àäı˛ Ú±˚˛fl¬ Ú¸≈ ïıÂı˛ ı±Àı˛± ı˚˛¸ó ˝±›h¬± ŒÔÀfl¬ Œı±˘¬Û≈ı˛ ˜±˜±ı˛ı±øh¬ ˚±›˚˛±ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ŒCÚ øıw±È¬, ’±ı˛ ¸˝˚±Sœ ¤fl¬ Ê±≈fl¬Àı˛ı˛ ¸À/ ¸≈È¬Àfl¬¸ ı˘,’±ı±ı˛ ı±h¬œ øÙ¬Àı˛ ’æ≥Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı øÚÀÊı˛ ı±' ˝±ÀÓ¬ ’±¸± ñ Œ˘ø‡fl¬± øÚ¬Û≈Ìˆ¬±Àı Ó≈¬À˘ÒÀı˛ÀÂÚº ¬Ûøı˛ø˜Ó¬ ı≈øXœl ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ¸≈¯∏∏˜±˚˛ ¤ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ·ä&ø˘ Œ˙±øˆ¬Ó¬º ’±ı±ı˛ë&˜ƒÙ¬±í˚˛ ŒÂ±h¬±≈ › ŒÂ±h¬øø Ó“¬±Àı˛ ø˝˜±˘À˚˛ı˛ Œ·±¬ÛÚ ’±ô¶±Ú± &˜ƒÙ¬± - ˚±ı˛¬Û±À˙ ’±ÀÂ ŒıÃX ˜øjı˛ Œıø©ÜÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ·“±º ŒıÃX˙±¶a øÚÀ ˛ ·Àı ∏∏Ì±ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙ ŒÂ±h¬±≈ı˛¤‡±ÀÚ Ô±fl¬±º øfl¬c õ∂øÓ¬ı±ı˛ ˙œÓ¬fl¬±À˘ õ∂‰¬G¬Í¬±G±˚˛ ı±h¬œ ’±¸ÀÚº ¤ı±ı˛ ˙œÓ¬fl¬±À˘ŒÓ¬± Ó“¬±ı˛± ¤À˘Ú Ú±, Œ¸˝◊ ¸À/ ø‰¬øÍ¬¬ÛS› ŒÚøÚº Œ¸˝◊ øÚÀ˚˛ Ó“¬±Àı˛ ’±Rœ˚˛¶§ÊÚ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ≈øôL± › ¤“Àı˛ &˜ƒÙ¬±˚˛ ·˜Ú ¤ı— ŒÂ±h¬±≈ › ŒÂ±h¬ø±ı˛ ¸À/Œ‡± ˝›˚˛±º ¸… ‚ÀÈ¬ ˚±›˚˛± &˜ƒÙ¬±ı˛ ˜˜«±øôLfl¬ ‚È¬Ú± › Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Ó“¬±Àı˛ Î¬◊X±ı˛ ›˘±˜±Àı˛ › ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ŒıÃXÀı˛ ¸˝+˚˛ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¬±ı˛ › ¸±˝ø¸fl¬Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛˝◊ ·äøÈ¬ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬ŒÊ±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ˝±¸±˚˛ Ú±Ä Ó¬Àı ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ’Ú≈¯∏∏/ ¤‡±ÀÚ› øı…˜±Úº

ë˝±¸… › ı˛˝À¸…ı˛ ·äí ¢∂ÀLöı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±fl¬±À˘ Œ‡± ˚±Àı õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ·Àäı˛ Œé¬ÀSÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øÓ¬øÚ ˝±ø¸ı˛ Œ‡±ı˛±fl¬ Ê≈ø·À˚˛ÀÂÚ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬Àfl¬º ¤&ø˘ı˛¤fl¬È¬±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ’Ú…øÈ¬ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ø˜˘ ŒÚ˝◊, ¸•Û”Ì« ’±˘±± ’±˘±± ∆ıø‰¬S… øÚÀ˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂºÓ“¬±ı˛ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ëø˝Àı˛í, ëŒÚÃÀfl¬±í, ëfl¬±˘í, ëø˙ı≈í, ë¸˜±Vı˛ ˝◊ÚÀˆ¬øà¬À·˙±Ú ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬í,ë¬ÛÔí, ë ◊ À˙‚± ◊í, ëõ∂±ølÀ˚±·í, ëŒÂ±È¬˜±˜±ı˛ Ó¬ôLí õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ ·ä&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œ·±À ˛j± ˝À ˛ÀÂ



ŒÂ±È¬˜±˜± › Ó“¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ’…±ø¸à…±KÈ¬ ˝˘ ¬Û±Ú≈, ’±ı˛ &ø¬Ûº ¤‡±ÀÚ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ·±À˚˛j±fl¬±ø˝øÚı˛ ’±ıÀÓ«¬, ˝±ø¸ı˛ Œ˜±h¬Àfl¬ ·ä&ø˘ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ·ä&ø˘ ˜”˘Ó¬– Œ˘ø‡fl¬±¶≥®˘¬Û±ÀÍ¬…ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛ ø˙q-øfl¬À˙±ı˛Àı˛ ˜ÀÚ øfl¬Â≈È¬± ˜Ê± › ˝±ø¸ Œ˚±·±ÀÓ¬ ø˘À‡øÂÀ˘Úº’±ı±ı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ˝±øÓ¬ı˛ ·ä&ø˘ Œ˚˜Ú, ë˝±øÓ¬ ‰¬h¬±í, ë˚±S±˜/˘í, ë˝±øÓ¬ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘í, ëı˜«±ı˛˝±øÓ¬í, ë˝±øÓ¬ ˝±øÓ¬í, ë¸±± ˝±øÓ¬í õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Œı˙ ˜Ê±±ı˛º

¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ëfl¬äøı:±ÀÚı˛ ·äí Ú±À˜ ¤˝◊ ·ä¢∂LöøÈ¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±fl¬±À˘˝◊ Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛¤øÈ¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı:±Úøˆ¬øMfl¬ Ú±˜º øfl¬c ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ ˝±ø¸ı˛ Œ‡±ı˛±fl¬¤ÀÚÀÂÚ, Ó¬Àı ¤fl¬È≈¬ ’Ú… fl¬±˚˛±˚˛, ¸•Û”Ì« ’±˘±±ˆ¬±Àı ¤ı— ’±˘±±˜±S±˚˛º õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬·Àä ’ı˙…˝◊ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ ’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬±øı…fl¬ ˆ¬±¯∏∏± › ıÌ«Ú±ı˛ Á¬˘fl¬º øfl¬c Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…øÀ˚› Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬Àfl¬ı ˜±Ò…À˜ øÓ¬øÚ ¤fl¬ ˝±¸…ı¸ ‘ø©Ü fl¬ÀıÀÂÚº ¸˜¢∂ õ∂±ÌœÊ·», Î¬◊øæÊ·»¸•§Àg ¬Ûı˛˜ õ∂œøÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ Œ˘ø‡fl¬±ı˛º ’Ú… Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Œ˘‡±˚˛ Œ˚ ∆ıø˙©Ü…øÈ¬ ’±ÀÂ Ó¬± Œ˚Ú¤‡±ÀÚ› Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˜”˘Ó¬– ¤‡±ÀÚ ·ä&ø˘ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ ı˛+À¬Û ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛¤À¸ÀÂ ø˝˜±˘À˚˛ı˛ ¬Û±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ¬Û±˝±h¬-ıÚ-ÊœıÊc-øÚ¸·« ’±ı˛ Œ¸‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏∏Àı˛ÊœıÚÒ±ı˛ÀÌı˛ fl¬Ô±º ∆ı:±øÚfl¬ ’±øı©®±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂˚≈øMêøı…±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øÓ¬øÚ ø˙qÓ¬Ô± ¸fl¬˘ ı˚˛À¸ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬fl¬fl≈¬˘Àfl¬ ¤fl¬ ¶§Ó¬La fl¬äÚ±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÚı˛ ’À·±‰¬Àı˛¤fl¬È¬± ’Ú±øı˘ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ’±Ò±ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛Ú, ˚±ı˛ øˆ¬øMˆ”¬ø˜Àfl¬ ı±ô¶Àı ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛±‡≈ı˝◊ fl¬øÍ¬Úº Ó¬ı≈› ¤fl¬Ô± øÍ¬fl¬ ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¬ı˛± Œ˘ø‡fl¬±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ·Àäı˛ øı¯∏∏˚˛ıdı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ëŒı±ı˛í ˝Ú Ú±º ıı˛— ¤˝◊ fl¬±ø˝øÚı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ fl¬äÚ±ı˛ Ê·ÀÓ¬ ’±ıX ˝À˚˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ’±˘±±˜Ê± ı± ˝±ø¸ı˛ ¶§± ¬Û±Úº ·Àäı˛ øı¯∏∏À˚˛ ¤fl¬È≈¬ ŒÙ¬ı˛± ˚±fl¬ ñ ë’±fl¬±˙ ‚“±øÈ¬í-ŒÓ¬Œ˘ø‡fl¬± Œ¶Û¸ Œà˙Ú ı± ’±fl¬±˙ ‚“±øÈ¬ı˛ fl¬äÚ± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ˆ¬øı ∏∏…ÀÓ¬ ¬Û‘øÔıœÀÓ¬ ’Ó¬…øÒfl¬ÊÚ¸—‡…± ı±h¬À˘ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜˝±fl¬±À˙ ¤ı˛+¬Û ’ÀÚfl¬ Œ¶Û¸ Œà¬˙Ú ı±øÚÀ˚˛ Ô±fl¬±ı˛Ê± ˛·± Œ› ˛±ı˛ ÊÚ…º Œ˘ø‡fl¬±ı˛ ’øˆ¬Úı fl¬äÚ± ˛ ¤ ◊ ı øıfl¬ä ı±¸¶ö±Ú ˝Àı ë¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ŒÂ±È¬ ˜ÀÎ¬˘í ¶§±-·g-ıÌ«-‘˙…-¶Û˙«˜˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¤˝◊ Œ‰¬Ú± Ê·»È¬±ı˛ ’Ú≈ı˛+¬Û ˝ÀÓ¬˝Àıº ‡È¬‡ÀÈ¬ ˚±øLafl¬ øÚè¬Û±˚˛ õ∂±ÌÒ±ı˛ÀÌı˛ ı…ı¶ö± Ú˚˛ ıı˛— ¤‡±ÀÚ ’Ú… ¤fl¬ ø‰¬S-∆ı:±øÚfl¬ ıÀh¬±fl¬±fl¬±ı˛ ¸/œ ˝˚˛ ≈˝◊ ˜ô¶±Ú ŒÂ±fl¬ı˛±Ä ˚±Àı˛ Œ¬ÛÈ¬±ÀÚ± fl≈¬øô¶ fl¬ı˛± ˙ı˛œı˛,˜ÀÚ ˆ¬˚˛Î¬ı˛ ŒÚ˝◊º fl¬À˘ı˛± Œı˛±·œı˛ Œ¸ı± fl¬Àı˛, Œı›˚˛±øı˛˙ ˜ı˛± Œ¬Û±h¬±˚˛, øfl¬c ıÀh¬±˝◊’ˆ¬±ıœ Ó¬±ı˛±º ’ˆ¬±ı Ï¬±fl¬ÀÓ¬˝◊ ŒÊ±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬Àı˛ ‚±h¬ Œˆ¬À„ ¬Û˚˛¸± ’±±˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ºfl¬±Ê Œ‡“±ÀÊ, øfl¬c fl¬±Ê ¬Û±˚˛ Ú±º ¤øÀfl¬ Œ‡±˙±˜≈ø fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ı“±ÀÒ, ’±ı±ı˛ ˆ¬˚˛ ’±ÀÂqÒ≈ ˆ”¬ÀÓ¬ı˛º ¤˝◊ fl¬±ø˝øÚı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤‡±ÀÚ øıøˆ¬iß øı¯∏∏À˚˛ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ˝Í¬±» ¤fl¬È≈¬˝±ø¸ı˛ Î¬◊À^fl¬ ˝À˘› qÒ≈ ¤fl¬È¬± fl¬Ô± ˜ÀÚ ˝˚˛ fl¬Ó¬ ˜˜Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˘ø‡fl¬± ¤˜øÚ ¸ıÎ¬±fl¬±ı≈Àfl¬± ’ˆ¬±ıœ ŒÂÀ˘Àı˛ fl¬Ô± Œˆ¬ÀıÀÂÚº



ëø¸“øh¬í ·äøÈ¬› fl¬äøı:±Ú-Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ·äº ˜˝±fl¬±˙˚±ÀÚ ‰¬Àh¬ øˆ¬iß ¢∂À˝ı˛ øfl¬Â≈ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂÀ˘-Œ˜À˚˛ı˛ ı±—˘±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ¬Û°œ ¢∂±À˜ ’±·˜ÀÚı˛ fl¬±ø˝øÚ ¤‡±ÀÚ ’±ÀÂº ·ÀäŒ˘ø‡fl¬±ı˛ ŒÀ˙ı˛ ¤fl¬ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ øfl¬Â≈ ’ˆ¬±ıœ ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂÀ˘-Œ˜À˚˛ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ øfl¬Â≈’ˆ¬±ıœ ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂÀ˘-Œ˜À˚˛ ¤ı— ¤fl¬ øÚ–¸/ ı‘X±ı˛ ÊœıÚ ˚±S±ı˛ ıÌ«Ú± ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¤ ø‰¬SŒ˚Ú ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ¢∂±˜… ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬ ‡G¬ ø‰¬Sº ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ Œ˙œ-øıÀ˙œ ·Àä øˆ¬iß¢∂À˝ı˛õ∂±ÌœÀı˛ Œ˚ Œ˚ ı˛+¬Û Œ‡±ÀÚ± ˝˚˛ Ó¬± ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ’À‰¬Ú± ¤ı— øfl¬Â≈È¬± ˆ¬œøÓ¬fl¬ı˛› ıÀÈ¬º˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛ ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛± Œ˚Ú ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ‚Àı˛ı˛˝◊ ŒÂÀ˘-Œ˜À˚˛ºÓ¬±ı± ¤ ◊ ı±—˘±ı ¤fl¬ ¢∂±À˜ı ŒÂ±È¬Àı ≈‡-≈–À‡ı ˙øıfl¬º ¤ı± ¸fl¬À˘ı ˆ¬±øı ’±¬ÛÚÊÚº’Úı… Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬fl¬ ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ ˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ Œ˘‡± ¤˝◊ ·äøÈ¬º ’ı˙… ’Ú… ·Ó¬±Ú≈·øÓ¬fl¬ ¸ı˛¸ˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ Œ˘‡± ¤ ◊ Ê±Ó¬œ ˛ fl¬±ø˝Úœ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¶§Ó¬Laº ëÓ¬ôLí ·äøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ ’Ê¶⁄ Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬fl¬,ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂ±È¬ ı±Àfl¬… fl¬±øı…fl¬ ıÌ«Ú± õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ ¤‡±ÀÚº ¤‡±ÀÚ› ’Ú… ¢∂˝ ŒÔÀfl¬’±¸± õ∂±Ìœı˛± ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ Êœı Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˙Sn∏ˆ¬±ı±¬Ûiß Ú˚˛, ıı˛— Î¬◊¬Ûfl¬±øı˛ ıg≈º øˆ¬iß¢∂À˝ı˛ õ∂±ÌœÀı˛ Œ˘ø‡fl¬± ¤˝◊ Œ‰¬±À‡ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂÚº ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ë‰¬±fl¬ı˛í Ú±À˜ı˛ ·äøÈ¬ı˛øÀfl¬ Ó¬±fl¬±À˘ Œ‡± ˚±Àı ¤øÈ¬-¤˝◊‰¬.øÊ. ›À˚˛˘¸-¤ı˛ ø ’±˝◊˘…±`¬ ’ı Î¬"ı˛ Œ˜±Àı˛±Ú±À˜ ïH.G. Wells: The Island of Doctor Moreauó Ú±À˜ fl¬äøı:±ÚÒ˜πÎ¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Â±˚˛± ’ı˘•§ÀÚ Œ˘‡±º Ó¬Àı ›À˚˛˘¸-¤ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ fl¬±ø˝øÚ Œı˛±˜±=fl¬ı˛ ˝À˘›øfl¬Â≈È¬± ˆ¬œøÓ¬fl¬ı˛ øı¯∏∏±˜˚˛, ıÀh¬±Àı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œº øfl¬c ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬˘À˜ı˛&ÀÌ ë‰¬±fl¬ı˛í ·äøÈ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ¤Àfl¬ı±Àı˛ øˆ¬iß ¶§±Àı˛º ∆ı:±øÚfl¬ Ó¬Ô… › Ó¬N&ø˘ ’øÓ¬¸±Ò±ı˛Ìˆ¬±Àı ¤fl¬ ˜Ê±±ı˛ ˝±¸…fl¬±ø˝øÚı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬Ûøı˛Àıø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ˚± Œ‰¬±ÀÈ¬±-ıÀh¬±¸fl¬À˘ ◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¬ı˛Àıº ¤Â±h¬± ë˝øı˛¬Ûø`¬Ó¬í ·äøÈ¬Àfl¬ fl¬äøı:±Ú Ú± ıÀ˘ ¤ ◊ ·äøÈ¬Àfl¬øı:±Úøˆ¬øMfl¬ ’±‡…± Œ›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˝±¸…ı˛À¸ı˛ Á¬˘Àfl¬ &è·yœı˛ øı¯∏∏˚˛Àfl¬ ˝±˘fl¬±˜Ê±±ı˛ fl¬ı˛± ◊ Œ˚ ˘œ˘± ˜Ê≈ ±Àı˛ı˛ øıÀ˙ ∏∏Q, ¤ ◊ ·ä Ó¬±ı˛ ◊ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‰¬˜»fl¬±ı˛ Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ìº

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õ∂fl¬±˙ Ê≈Ú, 2004º6. ¸•Û±Ú± ı±¸≈Àı Œ˜±À¸˘† ı±—˘± õ∂ıg ¸±ø˝Ó¬…, ı≈fl¬¸›À˚˛, õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¬±˙,

2008º7. ¸±ø˝Ó¬…Àfl¬±¯∏∏† fl¬Ô±¸±ø˝Ó¬…, ¸•Û±Ú± ’À˘±fl¬ ı˛±˚˛, ¸±ø˝Ó¬…À˘±fl¬º



Îù±ßÂüÑ¦´¨¿îÂ äÂäÇ±ûþ Ü¿îÂýÉáîÂ :±ò† ñ±õþò±,ÕòÅúÏùËòõþ Î•S, õîÇÂ÷±ò Õõ¦š± Ý üy±õò±

’¬Û”ı« ı˛±˚˛¤ı—

¸≈Ê˚˛fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ˜G˘

1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†1. ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±†‘Traditional knowledgeí ı± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ‡≈ı˝◊

’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ › ‰¬ø‰«¬Ó¬ øı¯˚˛º ¤ı˛ õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¬ Œfl¬±Ú ˜”˘… ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ øfl¬Ú± Œ¸ øı¯˚˛øÈ¬› ’±ÊÚ±Ú± ‘ø©ÜÀfl¬±Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˝ÀBÂº ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¸˜±Êøı:±ÀÚı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ˙±‡±˚˛ ¤øı¯À˚˛ Ú±Ú± ·Àı¯Ì±˜”˘fl¬ fl¬±Ê ˝ÀBÂº Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚&ø˘õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±Àı ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ ¸•Ûøfl«¬Ó¬º Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬-‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Œ˚ ¸˜ô¶øı¯ ˛ ¤ ˚±ı» &èQ Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ÀÂ, Œ¸&ø˘ ˝˘ Œ˘±fl¬¸±ø˝Ó¬…, Œ˘±fl¬-’øˆ¬fl¬ı˛Ìø˙ä, Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬õ∂Ô±-øıù´±¸-¸—¶®±ı˛, ¬Û±˘¬Û±ı«Ì ¤ı— ıd·Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± øfl¬º Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ∆ıø‰¬ÀS…ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… &èQ¬Û”Ì« ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ˙±‡± ˝˘ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ı± ‘Traditional

knowledgeíÄ øfl¬c ¤ øı¯À˚˛ Œ¸ˆ¬±Àı ‰¬‰«¬± ˝˚˛øÚ ı˘À˘˝◊ ‰¬À˘º ’Ô‰¬ ¤˝◊ øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ı˛›¬Ûı˛ ·Àı¯fl¬Àı˛ ’øÒfl¬ &èQ Œ›˚˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ øÂ˘º

Ó¬Àı ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ øıøˆ¬iß øı…±-˙‘∫˘±˚˛ ¤ øı¯˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ·Àı¯Ì±ı˛ fl¬±Ê ‰¬˘ÀÂºı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛, ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Ú±Ú± øfl¬ ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ·Àı¯fl¬Àı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı&èQ ¬Û±ÀBÂº ¤Àé¬ÀS ı˘± ˚±˚˛, øıÀù´ı˛ Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ¤ı— Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ˙&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ’ıø¶öÓ¬ø˙é¬±õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú&ø˘ øıÀ˙¯ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÂº ’±˜±Àı˛ ŒÀ˙ ¤ øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀSŒı˙ øfl¬Â≈ Î¬◊À…±· Œ‡± Œ·À˘› Ó¬± øfl¬c ’±˜±Àı˛ ŒÀ˙ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ˆ¬±G±Àı˛ı˛¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü Ú˚˛º ¤ øı¯À˚˛ ·Àı¯Ì±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ fl¬˘…±Ì fl¬ı˛± ¸yıº’±ı˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ŒÀ˙ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› Ó¬± ’Ó¬…ôL Êèı˛œº fl¬±ÀÊ˝◊ ¤Àé¬ÀS ’±˜±Àı˛ ŒÀ˙ı˛øıøˆ¬iß ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ › Œı¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÚÀfl¬ ’¢∂Ìœ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº¤˝◊ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ¬Ûø˜ıÀ/ı˛ fl¬Ô±› ı˘± õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº ¤‡±ÀÚ› ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú øı¯À˚˛ ·Àı¯Ì± › ’Ú…±Ú… øı¯˚˛·Ó¬ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ õ∂¸±ı˛Ó¬± Œ¸ˆ¬±Àı øıô¶±ı˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛øÚºøfl¬Â≈ ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ øıøé¬lˆ¬±Àı øfl¬Â≈ ·Àı¯Ì±ı˛ fl¬±Ê ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ¤ı— ¤‡Ú› øfl¬Â≈·Àı¯Ì±ı˛ fl¬±Ê ‰¬˘ÀÂº ’±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ·Àı¯Ì±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ’±ôL–øı…±-˙‘∫˘±·Ó¬ ¸˜i§˚˛¤Àfl¬ı±Àı˛˝◊ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¬Ûø˜ıÀ/ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ŒÊ˘±˚˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛



Ò±ı˛± › Ó¬±ı˛ &èQÀfl¬ ’Ú≈Ò±ıÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ’±ı˛› ’ÀÚfl¬ Œıø˙ ’±ôL–øı…±-˙‘∫˘±øÚˆ«¬ı˛ ‰¬‰«¬± ı± ’Ò…˚˛Ú ˝›˚˛± õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº ¤ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊À…±À·ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚˜Ú ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ı‘øX¬ ¬Û±Àı ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤˝◊ :±ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛±ÊÚ¸˜±Ê ¸‰¬˘ˆ¬±Àı øÈ¬Àfl¬ Ô±fl¬Àıº ’±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛± ÊÚ¸˜±ÀÊõ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Ô±fl¬À˘ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˆ¬±Àı ¤ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±À·ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯ Î¬◊¬Ûfl‘¬Ó¬ ˝Àıºfl¬±ÀÊ˝◊ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ øıøˆ¬iß ’=À˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬fl¬ı˛ÌïIdentificationó, ¸—¢∂˝ ïCollectionó, ¸—ı˛é¬Ì ïPreservationó ¤ı— øıÀù≠¯ÌïAnalysisóº ¤˝◊ ı‘˝» fl¬˜«fl¬±G¬ ¸•Û±ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ ¸±˝±˚… Ó¬Ô± øıøˆ¬iß ø˙é¬±õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚı˛ ’¢∂Ìœ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬, Ó¬± Ú± ˝À˘ ı…øMê·Ó¬ Î¬◊À…±À· ¤ ı‘˝»fl¬˜«˚: ¸•Û±Ú ¸yı Ú˚˛º2. Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú†2. Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú†2. Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú†2. Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú†2. Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú†

ëŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬í › ë‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Úí ñ ¤˝◊ ˙s ≈íøÈ¬ ‡≈ı˝◊ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ºëŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬í ˚±ı˛ ˝◊—Àı˛øÊ õ∂øÓ¬˙s ˝˘ ëFolkloreíº ’±¸À˘ Folklore ı±Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ øfl¬∑ Ó¬± Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛À˘ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ı± Traditional Knowledge¸•ÛÀfl«¬› ’±˜ı± Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ıÀı±º Folklore ı± Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı ÀÒ… ◊ ıÀ˚ÀÂ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ˜”˘ ¸±ı˛˜˜«º ¤ õ∂¸À/ ˜±øı˛˚˛± ø˘À‰¬ı˛ ïEdward Maria Leachó ¸•Û±øÓ¬Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Liegend’ (SDFML)–˙œ «fl¬ ¢∂ÀLö Folklore ı± Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı Œ˚ 21øÈ¬ —:± ıÀ˚ÀÂ Ó¬±ı fl¬À˚fl¬øÈ¬ ¬Û «±˚SêÀ˜Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛†

ëëFolklore, or popular knowledge, is the accumulated story ofwhat mankind has experienced, learned and practiced acrossthe ages as popular and traditional knowledge, as distinguishedfrom so-called scientific knowledge.íí 1

˚±ı˛ ˆ¬±ı·Ó¬ ’Ô« “±h¬±˚˛†Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ’Ôı± Œ˘±fl¬:±Ú ˘ ±Ú≈À¯ı ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˘t ‰¬ø‰«¬Ó¬ øı¯À˚ı ø=Ó¬ˆ¬±G±ı˛, ˚± ˜±Ú≈¯ ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı ’Ê«Ú fl¬Àı˛, Œ˚&ø˘ Ó¬Ô±fl¬øÔÓ¬∆ı:±øÚfl¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˘±±º

¤ õ∂¸À/ ’Ú…±Ú… ı…øMêıÀ·«ı˛ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ fl¬Ô±&ø˘ øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı õ∂øÌÒ±ÚÀ˚±·…†1. Jonas Balys ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ†

‘Folklore comprises traditional creations of people, primitiveand civilized.’ 2

2. Theodor H. Gaster ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ†‘‘Folklore is that part of a people’s culture which is preserved,consciously or unconsciously, in beliefs and practices, ...’’ 3



3. Charles Francis Potter – ¤ı˛ ˜Ó¬±Ú≈˚±˚˛œ†‘‘The word folklore is used both for the body of tradition andthe science of studying it’’ 4

4. Archer Taylor – ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ†‘ ‘Folklore consists of materials that are handed ontraditionallly from genaration to genaration without a reliableascription to an inventor or author.’’5

5. Stith Thompson – ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ†‘‘The common idea present in all Folklore is that of tradition,something handed down from one person to another andpreserved either by memory or practice rather than writtenrecord.’’ 6

Î¬ ◊ ¬ÛÀı˛±Mê ¸—:±&ø˘ı˛ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—:±ÀÓ¬˝◊ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬øıƒ·Ì‘Traditional’ ˙søÈ¬Àfl¬ Œı˛À‡ÀÂÚ, ’±ı˛ ˆ¬±ı·Ó¬ ’ÀÔ« :±Ú ı± knowledge Œfl¬Òıı±ı Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬ÀıÀÂÚº Ù¬À˘ ¤ ◊ —:±&ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤ ◊ ø¸X±ÀôL ’±¸± ±˚ Œ˚ ‘Folklore’¤ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ’—˙˝◊ Traditional knowledge ¤ı˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬º ¤Àé¬ÀS Richard M.Dorson -fl‘¬Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ı± Folklore -¤ı˛ ı·« øıˆ¬±ÊÚøÈ¬ Î¬◊À°‡…†

¤Àé¬ÀS øı˛‰¬±Î«¬ ¤˜. Î¬ı˛¸Ú Folklore ı± Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ”˘ øı¯˚˛Àfl¬ ‰¬±ı˛øÈ¬ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ, Œ˚˜Ú†

1. Oral literature or verbal art or expression literature.2. Material Culture.3. Social folk custom.4. Performing folk arts.Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛±Mê øı¯˚˛&ø˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Material Culture øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ ‡≈ı˝◊ &èQ¬Û”Ì«º

fl¬±ı˛Ì Rechard M. Dorson, Material Culture ı± ıd·Ó¬ ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˚±ı≈øÁ¬À˚˛ÀÂÚ Ó¬± ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±Àı Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛ı±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬ı˛øÂ†

‘‘... Material culture responds to techniques, skills, recipes,and formulas transmitted across the generations and subjectto the same forces of conservative tradition and individualvariation of verbal art. How man and women is tradition -oriented societies build their homes, make their clothes,prepare their food, form and fish, process the earth’s bounty,fashion their tools and implements, and design their furnitureand utensies are questions that concern the student of materialculture.’’7



’±ı˛ ¤˜. Î¬ı˛¸ÀÚı˛ ¤˝◊ ıMêı… ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ TraditionalKnowledge ¤ı˛ ˜ô¶ øı¯˚˛&ø˘ øÓ¬øÚ Meterial Culture -¤ı˛ ÀÒ… Òı˛ı±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº Folklore ±ÀÚ ø ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±˘t Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øı¯˚˛ ˚˛ Ó¬Àı TraditionalKnowledge ı± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú Àı Œ¸ ◊ ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±˘t Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øı¯À ˛ı˛ ’ôLøÚ«ø˝Ó¬:±Ú ¸˜ø©Ü, ˚± Ó¬±ı˛± ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛, ‚ı˛ ∆Ó¬øı˛, Œ¬Û±˙±fl¬ ∆Ó¬øı˛, ‡±… õ∂dÓ¬, ø˙fl¬±ı˛ Òı˛±ı˛˜ÀÓ¬± øıøˆ¬iß fl¬±ÀÊº ’Ô«±» Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ Folklore ı± Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ¸—:±&ø˘Àfl¬¬Û≈∫±Ú≈¬Û≈∫ˆ¬±Àı øıÀù≠¯Ì fl¬ı˛À˘˝◊ Traditional Knowledge ı± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú øfl¬Ó¬± Œı±Á¬± ˚±Àıº fl¬±ı˛Ì Folklore -¤ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¸—:±ÀÓ¬ ëTraditioní ˙søÈ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ’±ı±ı˛ Knowledge › ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Tradition ’Ô«±» Folklore ¤ı—Traditional Knowledge ¤Àfl¬ ’¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ À/ ’/±/œˆ¬±Àı ≈Mêº ’±¸À˘ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ı± Traditional Knowledge ˘ ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ :±Ú, ± ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ¬±Àı¤fl¬ õ∂Êiú ŒÔÀfl¬ ’Ú… õ∂ÊÀiú ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˚˛º ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ± ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘, ’±ı˛¤˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ ø¬ÛÂÀÚ Œ˚ øı¯˚˛&ø˘ fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬± ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ÂÀfl¬ı˛¸±˝±À˚… Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± ˝˘†

‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı øıô¶±ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ¸˜”˝‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı øıô¶±ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ¸˜”˝‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı øıô¶±ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ¸˜”˝‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı øıô¶±ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ¸˜”˝‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı øıô¶±ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ¸˜”˝

¸˜±Ê, ¸˜˚˛ › ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ¸ı«± ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘, ˚± ı…øMêÀfl¬ ’øˆ¬: ŒÔÀfl¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬˜fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ’±ı±ı˛ ı…øMêı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±˚«é¬˜Ó¬± › ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±fl¬ı˛±ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±º ı…øMê Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û”ı« ¬Û≈è¯Àı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ˚ :±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬± ı…øMêı˛ ‹¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬ı˛±ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± › fl¬±˚«é¬˜Ó¬±ı˛ Z±ı˛± ¬Ûøı˛ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛ıøÓ¬«Ó¬ :±ÚSê˜±i§À˚˛ ’±ı±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π õ∂ÊÀiú ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ı—˙¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±˚˛ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬º2.1 Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú†2.1 Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú†2.1 Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú†2.1 Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú†2.1 Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú†

‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ Œ˚ ¬Ûı˛¶Ûı˛ ¬Ûı˛¶ÛÀı˛ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛¬Û”ı˛fl¬ Ó¬± ¬Û”Àı«˝◊Ú±Ú± ı…øMêıÀ·«ı˛ õ∂À ˛ —:±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± À ˛ÀÂº ’±¸À˘ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛≈øÈ¬ øfl¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº Œ˚˜Ú† ıd·Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ’ıd·Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬º ¤˝◊ ≈˝◊

¸˜±Ê ¸˜˚˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙

ı…øMêı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±

¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬ı˛±ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú fl¬±˚«é¬˜Ó¬±



Î¬◊¬Û±±ÀÚı˛ ÀÒ… Œ˚ øı¯˚˛&ø˘ Òı˛± ¬ÛÀh¬ Œ¸&ø˘ ı˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Z±ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬Ú˚˛º fl¬±ı˛Ì ıd·Ó¬ › ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú&ø˘˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛’øÒfl¬±ı˛œ, ˚±ı˛ õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¬ ˜”˘… Ó¬Ô± ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ øfl¬ ’øÒfl¬ ˆ¬±Àı ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¸Àı«±¬Ûøı˛ ˚±ı˛˜ÀÒ… ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛± ˘t :±Ú Ô±Àfl¬ Ó¬±˝◊-˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Úº øÚÀ•ß ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÚŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú&ø˘ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ øfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ’ı¶ö±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÂ Ó¬± ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ÂÀfl¬ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚…Œ‡±ÀÚ± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛†

Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±ÚŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±ÚŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±ÚŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±ÚŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú

Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ Âfl¬øÈ¬ı˛ ı…±‡…± ø˝À¸Àı ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬Àfl¬ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı ≈øÈ¬ ¬±À· ¬±· fl¬ı˛± ±˚˛, Œ˚˜Ú- ıd·Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ºıd·Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ’±ı±ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚&ø˘ õ∂±˚˛ ¸ı˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ Z±ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬, ’¬Ûı˛ øÀfl¬ ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Œ˚ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Ó¬±ı˛›øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ ˚≈Mêº Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú‡≈ı˝◊ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øı¯˚˛º ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú˝◊ ˜±Ú≈¯ ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ı˝Ú fl¬Àı˛‰¬À˘ Ó¬±ı˛ øÚÓ¬… õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ fl¬±ÀÊı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ…º

ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ïFormalised Folkloreó

ıd·Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ïMaterialised Folkloreó

Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ïŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ïŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ïŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ïŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ïFolklor eóóóóó

→ Œ˘±fl¬ø˙äfl¬˘±→ Œ˘±fl¬ fi¯Ò→ Œ˘±fl¬‡±…→ fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±Ê→ ·‘˝ øÚ˜«±Ì→ Œ˘±fl¬˚±Ú

→ Âh¬±→ Ò“±Ò±→ õ∂ı±→ øfl¬—ıôLœ→ Œ˘±fl¬¬Û≈ı˛±Ì→ Œ˘±fl¬fl¬Ô±→ ·œøÓ¬fl¬±→ Œ˘±fl¬¸/œÓ¬ ïˆ¬±ø¯fl¬ ¬Û±Í¬ó

↓Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…

ïFolk Literatureó

↓Œ˘±fl¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÚïFolk Practicesó

↓õ∂˙« ø˙ä

ïFolk Performing Artó→ ıËÓ¬→ øıù´±¸-¸—¶®±ı˛→ ¬Û±˘-¬Û±ı«Ì→ Œ˘±fl¬±‰¬±ı˛→ Œ˜˘± › Î¬◊»¸ı

→ Œ˘±fl¬Ú±È¬…→ Œ˘±fl¬Ú‘Ó¬…→ Œ˘±fl¬Sêœh¬±→ Œ˘±fl¬¸—·œÓ¬ ¸±ø/øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Û±Í¬→ ¬Û≈Ó≈¬˘Ú±‰¬

‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÚïTraditional Knowledgeó



3. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì± › ¸—:±3. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì± › ¸—:±3. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì± › ¸—:±3. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì± › ¸—:±3. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† Ò±ı˛Ì± › ¸—:±‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝˘ ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ :±Ú, ˚± ˜±Ú≈¯ ı—˙-¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ı˝Ú

fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬À˘ Ó¬±Àı˛ øÚÓ¬… ∆Úø˜øMfl¬ fl¬˜« ¸•Û±ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ…º ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬ õ∂ùü Ê±À· ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ Ó¬±˝À˘ Œfl¬±Ô± ŒÔÀfl¬∑ ’±¸À˘ ı…øMêı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊ ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ˚˛ ¤ı— Ó¬± õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬ÚQ ±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛º ı…øMê ‡Ú Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ˜¸…±ı˛ •ú≈‡œÚ˝˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú Œ¸ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜¸…± ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚı˛ ¬ÛÔ ‡≈“ÊÀÓ¬º ’±ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜¸…± ŒÔÀfl¬ŒıÀı˛±ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±Ú › øÚÊ¶§ ø‰¬ôL±ˆ¬±ıÚ±Àfl¬ fl¬±ÀÊ ˘±·±˚˛º ¤ õ∂¸À/’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ ¸≈˙œ˘ ı˛±À˚˛ı˛ Î¬◊øMêøÈ¬ øıÀ˙¯ ˆ¬±Àı õ∂øÌÒ±ÚÀ˚±·…º Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˚‡Ú Œfl¬±ÀÚ±¸˜¸…±ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ˝˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜¸…±ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú ‰¬±ı˛øÈ¬ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛†8

¸˜¸…± Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ › Î¬◊¬Û˘øtRepresentation and understanding of problem

↓ ↓¸˜±Ò±Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬ øÚı«±‰¬Ú › ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±

Selecting or planning solution

↓ ↓¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± õ∂À˚˛±·

Executing the Problem

↓ ↓Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ øı‰¬±ı˛fl¬ı˛Ì

Evaluting the result

¤ øı¯À˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ øZÓ¬œ˚˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ › ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û˚«±˚˛øÈ¬ ‡≈ı˝◊ &èQ¬Û”Ì«º fl¬±ı˛Ì ¸˜±Ò±Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬øÚı«±‰¬Ú › ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ı…øMêı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±Ú fl¬±ÀÊ ˘±À· ¤ı— Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øˆ¬øM fl¬Àı˛˝◊ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬Àı˛º ¤ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ Œ¸ ¸˜¸…± ¸˜Ò±ÀÚı˛Œé¬ÀS ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±øÈ¬ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¬Àı˛º ¤˝◊ õ∂À˚˛±· õ∂øSê˚˛± ’±ı±ı˛ Thorndike (1874-

1949) -¤ı˛ ‘Trial-and-error-method’ -¤ı˛ ¸À/ ˚≈Mêº ˚ø ¸˜¸…± ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚı˛Œé¬ÀS ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± õ∂À˚˛±À·ı˛ Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ ÒÚ±Rfl¬ ˝˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±øÈ¬ ¸±Ô«fl¬ ˝˚˛ ¤ı—¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±øÈ¬ ı…øMêı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Úı·øÍ¬Ó¬ :±Ú ø˝À¸Àı ı…øMêı˛ ÀÒ… ¶ö±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˚˛º ¤ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ø’Ú… Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ı…øMê ‹ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ¸˜¸…±ı˛ ¸•ú≈‡œÚ ˝˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú ¬Û”Àı«ı˛ ’øˆ¬: ı…øMêı˛fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ øÚÀÊı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±Ú øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ı…øMêı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ¤ˆ¬±Àı :±Ú‹øÓ¬˝…ı±ø˝ ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬ ñ ˚± ¤fl¬ õ∂Êiú ŒÔÀfl¬ ’Ú… õ∂ÊÀiú ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬º¸˜¢∂ ¬õ∂øSê˚˛±øÈ¬ ˚ø ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ÂÀfl¬ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛± ˝˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ Ó¬± ¤˝◊ ı˛+¬Û ˝˚˛†



¸˜¸…± Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ↓

↓ ↓¸˜±Ò±Ú ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±Ú

↓ ↓↓

¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± õ∂À˚˛±·↓

↓ ↓¸ı˛±¸øı˛ Ù¬˘˘±ˆ¬ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± › ˆ≈¬À˘ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

Ù¬˘ ˘±ˆ¬↓

Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ øı‰¬±ı˛↓

↓ ↓ÒÚ±Rfl¬ Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ Ÿ¬Ì±Rfl¬ Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘

↓ ↓↓

ø˙é¬± ˘±ˆ¬↓

’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û”Ì·«Í¬Ú↓

’Úøˆ¬: ı…øMêÀÓ¬ ¶ö±Ú±ôLı˛Ì

Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ Âfl¬øÈ¬ı˛ ˚ø ı…±‡…± fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ ¤˝◊ ı˛+¬Û ˝˚˛ ñ ı…øMê ¸ı«±¸˜¸…±ı •ú≈‡œÚ ˚, ’±ı ˜¸…± ˜±Ò±ÀÚı ÊÀÚ… Œ¸ øfl¬Â≈ ¬Ûøıfl¬äÚ± fl¬Àıº ¤ ◊ ¬Ûøıfl¬äÚ±fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ › Ó¬± õ∂À˚˛±· fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ı…øMêÀfl¬ ¸ı«± Ó¬±ı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±Ú ¸±˝±˚… fl¬Àı˛º ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±õ∂À˚˛±· fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ı…±øMê ¸ı˛±¸øı˛ Ù¬˘˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ ’Ôı± ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛ Ù¬˘˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ¤ı±ı˛ ı…øMêı˛ ÀÚ ˜¸…± ˜±Ò±Ú fl¬Àä õ∂˚≈Mê ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±ı˛ Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘øÚÀ˚˛ Ú±Ú± õ∂ùü ›ÀÍ¬º Œ¸ øÚÀÊ øÚÀÊ øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬ Ù¬˘±Ù¬À˘ Œ¸ Î¬◊¬Ûfl‘¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ,Ú±øfl¬ Œ¸ é¬øÓ¬¢∂ô¶ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Î¬◊Mê Ù¬˘±Ù¬À˘ ı…øMê Î¬◊¬Ûfl‘¬Ó¬ ı± é¬øÓ¬¢∂ô¶ ˚±˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬ Ú±Œfl¬Ú, Œ¸ ‹ Ù¬˘±Ù¬À˘ı˛ Z±ı˛± ø˙é¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛º ¬Û”Àı«ı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±Ú › ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πfl¬±À˘



ø˙é¬±˘±ˆ¬ ¤˝◊ ≈À˚˛ ø˜À˙ ı…øMêı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û”Ú·«Í¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬º ı…øMêı˛ ¤˝◊ Úı·øÍ¬Ó¬ :±Ú˚ø ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ı±gı ˝˚˛ Ó¬Àı Ó¬± fl¬ÀÔ±¬Ûfl¬ÔÀÚı˛ Z±ı˛± ’Úøˆ¬: ı…øMêÀÓ¬ ¶ö±Ú±ôLı˛Ì ˝˚˛’Ô«±» ’øˆ¬: ı…øMêı˛ ¤˝◊ Úı·øÍ¬Ó¬ ı± ¬Û”Ì·«øÍ¬Ó¬ :±Ú ˚‡Ú ’Ú… Œfl¬±ÀÚ± õ∂ÊÀiú ı±’Úøˆ¬: ı…øMêÀÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ø˝À¸Àı ˜˚«±± ¬Û±˚˛º

¤ı±Àı˛ ’±¸± ˚±fl¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸—:± õ∂¸À/º ë‹øÓ¬˝…í › ë:±Úí ¤˝◊≈øÈ¬ ˙Àsı˛ ¸—ø˜|ÀÌ˝◊ ·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Úº øı¯˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¬ Œı±Á¬±ÀÓ¬ ë¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬:±Úí ¬Ûøı˛ˆ¬±¯±øÈ¬› ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬º ë‹øÓ¬˝…í ˙søÈ¬ı˛ ˝◊—Àı˛øÊ õ∂øÓ¬˙s ˝˘‘Tradition’, ± …±øÈ¬Ú s ‘traditio’ s ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±·Ó¬ ¤ı— ±ı˛ ’Ô« øÂ˘ ë˝ô¶±ôLı˛íºTradition ı˘ÀÓ¬ ’±˜ı˛± ˚± ı≈øÁ¬ Ó¬± ¤˝◊ı˛fl¬˜†

“A way of thinking, behaving, or doing something that hasbeen used by the people in a particular group, family, society,etc., for a long time.”9

’±ı±ı˛ :±Ú ’Ô«±» knowledge ’ÀÔ« ’±˜ı˛± ˚± ı≈øÁ¬ Ó¬± ˝˘†‘fact, information, and skills acquired through experience;the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.’10

¤ı±ı˛ ‘Tradition’ ¤ı— ‘knowledge’ ˙s ≈øÈ¬Àfl¬ Œ˚±· fl¬Àı˛ ’±˜ı˛± ˚± ¬Û±˝◊ Ó¬±˝˘†

‘Traditional Knowledge is a knowledge, know-how, skill andpractices that are developed, sustained and passed on fromgenaration to genaration within a community, often formingpart of its cultural or spiritual identity.’11

‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ◊—Àı˛øÊ õ∂øÓ¬˙s ø˝À¸Àı ø Traditional Knowledge

˙sÀfl¬ ÒÀı˛ øÚ ◊, Ó¬±˝À˘ ’±˜±Àı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ Œé¬S ’±ı˛› øıô¶±ı˛ ±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛º ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ¸ı«ÊÚ¢∂±˝… ¸—:± ’±Ê› õ∂Ì˚˛Ú fl¬ı˛± ¸yı ˝˚˛øÚº øıøˆ¬iß ı…øMêı·« øıøˆ¬iß‘ø©ÜÀfl¬±Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸—:± õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ¤ õ∂¸À/‘Traditional Knowledge in Indian Society’ œ «fl¬ ¢∂LöøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ’ø˜Ó¬±ˆ¬ ı˛fl¬±ı˛Traditional Knowledge ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Œ˚ Î¬◊X‘øÓ¬ ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Ó¬± ‡≈ı˝◊ õ∂±¸ø/fl¬†

“... local communities justly cherish traditional knowledge(TK) as a part of their very cultural identities. Maintainingthe destinct knowledge systems that give rise to TK can bevital for their future will being and sustainable developmentand for their intellectual and cultural vitality. For many

communities, TK forms part of a holistic world-view, and is



inseparable from their very ways of life and their cultural

values, spiritual beliefs and customary legal systems. This

means that it is vital to substain not merely the knowledge

but the social and physical evironment of which it forms an

inlegral part ... No single definition would fully do justice to

the diverse froms of knowledge that are held by traditional

communities, and no form of legal proction system can replace

the complex social and legal systems that sustain TK within

the original communities.”12

¤ õ∂¸À/ ’±˜±Àı˛ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬, Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øÚø«©Ü ˆ”¬–‡ÀG ı¸ı±¸fl¬±ı˛œ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ Ó¬±Àı˛‡±…±ˆ¬…±¸, Œ¬Û±¯±fl¬ ∆Ó¬øı˛, øÚÊ¶§ fl¬˜«-¸•Û±Ú õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Œé¬ÀS ˚‡Ú øÚÀÊÀı˛’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˘t :±ÚÀfl¬ fl¬±ÀÊ ˘±·±˚˛ ¤ı— Ó¬± ‹ øıÀ˙¯ fl¬˜«¸•Û±ÀÚ ‡≈ı˝◊ ¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ˝À˚˛›ÀÍ¬, Œ¸˝◊ ¸±ÀÔ Ó¬± ˚ø ’±·±˜œ õ∂ÊiúÀfl¬ ‹ :±Ú ¸—¢∂À˝ Î¬◊Z≈X fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀÊÀı˛ ¶§Ó¬La¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛Àfl¬ ÒÀı˛ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝±˚… fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬Àı ‹ fl¬˜« ¸•Û±ÀÚı˛ õ∂øSê˚˛± øÚø«©Ü ˆ”¬-‡ÀGı¸ı±¸fl¬±ı˛œ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ¤ õ∂¸À/ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—:±ı˛’ıÓ¬±ı˛Ì± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛†

“Traditional knowledge refers to the knowledge, innovations

and practices of indigenous and local communities around

the world. Developed from experience gained over the

centuries and adapted to the local culture and environment,

traditional knowledge is transmitted orally from generation

to generations. It tends to be collectively owned and takes the

form of stories, songs, folklore, proverbs, cultural values,

beliefs, rituals, community laws, local language, and

agricultural practices, including the development of plant

species and animal breeds. Traditonal knowledge is mainly

of a practical nature, particularly in such fields as agriculture,

fisheries, health, horticulture, and forestry.”13

Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛±Mê ¸—:±øÈ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±ı·Ó¬ ’Ô« “±h¬±˚˛ Œ˚ ñ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝˘ ¤˜Ú¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı¯˚˛, ˚± ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‰¬À˘ ’±¸± ÚÓ≈¬Ú øı¯À˚˛ı˛ ’±øı©®±ı˛ ›



ı…ı˝±ı˛·Ó¬ :±ÚÀfl¬ Œı±Á¬±˚˛º œ‚«øÚ ÒÀı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ’Ê«Ú fl¬Àı˛, ¶ö±Úœ˚˛¸—¶¥®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ ’± ˛M fl¬Àı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Êiú ˛º ¤øÈ¬ Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ˆ¬±Àı¤fl¬ õ∂Êiú ŒÔÀfl¬ ’Ú… õ∂ÊÀiú ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˚˛º ¤˝◊ :±Ú ±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı ’±˚˛Mfl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ı±ô¶ı õ∂À˚˛±· ˝˘ ¤ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬º¤ õ∂¸À/ Ú‘Ó¬Nøı ÊÚ¸ÀÚı˛ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬øÈ¬ ‡≈ı ◊ õ∂±¸ø/fl¬º ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ı± Traditional

Knowledge ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ øÓ¬øÚ ˚± ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ Ó¬± ¤˝◊ ı˛+¬Û†“Traditional knowledge as a body of knowledge built by a

group of people living in close contact with nature. It includes

a system of classification, a set of empirical observations about

the local environment and a system of self-management that

governs resource use.”14

¤˝◊ ıMêÀı…ı˛ ˆ¬±ı·Ó¬ ’Ô« “±h¬±˚˛ ñ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝˘ :±ÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¤fl¬fl¬, ˚±õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ À/ ’ôLı˛/ ¬±Àı Êøh¬Ó¬ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œÀı˛ Z±ı˛± Î¬◊æ≤Ó¬ ˚˛º ¤ı˛ ÀÒ… øfl¬Â≈ øÚ˚˛˜-øÚá¬ Œ|øÌfl¬ı˛Ì Ô±Àfl¬, ˚± ı…øMêÀfl¬ ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸˜…fl¬ :±Ú ¤ı— Œfl¬±Ú¸˜¸…±ı˛ ¸≈á¬ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˘Ú é¬Ó¬± ±Ú fl¬Àı˛º

¤ õ∂¸À/ ıÀ˘ ı˛±‡± ¬±À˘± Œ˚, ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¤fl¬øÀÚ ∆Ó¬øı˛ ˛ Ú±º ±Ú≈À¯ı˛œ‚«øÀÚı˛ ¬Û˚«Àıé¬Ì, ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/, ı≈øX¸M±, ¸ı˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±±Úº3.1 ∆ıø˙©Ü…†3.1 ∆ıø˙©Ü…†3.1 ∆ıø˙©Ü…†3.1 ∆ıø˙©Ü…†3.1 ∆ıø˙©Ü…†

ë‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Úí ¤˝◊ øı¯À˚˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛±Mê ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤ı—øıø˙©Ü… ı…øMêıÀ·«ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ∆ıø˙©Ü…&ø˘ Òı˛± ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂ Ó¬± ¬Û˚«±˚˛SêÀ˜Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛± ˝˘†

Ø ¤øÈ¬ ı±ô¶ı ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± øÚˆ«¬ı˛, ˚± ˜”˘Ó¬ Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú › õ∂˚≈øMêÀfl¬ Œfl¬ffl¬Àı˛ ·Àh¬ ›ÀÍ¬º ¤ı— ¤fl¬ õ∂Êiú ŒÔÀfl¬ ’Ú… õ∂ÊÀiú Œ¸ ◊ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˘t:±Ú ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛º

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¬˘ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬Ä ˚± õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ø˙fl¬±ı˛, ø˙ä, øÚ˜«±Ì Œ¬Û˙±Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛ Œı“À‰¬ Ô±Àfl¬º

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝˘ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ ¤˝◊ :±Ú, ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˘±± fl¬ı˛±ı± ˆ¬±„± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤ı˛ Î¬◊»¸˜”˘ Ô±Àfl¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¬ øSê˚˛±, ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬› ˆ¬±¯±ı˛ ·ˆ¬œÀı˛º ¤øÈ¬ ¤fl¬ õ∂fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ·øÓ¬¬ÛÔº

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ ı…øMêı˛ ˜Ú › ˜±Úø¸fl¬ fl¬±˚«é¬˜Ó¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘º ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú õ∂Ò±ÌÓ¬ ˆ¬±À˘± fl¬±ÀÊ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˝˚˛º



Ø ¤øÈ¬ ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬ ¸‘ÊÚ˙œ˘ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘ºØ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬ ¸ı˛˘ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ˝˚˛ºØ øıøˆ¬iß ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ˆ¬±Àı,

õ∂ ≈øMê·Ó¬ ¬±Àı ’Ôı± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¬±Àı ’±˘±± øfl¬c Ó¬±Àı˛ ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬Œé¬S õ∂±˚˛ ¤fl¬º

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¸± ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ fl¬±ı˛Ì ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛¸—ø˜|ÀÌ Ó¬± ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ fl¬À˜«±¬ÛÀ˚±·œ ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú øÚø«©Ü Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛˜G˘ › øÚø«©Ü ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛˜ÀÒ… ·Àh¬ ›ÀÍ¬º fl¬±ÀÊ˝◊ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ :±ÀÚı˛ Œ˚˜Ú ’±=ø˘fl¬ ∆ıø‰¬S…Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ Œˆ¬À Ó¬±ı˛ øˆ¬ißÓ¬± Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊ ¸”ÀS˝◊ı˘± ± ˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˘ ¤fl¬øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±=ø˘fl¬ ’Ú…øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬øÚø«©Ü øÚø«©Ü ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ ı± ¸•x±˚˛ øˆ¬øMfl¬º

Ø Traditional Knowledge ı± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú, Traditional

Culture Expressions ı± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ ±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ ’øˆ¬õ∂fl¬±À˙ı˛ À/·ˆ¬œı˛ˆ¬±Àı ¸•Ûøfl¬«Ó¬º Ù¬À˘ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ øıøıÒ øı¯˚˛, ’±ø/fl¬ ›Î¬◊¬Û±±ÚÄ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚ ’ıø¶öÓ¬ ˝˚˛ ’Ô«±» Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ÚÎ¬◊¬Û±±ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬ ¬Ûøı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú†Œ˘±fl¬ø˙ä, Œ˘±fl¬fi¯Ò › ø‰¬øfl¬»¸±, Œ˘±fl¬‡±…, Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÓ¬…,Œ˘±fl¬±‰¬±ı˛, Œ˘±fl¬’øˆ¬fl¬ı˛Ì ø˙ä ˝◊Ó¬…±øº

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú Traditional Context ı± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ õ∂¸/,¬Ûøı˛Àı˙-¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øı¯˚˛Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛ ·Àh¬ ›ÀÍ¬ › —ı˛øé¬Ó¬˝˚˛ ÊÚ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ‰¬˘˜±ÚÓ¬±ı˛ ¸”ÀSº ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ :±Ú ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı õ∂ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛º

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝˘ Dynamic ı± ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ¤ı— Ó¬± Úı¸‘ÊÚ,’øˆ¬À˚±ÊÚ ¤ı— õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ ¬Ûı˛œé¬±-øÚı˛œé¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘º

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ‰¬øı˛S·Ó¬ ı± õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı ¢∂±˜œÌ › Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¤ı—’Ú≈fl¬ı˛Ì øÚˆ«¬ı˛º

Ø ÊÚ¸˜±ÀÊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Ú±Ú± Ò±ı˛± Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ˆ¬±Àı ’Ôı±’Ú≈fl¬ı˛ÀÌı˛ ¸”ÀS ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ¤ˆ¬±Àı ı±ı˛—ı±ı˛ ı…ı˝±Àı˛ı˛ Ù¬À˘‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛± õ∂ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬ ’Ó¬œÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú˝À˚˛ ˆ¬øı¯…ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔº



Ø ÊÚ¸˜±ÀÊ ±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ≈¶ö › ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ˆ¬±Àı Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… Survival

Strategy ı± Î¬◊ƒıÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ Œfl¬Ã˙˘ ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ºØ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ˆ¬±G±Àı˛ı˛ ’±Ò±ı˛ ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ Oral

Literature ı± Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…º Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Ú±Ú± ˙±‡±˚˛‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ øıøıÒ øı¯˚˛ Òı˛± Ô±Àfl¬º ’Ô«±» Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛Ú±Ú± ±‡± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ øıøıÒ øı¯ ˛Àfl¬ Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬º Œ˚˜Ú†õ∂ı±-õ∂ı‰¬Ú, Âh¬±, Ò“±Ò±, Œ˘±fl¬fl¬Ô± ˝◊Ó¬…±øº

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ±Ò…À˜ ±Ò±ı˛Ì ±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › õ∂˚≈øMê·Ó¬ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ ø‰¬ôL±-Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±, ø˙é¬ÀÌı˛ ı˛œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬, œ‚« øÀÚı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¤ı—Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ :±Ú-‰¬‰«¬± ¬Ûøı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛º

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ˆ¬±G±Àı˛ı˛ Œé¬ÀS &èQ¬Û”Ì« ≈øÈ¬ øfl¬ ˝˘ fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±Ê¸•Ûøfl«¬Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¤ı— ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ¸•Ûøfl«¬Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÚºŒ¸˝◊ ÊÚ… Ecosystem -¤ı˛ À/ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ :±ÀÚı˛ •Ûfl«¬ Ô±fl¬±˚˛ÊÚ¸˜±ÀÊ Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) -¤ı˛Ò±ı˛Ì± ·Àh¬ ›ÀÍ¬º fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±ÀÊı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ &Ì·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı Î¬◊»fl‘¬©Ü Ù¬¸˘Î¬◊¬Û±±ÀÚı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤ı— ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ¬±ı˛¸±˜… ıÊ±˚˛ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ’Ó¬…ôL øSê˚˛±˙œ˘º

Ø ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝˘ Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Úº ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ :±ÀÚ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Œé¬ÀS¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ øÚÊ¶§Ó¬± ¬Ûøı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛º

Ø ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øı‰¬±Àı˛, øıÀ˙¯ fl¬Àı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊»¸·Ó¬ øı‰¬±Àı˛¸•x± ˛&ø˘ı˛ Identity ı± ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˚˛fl¬ ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛±º

Ø ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬, ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ ›’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ øSê˚˛±˙œ˘Ó¬± øı…˜±Úº

3.2 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S3.2 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S3.2 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S3.2 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S3.2 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝˘ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı¯˚˛, ˚± ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ı…øMê

ŒÔÀfl¬ ı…øMêÀÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˚˛º ’±¸À˘ ¤øÈ¬ ±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˘t øô¶©® õ∂¸”Ó¬ øı¯˚˛º˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ı± ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ fl¬ « •Û±ÀÚı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤ ◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝± ˛Ó¬± fl¬Àı˛º ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú øÚÀ˚˛ Ú±Ú± ·Àı¯Ì±˜”˘fl¬ fl¬±Ê ˝ÀBÂº ’±Ê ŒÔÀfl¬ øfl¬Â≈ ıÂı˛ ¬Û”Àı«› ı±‹øÓ¬˝…˜˚˛ :±Ú ’Ôı± Traditional Knowledge øÚÀ˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ‰¬‰«¬± ˝Ó¬ Ú±º ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ



¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ŒÀ˙˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊»¸ ¸g±Ú, Ó¬±ı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛, ¸—ı˛é¬Ì ›õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ Ú±Ú± ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ‰¬Sê, fl¬˜«˙±˘±ı˛ ’±À˚˛±ÊÚ ˝ÀBÂº øı:±Ú õ∂˚≈øMêı˛˚Ó¬ ◊ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ Œ˝±fl¬ Ú± Œfl¬Ú ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ øÚÊ¶§ ı—˙¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±Ú Œ˚ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ fl¬˜ &èQ¬Û”Ì« Ú˚˛ Ó¬± ’±Ê ¸fl¬˘ :±Úœ-&ÌœÊÚ ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÂÚºøıøˆ¬iß øı…±˙‘∫˘± øÚˆ«¬ı˛ øı¯˚˛ ’±ø/Àfl¬ ’±Ê ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ı± Traditional

Knowledge øÚÀ˚˛ fl¬±Ê ˝ÀBÂº Ó¬Àı ¤ı˛ Œ˚ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú Œé¬S ’ÀÚfl¬ ı…±¬Ûfl¬ Ó¬± ’±ı˛ı˘ı±ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± ı˛±À‡ Ú±º ·Àı¯Ì± Œé¬ÀS ¤ı˛ Œ˚ ’±ı˛› ’ÀÚfl¬ ’øˆ¬˜≈‡ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Ó¬±ı˛fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± ˝˘†

Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïÓ≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïÓ≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïÓ≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïÓ≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïComparative Analysisó†ó†ó†ó†ó†¤˝◊ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/ÀÓ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ·Àı¯Ì±˜”˘fl¬ fl¬±Ê ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛, Œ˚˜Ú øıøˆ¬ißÓ¬N-¬ÛXøÓ¬ı˛ ¸±˝±˚… øÚÀ˚˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ ’Ú…±Ú… øı…±˙‘∫˘± øÚˆ«¬ı˛ øı¯À˚˛ı˛Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Traditional Knowledge -¤ı˛ øı‰¬±ı˛ øıÀù≠¯Ì ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ &èQ,õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛Ó¬± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ’=˘ › ’±ø/fl¬ Œˆ¬À Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬’Ò…˚˛Ú fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïHistorical Perspectiveó†ó†ó†ó†ó† õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬øı¯À ˛ı˛ ◊ Î¬◊»¸ ı˛À ˛ÀÂº ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊»¸ g±Úfl¬ı˛± ±˚˛º øfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ∆Ó¬øı˛ ˚˛, ’±ı˛ Œfl¬Ú˝◊ ı± ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±˚˛ ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˚˛Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì› ’Ú≈¸g±Ú fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤ı˛ Œfl¬±Úı˛+¬Û ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ˝˚˛ øfl¬Ú± Ó¬±› ¤˝◊ ‘ø©ÜÀfl¬±ÌŒÔÀfl¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ‰¬‰«¬± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º

’±ôL-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï’±ôL-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï’±ôL-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï’±ôL-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï’±ôL-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïCross-Cultural Aspectó†ó†ó†ó†ó†‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ÀÒ… ◊ fl¬˜ Œıø˙ é¬… fl¬ı˛± ± ˛º Ó¬Àı ¤ ◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ Œ˚ Œ·±á¬œÀÓ¬ Œ·±á¬œÀÓ¬ ’±±Ú-õ∂±Ú ˚˛ Ú±, ¤˜Ú Œfl¬±Ú fl¬Ô± ŒÚ˝◊º Ù¬À˘ øıøˆ¬ißŒ·±á¬œı˛ ÊœıÚ ˚±¬ÛÚ õ∂øSê˚˛±ı˛ ¸±À¬ÛÀé¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ øı‰¬±ı˛-øıÀù≠¯Ì fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ¤fl¬˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ‹øÓ¬˝…˜˚˛ :±ÀÚ Ò±ı˛±˚˛ ¸—øù≠©Ü øˆ¬ißøˆ¬iß ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±ı øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ˚ø› ¤˝◊ ‘ø©ÜÀfl¬±Ì ŒÔÀfl¬’±Ê› ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú øÚÀ˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú fl¬±Ê ˝˚˛ øÚº

ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïApplied Aspectó†ó†ó†ó†ó† ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ıh¬ Œé¬S ˝˘ Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¬ øfl¬º ’±¸À˘ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú &èQ ¬Û±˚˛ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛·Ó¬ ≈À˚±· ≈øıÒ±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛º Ù¬À˘ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ &èQ,õ∂À˚˛±· Œfl¬Ã˙˘, ¤ı˛ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ øfl¬ı˛+¬Û õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ‘ø©ÜÀfl¬±Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ ·Àı¯Ì± fl¬˜« ˝›˚˛±ı˛¸≈À˚±· ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº



¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïHolistic Aspectó†ó†ó†ó†ó† õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛øÚÊ¶§ øfl¬Â≈ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú Ô±Àfl¬, ˚±ı˛ ı…ı˝±Àı˛ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±Àı˛ ÊœıÚ˚±S±, ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬’ı¶ö±, ‡±…±ˆ¬…±¸, Œ¬Û±˙±fl¬-¬Ûøı˛BÂ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øı¯˚˛&ø˘ ’Ú…Àı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˘±± ˝À˚˛›ÀÍ¬º Ù¬À˘ Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ı˛fl¬˜ øfl¬ŒÔÀfl¬ ı± ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬± ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ‰¬‰«¬± fl¬ı˛À˘, Ó¬±Àı˛ ÀÒ… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú øı¯˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ’±¸±ı˛ y±ıÚ±’±ÀÂº Ù¬À˘ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ¤˝◊ øfl¬øÈ¬ ‡≈ı˝◊ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øfl¬º

‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïTraditional Aspectó†ó†ó†ó†ó† ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ¤øÈ¬ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øfl¬º ¤ı˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ÊœıÚ,Êœøıfl¬±, ‡±…±ˆ¬…±¸, ’±‰¬±ı˛-øı‰¬±ı˛, ı…ı˝±ı˛ ı…±‡…± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º Ó¬±Â±h¬± ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛˜ÀÒ… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú&ø˘ Ó¬±Àı˛ ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝… ïTraditionó Œfl¬fl¬Ó¬È¬± ÒÀı˛ ı˛±‡ÀÂ, ı± ¤ı˛ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö±Ú øfl¬ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øı¯˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±Àı˛± ·ˆ¬œı˛ fl¬±Ê˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛±&ø˘ ¸—øù≠©Ü ÊÚ-¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝… ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±˚«fl¬œı˛øfl¬Ú±-Ó¬± ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝… ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±˚«fl¬œı˛ øfl¬Ú± Ó¬± ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ï‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˚˛Àfl¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïAspect of Tradition& Identity ó†ó†ó†ó†ó† ¸fl¬˘ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝… ïTraditionó øı…˜±Úº øfl¬c ¸ıTradition ’±ı±ı˛ Traditional Knowledge Ú˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ Traditional

Knowledge -¤ı˛ ¸—:±, ∆ıø˙©Ü…, õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬, Œé¬S õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸g±Ú fl¬ı˛±º ¤&ø˘ı˛¸±˝±À˚… Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¸˝ÀÊ øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¬ı˛± ˚±ÀıºÙ¬À˘ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ fl¬±ÀÊı˛ Œ˚˜Ú Œé¬S ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ øfl¬ øÀ˚˛› Ó¬± ’Ó¬…ôL&èQ¬Û”Ì«º ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øı¯˚˛ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ&ø˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚ Ò±ı˛±&ø˘ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˚˛fl¬ ø‰¬˝ê ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ øfl¬Ú± Ó¬±ı˛ ’Ài§¯Ìfl¬ı˛±º

Ê±øÓ¬Ó¬N·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïÊ±øÓ¬Ó¬N·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïÊ±øÓ¬Ó¬N·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïÊ±øÓ¬Ó¬N·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïÊ±øÓ¬Ó¬N·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïAspect of Ethnographyó†ó†ó†ó†ó†Ê±øÓ¬Ó¬N·Ó¬ øÚøı˛À‡› ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ øfl¬ øÚÀ ˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ºfl¬±ı˛Ì ¸fl¬˘ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ fl¬˜«¸•Û±Ú·Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¤fl¬ ˝˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊ Traditional

Knowledge -¤ı˛ øı‰¬±ı˛ øıÀù≠¯Ì ˚ø Ethnographic Aspect -¤ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ fl¬ı˛±˚±˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ Œ˚ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ¸•x±˚˛ ı± Ê±øÓ¬ ı± ÊÚÊ±øÓ¬Àfl¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˝ÀÊ Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ›ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛± ˚±Àıº Ó¬±˝◊ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øı‰¬±Àı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…˜˚˛ :±ÚÀfl¬ Ê±øÓ¬Ó¬N·Ó¬ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú fl¬ı˛±› ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øfl¬º



Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïŒ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïŒ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïŒ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïŒ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïAspect of Oral litaratur eó†ó†ó†ó†ó†Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øfl¬ºfl¬±ı˛Ì ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú õ∂±˚˛˙˝◊ Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ˆ¬±Àı ı…øMê ŒÔÀfl¬ ı…øMêÀÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛º Œ¸fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ Ó¬±ı˛ ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ Œé¬SøÈ¬ ‡≈ı˝◊ &èQ¬Û”Ì«º Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ˙±‡±˚˛‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ g±Ú ¬Û±› ˛± ± ˛º ’Ô«±» Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Ú±Ú±Ú ±‡±ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…˜ ˛:±Ú Ò±ı˛ÀÌı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ı˛À ˛ÀÂ Œ˚˜Ú† õ∂ı±, õ∂ı‰¬Ú, Âh¬±, Ò“±Ò±, Œ˘±fl¬fl¬Ô± ◊Ó¬…±ø ¤&ø˘Àfl¬‰¬‰«¬± fl¬ı˛À˘ Ú±Ú± Œ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì± ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ fl¬±ÀÊ˝◊Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…› ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ˆ¬±G±ı˛º

øSê˚ ˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±ı ˛ øÚøı ˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïøSê˚ ˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±ı ˛ øÚøı ˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïøSê˚ ˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±ı ˛ øÚøı ˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïøSê˚ ˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±ı ˛ øÚøı ˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïøSê˚ ˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±ı ˛ øÚøı ˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú ïFunctional Aspectó †ó †ó †ó †ó † ı—˙¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ıÀ˚˛ ’±¸± ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú&ø˘ı˛ fl¬Ó¬È¬± ¸±˜±øÊfl¬-¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬&èQ ïSocial Valueó ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Œ¸ •ÛÀfl«¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ :±Ú±Ê«ÀÚı˛ Œé¬S ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº Ó¬±Â±h¬±’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ øı:±Ú õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ øSê˚˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±·Ó¬¸±˜±øÊfl¬ &èQ˝◊ı± fl¬Ó¬È¬± ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ Ó¬± ’Ú≈¸g±ÀÚı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ’±Ê ¬Û˚«ôL Œ¸ˆ¬±Àı fl¬ı˛± ˚˛ øÚı˘À˘˝◊ ‰¬À˘º Œ¸˝◊ ¸À/ ’±·±˜œ øÀÚ ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ øfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ÌøÓ¬ ‚È¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛Œ¸ •ÛÀfl«¬› ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œfl¬±Ú Ó¬Ô… ŒÚ ◊º Ó¬± ◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ øSê˚±˙œ˘Ó¬±·Ó¬ ’Ú≈ g±Ú‡ı≈˝◊ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øfl¬ Ó¬± ’±ı˛ ı˘ı±ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± ı˛±À‡ Ú±º

Œ˚À˝Ó≈¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ’±Ê øı…±˚˛Ó¬øÚfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛¸Àı˛ ÚıœÚÓ¬˜ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ øfl¬,Ó¬±˝◊ Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ¤˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛¸ı˛&ø˘ ’±Ê› ’Ú±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ı˛À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂº ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¤˝◊øfl¬&ø˘ øÚÀ˚˛ ı…±‡…±, øı‰¬±ı˛-øıÀù≠¯Ì fl¬ı˛À˘ ¤ı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œé¬S ’±ı˛› ı‘øX ¬Û±Àıº3.3 ı·«øıˆ¬±ÊÚ › Ú±Ú±Ú Ò±ı˛±3.3 ı·«øıˆ¬±ÊÚ › Ú±Ú±Ú Ò±ı˛±3.3 ı·«øıˆ¬±ÊÚ › Ú±Ú±Ú Ò±ı˛±3.3 ı·«øıˆ¬±ÊÚ › Ú±Ú±Ú Ò±ı˛±3.3 ı·«øıˆ¬±ÊÚ › Ú±Ú±Ú Ò±ı˛±

¤ı±Àı˛ ’±¸± ±fl¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ı·πfl¬ı˛Ì › Ú±Ú±Ú Œé¬S õ∂¸À/º ¤ı˛ ı·«øıˆ¬±ÊÚ › Ú±Ú±Ú Œé¬S ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸À/ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ ’±Àı˛± ¸˝Ê ¸ı˛˘˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬Àı†

fl¬.fl¬.fl¬.fl¬.fl¬. fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±Ê ¸—Sê±ôL†fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±Ê ¸—Sê±ôL†fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±Ê ¸—Sê±ôL†fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±Ê ¸—Sê±ôL†fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±Ê ¸—Sê±ôL† ı˛øı˙¸… ’ôL·«Ó¬, ‡±øı˛¬Û ˙¸… ’ôL·«Ó¬, ˜±Â ‰¬±¯¸—Sê±ôL, Œ¸‰¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º

‡.‡.‡.‡.‡. ø˙fl¬±ı˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†ø˙fl¬±ı˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†ø˙fl¬±ı˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†ø˙fl¬±ı˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†ø˙fl¬±ı˛ ¸—Sê±ôL† ˜±Â, ˙”fl¬ı˛, ı±ı˛, ı±‚, ˝øı˛Ì, ¬Û±ø‡, fl¬BÂ¬Û, ˝“◊≈ı˛,fl“¬±fl¬h¬±, ˜œÚ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ø˙fl¬±ı˛ › Òı˛±ı˛ Œfl¬Ã˙˘ ¸—Sê±ôLº

·.·.·.·.·. ¸—¢∂˝ ¸—Sê±ôL†¸—¢∂˝ ¸—Sê±ôL†¸—¢∂˝ ¸—Sê±ôL†¸—¢∂˝ ¸—Sê±ôL†¸—¢∂˝ ¸—Sê±ôL† ˜Ò≈ ¸—¢∂˝, fl¬±Í¬ ¸—¢∂˝ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º‚.‚.‚.‚.‚. Œ˘±fl¬‡±… õ∂dÓ¬fl¬ı˛Ì › —ı˛é¬Ì†Œ˘±fl¬‡±… õ∂dÓ¬fl¬ı˛Ì › —ı˛é¬Ì†Œ˘±fl¬‡±… õ∂dÓ¬fl¬ı˛Ì › —ı˛é¬Ì†Œ˘±fl¬‡±… õ∂dÓ¬fl¬ı˛Ì › —ı˛é¬Ì†Œ˘±fl¬‡±… õ∂dÓ¬fl¬ı˛Ì › —ı˛é¬Ì† øıøˆ¬iß õ∂fl¬±ı˛ ‡±… › ¬Û±Úœ ˛ õ∂dÓ¬

õ∂øSê˚˛± ¤ı— ¸—ı˛é¬Ì Œfl¬Ã˙˘, ’±‰¬±ı˛ õ∂dÓ¬ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º„.„.„.„.„. Œ˘±fl¬ø˙ä†Œ˘±fl¬ø˙ä†Œ˘±fl¬ø˙ä†Œ˘±fl¬ø˙ä†Œ˘±fl¬ø˙ä† ¸”‰¬œø˙ä, Ó¬±˘¬Û±Ó¬±ı˛ ø˙ä, ˙∫ø˙ä, ˜‘»ø˙ä, ø˙Àfl¬ø˙ä,

ı“±˙ø˙ä, ¬ÛÈ¬ø‰¬S ø˙ä, øÁ¬Ú≈fl¬ø˙ä, Œ˝±·˘±˜±≈ı˛ ø˙ä õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º



‰¬.‰¬.‰¬.‰¬.‰¬. Œ˘±fl¬ fi¯Ò › Œ˘±fl¬ ø‰¬øfl¬»¸±†Œ˘±fl¬ fi¯Ò › Œ˘±fl¬ ø‰¬øfl¬»¸±†Œ˘±fl¬ fi¯Ò › Œ˘±fl¬ ø‰¬øfl¬»¸±†Œ˘±fl¬ fi¯Ò › Œ˘±fl¬ ø‰¬øfl¬»¸±†Œ˘±fl¬ fi¯Ò › Œ˘±fl¬ ø‰¬øfl¬»¸±† Œ˘±fl¬ fi¯Ò › Œ˘±fl¬ ø‰¬øfl¬»¸± —Sê±ôLÚ±Ú± ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¤ı˛-’ôL·«Ó¬º

Â.Â.Â.Â.Â. ·‘˝øÚ˜«±Ì†·‘˝øÚ˜«±Ì†·‘˝øÚ˜«±Ì†·‘˝øÚ˜«±Ì†·‘˝øÚ˜«±Ì† Œ±-‰¬±˘± ‚ı˛, ‰¬±ı˛-‰¬±˘± ‚ı˛, ±øÈ¬ı˛ Œ±-Ó¬˘± ‚ı˛, ‚Àı˛ı˛ Â±Î¬◊øÚ,ŒÈ¬±„ ‚ı˛, ŒÚÃfl¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ ∆Ó¬øı˛ ‚ı˛ ˝◊Ó¬…±øº

Ê.Ê.Ê.Ê.Ê. Œ˘±fl¬˚±Ú ¸—Sê±ôL†Œ˘±fl¬˚±Ú ¸—Sê±ôL†Œ˘±fl¬˚±Ú ¸—Sê±ôL†Œ˘±fl¬˚±Ú ¸—Sê±ôL†Œ˘±fl¬˚±Ú ¸—Sê±ôL† ¬Û±˘øfl¬, ŒÚÃfl¬±, ŒÍ¬˘±·±øh¬, C˘±ı˛, ŒÎ¬±˝±, Œˆ¬˘±,Œ±˘± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º

Á¬.Á¬.Á¬.Á¬.Á¬. ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙, ’±ı˝±›˚˛± › Ê˘ı±˚˛≈†¬Ûøı˛Àı˙, ’±ı˝±›˚˛± › Ê˘ı±˚˛≈†¬Ûøı˛Àı˙, ’±ı˝±›˚˛± › Ê˘ı±˚˛≈†¬Ûøı˛Àı˙, ’±ı˝±›˚˛± › Ê˘ı±˚˛≈†¬Ûøı˛Àı˙, ’±ı˝±›˚˛± › Ê˘ı±˚˛≈† ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ › ’±ı˝±›˚˛±·Ó¬ Ú±Ú±:±Ú ¤ı˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬º

¤û.¤û.¤û.¤û.¤û. Ê˘Ò±ı˛Ì —Sê±ôL†Ê˘Ò±ı˛Ì —Sê±ôL†Ê˘Ò±ı˛Ì —Sê±ôL†Ê˘Ò±ı˛Ì —Sê±ôL†Ê˘Ò±ı˛Ì —Sê±ôL† ‡±˘, ¬Û≈fl≈¬ı, ıh¬ Ê˘±˙˚ øÚ «±Ì, ı“±Ò —Sê±ôL, ı‘ø©ÜÊ˘Ò±ı˛Ì õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º

È¬.È¬.È¬.È¬.È¬. ’±˚˛≈Ò ¸—Sê±ôL†’±˚˛≈Ò ¸—Sê±ôL†’±˚˛≈Ò ¸—Sê±ôL†’±˚˛≈Ò ¸—Sê±ôL†’±˚˛≈Ò ¸—Sê±ôL† fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±ÀÊ ı…ı˝+Ó¬, ø˙fl¬±ı˛ õ∂˚≈øMêÀÓ¬ ı…ı˝+Ó¬, ø˙Àäı…ı˝+Ó¬, øÚ˜«±ÀÌ ı…ı˝+Ó¬, ·‘˝¶ö±ø˘ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬º

Í¬.Í¬.Í¬.Í¬.Í¬. ¸—ı˛é¬Ì —Sê±ôL†¸—ı˛é¬Ì —Sê±ôL†¸—ı˛é¬Ì —Sê±ôL†¸—ı˛é¬Ì —Sê±ôL†¸—ı˛é¬Ì —Sê±ôL† ıøÊ, Ù¬˘, Ù¬¸˘, ±Â, ıœÊ, ‡±… ı…, ¬Û±Ìœ˚ õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ºÎ¬.Î¬.Î¬.Î¬.Î¬. øıøıÒ øı¯˚˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†øıøıÒ øı¯˚˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†øıøıÒ øı¯˚˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†øıøıÒ øı¯˚˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†øıøıÒ øı¯˚˛ ¸—Sê±ôL†

3.4 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ &èQ†3.4 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ &èQ†3.4 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ &èQ†3.4 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ &èQ†3.4 ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ &èQ†’±˜±Àı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ˙Ä Î¬◊ißÓ¬ Œ˙ ø˝¸±Àı Ó¬fl¬˜± Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ’±ı˛ fl¬Ó¬

ıÂı˛ ˘±·Àı Ó¬± ’±˜ı˛± Ê±øÚ Ú±º ¤ÀÀ˙ ¸ı«S ’±Ê› øı≈…» Œ¬“ÛÃÂ±˚˛øÚº ŒÚ˝◊ ŒÓ¬˜ÚŒfl¬±Ú Œ˚±·±À˚±À·ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜, Ú± ’±ÀÂ Î¬◊ißÓ¬ Œ˚±·À˚±· ı…ı¶ö±º Ù¬À˘ ¤˜Ú ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ ŒÏ¬Î¬◊ Œ¬“ÛÃÂ±ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ’±Àı˛± ’ÀÚfl¬ ıÂı˛ Œ˘À· ˚±Àı Œ¸ fl¬Ô± ı˘ı±ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬±ı˛±À‡ Ú±º

¤ÀÀ˙ ’±Ê› ±ı˛± ±Â ÒÀı˛, fl¬±Í¬ fl¬±ÀÈ¬, ‰¬±¯ fl¬Àı˛, Ó¬±ı˛± ı±˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ Œ˙œ˚˛:±ÀÚı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘º ’Ú…±Ú… Œ˙&ø˘ Œ˚ ¬Ûøı˛˜±ÀÌ øıøˆ¬iß fl¬˜«Àé¬ÀS ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬øÊøÚ¸¬ÛÀSı˛ ı…ı˝±Àı˛ ’ˆ¬…ô¶ À ˛ÀÂ, ’±˜±Àı˛ ¤ ◊ Œ˙ Œ¸ ¬Ûøı˛ ±ÀÌ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ La¬Û±øÓ¬ı˛ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ı± fl¬±ÀÊ ˘±·±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº Ó¬±˝◊ ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬ ’±Ê› ¤Àı˛ ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú˝◊ &èÀQı˛ ’±¸Ú ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ øıøˆ¬iß fl¬˜«Àé¬ÀSº øÚÀ•ß ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛&èQ¬Û”Ì« øfl¬&ø˘ ¬Û˚«±˚˛SêÀ˜ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± ˝˘†

õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬† õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ Ó¬±Àı˛ fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±ÀÊı˛ Œé¬ÀS øÚÊ¶§ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛º ¤˜Ú øfl¬ ¤˝◊ fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±ÀÊı˛ Òı˛Ì ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ¤fl¬¤fl¬øÈ¬ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ ’Ú…±Ú… ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¶§Ó¬La ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬ºŒ˚˜Ú Á≈¬˜‰¬±¯ søÈ¬ qÚÀ˘˝◊ ’±˜ı˛± ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øÚø«©Ü ÊÚÀ·±á¬œÀfl¬ı≈øÁ¬º Ó¬±˝◊ fl‘¬ø¯fl¬±ÀÊı˛ Œé¬ÀS ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ‡≈ı˝◊&èQ¬Û”Ì« øı¯˚˛º



øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬† Œ˘±fl¬‡±… õ∂dÓ¬ ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛ —ı˛é¬Ì õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ øÚø«©Ü ’øÒı±ø¸ı˛±Ó¬±Àı˛ øÚø«©Ü ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÚÀfl¬ fl¬±ÀÊ ˘±·±˚˛º

Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬† ø˙fl¬±ı˛ ¸—Sê±ôL, Œ˚˜Ú ¸≈jı˛ıÚ ’=À˘ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ıh¬ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ˜»¸ ø˙fl¬±ı˛ Œ¬Û˙±ı˛ ¸À/ ˚≈Mêº ˚ø› Ó¬±ı˛± øfl¬Â≈ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ˚Laı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛, Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ±Â Òı˛±, Ê±˘ ı≈ÚÚ, Ê±˘ ¬Û±Ó¬± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬Ó¬±ı˛± Ó¬±Àı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±ÚÀfl¬˝◊ fl¬±ÀÊ ˘±·±˚˛º

‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬† ø˙äˆ¬±ıÚ±, ø‰¬øfl¬»¸± ı…ı¶ö±, ·‘˝øÚ˜«±Ì õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Œé¬ÀS øıøˆ¬ißÊÚÀ·±á¬œ Ó¬±Àı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’±|˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬º

¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬† ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙, ’±ı˝±›˚˛±, Ê˘ı±˚˛≈, ‡ÚÚfl¬±˚« ·‘˝øÚ˜«±Ì õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬&èQ¬Û”Ì« fl¬±ÀÊ øıøˆ¬iß ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ ’±Ê› Ó¬±Àı˛ ’øÊ«Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛ fl¬Àı˛º

¯á¬Ó¬†¯á¬Ó¬†¯á¬Ó¬†¯á¬Ó¬†¯á¬Ó¬† ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÚÀfl¬ ø Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ÊÚÊ±øÓ¬ •Û”Ì« ¬±Àı ¬Ûøı˛Ó¬…±·fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ Ó¬±Àı˛ øÚÊ¶§Ó¬± Ó¬±ı˛± ˝±øı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘Àıº ˚ø›Œfl¬±ÀÚ±ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Ê±øÓ¬ ¸•x±˚˛ ı± ÊÚÊ±øÓ¬ Ó¬±Àı˛‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú Ó¬…±· fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±º fl¬±ı˛Ì ¤øÈ¬ Ó¬±Àı˛Êiú±øÊ«Ó¬º

¸l˜Ó¬†¸l˜Ó¬†¸l˜Ó¬†¸l˜Ó¬†¸l˜Ó¬† ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ‡≈ı˝◊ ¸˝Ú˙œ˘ ¤ı— ¸ı˛˘ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊ ¤ı˛ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬± ¸ı«ÊÚ¢∂±˝œº

’©Ü˜Ó¬†’©Ü˜Ó¬†’©Ü˜Ó¬†’©Ü˜Ó¬†’©Ü˜Ó¬† ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ‘ÊÚœ é¬˜Ó¬±ı˛ •x¸±ı˛Ì ‚È¬±˚˛, ±ı˛ı±ô¶ı õ∂À˚˛±À·˝◊ ’±˜ı˛± ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±˚˛ Œ¬“ÛÃÀÂøÂº

Úı˜˜Ó¬†Úı˜˜Ó¬†Úı˜˜Ó¬†Úı˜˜Ó¬†Úı˜˜Ó¬† ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ı±gı ˚˛º ¤øÈ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ŒÓ¬˜Ú é¬øÓ¬ ¸±ÒÚ fl¬Àı˛ Ú±º

˙˜Ó¬†˙˜Ó¬†˙˜Ó¬†˙˜Ó¬†˙˜Ó¬† õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ ‡≈ı˝◊ ¸˝Ê ¸ı˛˘ Ó¬±˝◊ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¤ı˛ ’Mœfl¬ı˛Ì ›ı…ı˝±ı˛ ıg≈¸≈˘ˆ¬ ïUser-friendlyó ˝˚˛º

Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛±Mê ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¤ Ò±ı˛Ì± ∆Ó¬øı˛ ˛ Œ˚, ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú øÚÓ¬±ôL ’ıÀ˝˘±ı˛ øı¯ ˛ Ú ˛º õ∂À ˛±ÊÀÚı˛ À/ À/ ¤ ◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú‚È¬Àı Œ¸ fl¬Ô± ’±ı˛ ı˘ı±ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± ı˛±À‡ Ú±º4. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ï4. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ï4. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ï4. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ï4. ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ïTraditional Knowledgeó › Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ïó › Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ïó › Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ïó › Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ïó › Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ïIndigenousKnowledgeó† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬ó† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬ó† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬ó† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬ó† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬

Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı ”ÀS ◊ Œ˙œ˚ :±Ú ïIndigenous Knowledgeó õ∂ /øÈ¬¤À¸ ˚±˚˛º ’±¸À˘ Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¬Ûøı˛ˆ¬±¯± ≈øÈ¬ ¸˜±Ô«fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ˆ¬±¯±ø˝À¸Àı fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛º fl¬˘…±Ì ‰¬SêıÓ¬π Indigenous knowledge ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸≈jı˛ fl¬Ô±ıÀ˘ÀÂÚº Ó“¬±ı˛ ÀÓ ¬Indigenous Knowledge ı± Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ı± ’±=ø˘fl¬ :±ÀÚı˛



¸˜±Ô«fl¬ ˙s±ı˘œ ˝˘† Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK), LocalKnowledge (L.K.) Traditional Knowledge (TK), Folk knowledge(FK)15 ’Ô«±» fl¬˘…±Ì ‰¬SêıÓ¬πı ‘ø©Ü ¬/œÀÓ¬ Traditional Knowledge ı± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ¤ı— Indigenous Knowledge ı± Œ˙œ˚˛ :±ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±Ú ¬Û±Ô«fl¬… ŒÚ˝◊º’±˜ı˛± Ó“¬±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ Œfl¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¬øı˛º

¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ ’±ı˛› ¬Ûøı˛©®±ı˛ ˝Àıº ‘T raditionalKnowledge in Indian Society’ œ «fl¬ ¢∂ÀLö Indigenous Knowledge •ÛÀfl«¬˚± ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Ó¬± ¤˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜†

“Traditional Knowledge and indigenous knowledge are oftenuse as synonyms.”16

¤‡±ÀÚ ’±ı˛› ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ†“Indigenous or traditional knowledge (IK or TK) refers tothe unique, traditional, local knowledge existing within anddeveloped around the specific condition of women and menindigenous to a particular geographic area.”17

’Ô«±» Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú › ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú õ∂±˚˛ ¤fl¬˝◊º ¤Àfl¬ ¤fl¬˝◊ ˜”^±ı˛ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ ø¬ÛÍ¬ ı˘±˝◊≈øMê¸/Ó¬º ¤ õ∂¸À/ Œ˙œ˚ :±ÀÚı Œ˚ ∆ıø˙©Ü…&ø˘ Œ‰¬±À‡ ¬ÛÀh¬ Ó¬± ¬Û «±˚SêÀ˜ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ

fl¬ı˛± ˝˘†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬† Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øÚø«©Ü ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ÀÒ… ‘ø©Ü ˚˛ › õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬

Ô±Àfl¬ºøZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬† Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú øÚø«©Ü ˆ”¬‡G › ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øıı˛±Ê fl¬Àı˛ºÓ‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬† Œ˙œ˚˛ :±ÀÚı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ ˝˘ ¤øÈ¬ ¢∂±˜œÌ ¤ı— Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬º‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬† Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Ú ı…øMêı˛ ø¸X±ôL ¢∂˝ÀÌı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ∆Ó¬øı˛ fl¬Àı˛º Œ˙œ˚˛

:±Ú ı…øMêı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ÀÓ¬ øıÚ©Ü ˝˚˛ Ú±º¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬† Œ˙œ ˛ :±ÚÀfl¬ ≈ ‘∫˘ˆ¬±Àı —ı˛é¬Ì fl¬ı˛± ± ˛ Ú±, fl¬±ı˛Ì øı¯ ˛øÈ¬

¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘º¯á¬Ó¬†¯á¬Ó¬†¯á¬Ó¬†¯á¬Ó¬†¯á¬Ó¬† Œ˙œ ˛ :±Ú ı ˜ ˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ ¤ı— ¤øÈ¬ ’Ú≈fl¬ı˛Ì øõ∂ ˛Ó¬±,

› ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘º¸l˜Ó¬†¸l˜Ó¬†¸l˜Ó¬†¸l˜Ó¬†¸l˜Ó¬† Œ˙œ ˛ :±Ú ±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˜¸…± ” fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò±ÀÚı˛ Œé¬ÀS

ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˝˚˛ºÎ¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ¤˝◊ ∆ıø˙©Ü…&ø˘ øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛À˘ Indigenous Knowledge ¤ı—

Traditional Knowledge -¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ¬Û±Ô«fl¬… ‡≈“ÀÊ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊ ¸ı



øfl¬ øı‰¬±ı˛-øıÀù≠¯Ì fl¬Àı˛ ¤˝◊ ø¸X±ÀôL ’±¸± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ¤ı— Œ˙œ˚˛ :±Úõ∂±˚˛ ¤fl¬˝◊ øı¯˚˛º5. Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬5. Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬5. Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬5. Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬5. Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬

Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ‡≈ı˝◊ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øı¯˚˛º fl¬±ı˛Ì Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú ∆ıø‰¬ÀS…ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ¤fl¬øÈ¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ˙±‡±, ’¬Ûı˛ øÀfl¬ ¤˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ’±ı±ı˛ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ›Œ˘±fl¬ õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ¸˜i§À˚˛ ·øÍ¬Ó¬º Ù¬À˘ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬Àfl¬ Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ›Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê› Ê±Ú± ¤fl¬±ôL˝◊ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº ¤ õ∂¸À/ øÚÀ•ß Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛¸—:±, Ó¬±ı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü… ¬Û˚«±˚˛SêÀ˜ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± ˝˘ ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ ¤Àı˛øfl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬ Œ¸ øfl¬øÈ¬› Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± ˝˘º5.1 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ¸—:±5.1 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ¸—:±5.1 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ¸—:±5.1 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ¸—:±5.1 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ¸—:±

1965 ¸±À˘ õ∂Ô˜ ’…±˘±Ú Î¬±ø`¬¸ ‘Folkloristics’ ˙Àsı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ øı:±ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì± ŒÚº ¤ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ 1967 ¸±À˘ Î¬. ˜˚ƒ˝±è˘˝◊¸˘±˜ ëŒÙ¬±fl¬À˘±ı˛ øı:±Úí ˙Àsı˛ ’ıÓ¬±ı˛Ì± fl¬Àı˛Úº ¤ı˛› Œı˙ øfl¬Â≈ ıÂı˛ ¬Ûı˛ 1985¸±À˘ ı±—˘±ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ Î¬. Ó≈¬¯±ı˛ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ ëŒ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬øı:±Úí søÈ¬ı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Úº˚±˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ Œ˚ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı:±ÚøÚá¬ øı¯˚˛ Ó¬± ’±Ê ¸fl¬À˘˝◊ ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Úº

¤ı±Àı˛ ’±¸± ˚±fl¬ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú õ∂¸À/º ˝◊—Àı˛øÊ Folk Science -¤ı˛ ı±—˘±õ∂øÓ¬˙s ø˝À¸Àı Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ˙søÈ¬ı˛ ’ıÓ¬±ı˛Ì± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ’±ı±ı˛ ëøı:±Úí˙søÈ¬ ¤À¸ÀÂ øı-√:± + ’Ú = øı:±Ú, ±ı˛ ı≈»¬ÛøM·Ó¬ ’Ô« ˘ ëøıÀ˙¯ :±Úíº Ó¬±˝À˘ëŒ˘±fl¬øı:±Úí ˙Àsı˛ ’Ô« “±h¬±˚˛ ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ øıÀ˙¯ :±Úº ¤‡Ú õ∂ùü ˝˘ ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ¤˝◊øıÀ˙¯ :±ÚøÈ¬ øfl¬∑ ¤ı˛ Î¬◊MÀı˛ ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ñ ¤ ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ :±Ú, ˚± ¸•Û”Ì«˝◊ı…øMêı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¬ õ∂øSê˚˛±º ¤ õ∂¸À/ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—:±ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛†

“Folk Science is the pursuit and application of knowledgeand understanding of the natural and social world followinga systematic methodology based on evidence.”18

’Ô«±» Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ˘ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ › ˜±ÀÊı˛ ÀÒ… ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ •Ûfl«¬ øÚÌ«À˚˛ t :±ÀÚı˛õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¬ øfl¬ › ’Ú≈¸‘Ó¬ ø¸X±ôL, ˚± õ∂˜±Ì øÚˆ«¬ı˛ ¸≈øÚø«©Ü ¬ÛXøÓ¬ Œfl¬øffl¬º’±ı±ı˛ British Dicitonary -¤ÀÓ¬ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú õ∂¸À/ ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ†

“Folk Science is the systematic study of the nature andbehaviour of the material and physical Universe, based onobservation, experiment, and measurement, and the formu-lation of laws to describe these facts in general terms.”19



’Ô«±» ıd Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ › ’±‰¬ı˛Ì ¸•Ûøfl«¬Ó¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬ı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±, ˚± øıÀù´ı˛ ·Í¬Ú¸•Ûfl¬π˚˛ øı¯˚˛ ¬Û˚«Àıé¬Ì, ¬Ûı˛œé¬Ì › ¬Ûøı˛˜±À¬Ûı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øˆ¬øM fl¬Àı˛ fl¬±˚«fl¬±ı˛Ì ¸•§gøÚÌ«˚˛ › ı…±‡…± õ∂±ÀÚı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ø¸X±ôL ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛º Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ¤˝◊ ¸—:±&ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤˝◊ø¸X±ÀôL ’±¸± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ˝˘ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı¯˚˛ ˚±ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øÚø«©Üˆ”¬‡ÀG ı¸ı±¸fl¬±ı˛œ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œ ‹ øÚø«©Ü ˆ”¬‡ÀGı˛ ıd Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ › ’±‰¬ı˛ÀÌı˛›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ øıøˆ¬iß øı¯À˚˛ı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì± ·Í¬Ú, øı‰¬±ı˛-øıÀù≠¯Ì, › Œ|øÌfl¬ı˛Ì fl¬ı˛ı±ı˛é¬Ó¬˜± ’Ê«Ú fl¬Àı˛ ¤ı— ’Ú≈ø˜Ó¬ ø¸X±ôL ¢∂˝ÀÌ ¸é¬˜ ˝˚˛º5.2 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†5.2 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†5.2 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†5.2 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†5.2 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†

w Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ˘ ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ :±Ú, ± •Û”Ì« ◊ ı…øMêı˛ ±Úø¸fl¬õ∂øSê˚˛±º

w Œfl¬±Ú øı¯˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±ı˛Ì± õ∂Ì˚˛Ú fl¬ı˛±˝◊ ˝˘ ¤ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ˘é¬…ºw ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±ı˛Ì±ı˛ øı‰¬±ı˛-øıÀù≠¯Ì, Œ|øÌfl¬ı˛Ì ˝˘ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜

fl¬±Êºw øı¶ú˚˛fl¬ı˛ õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ıd Œı±Á¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±˝◊ ˝˘ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜

∆ıø˙©Ü…ºw ∆ÚøjÚ ÊœıÀÚ ı…ı˝±ı˛øfl¬ õ∂À ˛±À·ı˛ ±Ò…À˜ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ õ∂¸±ı˛ ‚ÀÈ¬ºw Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¸øÍ¬fl¬ Ó¬N › Ó¬ÀÔ…ı˛ ¸≈á≈¬ ø¸X±ÀôLı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛

fl¬Àı˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú Œ˚ÃøMêfl¬Ó¬± › ¬Ûı˛œé¬±-øÚı˛œé¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘ºw Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ¸•Û”Ì« ëı˛+¬Ûí øÚˆ«¬ı˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ¸ı«± ˆ¬øı¯…ÀÓ¬ı˛ ı±Ó«¬± Œ˚˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ˝˘ Œ˘±fl¬ õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ìºw Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú Œ˚ÃøMêfl¬ ø¸X±ÀôLı ›¬Ûı øˆ¬øM fl¬Àı Œfl¬±Ú øı¯À˚ı ˜±Ò±ÀÚı

¬ÛÀÔ ¤ø·À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ∆ıø˙©Ü… ˝˘ ¤øÈ¬ ’Ú≈ø˜Ó¬ ø¸X±ôL

øÚˆ«¬ı˛ºw ÊøÈ¬˘Ó¬± ˜≈Mê ¸˝Ê ¸ı˛˘ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛º Œ˘±fl¬¸˜±ÀÊı˛ øı:±Ú ˜Ú¶® :±ÀÚı˛

õ∂fl¬±˙º Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ’ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ˜±Ú¸-¸•Ûºw ¶⁄©Ü± Œ˘±fl¬¸˜±Ê, ¸˜ø©Ü˜±ÀÚı˛ Ù¬¸˘ ˚± ı—˙±Ú≈SêÀ˜ õ∂ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛ºw ·Àı¯Ì±·±ı˛ ˘ õ∂øÓ¬øÀÚı˛ Œ˘±fl¬ÊœıÚº Œ˘±fl¬¸˜±Ê õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ › ‰¬±ø˝±

øÚı‘øMı˛ ÊÚ… :±Ú › ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±Àfl¬ fl¬±ÀÊ ±ø·À ˛ ˜¸…±ı˛ ˜±Ò±Ú fl¬Àı˛ºw “Folkscience is the mother of modern science” ñ ¤˝◊

øı:±Ú ’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı, õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˝À˘› ¤˝◊ :±ÀÚı˛ Œı±Òı‘øX, fl¬äÚ±, ˚≈øMê› õ∂À˚˛±· - õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˘≈øfl¬À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬ ’Ó¬…±Ò≈øÚfl¬ øı:±ÀÚı˛ ıœÊº



w ˙‘∫˘±ıX, øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈· › ˚≈øMêı˛ Z±ı˛± ¤øÈ¬ ’øÊ«Ó¬ ˝˚˛ºw ¤øÈ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú › øııÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ ˜Ò…øÀ˚ fl¬±˘Ê˚˛œ ı˛+¬ÛÒ±ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂºw Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ :±ÀÚı ±˝±À˚… Ú±Ú±Ú ıd, La¬Û±øÓ¬ › ±øÓ¬˚±Àıı ’±øı©®±ı ˚ºw ¤øÈ¬ ¸˜±Ê, Œ·±á¬œ › ı…øMê øÚˆ«¬ı˛º

5.3 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ¸—:±5.3 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ¸—:±5.3 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ¸—:±5.3 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ¸—:±5.3 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ¸—:±Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê, ˚±ı˛ ˝◊—Àı˛øÊ õ∂øÓ¬˙s ø˝À¸Àı Òı˛± ˚±˚˛ Folk Technology

˙s ≈øÈ¬Àfl¬º Technology søÈ¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¬ÛøM ø¢∂fl¬ s ‘Techne - logia’ s ŒÔÀfl¬˚±ı˛ ’Ô« ˘- ‘Science of craft and skill of art, or craft’º Àsı˛ ¤ ◊ Î¬◊»¸·Ó¬’Ô« ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú øfl¬ ˝˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ øfl¬º ’±ı˛›¬Ûøı˛©®±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ı˘À˘ ı˘± ˚±˚˛, Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ˝˘ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π ¬Û˚«±˚˛ºŒ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ø ø¸X±ôL ¢∂˝Ì ˚˛ Ó¬Àı Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ˘ Œ¸˝◊ Œ¸˝◊ ø¸X±ÀôLı˛ õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¬øfl¬º ¤ õ∂¸À/ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸:±ı˛ ’ıÓ¬±ı˛Ì± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛†

“Folk technology is the purposeful application of information

in the design, production, and utilization of goods and

services, and in the organization of human activities.”20

¤˝◊ fl¬Ô±&ø˘ı˛ ¬±ı·Ó¬ ’Ô« “±h¬±˚˛ - Ó¬ÀÔ…ı˛ Úflƒ¬˙±, › Î¬◊¬Û±±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¬ õ∂À˚˛±·,˚±ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… ^Àı…ı˛ ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ fl¬±˚«fl¬øı˛Ó¬± ¤ı— ˜±Úı fl¬˘…±Ì ¸±ÒÀÚ øÚÀ˚˛±øÊÓ¬ ˝˚˛º¤Àfl¬ ◊ ’±˜ı˛± Folk Technology ıÀ˘ ’±‡…±ø ˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛º ’±¸À˘ Œ˘±fl¬õ∂ ≈øMê˝˘† ‘Folk technology is science or knowledge put into practical use

to solve problems or invent useful tools.’ ¸—:±øÈ¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚,Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ˝˘ ¸˜¸…± ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚı˛ Œé¬ÀS :±ÀÚı˛ ı±ô¶øıfl¬ õ∂À˚˛±·º Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ì ø˝À¸Àıı˘± ±˚˛, ·‘˝øÚ˜«±Ì Œfl¬Ã˙˘, Œ˘±fl¬ ø˙ä^ı… øÚ˜«±Ì Œ˘±fl¬˚±Ú ∆Ó¬øı˛ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬, ô¶ øÚø˜«Ó¬^ı… ∆Ó¬øı˛ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬, Œ˘±fl¬ ’¶a ∆Ó¬øı˛ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬, Œ‡±±˝◊ ¬õ∂øSê˚˛± ¤ ¸ı˝◊ Œ˘±fl¬ õ∂˚≈øMêı˛’ôL·«Ó¬º ¤fl¬ fl¬Ô± ˛ ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ Folk technology ˘ ‹øÓ¬˝…˜ ˛ õ∂±À ˛±ø·fl¬ õ∂ ≈øMêº5.4 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†5.4 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†5.4 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†5.4 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†5.4 Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü…†

w Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ˝˘ ı…øMêı˛ ’ˆ¬…±¸·Ó¬ fl¬˜«¸•Û±Ú·Ó¬ :±Ú, ˚±fl¬˜«¸•Û±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝±˚… fl¬Àı˛º

w Œfl¬±Ú øı¯˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±ı˛Ì±ı˛ SêÀ˜±iß˚˛Ú fl¬ı˛±˝◊ ¤ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ˘é¬…ºw Œfl¬±Ú øı¯˚˛ •ÛÀfl«¬ øı‰¬±ı˛-øıÀù≠¯Ì › ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±ı˛ ÀÒ… —À˚±· ±ÒÚ

‚È¬±˚˛ Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêº



w õ∂dÓ¬fl¬ı˛Ì ’ı¶ö± ı± ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ Œı±Á¬±˝◊ ˝˘ Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜∆ıø˙©Ü…º

w ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±, Î¬◊æ±ıÚ › ı˛+¬Û±˚˛ÀÌı˛ ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ õ∂¸±ı˛ ‚ÀÈ¬ºw Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ ’¸•Û”Ì« Ó¬Ô… › ’±Ú≈˜±øÚfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬ı˛+À¬Ûı˛ ›¬Ûı˛

øÚˆ«¬ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ¸øÍ¬fl¬ ø¸X±ôL ¢∂˝ÀÌı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬õ∂ ≈øMê õ∂øÓ¬ı˛+¬Û ·Í¬Ú, øÚ «±Ì, ¬Ûı˛œé¬±, ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ±, ˜¸…± ˜±Ò±Ú,

ø¸X±ôL ¢∂˝Ì › ’±ôL–ı…øMêfl¬ é¬Ó¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘ºw Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ’ÀÚfl¬Àé¬ÀS ëıdí øÚˆ«¬ı˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¸ı«± ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ˝˘ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÀÚı˛ Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ºw øıøˆ¬iß ˚La¬Û±øÓ¬ › Î¬◊¬Ûfl¬ı˛Ì ı…ı˝±Àı˛ı˛ Z±ı˛± Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ˘é¬…¬Û”ı˛Ì

‚ÀÈ¬ºw ˝±ÀÓ¬-fl¬˘À˜ Œ˙‡± ı±ô¶ı ¸˜¸…±ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú fl¬ı˛±˝◊ ˝˘ ¤ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜

∆ıø˙©Ü…ºw øıÀ˙¯ ’=À˘ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± › ı±ô¶øıfl¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬

Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ Î¬◊æı ˝˚˛ºw ¤øÈ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ø¸X fl¬Àı˛ºw ÊøÈ¬˘Ó¬± ˜≈Mê ¸˝Ê › ¸ı˛˘ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬õ∂ ≈øMê ø‰¬ı˛ôLÚ ı± timelessº ¤øÈ¬ ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ¬±Àı Œ˜Ãø‡fl¬

› ’Ú≈fl¬ı˛Ì ¸”ÀS ı±ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛ºw Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê Œ˙œ˚˛ :±ÀÚı˛ õ∂fl¬±˙ ‚È¬±˚˛ºw ¤øÈ¬ fl¬˜ ı…˚˛ ¸±À¬Ûé¬ ¤ı— õ∂À˚˛±À·ı˛ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸˝Ê ¸±Ò…ºw Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ˝˘ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ı±gıº

5.5 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬-5.5 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬-5.5 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬-5.5 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬-5.5 Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú† ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬-Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú Folk Science › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê Folk Technology ¤ı—

‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú Traditional knowledge ñ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ øı¯ ˛Àfl¬ ¶ö”˘ ‘ø©Ü ¬ø/ÀÓ¬ Œ‡À˘˜ÀÚ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛, ¤˝◊ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ øı¯À˚˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±Ú ¬Û±Ô«fl¬… ŒÚ˝◊º øfl¬c øı¯˚˛·Ó¬ øfl¬ øÀ˚˛øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬˝◊ ’±˘±± ’Ô«Àı±Òfl¬ øı¯˚˛º ¬Û”Àı« Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ¸—:±, ∆ıø˙©Ü… õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ¬ÛÀı« ¤˝◊ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ øı¯À˚˛ı˛ ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬¸•Ûfl«¬ øÚÌ«À˚˛ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ˝˘†

õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬†õ∂Ô˜Ó¬† ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˝˘ Ó¬±˝◊, ˚± ı…øMê ı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı’Ê«Ú fl¬Àı˛º Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú, Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê› ’Ú≈ı˛+¬Û ˆ¬±Àı ı…øMêı—˙ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ’Ê«Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬º



øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬†øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬† ¸fl¬˘ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂ ≈øMêı˛ ’ˆ¬…ôLÀı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Úı˛À˚˛ÀÂº øfl¬c ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ˜±ÀÚ˝◊ Ó¬± Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú ı±Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º

Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬†Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬† Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂ ≈øMêı˛ Ù¬˘±Ù¬À˘ı˛ Z±ı˛± ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Úõ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ ˚˛º Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ Z±ı˛± ’ÀÚfl¬ ˜˚˛‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸•Û”Ì« ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º

‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬†‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«Ó¬† Œ˘±fl¬øı:±ÚÀfl¬ ˚ø fl¬±ı˛Ì Òı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê ˝˘Ó¬±ı˛ Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘º

¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬†¬Û=˜Ó¬† ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûı˛œé¬±-øÚı˛œé¬±·Ó¬ ¬Û «± ˛ ˘ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú› Œ˘±fl¬õ∂ ≈øMêº

Ó¬Àı ¤fl¬Ô± ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ú± Œ˚, ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú › Œ˘±fl¬:±Ú ¤ı— Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬¸•Û”Ì« øı¬Ûı˛œÓ¬˜≈‡œº ’±¸À˘ øı¯˚˛ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ¤Àfl¬ ’¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘º ¤fl¬øÈ¬ÂÀfl¬ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… Ó¬± Œı±Á¬±ÀÚ± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛†

’øÇÓ¬ ¤˝◊ Œı˛‡±ø‰¬SøÈ¬ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú Œ˚˜ÚŒ˘±fl¬øı:±ÚÀfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú› ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÚÀfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛º’¬Ûı˛ øÀfl¬ Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê› Œ˚˜Ú Œ˘±fl¬øı:±Ú › ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÚÀfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ŒÓ¬˜øÚ Œ˘±fl¬õ∂˚≈øMê› Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛ı˛ Z±ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ ˝˚˛º6. ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Î¬◊¬Û˜˝±ÀÀ˙ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö±†6. ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Î¬◊¬Û˜˝±ÀÀ˙ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö±†6. ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Î¬◊¬Û˜˝±ÀÀ˙ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö±†6. ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Î¬◊¬Û˜˝±ÀÀ˙ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö±†6. ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Î¬◊¬Û˜˝±ÀÀ˙ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±Ú ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö±†

ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ı± Traditional Knowledge ˝˘ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ øfl¬º ¤ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±Ê ’±ı˛ ˜Ó¬±ÕÚfl¬… ŒÚ˝◊º ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ·Àı¯Ì±Œé¬S øfl¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ó¬± øıô¶±øı˛Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ¤˝◊ õ∂ıÀg ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øfl¬c‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ Ú±Ú± Œé¬S øÚÀ˚˛ ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ ‡≈ı Œıø˙ ¤fl¬È¬± fl¬±Ê ˝˚˛øÚº Ó¬Àıøıø˙©Ü ı…øMêıÀ·«ı˛ ¸±˝‰¬À˚« øıøé¬l ˆ¬±Àı ¤ øı¯À˚˛ øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ ·Àı¯Ì±ı˛ fl¬±Ê ˝ÀBÂºõ∂¸/SêÀ˜ ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ õ∂‡…±Ó¬ Œ˘‡fl¬ ›˚˛±øfl¬˘ ’±˝À˜Àı˛ Ú±˜ fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º

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‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’ı¶ö± øfl¬ı˛+¬Û Ó¬± ¬Û”Àı«˝◊ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛±˝À˚˛ÀÂº ’±Ê ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú øÚÀ˚˛ Ú±Ú± ·Àı¯Ì± Œé¬S ∆Ó¬øı˛ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Œ˚˜Ú†Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú, ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú, ’±ôL-



¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈ œ˘Ú, ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈ œ˘Ú, ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú, ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú, øSê˚˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬øı¯À˚˛ı˛ øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ ı±˝˜±øSfl¬º Ó¬±˝◊ Ú±Ú± Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬˝◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÚÀfl¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú fl¬ı˛±˚±˚˛º ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸y±ıÚ±˜˚˛ øfl¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº Œ¸ øfl¬øÈ¬ ˝˘ øıøˆ¬ißøı…±˙‘∫˘±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±ôL– ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ı˛ øÚøı˛À‡ ¤-øı¯À˚˛ı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú fl¬ı˛± ¸yıº ˚ø›¤ ◊ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¤ ◊ øfl¬øÈ¬ øÚÀ ˛ ’±Ê› ŒÓ¬˜Ú ’Ú≈ œ˘Ú fl¬ « ˝ ˛øÚº ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÚÀfl¬ øıøˆ¬iß øı…±˙‘∫˘±, Œ˚˜Ú† ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ øı…±, fl‘¬ø¯ øı…±, ’±ı˝ øı…±, õ∂±Ìœøı…±ˆ”¬-øı…± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øı¯À˚˛ı˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º øÚÀ•ß ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚı˛ ¸y±ıÚ±ı˛ øfl¬øÈ¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ÂÀfl¬ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… Œ‡±ÀÚ± ˝˘†

Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ¤ ◊ øı…± ‘∫˘±&ø˘ı˛ ’Ò… ˛ÀÚı˛ øı¯ ˛·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛ Àı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸y±ı˛ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¤Àé¬ÀS ¤˝◊ øı¯˚˛&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú ¤ı— ¤ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬&ø˘’Ú≈Ò±ıÚ fl¬ı˛± Œ·À˘ ¤˝◊ :±ÀÚı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ øfl¬ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ’±¸Àı, ˚±ı˛ Z±ı˛± ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ Ó¬Ô± ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ÊÚ·Ì ’ÀÚfl¬ Î¬◊¬Ûfl‘¬Ó¬ ˝Àıº Œ¸ ◊ ¸À/ ÊÚÀ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬:±ÀÚı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ &èQ, ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± › Ó¬±ı˛ ¸—ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛ øfl¬øÈ¬› ı‘øX ¬Û±ÀıºÎ¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛†

‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ‡≈ı˝◊ ‰¬ø‰«¬Ó¬ øı¯˚˛º ¤ı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œ˚ Ú±Ú±øıÒ Œé¬SıÀ˚ÀÂ Œ¸ øÚÀ˚ ’±Ê ’±ı Œfl¬±Ú øZ˜Ó¬ ŒÚ ◊º Ú±Ú± øı…± ‘∫˘± øÚ «¬ı øı¯À˚ı ’±ø/Àfl¬¤ı˛ ‰¬‰«¬± ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Œ¸ fl¬Ô± ¬Û”Àı˝◊ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS›

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¤ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± fl¬˜ Ú˚˛º Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¸ı ˙±‡± ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú Ó¬±Àı˛˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…Ó¬˜º Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ ˙±‡±øÈ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ·Àı¯Ì± fl¬˜« Ó¬Ô± Ú±Ú± øı¯À˚˛ı˛’Ú≈¸g±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛À˘ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ˜±Ú Œ˚ ’±ı˛› ı‘øX ¬Û±Àı Œ¸ ’±ı˛ı˘ı±ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± ı˛±À‡ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤ı˛ &èQ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛±˚±˚˛ Ú±º ‹øÓ¬˝…·Ó¬ :±Ú øı¯˚˛fl¬ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±±Ú&ø˘ ¸—¢∂˝, ¸—ı˛é¬Ì,øıÀù≠¯ÀÌı˛ ¸”ÀS ¤ı˛ õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¬ øfl¬&ø˘Àfl¬ ’Ú≈Ò±ıÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛À˘ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬-‰¬‰«¬± ’±ı˛› ¸˜‘X ˝Àıº Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†1. Leach, Edweard Maria, Standard Dictionary of Folklore

Mythology and Legends, Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1949,¬Û‘. 399º

2. ¬Û”Àı«±Mê Ó¬Ô…¸”S-3, ¬Û‘. 398º3. ¬Û”Àı«±Mê Ó¬Ô…¸”S-3, ¬Û‘. 399º4. ¬Û”Àı«±Mê Ó¬Ô…¸”S-3, ¬Û‘. 402º5. ¬Û”Àı«±Mê Ó¬Ô…¸”S-3, ¬Û‘. 402º6. ¬Û”Àı«±Mê Ó¬Ô…¸”S-1, ¬Û‘. 403º7. Dorson, Richard M, ‘‘Introduction concept of Folklore and

Folklife Studies’’ The University of Chicago Press, Chicagoand London, 1972, ¬Û‘. 3º

8. ı˛± ˛, ≈ œ˘, ø˙é¬± ÀÚ±øı…±, Œ¸±˜± ı≈fl¬ ¤ÀÊkœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2013, ¬Û‘. 383º9. www.merian-webster.com/dictionary/tradition, Viewed on

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16. ¬Û”Àı«±Mê Ó¬Ô…¸”S Ú— 5, ¬Û‘. 7º17. ¬Û”Àı«±Mê Ó¬Ô…¸”S Ú— 5, ¬Û‘. 1º18. http://www.sciencecouncil.org/definition, Viewed on 25-12-

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html.¢∂Lö¬Ûø?¢∂Lö¬Ûø?¢∂Lö¬Ûø?¢∂Lö¬Ûø?¢∂Lö¬Ûø?’±˝À˜, ›˚˛±øfl¬˘, Œ˘Ãøfl¬fl¬ :±ÚÀfl¬±¯, ·øÓ¬Ò±ı˛± ¬Û±ıø˘Àfl¬˙Ú, ı±—˘±ı±Ê±ı˛, Ï¬±fl¬±,

2011º˝◊¸˘±˜, Œ˙‡ fl¬ı≈˘, Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬øı:±Ú Ó¬N, ¬ÛXøÓ¬ › õ∂À˚˛±·, ı/œ˚˛ ±ø˝Ó¬… —¸,

fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2011º˝◊¸˘±˜, Œ˙‡ fl¬ı≈˘, Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ’Ú…¬Û«Ú, ı/œ˚˛ ±ø˝Ó¬… —¸, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2011º◊ ˘±˜, ˚˝±è˘, ŒÙ¬±fl¬À˘±ı˛† ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ › ¬ÛÍ¬Ú-¬Û±Í¬Ú, ı±—˘± ¤fl¬±ÀÎ¬˜œ, Ï¬±fl¬±, 1967º

‰¬SêıÓ¬π, ıèÌfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ï¸•Û±.ó, ı/œ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ Œfl¬±¯, ’¬ÛÌ«± ı≈fl¬ øÎ¬ø¶ÜòøıÎ¬◊È¬±¸«,fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1995º

‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚, Ó≈¬¯±ı, Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı Ó¬Nı+¬Û › ¶§ı+¬Û ¸g±Ú, ¤ ≈‡±Êπ ’…±`¬ Œfl¬±•Û±Úœõ∂±. ø˘., fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2010º

Œ¬Û±V±ı˛, ≈ø¶úÓ¬±, Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ › Ó¬±øNfl¬ øıÀù≠¯Ì, Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ › ’±øı±¸œ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ Œfl¬f, Ó¬Ô… › ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ øıˆ¬±·, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±º

˜G˘, ¸≈Ê˚˛fl≈¬˜±ı˛, Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ øSı˘˚˛, Œ¸Ó≈¬ıgÚ õ∂fl¬±˙Úœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1999ºŒ˜ÀÈ¬, Ê˚˛ôL › ’Ú…±Ú…, ø˙é¬±Ôπ › ø˙‡Ú, ı˛œÓ¬± ı≈fl¬ ¤ÀÊøk, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2014ºı˛±˚˛, Ó¬¬ÛÚ, Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬øı:±Ú† Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±· › &èQ, ï·Àı¯Ì±

’øˆ¬¸jˆ«¬ó, Œ˘±fl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ øıˆ¬±·, fl¬˘…±Ìœ øıù´øı…±˘˚˛º

Œ¸ø˘˜, ˘±˘è‡ ï¸•Û±.ó, ‰¬±è › fl¬±èfl¬˘±, ı±—˘± Œ˙ ¤ø˙˚˛±øÈ¬fl¬ Œ¸±¸±˝◊øÈ¬, Ï¬±fl¬±,2007º

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ÛßÂ¿õÑú úîÂ±sÏõþ õ±Ñù± ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ü÷±æ æÏõòıËÊÀ·±¬Û±˘ ¬Û±˘

¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ¸ı«±øÒfl¬ Î¬◊À°‡À˚±·… ‚È¬Ú± øıù´±˚˛Úº ’±ı˛ Ó¬± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛fl¬Àı˛ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛, øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ Œ˙¯ ¬Û±À ¤ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬º Ó¬Àı ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬¤ı˛ ı…±¬Ûfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±ı › ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛º ’±˜±Àı˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˜≈øÚ › Ÿ¬ø¯ı˛± ¸±ı˛± øıù´Àfl¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Úœh¬ıÀ˘ fl¬äÚ± fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº ¶§˚˛— ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô› ŒÀ˙ ŒÀ˙ Ó“¬±ı˛ ‚ı˛ ’±ÀÂ ıÀ˘ ¤fl¬¸≈˜˝±Ú ’±ôLÊ«±øÓ¬fl¬ w±Ó‘¬QÀı±ÀÒı˛ ¤ı— øıù´-õ∂œøÓ¬ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ øÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº øfl¬c ¶§œfl¬±ı˛fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ◊ ˝Àı Œ˚, ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ øıù´± ˛ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ Œ¸ ◊ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¬ÛLöœ Ò…±Ú-Ò±ı˛Ì±&ø˘ı˛ø˜˘ ’À¬Ûé¬± ’ø˜˘˝◊ Œı˙œº ¤˝◊ øıù´±˚˛Ú øıù´w±Ó‘¬ÀQı˛ Úœh¬ ı˛‰¬Ú± Ú˚˛, øıù´ı±øÌÀÊ…ı˛õ∂‰¬±ı˛ › õ∂¸±ı˛º øıù´±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ ı±øÌÊ… ˙sÈ¬±ı˛ ·ˆ¬œı˛ ·”Iˇ Œ˚±·±À˚±·, ’±ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ı±øÌÊ… ¸”ÀS˝◊ Œˆ¬±·ı±Àı˛ Êiú › ı‘øX¬º Ú…±˙Ú±˘ › ˜±øåÚ…±˙Ú±˘ ı±øÌÊ…ıœÀı˛ı˛±SêÀ˜˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¸±•⁄±Ê… øıô¶±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂÚº Ó¬±Àı˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±øÓ¬ ıd ˚±ÀÓ¬ ı±Ê±ı˛¬Û±˚˛ Œ¸ ÊÚ… Ó¬±ı˛± Ú±Ú± Œfl¬Ã˙À˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˜ÀÚ Œˆ¬±À·ı˛ ˝◊BÂ±Àfl¬ õ∂ı˘ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±ı˛ÊÚ… ’±õ∂±Ì Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº Ù¬˘Ó¬, Œ˚ ¸˜ô¶ Œˆ¬±À·ı˛ ıd&ø˘ı˛ ¤fl¬± ’±ÀÃŒfl¬±ÀÚ± ’øô¶Q øÂ˘ Ú±, ¤˜Úøfl¬ Œ¸˝◊ ¸ı Œˆ¬±À·ı˛ fl¬±˜Ú±-ı±¸Ú±› ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˜ÀÚı˛˜ÀÒ… ıÓ«¬˜±Ú øÂ˘ Ú±, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ Œˆ¬±·ı±œ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Œ¸˝◊¸ı ıd ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Ó¬œıË’±fl¬±„é¬±ı˛ øı¯˚˛ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ¸”ÀS ¤À¸ÀÂ ≈ÚπøÓ¬º Î¬◊»fl¬È¬ Œˆ¬±·ı±Àı˛ øıı˛±È¬ é≈¬Ò±øÚı‘M fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ õ∂‰≈¬ı˛ ’ÀÔ«ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº Ó¬±ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ’Ô« Ú…±˚˛ ı± ’Ú…±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ÛÀÔ˝◊ ’±¸≈fl¬Ú± Œfl¬Ú, ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ :±Ú‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ øıfl¬Àä ’Ô«‰¬‰«¬±˝◊ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ø˙é¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±SÎ¬◊ÀV˙… ˝À˚˛ “±øh¬À˚˛ÀÂº ¤Àfl¬ ı‘øM˜≈‡œ ı± Œı˛±Ê·±ı˛˜≈‡œ ø˙é¬± ˝◊Ó¬…±fl¬±ı˛ Œ¬Û±˙±øfl¬Ú±À˜ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˘› ¤ı˛ ˜”À˘ Œ˚ ’Ô« Î¬◊¬Û±Ê«ÀÚı˛ ¬ÛÔ õ∂˙ô¶ fl¬ı˛± Œ¸ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ¸Àj˝ ŒÚ˝◊º ’Ô« ¤‡Ú ŒıÓ¬±ı˛ ˜±˝±ÀR… õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬º ’ÀÔ«ı˛ ¤˝◊ ˜±˝±R… ı‘øXı˛fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ÚœøÓ¬Àı±Ò ¤ı— ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ∆ÚøÓ¬fl¬Ó¬± øı¬Ûiß ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº ÒÚœ ›øı˛À^ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¬… SêÀ˜ ŒıÀh¬ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ, ’±ı˛ ¸˜±Ê ¤ı— ¸—¸±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸˜ô¶ ˜”˘…Àı±ÒøÚ–À˙À¯ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ ˚±ÀBÂº ŒÀ˙ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ¤ı— ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ’ÀÔ«ı˛ ±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ¤fl¬È¬± ∆Úı˛±Ê… › ∆Úı˛±À˙…ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ¤fl¬± ıøÇ˜‰¬f ıh¬ı±Ê±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬äÚ± fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú, Œ¸øÚ Œ¸È¬± øÂ˘ ’ÀÚfl¬È¬±˝◊ fl¬äÚ±Ä øfl¬c ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛ øÀÚ¤È¬± Œ‚±ı˛Ó¬ı˛ ı±ô¶ıº Œˆ¬±À·ı˛ ı±Ê±ı˛, ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ı˛ ı±Ê±ı˛, ø˙é¬±ı˛ ı±Ê±ı˛ ñ ¸ı



ı±Ê±Àı˛˝◊ ŒSêÓ¬± › øıÀSêÓ¬±ı˛ Ó¬œıË õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬±º ¤ ı±Ê±Àı˛ ’Ô«˝œÚÀı˛ ¶ö±Ú ŒÚ˝◊º’Ô«ı±ÀÚı˛±˝◊ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¶ö±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛Úº

¸±ø˝Ó¬…, øıÀ˙¯ fl¬Àı˛ fl¬Ô±-¸±ø˝Ó¬…, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬fl¬±À˘ı˛ ˜˝±fl¬±ı… ıÀ˘ ¬Ûøı˛·øÌÓ¬˝À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬º Ó¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± fl¬±ı˛Ì ¤˝◊ Œ˚, ˜˝±fl¬±Àı… Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¬È¬± ¸˜¢∂ ˚≈À·ı˛ ¸˜¢∂Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ ’±‰¬±ı˛-’±‰¬ı˛Ì, ’±˙±-’±fl¬±„é¬±, øıù´±¸-’øıù´±À¸ı˛ ¸•Û”Ì« ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛±˚±˚˛Ä Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸› ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸˜-¸±˜ø˚˛fl¬ ¶ö±Ú ¤ı— fl¬±À˘ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ı˛œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬ ›ÊœıÚ-˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ Âøı õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ˜˝±fl¬±Àı… ¤˝◊ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú øıı˛±È¬ ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ ’±ı˛Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¤˝◊ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú ’øÓ¬ ¸—fl¬œÌ« ¬Ûøı˛¸Àı˛º ˚±˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬, ¤fl¬Ô± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬˝Àı Œ˚, Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜-¸±˜ø˚˛fl¬ ¶ö±Ú-fl¬±À˘ı˛ Âøı Œ˚˜Ú ¶Û©Ü ˆ¬±Àı Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ, fl¬øıÓ¬±˚˛ ı± ŒÂ±È¬·Àä Ó¬± ¸yı ˝˚˛ Ú±º

¸≈Úœ˘ ·À/±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛ı˛ ë˜ÀÚ±ˆ”¬ø˜í ï1409ó Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸øÈ¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì‚È¬Ú±ı˛ ø‰¬Sº Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ıU ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ ’±Ú±À·±Ú± ˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± Œ·À˘› ‰¬jÀÚı˛ ÊœıÀÚı˛ıÌ«Ú± õ∂Ò±Ú øı¯˚˛ıdº ‰¬jÚ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ı±fl¬œ ˙ÊÚ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Ú˚˛º øfl¬c¬Û±·˘ Ú˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ı˛œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬, ’±˝◊Ú-˙‘∫˘±, ˜±Ú-¸•ú±ÚÀı±Ò Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øfl¬Â≈ı˛˝◊ŒÓ¬±˚˛±!¬± Ú± fl¬Àı˛ qÒ≈ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸ÀÓ¬ ø˙À‡ÀÂº Œ¸ ÊœıÚ¸/œ ø˝¸±Àı Œ¸±Ú±·±øÂŒı˙…±¬Û°œı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ ı˛±Ò±ı˛±ÌœÀfl¬ ŒıÀÂ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂº qÒ≈ Ó¬±˝◊ Ú˚˛, Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ·ˆ¬œÀı˛ Ó¬±ı˛’±¸˘ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛› Ê±Ú± ˚±˚˛º ı˛±Ò±ı˛±Ìœ ’±¸À˘ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ˜≈¸ø˘˜ Œ˜À˚˛º ÒÚœ ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ŒÂÀ˘ ‰¬jÀÚı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¬ ’ı¶ö±ı˛ fl¬Ô± Ú± Œˆ¬Àı, ’±˜±Àı˛ ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı, ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±Ê±Ó¬-Ò˜«-fl¬˜« Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øfl¬Â≈ ˜±ÀÚ Ú±º Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ı±Ò±Àfl¬ ¶Û˙« fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˛ Ú±ºı˘± ı±U˘…, øÚø«©Ü ·øG Â±øh¬À˚˛ ı‘˝» ¸—¶®ı˛ÀÌ õ∂fl¬±˙Ä Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ë¸ı±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯¸Ó¬… Ó¬±˝±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ Ú±˝◊íñ ¤˝◊ ˜”˘˜ÀLa ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸˜±ÊÀfl¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂÚfi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸fl¬º

˜øÓ¬ Újœı ëøıÊø˘ı±˘±ı ≈øMêí ï1409ó Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ øıÊø˘ı±˘±ı ¤˜øÚˆ¬±Àı ◊˜≈øMê ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ı‘X± øıÊø˘ı±˘± Œfl¬±˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ ıÀÚø ı±h¬œı˛ ·‘˝ıÒ”º Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ¸ôL±ÚŒÚ˝◊º ¸À/ fl¬±ÀÊı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ ¬ÛΩ˜øÚº øÓ¬øÚ ¤‡Ú ı—À˙ı˛ ¤fl¬±º Ó¬±˝◊ ı±øh¬ı˛ ÚœÀ‰¬ı˛è˜&À˘±ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬ •ÛøÓ¬Àfl¬ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ŒÚº ’ı˙…˝◊ ˆ¬±h¬±˚˛º ÒÀ˜«ı˛ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ı‘X±øıÊø˘ı±˘± Œ·“±h¬± ø˝j≈º ˆ¬±h¬±ÀÈ¬ ŒÊ…±øÓ¬˜«˚˛ › ˝±ø¸ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘ ˆ≈¬È≈¬ı˛ ¸À/ ¸±ı˛±øÚŒfl¬ÀÈ¬ ˚±˚˛º ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πfl¬±À˘ øıÊø˘ı±˘± ˚‡Ú Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛Ú Œ˚, ˝±ø¸ ’±¸À˘ ˝±ø¸Ú±,Ó¬‡Ú ’ÀÚfl¬ Œøı˛ ˝À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂº ˝±ø¸ ˜±ı˛± Œ·ÀÂº Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ˜≈˝”ÀÓ«¬ı˛ ÊÚ…›Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ˝◊BÂ± øÂ˘ Ú±º øfl¬c ŒÂ±A ˆ≈¬È≈¬ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ Œ·À˘Úº ˆ≈¬È≈¬ı˛ˆ¬øı¯…» ø‰¬ôL± fl¬Àı˛ Ê±Ó¬-Ò˜«-ıÌ« ¤fl¬ fl¬Àı˛ øÓ¬øÚ ŒÊ…±øÓ¬˜«˚˛ › ˝±ø¸ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…



ø˜˘ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… Œıøı˛À ˛ ¬ÛÀh¬Úº øÓ¬øÚ Œ˚ ’±Ê ˜±ÚıÒÀ « œøé¬Ó¬ ˝À ˛ÀÂÚº ’ıÀ˙À¯˝±ø¸ı˛ ı±ı±ı˛ ’±·˜ÀÚ › Ó“¬±Àı˛ ø˜˘ÀÚı˛ ¤˝◊ ‘˙…ÀÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ Œ˚Ú ˜≈øMê Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂÚºõ∂¸/Ó¬ Œ·±ı˛±ı˛ ˜± ¤˜øÚ ˜≈øMê Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú ï’Ô«±» Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Úóº

¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’Ú…øÀfl¬ ˚ø ¤fl¬È≈¬ ‘ø©Ü ø˝◊, ˚≈· ¤ø·À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔø˙é¬±-¸—¶¥®øÓ¬, ” …Àı±Ò, ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ñ ¤&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ı˛+¬Û ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ˝ÀBÂº ı˛ ±¬Û Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛œı˛ëˆ¬øı¯…»« ¤˜øÚ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Ê;˘ôL ‘©Ü±ôL ø˙é¬±ı˛º ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ ø˙é¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ı‘X¬ Ó¬iú˚˛Ó¬±ı˛ ıg≈Àı˛ ¸À/ ’±D±˚˛ Ú±Ú± ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛Úº ¸˜±ÀÊ Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ÊÚ…,ˆ¬øı¯…» Î¬◊#¬¬¬;˘ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ø˙é¬± ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘º ’Ô«±» Œı˛±Ê·±ı˛˜≈‡œ ø˙é¬±º ’±ı˛Ó¬± ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¸˜À˚˛ Ó¬iú˚˛Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ı‘XÀı˛ ’fl¬¬ÛÀÈ¬ Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛º

Œ¸ˆ¬±Àı ˜”˘…Àı±ÀÒı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú› ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ˚± øfl¬Â≈ ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛øÂ˘, ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ Ó¬± ı±ô¶Àı ¬Ûøı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝À ˛ÀÂº ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’ı¶ö±ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬› õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚ ˜”˘…Àı±ÀÒı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’ı¶ö±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ Ù¬À˘˜”˘…Àı±ÀÒı˛› ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ˝˚˛º ı±ô¶Àı ¤˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú&ø˘ Î¬◊Ú¬Û…±À¸ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂øÓ¬øıø•§Ó¬º˜øÓ¬ Újœı˛ ëı≈Àh¬± Œ˘±fl¬È¬±í ï1408ó Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸øÈ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Àé¬ÀS ı±øh¬ı˛ ıÀh¬±Àı˛ fl¬Ô±Àfl¬’˜±Ú… fl¬Àı˛ fl¬±Ê ¸•Ûiß ˝À ˛ÀÂº fl¬±˙œÚ±Ô Ó“¬±ı˛ ı—À˙ı˛ ¬ÛÀ·Ãı˛Àıı˛ ˜ «±± ˝±ı˛±À˘Úº’±¸À˘ ŒÂ±È¬ı˛± ’±Ê ’±ı˛ ıÀh¬±Àı˛ ’g ’Ú≈¸ı˛ÌÀfl¬ ˜±ÚÀÂ Ú±º ÚıœÚ õ∂Êiú Œ‰¬±‡fl¬±Ú Œ‡±˘± Œı˛À‡ ¬ÛÔ ˝“±È¬ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊ÀÂº Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸—¶®±ı˛, ı˛œøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’±‚±Ó¬ ¬Ûh¬À˘›Œfl¬±ÀÚ± wn∏Àé¬¬Û ŒÚ˝◊º ëı≈Àh¬± Œ˘±fl¬È¬±í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ fl¬±˙œÚ±ÀÔı˛ Ú±øÓ¬ ’ÚœÀ˙ı˛ øıÀ˚˛ ˝˚˛ı˘±fl¬±ı˛ ¸À/º ˚Ô± ¸˜À˚˛ ı˘±fl¬± ¸ôL±Ú ¸yı± ˝˘º ¸ôL±Ú õ∂¸Àıı˛ fl≈¬øh¬øÚ ¬Û”Àı«fl¬±˙œÚ±Ô ¬Û≈SıÒ”Àfl¬ ŒÎ¬Àfl¬ õ∂ùü fl¬ı˛À˘Ú, ñ

ëëÚ±Ó¬ ŒıÃÀ˚˛ı˛ ı±øh¬ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬Àı˛ ıÀ˘Â Œ˜À˚˛Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬∑íí’ıÀ˙À¯ Ú±Ó¬ ŒıÃÀ˚˛ı˛ ¸ôL±Ú ’ı˙… Ú±ø¸— Œ˝±À˜˝◊ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ı±øh¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ¸ôL±Úı±À¬Ûı˛ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı Œ¸˝◊ ı˛œøÓ¬ Œˆ¬À/ Œ·˘º ’±¸À˘ fl¬±˘È¬± Œ˚ fl¬±˙œÚ±ÀÔı˛ Ú˚˛, Œ¸fl¬Ô± ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ õ∂˜±øÌÓ¬ ˝À ˛ÀÂº ¤˜Úøfl¬ fl¬±˙œÚ±ÀÔı˛ ‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ Ó“¬±Àfl¬ øÀ ˛ ◊ ◊À˘fl¬øCfl¬‰≈¬ø°ÀÓ¬ ±˝ qè ˝˘º ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ C±øÎ¬˙ÚÈ¬± ¤Àfl¬ı±Àı˛ Œˆ¬À/ ø˘ Ú±øÓ¬º

˚±˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬, ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬&ø˘ Œ˚˜Ú-ø¬ÛÓ¬±-˜±Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ¬Û≈S-fl¬Ú…±ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬, ¶§±˜œ-¶aœı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬, ø˙é¬fl¬-Â±ÀSı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬ ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ¸•Ûfl«¬&ø˘ı˛ Œé¬ÀS˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ › &èQ¬Û”Ì« ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú Œ‡± øÀ˚˛ÀÂ øıøˆ¬iß ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸&ø˘ÀÓ¬º ¤õ∂¸À/ øı˜˘ fl¬Àı˛ı˛ ë¤fl¬øÈ¬ ıÚ‰“¬±¬Û±ı˛ ·±Â › ’±˜±ı˛ ıg≈í ï1409ó, ˙œÀ¯«j≈˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛ı˛ ëˆ≈¬˘ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛í ï1418ó, Î¬◊°±¸ ˜ø°Àfl¬ı˛ ëıÀ'ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛í ï1416ó,ë’±À˘±˚˛ Â±˚˛±˚˛í ¸≈ø‰¬S± ˆ¬A±‰¬±À˚«ı˛, ¸˜Àı˛˙ ˜Ê≈˜±Àı˛ı˛ ë’¸≈‡˘Ó¬±ı˛ Ù≈¬˘í õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸&ø˘ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ Ú± fl¬ı˛À˘˝◊ Ú˚˛º



Ó¬±˝◊ ¤fl¬Ô± ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬˝◊ ¬Û±Àı˛, ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ÊœıÀÚı˛ Âfl¬ › Âøı øıô¶‘Ó¬ › øÚ‡≈“Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı Òı˛± ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº ¸˜±ÀÊ Ú±ı˛œ ¶§Ó¬LaÓ¬±ı˛ øfl¬ë≈˝◊ Ú±ı˛œ, ˝±ÀÓ¬ Ó¬ı˛ı±øı˛í ï1414ó, ˆ¬±¯±ı˛ øıù´±˚˛Ú ë’Ê≈«Ú øı¬Ûøı¬Û Î¬È¬ fl¬˜í, Œ¬Û±˙±fl¬¬Ûøı˛ÀBÂÀ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ëÚı˛Ú±ı˛œ fl¬Ô±í ï1409ó, ı‘X-ı‘X±Àı˛ ’±˘±± ¶ö±Ú ı‘X±|˜ë’±À˘±˚ Â±˚±˚í ï1409ó, ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ¸˜±ÀÊı ˜±fl¬±¸øMê ë‰“¬±Àı ·±À˚ ‰“¬±í ï1409ó,Ú±ı˛œ-¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ Œ˚ÃÚ ‰¬±ø˝±˚˛ ø˘ˆ¬-È≈¬-Œ·±ı˛, ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Œˆ¬±À·ı˛ ˘±˘¸± ñ ¸ı øfl¬Â≈˝◊ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ¬Û≈∫±Ú≈¬Û≈∫ˆ¬±Àı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±-˜j ≈ÀÈ¬±˝◊‘˙…±˚˛˜±Úº ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ‰¬˘˜±Ú Ò±ı˛±˚˛ øıù´±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ˆ¬±ıÚ±È¬±˝◊’±˜±Àı˛ ÊœıÚ-˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ õ∂Ì±˘œÀÓ¬ Ú±Ú± ’Ú≈ À/ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬º ’Ó¬¤ı ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ¸ ≈ ˜LöÚ˚‡Ú˝◊ ˝Àı, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø‰¬ôL±ı˛ › ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ Î¬◊»Àé¬¬ÛÚ ˝Àı Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ·ı˛˘ › ’˜‘Ó¬ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛˝◊’±¸Àıº¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†¸˝±˚˛fl¬ ¢∂Lö†1. ëŒ˙ ¬ÛøSfl¬±í ˙±ı˛œ˚˛± ¸—‡…±, 14092. ëŒ˙ ¬ÛøSfl¬±í ˙±ı˛œ˚˛± ¸—‡…±, 14163. ’±Újı±Ê±ı˛ ¬ÛøSfl¬± ë˙±ı˛œ˚˛± ¸—‡…±, 14144. ’±Újı±Ê±ı˛ ¬ÛøSfl¬± ë˙±ı˛œ˚˛± ¸—‡…±, 14095. ëŒ˙ ¬ÛøSfl¬±í ˙±ı˛œ˚˛± ¸—‡…±, 14186. ¸≈ıÌ«¸—¢∂˝ ïÎ¬◊¬Û…±¸ó, ¬Û=˜ ‡`¬, ’±Új ¬Û±ıø˘˙±¸«7. ø‰¬Mı˛?Ú ˘±˝±, ˜”˘…Àı±Ò › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸, ¬Û≈ô¶fl¬ øı¬ÛøÌº






õ±Ñù± ü±¿ýËîÂÉ ò±õþÏõþ Õõ¦š±ò Ý Õ¢¶á¿îÂ¸/œÓ¬± M ı˛±˚˛

ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô Ó“¬±ı˛ ë¬Û=ˆ”¬Ó¬í õ∂ıÀgı˛ ëÚı˛Ú±ı˛œí õ∂ıÀg ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ Œ˚ - ¬Û±±Ó¬…¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Œ˚˜Ú ¬Û≈è¯ ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…, ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ŒÓ¬˜øÚ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ˝˘ Ú±ı˛œ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛º Œ¸˝◊ ¿fl‘¬¯ûfl¬œÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ ı˛±Ò± ŒÔÀfl¬ qè fl¬Àı˛ ¬Û±ı˘œı˛ ı˛±Ò±, ˜/˘fl¬±Àı…ı˛ŒıU˘±, Ù≈¬°ı˛±, ¸Úfl¬±, ˙±Mê¬Û±ı˘œı˛ Œ˜Úfl¬± ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ øÀfl¬ ‰¬± ◊À˘ Œ¸ ◊ fl¬Ô± ◊ õ∂˜±øÌÓ¬˝ ˛ ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛º ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ≈À· ¤À¸› ıøÇÀ˜ı˛ ’±À ˛ ±, ˜øÓ¬øıøı, fl≈¬j, ∆˙ıø˘Úœ,w˜ı˛ øfl¬—ı± ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô, ˙ı˛»‰¬Àfı˛ øıÀÚ±øÚœ, ±ø˜Úœ, fl≈¬˜≈, øfl¬ı˛Ì˜˚˛œ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ì ø˝À¸Àı ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ¤À¸ ¬ÛÀh¬º øÓ¬øı˛À˙ı˛ ˙fl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸¬Û≈è¯ ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ‡± øÀ˘› ˚À˙±±, ◊øjı˛± Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛Ì ı± ¸ı«Ê ˛±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ Ú±ı˛œ¬Û≈À©Ûı˛õ∂±Ò±Ú…› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¶§œfl‘¬Ó¬ øÂ˘º ¤˝◊ ¸”S ÒÀı˛˝◊ ı±—˘± ¸˜±Ê › ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œı˛ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ’¢∂¸ı˛ ˝›˚˛± ˚±fl¬º

ëøø, ŒÂÀ˘ı˛± ˝◊—Àı˛Êœ ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ŒıÃ ‰¬±˚˛ºøfl¬ ˜≈˙øfl¬˘Ø qÀÚ ·± ø˙Î¬◊Àı˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ºí

ñ ˙ı˛»fl≈¬˜±ı˛œ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛±Úœı˛ ï1861ó-ı˛ ëqˆ¬øıı±˝í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸

¶aœı˛± ˝◊—Àı˛Êœ ø˙‡À˘ ˆ¬±˘ ˝˚˛ ¸øÓ¬…, øfl¬c Ó¬±ı˛± ëøıøıí ˝ÀıÚ Ú±, ˝ÀıÚ Ú±ı…øÓ¬Sê˜œ ‰¬øı˛Sº ¬Û± ı±h¬±ÀıÚ Ú± ø¬ÛÓ‘¬Ó¬±øLafl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛º Œ¸ÊÀÚ…˝◊ŒÓ¬± :±Ú±ÚøjÚœ Œıœ ¬Û±øı˛ı±øı˛fl¬ ı˛œøÓ¬ ˘„‚Ú fl¬Àı˛ ¶§±˜œ ı…øÓ¬Àı˛Àfl¬ ¤fl¬˘± ·ˆ¬À «KÈ¬˝±Î¬◊À¸ı˛ Œˆ¬±Ê¸ˆ¬±˚˛ ø·À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú ıÀ˘ õ∂¸iß Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛ Œé¬±Àˆ¬ ˘#¬¬¬±˚˛ Œ¸‡±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬¬Û±ø˘À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº Œ˜±È¬ ‰¬±ø˝±È¬± ¤˝◊ Œ˚, Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± ¤fl¬øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Û±±ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛˜Ó¬ ˙‘∫˘± Œ˜ÀÚ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ, ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ¸Z…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ, øı:±Ú¸•úÓ¬ Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛ø˙q¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ, ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±˘±Àˆ¬ ¶§±˜œ ¸˝±˚˛Ó¬± fl¬ı˛ÀıÚÄ ’Ú…øÀfl¬ õ∂±‰¬œÚ’±˚«Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ‘©Ü±ôL ’Ú≈¸±Àı˛ ¬ÛøÓ¬À¸ı± fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ, ø˙q-˜±Ú¸ ¬·Í¬Ú fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ ¤ı— ’±¬ÛÚ‰¬øı˛S ˜ø˝˜±˚˛ ¸˜¢∂ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛ Ò˜« ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀıÚº

¤˝◊ ø‰¬Sfl¬Àäı˛ ’±ı˛› ¤fl¬È≈¬ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ˝˘, ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ &èQ ’±ı˛› ı±h¬˘˚‡Ú Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±Àı˛ ŒÊ±˚˛±ı˛ ¤˘ ŒÀ˙º ¸±—¶¥®øÓ¬fl¬ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı± ÒœÀı˛ ÒœÀı˛ ·Àh¬Î¬◊ÀÍ¬øÂ˘ Î¬◊øÚ˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ ˜Ò…ˆ¬±· ŒÔÀfl¬ ◊º ≈Í¬±˜ › ≈á¬ ı˛+¬Û ø˘ ıøÇ˜‰¬f ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…± ˛



¤ı— ı˛À˜˙‰¬f Mı˛ Œ˘‡Úœº Ó¬±Àı˛ ¬ÛÔ ÒÀı˛ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±œ ŒÚÓ¬±ı˛± ¤fl¬ ŒÊ±ı˛±À˘±ıMêı… õ∂‰¬±ı˛ qè fl¬Àı˛Úº ’±ı˛ Ó¬± ˝˘ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±ı˛ Ê˚˛·±Ú, Œ˚ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ÛøÀ˜ı˛ ˆ¬±ıÒ±ı˛± ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˜±øÚ ˝˚˛øÚ, ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˚± øÚÊ¶§ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸•Û Ó¬± ¤˝◊˜±øÈ¬ÀÓ¬˝◊ ·Àh¬ ›Í¬±º Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±œ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q ı˘À˘Ú, ¬ÛøÀ˜ı˛ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± ıdÓ¬±øLafl¬,ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± ’±Ò…±øRfl¬, ’±øRfl¬º ¬ÛøÀ˜ é¬˜Ó¬±ı˛ ’±¶£¬±˘Ú ı±˝◊Àı˛ı˛ Ê·ÀÓ¬,ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’±Ò…±øRfl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±˝±R… ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ ’ˆ¬…ôLÀı˛ñ¤ Ò±ı˛± ’±˚«˚≈· ŒÔÀfl¬ ıÀ˚˛’±¸ÀÂº ¤‡±ÀÚ˝◊ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ÀQı˛ ˚Ô±Ô« ¶§ı˛+¬Ûº ¤˝◊ ’±øRfl¬ ÒÀ˜«ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı¯«¬Ûø¬À˜ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ıU&ÀÌ Œ|á¬º

’±˚«Ò˜« øˆ¬øMfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¶§ı˛+¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ ¤ı— ¸≈õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¸≈˜˝±Ú ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ Ò±ı˛fl¬› ı±˝fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛º ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ Œfl¬føıj≈ Ú±ı˛œ, ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛ Ò±ı˛Ú › ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬Àı˛Ú Ú±ı˛œº¬ÛøÀ˜ı˛ ¸À/ ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬ı˛ fl¬øÍ¬Ú ˜≈˝”ÀÓ«¬ Ó¬±˝◊ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±œ ŒÚÓ¬±ı˛± Ú±ı˛œı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛øÀ˘Ú ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ÀQı˛ ˜”˘ ∆ıø˙©Ü… ñ ’±øRfl¬ Ò˜« ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛Ä ·‘À˝ › ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛º Ó“¬±ı˛±øÚÀ«˙ øÀ˘Ú ’±˚« õ∂Ì±˘œÀÓ¬ ·‘˝Ò˜« ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛, øı˘±¸œ ˝À˘‰¬˘Àı Ú±, ‰¬˘Àı Ú± Ó¬±¸ Œ‡À˘ ı± ·ä-¬Ûøı˛˝±À¸ ı± Ú±È¬fl¬-ÚÀˆ¬˘ ¬ÛÀh¬ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛’¬Ûı…˚˛º ’±˚« ˜ÀÓ¬ Ú±ı˛œ ˝À˘Ú ë·‘˝˘Ñœíº ¶§À·«ı˛ Œıœ ˘Ñœı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˜ÀÓ«¬ı˛ ˘Ñœı˛±·‘À˝ ¸≈Ò± ı¯«Ì fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ, ˙øMê, ¸˜‘øX › Ò…±Úˆ¬±`¬ ¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì« fl¬ı˛ÀıÚº

˜±S øfl¬Â≈øÚ ’±À· ˝◊—Àı˛Ê Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ·‘˝-∆Ú¬Û≈ÀÌ…ı˛ õ∂˙—¸± ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º ¤‡Úqè ˝˘ ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬ı˛ õ∂±‰¬… › ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚı˛ õ∂Ó¬œ‰¬… ı˛˜ÚœÀı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¬… øıÀù≠¯Ì, ë’±˜ı˛±í’±ı˛ ë›ı˛±íº ŒÀıfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ë’±øıË±p¬¸˜±ÀÊı˛í ≈‡¬ÛS Ó¬NÀı±øÒÚœ ¬ÛøSfl¬±¬Û˚«ôL ˆ¬»«¸± fl¬ı˛˘ ˝◊—Àı˛Êœ ’±À˙« õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ Œ˜À˚˛, ˝◊—Àı˛Ê ı˛˜Úœ¸˜ øı˘±ø¸Ó¬± ›·‘ fl¬À « ’˜ÀÚ±À˚±ø·Ó¬±ı˛ ÊÚ…º Ó¬± ◊ ıøÇ˜‰¬f ŒıœÀ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛±ÚœÀfl¬ é¬˜Ó¬±ı˛ ˙œÀ « Ó≈¬À˘›øÙ¬øı˛À˚˛ ’±ÚÀ˘Ú ¸—¸±Àı˛ ¸≈‰¬±èˆ¬±Àı ·‘˝fl¬˜« ¸•Û±Ú±˚˛, ¤˜Úøfl¬ ¸øÓ¬ÀÚı˛ ¸À/¤fl¬Sı±À¸º

Î¬◊øÚ˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ Œ˙¯±ÀÒ« ’±ı˛› Œı˙ fl¬À˚˛fl¬ÊÚ Œ˘‡fl¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÚÓ”¬Ú ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±¤ı— ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı… øÚÀ˚˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˙ ˜±˘± ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº Ó“¬±Àı˛ Œ˘‡±&ø˘Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¬Û±øı˛ı±øı˛fl¬ ±ø˚˛Q±ı˘œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œ˜±ıX øÂ˘ Ú±º Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¸˜¢∂ ÊœıÚ øıøˆ¬iß˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ı˛ Òı˛Ú, ¤˜Úøfl¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ·‘˝¶ö±ø˘ı˛ øÚÊ¶§ Ê·» øÚÌ«˚˛Ú¤ı— øÚÒ«±ı˛ÀÌı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± øÂ˘ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ¬Û≈øô¶fl¬± › õ∂ıg ı˛±ø˙ÀÓ¬º Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±ÀıÎ¬◊À°‡À˚±·… ¸Ó¬…‰¬ı˛Ì ø˜Sı˛ ë¶aœı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¶§±˜œı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˙í ï1884ó, ø·øı˛Ê±õ∂¸iß ı˛±˚˛Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛œı˛ ë·‘˝˘é¬œí, Ê˚˛fl‘¬¯û ø˜Sı˛ ëı˛˜Úœı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı…íº Ó¬Àı ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ŒÊ±ı˛±À˘±Ufl≈¬˜Ú±˜± øÀ˘Ú ˆ”¬Àı ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ë¬Û±øı˛ı±øı˛fl¬ õ∂ıgí ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛º



¶aœ ø˙é¬±˚˛ ˆ”¬ÀÀıı˛ ’˜Ó¬ ŒÚ˝◊, øıÀø˙ õ∂Ô± ’Ú≈¸ı˛Ìfl¬±ı˛œ ·‘˝¶ö±ø˘ÀÓ¬’±ÀÂº ·‘˝fl¬±À˚« ¬Û”ı« õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ı˛œøÓ¬ ı˛±‡± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ¤˝◊ ı˛œøÓ¬ ıÊ±˚˛ ı˛±‡±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˆ”¬ÀıÓ“¬±ı˛ ¬Û±øı˛ı±øı˛fl¬ õ∂ıgÀÓ¬ ˘#¬¬¬±˙œ˘Ó¬±, fl≈¬È≈¬ø•§Ó¬±, :±øÓ¬Q, ¸ôL±Ú ø˙é¬± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬’ÀÚfl¬&ø˘ øı¯À˚˛ ¶aœÀ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬±˚«-fl¬±ı˛Ì ¸•§Àg øıÒ±Ú øÀ˘Úº

øıÀø˙ ¸—¶ÛÀ˙« ¤Àø˙ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± øÚÀÊÀı˛ ’Ó¬œÓ¬ ˆ≈¬À˘ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ıÀ¸ÀÂºÚ˝◊À˘ ¤¸ı ‰¬øı˛S ∆ıø˙©Ü… Ó¬±Àı˛ øÚÊ¶§ ‹øÓ¬˝…º ¬Û≈ı˛±fl¬±À˘ı˛ Î¬◊Mı˛±øÒfl¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ¸Ú±Ó¬Úœ ’±˙« ’±ı˝˜±Úfl¬±˘ øıı˛±Ê˜±Úº ¸Ó¬œ, ¸œÓ¬±, ¸±øıSœ, fl≈¬ôLœ,·±g±ı˛œÀı˛ fl¬Ô± øıÀıfl¬±ÚÀjı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œfl¬ ’±ı˛ ¸≈jı˛ˆ¬±Àı ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛øÂÀ˘Ú∑ ’Ô«±»¤ ˚≈À·ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± Œ¸ ˚≈À·ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Ò˜«ıÀ˘ ı˘ıÓ¬œ ˝ÀıÚº ‰¬øı˛ÀS ıœ˚«ıÓ¬œ˝ÀıÚ, ·±˝«¶öÚœøÓ¬ ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ ¤ı— ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛ ≈–¸˜À˚˛ øıÀø˙ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ ıø˝Ê«·ÀÓ¬øı‰¬ı˛Ìfl¬±ı˛œ ¶§±˜œÀı˛ ·‘À˝ › ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ Ò˜«±‰¬ı˛ÀÌ õ∂ı‘M fl¬ı˛ÀıÚº

’ı˙… Ó¬±Àı˛ ¸ı«ı‘˝» fl¬Ó«¬ı… ¸ôL±Ú ¬Û±˘Ú - ˜±S ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬±ÀÊ øıÀıfl¬±Újı≈øÁ¬À˚˛ øÀ˘Ú, ë¬ÛøÀ˜ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± õ∂˜±øÌÓ¬ ¬ÛPœ, ¤ÀÀ˙ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± ˜”˘Ó¬ ˜±íº ˜±Ó‘¬Qˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ’±¸˘ ı˛+¬Ûº ¤˝◊ ¶§ı˛+¬Û ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ı…?Ú±˚≈Mê ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬øÂ˘Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±Àı˛ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌº ı±„±ø˘ é¬œÌı˘, é¬œÌ ’±˚˛≈ ıÀ˘˝◊ ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ ˜±ı˛ ‡±˚˛ øıÀ˙œ’±Sê˜Úfl¬±ı˛œÀı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬º ˜±À˚˛Àı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı… ¶ö±¶ö…ı±Ú, Œ˙Ã˚«¬Ûı˛±˚˛Ì, Œ˙Àõ∂ø˜fl¬,’±˚«ÊÀÚ±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¸≈¸ôL±Ú ·Í¬Úº øıÀø˙ı˛ øıèÀX Ò˜«ı˛é¬± › ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛ ¬Û±˘ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ…¸≈fl¬Ú…± ’±ı˙…fl¬º ŒÀ˙ı˛ ‰¬±ø˝± Œ˜È¬±ÀÚ±ı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛ ˜±À˚˛Àı˛ ’Ô«±» Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛º ˜±Ó‘¬ÀQı˛Ê˚˛·±ÀÚ ˜≈‡ı˛ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬À˘Ú ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ŒÚÓ¬± › ø‰¬ôL±˙œ˘ Œ˘‡fl¬ı‘j ¤ı— Œ¸±B‰¬±ı˛˝À˘± Ó¬NÀı±øÒÚœ, õ∂ı±¸œ, ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı¯« ¸˝ Ú±˜Ê±± ¬ÛøSfl¬±›º

Î¬◊øÚ˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ ˝◊—Àı˛Ê ˜ø˝˘±Àı˛ &Ì±ı˘œ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ Î¬◊B‰¬˜±ÀÚı˛ Œ˚ıÌ«Ú± øÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú ë˝◊Î¬◊øÈ¬À˘øÈ¬ı˛±˚˛Ìíı˛±, ˙±¸fl¬ Œ|Ìœ ¤ı— ¤ÀÀ˙ı˛ ¸—¶®±ı˛¬ÛLöœı˛±¸—¶®±ı˛ ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ˚≈À·, Œ¸øÈ¬ Œ˜±ÀÈ¬˝◊ ı±ô¶ı±Ú≈· øÂ˘ Ú±º ˝◊—Àı˛Ê ˜Ò…øıM˜ø˝˘±ı˛± Œ˚ ¶§·«¸≈À‡ øÂÀ˘Ú Ú±, Ó¬± Œ¸fl¬±À˘ı˛ Œ˜ı˛œ Î¬◊˝◊˘Àà¬±Ú Sê…±Ù¬ÀÈ¬ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛¤ı— ¤fl¬±À˘ı˛ ıË±Ç± õ∂˜≈‡ ·Àı¯fl¬Àı˛ ·Àı¯Ì±˚˛ Òı˛± ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº Œ¸˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ’±˚«Ú±ı˛œı˛ Œ˚ ø‰¬Sfl¬ä ’øÇ¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ ¸—¶®±ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤ı— Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±ı±Àı˛Î¬◊ÀiúÀ¯ Œ¸øÈ¬› ˚Ô±˚Ô øÂ˘ øfl¬Ú±, Œ¸ õ∂ùü› ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬º fl¬±ı˛Ì ¤Àı˛ ’ÀÚÀfl¬˝◊øÂÀ˘Ú Œ¬ÛÃı˛±øÌfl¬ fl¬±ø˝øÚı˛ fl¬øäÓ¬ Ú±ı˛œ ‰¬øı˛Sº ı˛Mê˜±—À¸ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯œ ÚÚº ¸ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ ıh¬fl¬Ô± ˝˘ ¤˝◊ Œ˚, õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˚≈À·ı˛ Œ˚ ¸ı Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ‘©Ü±ôL Î¬◊À°ø‡Ó¬ ˝Ó¬ Ó¬±ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘˝◊øÂÀ˘Ú Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀÌ«ı˛ ’±˚«Ú±ı˛œº Ó¬±Àı˛ é≈¬^ ·ø`¬ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛› øÂÀ˘Ú ’·øÌÓ¬ Ú±ı˛œº ¤˝◊øı˙±˘ Ú±ı˛œ ¸•x± ˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ øÂÀ˘Ú ’ıÀ˝ø˘Ó¬, øÂÀ˘Ú ˝Ó¬øı˛ , øÚ•ßıÀÌ«ı˛ ” Ê±Ó¬œ ˛,



Œ¸˝◊¸ı ±¸ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ fl¬Ô± Œ¸øÚ fl¬±èı˛ ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬øÚº ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü› Œ¸fl¬±À˘ı˛ı±øÌÊ…fl¬±À˘ı˛ ¤˝◊ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÊœıÚ±À˘‡… ¬Û≈Ì«±/ı˛+À¬Û Ù≈¬øÈ¬À˚˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ fl¬‡Ú› ı± ˜ÚÚ’é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ ¬Û˚«ıø¸Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº

ı˘± ˝˚˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı¯« ˜±Ó‘¬Ó¬±øLafl¬ Œ˙º Œ˙±Ú± ˚±˚˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯« Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¶ö±Ú ‡≈ı˝◊Î¬“◊‰≈¬ÀÓ¬º øfl¬c fl¬øÔÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ, ˜≈¸ø˘˜ ’±Sê˜ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûı˛˝◊ ¸˜±ÀÊ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¶ö±Ú ŒÚÀ˜ ˚±˚˛º‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ › ¸±ø˝øÓ¬…fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬Ô… ŒÔÀfl¬ Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ Œ˚, ∆ıøfl¬ ˚≈À· Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¶ö±ÚøÂ˘ Î¬“◊‰≈¬ÀÓ¬º SêÀ˜ SêÀ˜ fl≈¬À˘ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ˝˚˛, ’±À¸ Œ˚ÃÔ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛º Œ¸˝◊ ¸À/¸˜±ÀÊ ˙”^ › Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¶ö±ÀÚı˛ ’øÚı±˚« ’ıÚ˜Ú ’Ô«±» Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¶ö±Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ › ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ŒÚÀ˜ ˚±øBÂ˘º Î¬◊»¬Û±Ú ı…ı¶ö± ˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝Ì SêÀ˜ ◊ fl¬À˜ ˚±øBÂ˘º ˚ø› ·‘ fl¬À «Ó¬±ı˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ±ø˚˛Q øÂ˘, Ó¬ı≈ ˆ¬±˚«± ’ÀÚ…ı˛ ˆ¬ı˛Úœ˚˛±, ¶§±˜œı˛ ’Àiß õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±ø˘Ó¬ ¤˝◊¸—:± Œ›˚˛± ˝˘º Ú±ı˛œ ∆ıøfl¬ ˚≈À· ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬ ’¸”˚«•Û˙«±º Ú±ı˛œ Œ˚ ˆ‘¬ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¸À/Ó≈¬˘Úœ˚˛ Ó¬± ¤ı˛ ı≈…»¬ÛøM ŒÀ‡˝◊ Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛º ˆ‘¬Ó¬… ’±ı˛ ˆ¬±˚«± ≈ÀÈ¬±ı˛˝◊ ’Ô« ¤fl¬ ñ˚±Àfl¬ ˆ¬ı˛Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛º ¤ ˚≈À· Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˝◊BÂ±SêÀ˜ ı± ’øÚBÂ±SêÀ˜ Ú±ı˛œ ˝ı˛ÀÌı˛ fl¬Ô±›’±ÀÂº ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ıU ¬ÛPœÀQı˛ fl¬Ô±› ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ı˘± ˆ¬±À˘± Œ˚, ’ÕıÒ õ∂Ì˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛Ÿ¬flƒ¬ÀıÀ Œfl¬±Ú fl≈¬_± ŒÚ˝◊º Œ¸±˜ ˚:¬Û±ÀSı˛ øÀfl¬ ˚±ÀBÂ Œ˚˜Ú fl¬±˜≈fl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ıg≈¬¬ÛPœı˛øÀfl¬ ˚±˚˛º Úœı˛± øıù´±ø˜ÀSı˛ øÀfl¬ ˚±ÀBÂ Œ˚˜Ú fl¬Àı˛ ‰≈¬•§ÀÚ Î¬◊…Ó¬ ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂÚ±ı˛œ ’±ÚÓ¬ ˝˚˛º Œıœ Î¬◊¯±Àfl¬ øÚ˘«#¬¬¬± Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øıù´ÊÀÚı˛¸‘ø©Üı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ’±¬ÛÚ Œ˝¿ Î¬◊ƒ‚±È¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ Œ¸º ÚııÒ” Œ˚˜Ú fl¬Àı˛ ¶§±˜œı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚøÚÀÊÀfl¬ õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛, Î¬◊¯± ŒÓ¬˜øÚ fl¬Àı˛˝◊ øÚÀÊı˛ ’±ıı˛Ú Î¬◊Àiú±‰¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ¤ ˚≈À·˝◊qøÚ Ú±ı˛œ øÚÀÊ˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ ÊœıÚ¸/œ ŒıÀÂ ŒÚ˚˛º ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πfl¬±À˘ øıı±˝ Œ˚˜Ú Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ı±Ò…Ó¬±˜”˘fl¬ ˝À˚˛ Œ·˘ Ÿ¬À¢´Àı˛ ˚≈À· Ó¬± øÂ˘ Ú±º

¸±ı˛± ¬Û‘øÔıœ Ê≈Àh¬ Ú±ı˛œı± ’±Ê ¤fl¬ ı‘˝Mı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ’ıø¶öÓ¬º ŒÀ˙ı˛’¢∂·øÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂÄ øfl¬c Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ı˛ ˘h¬±˝◊Œ¸fl¬±À˘› øÂ˘, ’±Ê› ’±ÀÂº ’±˜±Àı˛ ¤˝◊ ¸˜±Ê fl¬±Í¬±À˜±˝◊ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¸•Û”Ì« ˜±Úı¸y±ıÚ± øıfl¬±À˙ı˛ ’ôLı˛±˚˛º ’Ú…øÀfl¬ ¸˜±Ê Œ˚À˝Ó≈¬ ¬Û≈è¯Àfl¬øffl¬, Ó¬±˝◊ ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛Œé¬ÀS Œfl¬±Ú ı±Ò± ŒÚ˝◊º Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ì ¶§ı˛+¬Û ı˘± ˚±˚˛, øıÀ˚˛ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ù´qı˛ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬‰¬À˘ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛, ŒÂÀ˘Àı˛ Ó¬± Ú˚˛º ı‘X ı˚˛À¸ ı±ı±-˜± ŒÂÀ˘Àfl¬˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ’±|˚˛ ¶ö˘ˆ¬±ÀıÚº ’Ô‰¬ ı±ô¶øıfl¬ Œé¬ÀS Œ‡± ˚±˚˛, ı±ı±-˜±À˚˛ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ŒÂÀ˘Àı˛’À¬Ûé¬± Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ Œıø˙º Ó¬±˝◊ ı˛ıœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ fl¬À_ ’±˜ı˛± qøÚ-

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Œ˝ øıÒ±Ó¬±∑í



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ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚÓ¬˜ øÚ˙«Ú ë‰¬˚«±¬Ûí-¤ı˛ 19 ¸—‡…fl¬ ¬ÛÀ Œø‡ ¤fl¬˙ıı˛œ ı±ø˘fl¬±ı˛ ı˛+À¬Û ˜≈* ¤fl¬ ¸±Òfl¬ ¬Û≈è¯ - ˙ıı˛œ ı±ø˘fl¬±ı˛ ·˘±˚˛ &?± Ù≈¬À˘ı˛˜±˘±, ˜±Ô±˚˛ ˜˚˛”ı˛¬Û≈BÂ, Ó¬±ı˛ Œ˚ÃıÚŸ¬X¬ ı˛+À¬Û Î¬◊iúM ˝Ú ˙ıı˛¬Û±º Ó¬‡Ú ·±Â&ø˘Ù≈¬À˘ Ù≈¬À˘ ˆ¬Àı˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ, ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ı±¸ı˛˙˚…± - fl¬¬Û”«ı˛ Œ›˚˛± ¬Û±Ú Œ‡À˚˛Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛˝◊ ı˛±À· ı˛øMê˜ ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º øÚøıh¬ ¸/ ¸≈À‡ ı˛±Ó¬ Œfl¬ÀÈ¬ ˚±˚˛, ˙ıı˛¬Û± ıÀ˘›ÀÍ¬ñ

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ëı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬±ı˛˝◊ õ∂±Ò±Ú…º fl≈¬jÚøjÚœ ¤ı— ¸”˚«˜≈‡œı˛øÚfl¬È¬ ÚÀ·f •°±Ú ˝˝◊˚˛± ’±ÀÂ ... õ∂±‰¬œÚ ı±—˘± fl¬±Àı…› Œø‡º øı…±¸≈jÀı˛ı˛˜ÀÒ… ¸Êœı ˜”øÓ«¬ ˚ø fl¬±˝±ı˛› Ô±Àfl¬ Ó¬Àı Œ¸ Œfl¬ı˘ øı…±ı˛ › ˜±ø˘Úœı˛,¸≈jı˛ ‰¬øı˛ÀS ¬Û±ÀÔ«ı˛ Œ˘˙˜±S Ú±˝◊º fl¬øıfl¬ÇÚ ‰¬`¬œı˛ ¸≈ı‘˝» ¸˜ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬ı˘ Ù≈¬°ı˛± ¤ı— ‡≈°Ú± ¤fl¬È≈¬ Úøh¬˚˛± Œıh¬±˚˛, ÚÓ≈¬ı± ı…±ÒÈ¬± ¤fl¬È¬±øıfl‘¬Ó¬ ı‘˝» ¶ö±Ú≈ ˜±S ...º ı/¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ¬Û≈è¯ ˜˝±ÀÀıı˛ Ú…±˚˛ øÚ˘ ˆ¬±ÀıÒ”ø˘˙˚˛±Ú ¤ı— ı˛˜Úœ Ó¬±˝±ı˛ ıÀé¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ Ê±¢∂Ó¬ ÊœıôL ˆ¬±Àı øıı˛±Ê˜±Úºí‰¬`¬œ˜/À˘ı˛ øÀfl¬ ’±À˘±fl¬¬Û±Ó¬ fl¬ı˛À˘˝◊ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ù≈¬°ı˛±ı˛ ˜≈À‡ı˛

¸±˜ÀÚ øfl¬ı˛±Ó¬õ∂ıı˛ fl¬±˘Àfl¬Ó≈¬ ±h¬±ÀÓ¬˝◊ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº ˜Ú¸±˜/À˘› Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL ‰“¬±¸±·ı˛ı±Ò… ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚ Œıœ ˜Ú¸±ı˛ ¬Û”Ê± øÀÓ¬º ’±ı˛ ’iß±˜/À˘ Œıœı˛ ‰¬±Ó≈¬À˚«ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ¬Ûı˛±ô¶ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ÷ù´ı˛œ ¬Û±È¬Úœı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ı≈øX˜±Ú Ú±øıfl¬›º ˝œı˛±-˜±ø˘Úœı˛ ‰¬±fl¬ø‰¬Àfl¬…ı˛¸±˜ÀÚ ¸≈jı˛Àfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬‰¬f ø˙q Œ·±Àı‰¬±ı˛± ıÀ˘˝◊ õ∂˜±Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº

ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬È≈¬ ·ˆ¬œı˛ ’±À˘±fl¬¬Û±Ó¬fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±È¬± ˜Ò… ˚≈À· ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ qè fl¬ı˛± ˚±fl¬º ˜±Ó‘¬Ó¬±øLafl¬ ¸˜±Ê ı…ı¶ö±¤fl¬ ¸˜˚˛ ‰¬±˘≈ Ô±fl¬À˘› ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… Œ¸˝◊ ı…ı¶ö±Àfl¬ Œıø˙øÚ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˛øÚºõ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊ ’±ø¸ Œ¯±h¬˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬øı ‰¬f±ıÓ¬œı˛ õ∂¸À/º ‰¬f±ıÓ¬œ˝◊ õ∂Ô˜ fl¬øı ø˚øÚı˛±˜±˚˛ÀÌı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¬±ø˝øÚ Œˆ¬À„ ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛Ú ¤ı— Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ˜≈‡… ‰¬øı˛Sø˝À¸Àı ı˛±˜ Ú˚˛, øÓ¬øÚ ¸œÓ¬±Àfl¬ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬Àı˛Úº qÒ≈˜±S Ú±ı˛œ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ øÓ¬øÚøÓ¬ÚÀ˙± ıÂÀı˛ı˛ Œıø˙ ¸˜˚˛ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±À¸ Î¬◊À¬Ûøé¬Ó¬ øÂÀ˘Úº Ó“¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛˜ø˝˘± fl¬øı ø˝À¸Àıº øfl¬c ˜ø˝˘± ıÀ˘ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ·`¬œıX fl¬Àı˛ ı˛±‡± ¸yı ˝˚˛øÚº ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚÓ¬±Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ·Àı¯Ì± fl¬ı˛± ˝ÀBÂº Ú±ı˛œ Ú± ¬Û≈è¯ ¤È¬± ˜≈‡… øı¯˚˛ Ú˚˛, ’±¸˘ ˝˘ Ó¬±ı˛ø˙äœ¸M±º

‰¬f±ıÓ¬œı˛ ı˛±˜± ˛ÀÌı˛ ˆ¬±¯± ¸˝Ê-¸ı˛ - ≈jı˛º ¸ı«S ¤fl¬ fl¬èÌ ı˛À¸ı˛ Á¬—fl¬±ı˛ÒWøÚÓ¬ ˝˚˛º ¸œÓ¬±ı˛ fl¬À©Ü Œ¸˝◊ fl¬èÌ ı˛¸ Œ˚Ú ’±ı˛› Î¬◊ÔÀ˘ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº øÚÀÊı˛ ÊœıÀÚı˛õ∂Ì˚˛ˆ¬/ÊøÚÓ¬ ı…Ô±˚˛ ¸œÓ¬±ı˛ ≈–‡ ıÌ«Ú± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ’øÒfl¬ ≈–ø‡Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚº¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πÀÓ¬ ëŒ˜‚Ú± ıÒí fl¬±ı… ¬ÛÀh¬ ˜ÀÚ ˝˚˛, ˜±˝◊Àfl¬˘ ¤˝◊ ˜ø˝˘± fl¬øıı˛ Z±ı˛± øfl¬Â≈È¬±õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ ˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº ‰¬f±ıÓ¬œı˛ ı˛±˜±˚˛ÀÌı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ú±ı˛œı˛± Ó¬±Àı˛ øÚÀÊÀı˛ ÊœıÀÚı˛õ∂øÓ¬BÂøı˝◊ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ˜±Úı ˚LaÚ±ı˛ ø˘˘º ‰¬f±ıÓ¬œı˛ ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì Œ˙¯˝À˚˛ÀÂ ı˛±˜Àfl¬ øÒ!¬±ı˛ øÀ˚˛ ñ



ë¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ fl¬Ô± fl¬±ÀÚ ˘˝◊À˘ Œ·± øÚÀÊı˛ ¸ı«Ú±˙º‰¬f±ıÓ¬œ fl¬À˝ ı˛±À˜ı˛ Œ·± ı≈øX¬ ˝˝◊˘ Ú±˙ºí

‰¬f±ıÓ¬œ˝◊ ¤fl¬˜±S fl¬øı ø˚øÚ ı˛±˜Àfl¬ ’ıÓ¬±ı˛ ø˝À¸Àı Œ‡±Ú øÚºı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ¸±Ô«fl¬ ¶⁄©Ü± ˝À˘Ú ıøÇ˜‰¬fº Ó“¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸&ø˘ı˛

øÀfl¬ ‘ø©Ü øÚÀé¬¬Û fl¬ı˛À˘ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Œfl¬føıj≈ÀÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ Ú±ı˛œ‰¬øı˛S&ø˘Àfl¬˝◊ õ∂Ò±Ú… øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº Ó“¬±ı˛ ıU Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Ú±˜fl¬ı˛Ì› ˝˚˛ÀÂ Œfl¬fœ˚˛ Ú±ı˛œ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ Ú±À˜ - ëfl¬¬Û±˘fl≈¬`¬˘±í, ëı˛ÊÚœí, ë˜‘Ì±ø˘Ìœí, ëı˛±Ò±ı˛±Úœí, ëŒıœ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛±Ìœíº¸—¸±ı˛ ’Úøˆ¬:± Ú±ı˛œ fl¬‡Ú˝◊ ¸≈·‘ø˝Ìœ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±, ’±ı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Ú±˜› fl¬‡Ú›¸≈À‡ı˛ ˝˚˛ Ú±, ˚±ı˛ øÚ˙«Ú Œø‡ Ó“¬±ı˛ ëfl¬¬Û±˘fl≈¬`¬˘±í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸º ëŒıœ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛±Ìœí ŒÓ¬Œø‡ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’¸±Ò… ¸±ÒÀÚı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸º ëfl‘¬¯ûfl¬±ÀôLı˛ Î¬◊˝◊˘í-¤ ’øıù´±¸œ ¶§±˜œı˛ õ∂øÓ¬w˜Àı˛ı˛ Î¬◊øMê†

ëë¤‡Ú ŒÓ¬±˜±ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±˚˛ Œ¸˝◊ ˆ¬øMê› Ú±˝◊, øıù´±¸› Ú±˝◊º ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˙«ÀÚ’±˜±ı˛ ¸≈‡ Ú±˝◊ºííÚ±ı˛œ fl¬À_ı˛ ¤˝◊ Î¬◊B‰¬±ı˛Ì fl¬±˘Ê˚˛œ ˝À˘› Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL Œø‡ w˜ı˛ Œ¸˝◊

¶§±˜œı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬±ÀÓ¬˝◊ øÚ &ÌÀÂº fl¬±À˘ı˛ ¸Ó¬…Àfl¬ Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀ˚˛˝◊ ıøÇ˜ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬Ó¬±øLafl¬¬Ûøı˛fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ◊ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ’±ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ıøÇ˜ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛± ¸±˜ôLÓ¬±øLafl¬¬Ûøı˛fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı˛ ı± ◊Àı˛ Œıøı˛À ˛ ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚ Œfl¬±ÚøÚ ◊º ˚ø› ı˛ıœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ øıÀÚ±øÚœı± ˙ı˛»‰¬Àfı˛ øfl¬ı˛Ì˜˚˛œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ¸ ¸y¬±ıÚ± õ∂ı˘ øÂ˘º øfl¬c ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı¯˚˛ ıøÇ˜Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛, Ó“¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±—˙ Œé¬ÀS˝◊ ¬Û±À¬Ûı˛ ±˚˛ˆ¬±·ı˝Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬˝◊º Œfl¬ÚÚ±, ¬Ûı˛fl¬œ˚˛± Œõ∂˜Àfl¬ ıøÇ˜ Œfl¬±ÚøÚ˝◊ ¶§œfl‘¬øÓ¬øÀÓ¬ ‰¬±ÚøÚº ’Ú…øÀfl¬ ı˛ıœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ ±øÚœÀfl¬ Œø‡ fl¬±À˘ı˛ ø¬Û?ı˛ Œˆ¬À„ ˆ¬±ıœfl¬±À˘ı˛ı±Ó«¬± Œ˙±Ú±ÀÓ¬º

ë¿fl¬±ôLí Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ˙ı˛»‰¬f ’ˆ¬˚˛±Àfl¬ ¤fl¬È¬± øÚÊ¶§ ¬Ûøı˛¸ı˛ øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº ëŒ˙¯õ∂ùüí-¤ Œø‡ fl¬˜À˘ı˛ ˚≈øMê-ı≈øX ’fl¬±Í¬…º ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬Ô±˚˛ fl¬˜˘ ˝˘ fl¬Ô±ı˛Ù≈¬˘Á≈¬øı˛º ’±À˘±‰¬… Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ fl¬˜˘ Œ˚ Œ˚ÃÚ˜≈øMêı˛ fl¬Ô± ıÀ˘ÀÂ, ±•ÛÓ¬… Œõ∂À˜ı˛ Œ˚¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛Àfl¬ Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±ı˛œ ’±ı˛ ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ fl≈¬øé¬·Ó¬Ô±Àfl¬ Ú±º Œ˚ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ¬Û≈è¯ ¸•Û”Ì« Ó¬±ı˛ øÚÀÊı˛ ¸•ÛøM ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ı˛ Sêœh¬±Úfl¬Œˆ¬ÀıÀÂ, Œ¸ Ú±ı˛œ ˚ø Ó¬±ı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ı˛ Sêœh¬±Úfl¬ Ú± ˝À˚˛ ¬Û≈è¯Àfl¬ Sêœh¬±Úfl¬ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÙ¬˘±ı˛é¬˜Ó¬± ı˛±À‡ ñ Ó¬Àı ’fl¬¬ÛÀÈ¬ ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÚı±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤‡Ú˝◊ fl¬Ó¬ÊÚ ¬Û≈è¯ ∆Ó¬ı˛œ’±ÀÂÚ∑ Ó¬±˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ øı‰¬±Àı˛ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ fl¬˜˘Àfl¬ Œı±Á¬±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ Œfl¬Î¬◊ øÂ˘ Ú±º Ú±ı˛œ˚Ó¬˝◊ ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ øÚÀÊÀfl¬ Œ‡≈fl¬ ˙ı˛»‰¬Àfı˛ fl¬˜˘ øfl¬c ¤fl≈¬˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û˚≈MêÚ±ı˛œ ø˝À¸Àı˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ Òı˛± Œ˚˛º



˜±øÚfl¬, Ó¬±ı˛±˙Çı˛, øıˆ”¬øÓ¬ˆ”¬¯Ì, Ê·œ˙ &l õ∂˜≈À‡ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸› ı…øÓ¬Sê˜œfl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ ¬Û≈è¯ ‰¬øı˛S ı± øÀ˘ Ú±ı˛œ ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…˝◊ ’±˜ı˛± ˘é¬… fl¬øı˛º ¤“Àı˛Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛± ¬Ûı˛±øÊÓ¬ ˝À˘› ¤Àfl¬ı±Àı˛ ¬Û ≈«d ˝ ˛øÚº Ó“¬±Àı˛ ’ôLÀı˛ı˛ ’øˆ¬À˚±·,’±øÓ«¬-fl¬±˜Ú± ˝◊Ó¬…±øÀfl¬ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ’Ú≈:± ¸ÀN› ˜≈ÀÂ ŒÙ¬˘± ˚±˚˛øÚº ¸±Ò±ı˛Ìˆ¬±ÀıŒ˚È¬± ˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¬Û≈è¯ Œ˘‡fl¬Àı˛ Œ˘‡ÚœÀÓ¬ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± Œı˛±˜±øKÈ¬fl¬ Œõ∂À˜ı˛˝◊’“±Ò±ı˛, øfl¬—ı± ·±˝«¶ö… ÊÚÚœı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘˚˛Sœº ¤˜Úøfl¬ ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ı˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬›Œø‡ Œõ∂ø˜fl¬± ı± ÊÚÚœ ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’Ú… Œfl¬±Ú ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ŒÚ˝◊º øfl¬c Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛fl¬˘À˜ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ’±˜ı˛± øˆ¬ißı˛+À¬Û ¬Û±˝◊º ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ Œ˘‡ÚœÀÓ¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ Œˆ¬Ó¬ı˛fl¬±ı˛ õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬¸N±øÈ¬ Î¬◊Àiú±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛› Œ˚Ú ’±È¬Àfl¬ ˚±˚˛º Ú±ı˛œ ˜±S˝◊ ı≈fl¬ Ù¬±È¬À˘› ˜≈‡ ŒÙ¬±ÀÈ¬ Ú±ºÙ¬À˘ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ Œ¸˝◊ Ú±-ı˘± Œ·±¬ÛÚ-fl¬Ô±ı˛ ¸Ó¬…ı˛+¬Û Œ›˚˛±õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬± ¤ı— ’øÊ«Ó¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ˚Ó¬È¬± ≈ı˛+˝Ä ¤fl¬ÊÚ Ú±ı˛œı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó¬± Ú˚˛ºŒfl¬ÚÚ±º Ú±ı˛œ Ó¬±ı˛ øÚÊ¶§ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬, Î¬◊¬Û˘øt&À˘±Àfl¬ ¸ı˛±¸øı˛ Ù≈¬øÈ¬À˚˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ’ÀÚfl¬Œıø˙ ¸øSê˚˛º Î¬◊øÚ˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ Œ˘‡±À˘ø‡ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ’±ı˛ øı˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ı…±ølº ·± «¶ö… ÊœıÚ ◊ øÂ˘ ¤fl¬È¬± ¸˜À ˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸ıÀ‰¬À ˛ ıh¬ ¸øÓ¬…º ¶§Ì«fl≈¬˜±ı˛œŒıœı˛ ëÙ≈¬À˘ı˛ ˜±˘±í, ëfl¬±˝±Àfl¬í, ë˙…±˜˘œí, ëŒ¶ß ˘Ó¬±í, ëøÚı˛+¬Û˜± ŒıœíÄ ’Ú≈¬Û˜± Œıœı˛ëı±·ƒM±í, ë˜±íÄ ¸œÓ¬±Àıœı˛ ë¬Ûı˛ ‘¬øÓ¬fl¬±í, ëı˛ÊÚœ·g±íÄ ˙±ôL±Àıœı˛ ëÊœıÚ Œ±˘±í ◊Ó¬…±øÎ¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸&ø˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ◊ õ∂˜±Ìº ¤ ◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸&À˘±ı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±fl¬±À˘ Œø‡, Ú±ı˛œı˛ ·‘ Àfl¬±ÚÀfl¬øÚøı«‚Æ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ø‰¬Sº øfl¬c ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π fl¬±À˘ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ Œ˘‡±ÀÓ¬› Œ¸˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ ¸≈ı˛ÒWøÚÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ˚±ı˛ õ∂˜±Ì ’±˜ı˛± ¬Û±˝◊ ’±˙±¬Û”Ì«± Œıœı˛ ëS˚˛œí Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸º Ú±ı˛œı±œ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Ò±ı˛±˚˛ ’±˙±¬Û”Ì«±Àfl¬ ¤fl¬È¬± ˜±˝◊˘Àà¬±Ú ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º

Ó“¬±ı˛ ëõ∂Ô˜ õ∂øÓ¬|n∏øÓ¬í-ı˛ ¸Ó¬…ıÓ¬œ qÒ≈ ¸≈·‘ø˝Úœı˛ Œ˜±h¬Àfl¬˝◊ ı“±‰¬ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±ÚøÚºÓ¬±ı˛ õ∂‡ı˛ ı≈øX¬, õ∂·±Iˇ Œı±Ò˙øMê ¤ı— Î¬◊»¸≈fl¬…˝◊ øÂ˘ ¤ı˛ ’ôLı˛±˚˛º ’Ô‰¬ ÒÀı˛ ŒÚ›˚˛±˝˚˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊ ¸˜ô¶ &Ì ¬Û≈è¯Àı˛ ¤fl¬À‰¬øÈ¬˚˛± ’øÒfl¬±ı˛º Œ˜À˚˛ ˜±S˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û±ı˛ø˙«Ó¬±¤fl¬˜±S ‚ı˛fl¬Ú…±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊº ’±À˘±‰¬… Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ Œ‡± ˚± ˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ø¸X±ôL ◊ ŒÚ ˛ ¸Ó¬…ıÓ¬œºŒ¸ ’Ú…±À˚˛ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ı± fl¬Àı˛, ¸Ó¬…ıÓ¬œ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸±˝À¸ı˛ ¬ÛøÓ¬˜”øÓ«¬º Úıfl≈¬˜±ı˛ ‰¬øı˛S·Ó¬øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˆ¬œÓ≈¬º Ó¬±˝◊ Œ¸ ¸ıøfl¬Â≈Àfl¬ Œ˜ÀÚ › ˜±øÚÀ˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º ı˘± ˆ¬±À˘±Œ˚, ø˘/ ’Ú≈¸±Àı˛ ∆ıø˙©Ü… øÚÀ«˙ fl¬Àı˛ Œ›˚˛± Œ˚ ˜”˘Ó¬ ø˘/ ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ı˛˝◊ Œfl¬Ã˙˘’±˙±¬Û”Ì«± Œıœ Œ¸˝◊ ¸Ó¬…øÈ¬˝◊ Œ˚Ú Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂÚº

¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π ¬ÛÀı« Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ ¸≈ıÌ«ı˛ ·Àˆ«¬ı˛ ¸ôL±Ú› ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ’±R¶§±Ó¬La… Œı±ÒÀfl¬Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛ÀÂ Ú±º fl¬±ı˛Ì Œ¸› ŒÓ¬± ¬Û≈è¯Ó¬ÀLaı˛˝◊ Î¬◊Mı˛±øÒfl¬±ı˛º ¶§±˜œı˛ õ∂ˆ≈¬ÀQı˛‰¬±À¬Û ¶aœı˛ Úœı˛ı ’±Ó«¬Ú± ˚‡Ú˝◊ õ∂øÓ¬ı±À ˜≈‡ı˛ ˝˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊ Ó¬± ˝˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡



`¬Úœ˚˛ ’¬Ûı˛±Òº ¬Û≈è¯Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸ÀÚ ˜±Ó‘¬ÀQı˛ ¸•ú±Ú, øfl¬c ˜±À˚˛ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ŒÚ˝◊º ¸≈ıÌ«ı˛ Œ˙¯ ¸ôL±Ú ıfl≈¬˘˝◊ ¤fl¬˜±S ˜±Àfl¬ ı≈ÀÁ¬øÂ˘º

¸Ó¬…ıÓ¬œı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ı± Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ ˛º ≈ıÌ« Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ı± Ó¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±ıÚ± ˛ºŒ˚ÃÚÓ¬±ı˛ ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ¤Ó¬È¬±˝◊ ø¬Û©Ü fl¬Àı˛ ŒÙ¬À˘ Œ˚, ∆ıÒÀı…˝◊ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˜˚˛˜≈øMêı˛ ˝ø˙ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º

˜˝±Àù´Ó¬± Œıœı˛ ë˝±Ê±ı˛ ‰≈¬ı˛±˙œı˛ ˜±í-ŒÓ¬› ¸≈ıÌ«ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¸≈Ê±Ó¬±Àfl¬› Ó¬±ı˛øÚÀÊı˛ ¤fl¬±ôL ’øÚBÂ± ¸ÀN› ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ ¸ôL±Ú Ò±ı˛Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL˙ı˛œÀı˛ı˛ Sê˜ıÒ«˜±Ú ˆ¬±ı˛Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ’øˆ¬˙±¬Û ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øÚÀÊÀfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ’ù≠œ˘˜ÀÚ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º

’±Ò≈øÚfl¬Ó¬± qÒ≈ Œ¬Û±˙±Àfl¬ Ú˚˛, õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬Ó¬± ˝˘ ˜±Úø¸fl¬Ó¬±˚˛º ˜ÀÚı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¬Ûœh¬Ú ˚Ó¬ Ó¬œıË Œ¸‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ı±› ˝Àı Ó¬Ó¬˝◊ ¶Û©ÜºıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ qÒ≈ ˙˝Àı˛ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛±˝◊ Ú˚˛, ¢∂±À˜ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛±› ¤fl¬˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ’±R¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ˝À˚˛Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº

Ú±ı˛œ ’˜”˘… ¤fl¬Ô± ¬Û≈è¯ ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê ‡≈ı ˆ¬±˘ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ı≈ÀÁ¬øÂ˘º ’±ı˛ı≈ÀÁ¬øÂ˘ ıÀ˘˝◊ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ı±À· ı˛±‡ı±ı˛ ¤Ó¬ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±º Ó¬±˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤ Ò±ı˛Ì± Ï≈¬øfl¬À˚˛Œ›˚˛± ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ Œ˚, ˜±Ó‘¬ÀQ˝◊ Ú±ı˛œ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸±Ô«fl¬Ó¬±, ’±ı˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ¬ÛøÓ¬À¸ı±˝◊÷ù´ı˛À¸ı± - ’Ú… Œfl¬±Ú øfl¬Â≈ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ’±ı˙…fl¬œ˚˛Ó¬± ŒÚ˝◊º

øfl¬c ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜±Ó¬ø/Úœ ˝±Êı˛±, õ∂œøÓ¬˘Ó¬±›˚˛±ÀV±ı˛, ¸Àı˛±øÊÚœ Ú±˝◊Î≈¬, fl¬˜˘± ŒÚÀ˝è õ∂˜≈‡ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ’±˜ı˛± ’Ú…ı˛+À¬Û Œø‡º¤Ó¬øÚ ’±˜ı˛± ’øÙ¬À¸ ’…±—À˘± ˝◊ø`¬˚˛±Ú Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ŒÀ‡øÂº ¤‡Úı±—˘±ı˛ Œ˜À ˛ı˛± ı“±‰¬ı±ı˛ Ó¬±ø·À ‰¬±fl¬øı˛ı˛ ı±Ê±Àı˛ Á“¬±ø¬ÛÀ ˛ ¬Ûh¬˘º ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛˝±Ó¬ ÒÀı˛˝◊ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ˜≈øMêı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝˘º ’ôL–¬Û≈Àı˛ı˛ ÊøÈ¬˘Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± ı±˝◊Àı˛Œıøı˛À˚˛ ¤À¸ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬˘ ¸±˝¸œ › ¬¸õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬º Ó¬±˝◊ Œø‡ ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¶≥®À˘-fl¬À˘ÀÊ‰¬±fl¬ı˛œı˛ ı±Ê±Àı˛ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ’±øÒfl¬…º

Ú±ı˛œ ˜ÀÚı˛ ¤˝◊ ¶§±ÒœÚÀ‰¬Ó¬± õ∂¸À/ ë¬Û=˜ ¬Û≈è¯í-¤ı˛ Ú±ø˚˛fl¬± ¤¯±ı˛ fl¬Ô±¶úı˛Ìœ˚˛º Œ¸ ˚±Àfl¬˝◊ ˆ¬±˘ı±À¸ Œ¸˝◊ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ŒÂÀh¬ ‰¬À˘ ˚±˚˛º ¤¯± ‰¬=¬˘ ˝À˘›·ˆ¬œı˛, ¬Ûøı˛˙œø˘Ó¬ › ’±R˜˚«±±˙œ˘ ¤ı— ¸≈jı˛œº øıı±À˝ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ qÒ≈ ¶§±˜œı˛ ∆Êıõ∂ı‘øMÀfl¬ ˜±ÚÀÓ¬ Ú± Œ¬ÛÀı˛ Œ¸ øıı±˝ øıÀBÂ fl¬Àı˛º Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’ÊôL±-˝◊À˘±ı˛± Œ‡ÀÓ¬ø·À˚˛ ¤Àfl¬ ¤Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û≈Àı˛±ÀÚ± Œõ∂˜&ø˘ı˛ ¸À/ ¤ı— ’±ı˛› øfl¬Â≈ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜≈*Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/Ó¬±ı˛ Œ‡± ˝˚˛, Œfl¬±Ô±› Œfl¬±Ô±› ‚øÚá¬Ó¬±› ˝˚˛º øfl¬c Œı±À•§·±˜œ Ê±˝±ÀÊ Œ˚ÀÓ¬Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ıUøÚfl¬±ı˛ Ú±˚˛fl¬ õ∂ÀÙ¬¸±ı˛ ˜˝±Ú±À˜ı˛ ¸À/ ·ˆ¬œı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛›



Œ¸ ’±fl¬±À˙ ı±Ó¬±À¸ ‡≈“ÀÊ Œıh¬±˚˛ Œ¸˝◊ ¬Û≈è¯Àfl¬ Œ˚ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± ŒÀıº qÒ≈˜±Sı±À˚˛±˘øÊfl¬±˘ ı± øÙ¬øÊfl¬…±˘ ˜…±ÚÀfl¬ ¤¯± fl¬‡Ú˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ¶ö±Ú øÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛øÚº¤¯±ı˛ Œ‡“±Ê ˚±ı˛ ÊÚ…, ˚“±ı˛ ’±fl¬¯«ÀÌ Œ¸ Œ˜±˝¢∂Àô¶ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ’ÊôL± Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¤À¸øÂ˘øÓ¬øÚ ˝À˘Ú ı≈ÀXı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ø¶Ûøı˛‰≈¬˚˛±˘ ˜…±Úº øfl¬c Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ ¬Û≈è¯ı˛± ¸ı«±Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ıÊ«Ú˝◊ fl¬Àı˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº

¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πÀÓ¬ ’±ø¸ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ Ú±ı˛œı˛ fl¬Ô±˚˛ ø˚øÚ ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ õ∂Ô˜’±RÊœıÚœ ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛Úº øÓ¬øÚ ˝À˘Ú ı˛±¸¸≈jı˛œ ±¸œº Ó¬±ı˛ ’±RÊœıÚœøÈ¬ı˛ Ú±˜ë’±˜±ı˛ ÊœıÚíº ’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Œ·Ãı˛Àıı˛ øı¯˚˛ ¤È¬± Œ˚, ı±„±ø˘ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ’±Rfl¬Ô±øÈ¬¤fl¬ÊÚ ˜ø˝˘±ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±º ë’±˜±ı˛ ÊœıÚí ı˝◊øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ qÒ≈˜±S ı˛±¸¸≈jı˛œı˛ ÊœıÚ-fl¬Ô± Ú˚˛,Ó¬‡Úfl¬±ı˛ ø˝j≈ ı˛˜ÚœÀı˛ fl¬Ô±› ’±ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ¢∂LöøÈ¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±ı˛ øııı˛Ì ¤ı— Ú±ı˛œı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±±Úº Œı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸˜±Ê ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ı…±¬Ûfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú¤ÀÚÀÂº ¸±˝¸œ Ú±ı˛œ ø˝À¸Àı Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±˝◊ ıÀ˘øÂÀ˘Ú -

ëë’±˜±ø·Àfl¬ ’gfl¬±Àı˛ ı˛±ø‡ı±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¬Û≈è¯·Ì ‹ Ò˜«¢∂Lö&ø˘Àfl¬ ÷ù´Àı˛ı˛’±À˙¬ÛS ıø˘˚˛± õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬øı˛˚˛±ÀÂÚº Œfl¬±Ú øıÀ˙¯ ÒÀ˜«ı˛ øÚ&Iˇ ˜˜« ı±’±Ò…±øRfl¬ øı¯˚˛ ’±˜±ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬… ÚÀ˝º ÒÀ˜« Œ˚ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’±˝◊Ú fl¬±Ú≈ÚøıøÒıX ’±ÀÂ, ’±ø˜ Œfl¬ı˘ Ó¬±˝±ı˛˝◊ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬øı˛ı, ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— Ò±ø˜«fl¬·ÌøÚøÓ¬ Ô±fl≈¬ÚºííŒı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±˝◊ Î¬◊¬Û˜˝±ÀÀ˙ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ Ú±ı˛œı±œ Œ˘‡fl¬º¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œ ¤˝◊ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸À/ øıøˆ¬iß ¸˜˚˛ øıøˆ¬iß ‘ø©ÜÀfl¬±Ì ŒÔÀfl¬

’±À˘±fl¬¬Û±Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œ ˝◊¸≈… Ú±Ú± ˆ¬±Àı ¤À¸ÀÂº˜±øÚfl¬ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛ı˛ ë¬Û≈Ó≈¬˘ Ú±À‰¬ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬fl¬Ô±í ¤˝◊ ‘ø©ÜÀfl¬±Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı’±À˘±‰¬…º Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸øÈ¬ı˛ Ú±˜fl¬ı˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¸˜±ÀÊ Œ˚¸ı ¬Û≈Ó≈¬˘Àfl¬Ú±‰¬±ÀÚ± ˝˚˛ ¤ı— ˚±ı˛± Ú±‰¬±˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬fl¬Ô±˝◊ ˜±øÚÀfl¬ı˛ ’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜≈Mê ‘ø©Üˆ¬ø/ı˛’±À˘±Àfl¬ Œ…±øÓ¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ’±À˘±‰¬… Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ·±›ø˚˛± ¢∂±À˜ı˛ Î¬±Mê±ı˛ ˙˙œ ¬Ûı˛±ÀÚı˛¶aœ fl≈¬ ≈ Àfl¬ ˆ¬±˘ı±À¸º ¤ ◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ Œ˘‡fl¬ ¬Û≈è¯Ó¬ÀLaı˛ Œıøh¬ Œˆ¬À„ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ ı˛Àfl¬’ÀÚfl¬‡±øÚ ı±øh¬À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº Ú±ı˛œı˛ ı…øMêQ ’Ê«ÀÚı˛ ‡ıı˛øÈ¬ ¬Û±±ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬¬ÛÀı˛ õ∂±À‰¬… ¤À¸ÀÂº ˙˙œ ˚Ó¬˝◊ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ˘‡±¬Ûh¬± ø˙À‡ ’±¸± ı…øMê Œ˝±fl¬ Ú±Œfl¬Ú, fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ œõ∂Ó¬±ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ Œ¸ ıD¬ •°±Úº fl≈¬¸≈˜ øÚÊ¶§ ¸M±˚˛ ‰¬øı˛S ø˝À¸Àı’ÀÚfl¬ Œıø˙ Î¬◊#¬¬¬;˘º Ó¬±˝◊ Œø‡ ˙˙œ ˚‡Ú fl≈¬˜≈Àı˛ ¸À/ ˜øÓ¬ı˛ øıÀ˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ øZÒ±¢∂¶ö,Ó¬‡Ú fl≈¬¸≈˜ øÚ“‡≈Ó¬ Œfl¬Ã˙À˘ øıı±˝ ¸•§Àg¬ ˜øÓ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚı˛ Œ˜±h¬ ‚≈øı˛À˚˛ ø˘º ˜øÓ¬ı˛



øıÀ˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ˙˙œ › fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˚‡Ú fl¬Ô± ˝˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú fl≈¬¸≈˜ Ó¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±˘˘±·±ı˛ fl¬Ô±˙˙œÀfl¬ Ê±Ú±˚˛ -

ëë¤˜Ú˝◊ ‰“¬±øÚ ı˛±ÀÓ¬ ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ ¸À/ Œfl¬±Ô±› ‰¬À˘ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¸±Ò ˝˚˛ŒÂ±È¬ ı±ı≈º ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ “±h¬±À˘ ’±˜±ı˛ ˙ı˛œı˛ ...ºíí

øÚÀÊÀfl¬ øZÒ±˝œÚˆ¬±Àı õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¸±˝¸ fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ øÂ˘º ˜±øÚfl¬ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˜Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛˝◊ õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº Ó¬±ı˛ Œ˚ÃÚÓ¬±Àfl¬› øÓ¬øÚ ’Ú≈B‰¬±øı˛Ó¬ ı˛±À‡Ú øÚº’Ú…øÀfl¬ ˙˙œÀfl¬ ¬Û≈è¯Ó¬±øLafl¬ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝À¸Àı˝◊ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚºÓ¬±˝◊ ¬Û≈è¯ ø˝À¸Àı Œ¸ fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ Œ˚ÃÚÓ¬±Àfl¬ ’ıø˜Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ ¤˝◊˜ôLı…øÈ¬Àfl¬ ˚ø fi¬ÛøÚÀıø˙fl¬ ZÀeı˛ ’±h¬±À˘ ı…±‡…± fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛, Ó¬±˝À˘ fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛’øô¶QÀfl¬ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛º fl≈¬¸≈˜ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àı˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±˘ı±¸±ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÚı˛’±fl¬±„é¬±ı˛ fl¬Ô± Ê±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂº ¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¬ ¸Àı˛±Ê ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ ˙˙œ › fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛¸•Ûfl«¬Àfl¬ ŒÀ‡ÀÂÚ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± › ·±›ø˚˛±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˚Ó¬È¬± ı…ıÒ±Ú Œ¸˝◊ ‘ø©ÜÀfl¬±ÌŒÔÀfl¬º øfl¬c Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ Œø‡ fl≈¬¸≈˜ ˚‡Ú ·±›ø˚˛± ŒÂÀh¬ ‰¬À˘ ˚±ÀBÂÓ¬‡Ú fl≈¬ ≈À˜ı˛ ˙ı˛œı˛ ˙˙œı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ’¬Û±øÔ«ı ≈jı˛ ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝À ˛øÂ˘º fl≈¬ ≈ Àfl¬ ≈í˝±ÀÓ¬ı˛˜ÀÒ… Ú± Œ¬Û˚˛ ˙˙œ ‡¬Û fl¬Àı˛ fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ˝±Ó¬ ÒÀı˛ ŒÙ¬˘˘º Œ˚ ˙˙œ ¤fl¬¸˜˚˛fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ ’±˝W±ÚÀfl¬ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘, Œ¸˝◊ ˙˙œ ˚‡Ú Œ‡ÀÂ Œ˚ fl≈¬¸≈˜ ¸øÓ¬…˝◊ ‰¬À˘˚±ÀBÂ Ó¬‡Ú Œ¸ fl≈¬¸≈˜Àfl¬ ’“±fl¬Àh¬ Òı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂº øfl¬c ¤˝◊ ’ı¶ö±˚˛ fl≈¬¸≈˜ ’±ı˛øÚÀÊÀfl¬ ˙˙œı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Òı˛± Œ˚˛ Ú±º ’±Ê Œ˚ ŒÂ±È¬ı±ı≈ fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ ˝±Ó¬ ÒÀı˛ÀÂ Œ¸È¬±›fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ ŒıøÍ¬fl¬ ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝˚˛º ˙˙œı˛ ˜≈‡È¬± ¤Àfl¬ı±Àı˛ qøfl¬À˚˛ ¬Û±—qıÌ« ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ºÓ¬ı≈ Œ¸ fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ ˝±Ó¬È¬± Â±Àh¬ Ú± ¤ı— fl≈¬¸≈˜Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ ˚±ı±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘À˘ fl≈¬¸≈˜ Ó¬±’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛º ¬Û≈è¯ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ ¸≈ı±À ˙˙œ Œˆ¬ÀıøÂ˘ Œ˚, Œ¸ ˚‡Ú fl≈¬¸≈˜Àfl¬ ‰¬±˝◊ÀıÓ¬‡Ú ◊ ¬Û±Àıº øfl¬c fl≈¬ ≈À˜ı˛ ’±R˜ «±±Àı±Ò ˙˙œÀfl¬ ’±‚±Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛º Ó¬± ◊ ˙˙œı˛ ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛Î¬±Àfl¬ Œ¸ ¸±h¬± Œ˚˛ Ú±, qÒ≈˜±S Œ¸øÚ ˙˙œı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ÷˙±ı˛± ¬Û±˚˛øÚıÀ˘º ø‰¬ı˛øÚ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ˜±Ú≈¯ ¤ı˛fl¬˜ Ô±Àfl¬ Ú±º ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ ˜±Úø¸fl¬’ı¶ö±› ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘º ’±ı˛ Ó¬±˝◊ ¤fl¬øÚ Œ˚ fl≈¬¸≈˜ ˙˙œı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ÷˙±ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ…’À¬Ûé¬± fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘, ’±Ê ˙˙œ Œ¸˝◊ fl≈¬¸≈À˜ı˛ ˝±Ó¬ Òı˛± ¸ÀN› Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ Œ˚ÀÓ¬’¬Û±ı˛·º ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ ˜±øÚfl¬ fl≈¬¸≈˜Àfl¬ ˜± ø˝¸±Àı Œ‡±ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±ÚøÚÄ ’Ô‰¬’±˜ı˛± Ê±øÚ Œ˚ ˜±Ó‘¬ÀQ˝◊ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ‰¬ı˛˜ ¸±Ô«fl¬Ó¬± ıÀ˘˝◊ ¸˜±Ê ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛º fl≈¬¸≈˜Àfl¬˜±øÚfl¬ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ qÒ≈˜±S Ú±ı˛œ ø˝À¸Àı˝◊ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂÚº

fi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸fl¬ ˜±øÚfl¬ Ó“¬±ı˛ ’¸±˜±Ú… ø˙ä ‘ø©Üı˛ é¬Ó¬± ˛ Ú±ı˛œ-¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬Àfl¬õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ¤ı˛ ’¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ì ˝˘ ı±ø˘fl¬± ˜øÓ¬º fl≈¬˜≈Àı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛



ˆ¬±˘ı±¸± Œ˙¯ ¬Û «ôL ¬Ûøı˛Ì ˛ ”ÀS ’±ıX fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ ≈íÊÚÀfl¬º øfl¬c øıÀ ˛ı˛ ˜±¸ ‡±ÀÚÀfl¬ı˛˜ÀÒ…˝◊ Œ¸ ı≈ÀÁ¬ ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¶§±˜œ ø˝À¸Àı fl≈¬˜≈ õ∂ˆ≈¬Q ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬˝◊ Ê±ÀÚº fl≈¬˜≈Àı˛ŒÂ±È¬ ıh¬ ¸ıı˛fl¬˜ Œ¸ı±˝◊ ˜øÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂº øfl¬c Ó¬±ı˛¬ÛÀı˛› fl≈¬˜≈Àı˛ õ∂ˆ≈¬Q Œ˚Ú øÚøÚ ’±ı˛› ŒıÀh¬ ‰¬À˘ÀÂº Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL fl≈¬˜≈ ˜øÓ¬Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û± øÈ¬À¬Û øÀÓ¬› ı±Ò… fl¬Àı˛º¤È¬± øÂ˘ ˜øÓ¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¸ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ ıh¬ ’±‚±Ó¬º øıÀ˚˛ı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ ¤fl¬ ˜±À¸ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊ ¶§±˜œ-¸À/ Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ ›ÀÍ¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ôLÀı«Ú±º øÚÀÊÀfl¬ ıøjÚœ ˜ÀÚ ˝˚˛ ˜øÓ¬ı˛º Ó¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬±‡ı˛ Ê˘˜≈øÂÀ˚˛ Œı±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ Œfl¬Î¬◊ ŒÚ˝◊º ˜øÓ¬ øÚÀÊı˛ ˜ÀÚ˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı ı±ø˘ı˛ Úı˛˜ Œ·“À˚˛± ¬ÛÀÔ ’±ı˛Œ¸ Œfl¬±ÚøÚ ˝“±È¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛Àı Ú±º Œ˝±ÀÈ¬À˘ı˛ ‚Àı˛ ‰¬±ı˛ øıøÂÀ˚˛ ‚≈À˜±ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ ˜øÓ¬Àfl¬º’±À˘±‰¬… Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ ∆˙øäfl¬ Œı±ÀÒı˛ ¸À/ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÊÚ… øÚø «Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê-ı±ô¶ıÓ¬± ¤fl¬±fl¬±ı˛˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º

’Ú…øÀfl¬ ˙˙œı˛ Œı±Ú øıj≈ ıjœ ‚Àı˛ı˛ ı˘˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º˙˙œ øıj≈Àfl¬ øÊÀ:¸ fl¬Àı˛ ñ

ëÚj ŒÓ¬±Àfl¬ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±À¸ Ú± øıj≈∑íøıj≈ Î¬◊Mı˛ Œ˚˛ ñ

ëı±À¸º ¶aœı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Ú˚˛º ñ ı˛øé¬Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±ºí¸˜±ÀÊ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±ÚÀfl¬ ¤ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú fl¬Àı˛Ú ˜±øÚfl¬º ∆ıı±ø˝fl¬ Ò¯«Ì Œ˚ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬fl¬Ó¬‡±øÚ ’ıø˜Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ ı˛±À‡, Ó¬±ı˛ ¸ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ ıh¬ Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ì ¤øÈ¬º Ú±ı˛œı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ¸—¸±ı˛˚ø ¸ô¶± ø˝À¸Àı øıÀıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛, Ó¬Àı Ú±ı˛œ Œ¸È¬±Àfl¬ Œˆ¬À„ È≈¬fl¬Àı˛± fl¬Àı˛ ŒÙ¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ñ ˝◊ıÀ¸Ú ¤˜Ú ˝◊ø/Ó¬ øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ Ó¬±ı˛ ë’ ÷¯ı˛ı˛íh¬ ¤¯˚˛h¬Úí Ú±È¬Àfl¬ı˛ 1˜ ‘À˙…º ¤˝◊Ú±È¬Àfl¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯˝◊ Œø‡ ŒÚ±ı˛± ¬Û≈Ó≈¬À˘ı˛ ¸—¸±ı˛ Œˆ¬À„ ŒÙ¬À˘º ˙˙œı˛ Œı±Ú ˚‡Ú ıh¬˝À˚˛› ¬Û≈Ó≈¬˘ Œ‡˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú ˙˙œı˛ ˜Ú é¬øÌÀfl¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤Àfl¬ı±Àı˛ ˝±˘fl¬± ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ºÚ±ı˛œı˛ ¬Û≈Ó≈¬˘ Œ‡˘±˚˛ ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ˜Ú ˝±˘fl¬± ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛, ˜±øÚfl¬› ¤fl¬˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ¬Û≈Ó≈¬À˘ı˛¶§ı˛+¬Û Œø‡À˚˛ÀÂÚº

Ú±ı˛œı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±Ê«ÀÚı˛ øfl¬øÈ¬› ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ øı¯˚˛º ˝◊ıÀ¸ÀÚı˛ ŒÚ±ı˛±Àfl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ¶§±˜œı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ‡ı˛À‰¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ø˝À¸ı øÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛º fl¬±ı˛Ì ŒÚ±ı˛±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±Ê«Ú øÂ˘ Ú±º¤fl¬˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı fl≈¬¸≈˜ ˚‡Ú ˙˙œÀfl¬ øˆ¬øÊÈ¬ øÀÓ¬ ˚±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú ˙˙œ› Ó¬±ı˛ È¬±fl¬±ı˛ Î¬◊»¸Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º Œfl¬ÚÚ±, fl≈¬¸≈˜› Œı˛±ÊÀ·Àı˛ Ú˚˛º ¬Û≈è¯ ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’‘˙…·‘˝|À˜ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ˜”˘… ŒÚ˝◊º Ó¬Àı ¤È¬± ı˘± ˆ¬±˘ Œ˚, ¬Ûı˛fl¬œ˚˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˜±øÚfl¬ fl≈¬¸≈˜Àfl¬‚ı˛ Â±h¬± fl¬Àı˛ÚøÚº ·‘À˝ı˛ ı˘À˚˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ fl≈¬¸≈˜ ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬±ı˛ ·ø`¬ ’øÓ¬Sê˜fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº fl≈¬¸≈˜ ‡≈ı˝◊ ¸±˝¸œº Ó¬±˝◊ Œø‡ ¤fl¬±˙œı˛ øÚ Œ¸ Î¬◊À¬Û±¸ fl¬Àı˛ › ˜±ÀÂı˛’“±˙ Œ‡À˚˛ÀÂº øfl¬c øÚ˚˛˜ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ø˝j≈ ‚Àı˛ı˛ ·‘˝ıÒ≈Àfl¬ fl¬‡ÀÚ± ¤fl¬±˙œı˛ Î¬◊À¬Û±¸fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ŒÚ˝◊º



øı˚˛ı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ¬ÛÂj-’¬ÛÂÀjı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú ±˜ ŒÚ˝◊ Œ¸ fl¬Ô±˜±øÚfl¬ ı…Mê fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚñ

ë¬Û≈è¯ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ’±ı±ı˛ ı˚˛¸ - ¸øÓ¬Ú fl“¬±È¬± ŒÓ¬± ŒÚ˝◊∑ ‚Àı˛ ¬Û˚˛¸± ’±ÀÂŒ˘±fl¬È¬±ı˛, - Œ˜À˚˛ ¸≈À‡ Ô±fl¬Àıºí

Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¸≈À‡ı˛ ¸—:± ¤ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ¸˜±Ê øÚÒ«±ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ı±„±˘œ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛ øıÀ˚˛ õ∂¸À/›ÀÍ¬ ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ˙±ı˛œøı˛fl¬ ’ı˜±ÚÚ±ı˛ øfl¬øÈ¬º fl≈¬˜≈Àı˛ Î¬◊øMê ñ

ëøıÀ˚˛˝◊ ˚ø fl¬ı˛ı, Ò±øh¬ Œ˜À˚˛ øıÀ˚˛ fl¬ı˛ı Œfl¬Ú∑íõ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¸—¸±ı˛Àfl¬ ÒÀı˛ ı˛±‡±ı˛ ˜”˘ ˜La Œ˚ Ú±ı˛œ ˜±øÚfl¬ Ó“¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ Œ¸fl¬Ô±› ¶Û©Üfl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ†

ëë&Â±ÀÚ± ¸—¸±ı˛ ¬Û±·˘øøı˛º Î¬◊¬Û≈h¬ fl¬ı˛± ı±¸Ú&ø˘ ¸±Ê±ÀÚ±,... ø¬Û˘¸≈ÀÊœ¬ÛøÈ¬ı˛ ø˙‡± Î¬◊#¬¬¬;˘ºíí

Ú±ı˛œ øÚ˚«±Ó¬ÀÚı˛ ı…±¬Ûfl¬Ó¬± Ô±fl¬± ¸ÀN› Ú±ı˛œı˛ ∆Ò˚«…, ¸ø˝¯≈ûÓ¬± › Ó¬…±À·ı˛ ÊÀÚ…˝◊¸±—¸±øı˛fl¬ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±øÈ¬ ’±Ê› ’é≈¬ißº Ó¬±ı˛ øı¬Û≈˘ ’ı±Úı˛ ÊÚ… Œfl¬±Ú õ∂øÓ¬±Ú˝◊ Œ¸’±˙± fl¬Àı˛ Ú±º Ú±ı˛œı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’±‰¬ı˛Ì ıh¬˝◊ øÚá≈¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊ Œø‡ ˜øÓ¬ fl≈¬˜≈Àı˛¸À/ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±º øfl¬c ˙˙œ › ¬Ûı˛±Ú ˚‡Ú ˜øÓ¬Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ fl≈¬˜≈Àfl¬ Œà¬˙ÀÚÂ±h¬ÀÓ¬ ’±À¸ Ó¬‡Ú ˜øÓ¬› fl≈¬˜≈Àı˛ ¸À/ ŒCÀÚ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ¬ÛÀh¬º ’Ê±Ú± ˚±S±˚˛ Œ¸›fl≈¬˜≈Àı˛ ¸/œ ˝ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Œ˙À¯ ˜±øÚfl¬ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ ñ

ë·‘˝øı˜≈‡ ˚±˚±ıı˛ ¶§±˜œı˛ ¸À/ ˜øÓ¬› ’±Ê ¤À˘±À˜À˘± ¬ÛÀÔı˛ ÊœıÚÀfl¬ıı˛Ì fl¬øı˛˘ - ’±˜±Àı˛ Œ·“À˚˛± Œ˜À˚˛ ˜øÓ¬º ˝˚˛Ó¬ ¤fl¬øÚ ›Àı˛ Œõ∂˜ ÚœÀh¬ı˛’±|˚˛ ‡≈“øÊÀı ...í˜±øÚfl¬ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ¤À˘±À˜À˘± ¬ÛÀÔı˛ ÊœıÚÀfl¬ ıı˛Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¸±˝¸ øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ,

øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ ˚±˚±ıı˛ ÊœıÚ Î¬◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±À·ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±º Ó“¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˆ≈¬ıÚqÒ≈˜±S Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÊÀÚ…˝◊º ë¬Û≈Ó≈¬˘ Ú±‰¬Àı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬fl¬Ô±í-ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ‰¬øı˛S fl≈¬¸≈˜ ·‘À˝ı˛¬Ûøı˛¸Àı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú fl¬Àı˛› ’Ú… ¬Û≈è¯Àfl¬ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛øÂ˘, ’±ı±ı˛ ı˛fl¬±Àı˛Ó¬±Àfl¬ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±Ú› fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘º øfl¬c ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê Œfl¬±ÚÀé¬ÀS˝◊ Ó¬±Àfl¬ øfl¬Â≈ ıÀ˘øÚº’±¸À˘ fi¬ÛÚ…±ø¸fl¬ ˜±øÚfl¬ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÊÚ…˝◊ ¤fl¬È¬± ¸˜±Ê Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº¤fl¬Ô± ı˘±˝◊ ı±U˘… ë¬Û≈Ó≈¬˘ Ú±À‰¬ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬fl¬Ô±í õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ Ú±ı˛œ-¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ¸˜Ó¬±ı˛ Œé¬Sõ∂øÓ¬á¬±ı˛ ¬Û±È¬±Ó¬Úº

Ú±ı˛œ õ∂¸/ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π Œé¬S ∆¸˚˛ ›˚˛±˘œÎ¬◊°±˝ı˛ ë˘±˘¸±˘≈íÎ¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸øÈ¬º Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Ú±˚˛fl¬ ˜øÊ Êœøıfl¬±ı˛ ¸g±ÀÚ ˜˝ıTÓ¬Ú·Àı˛ ’±À¸ ¤ı—Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬ıı˛Àfl¬ ˘±˘¸±˘≈ øÀ˚˛ ŒÏ¬Àfl¬ Œ¸ øÚÊ ˆ¬`¬¬Ûœı˛ ¸±ÀÊº ¢∂±˜ı±¸œı˛



ˆ¬øMê-|X± Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Œ¸ øÚÀÊı˛ ’±À‡ı˛ Œ·±Â±˚˛º ¤˝◊ ˆ¬G¬Ûœı˛ ˜øÊ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˙ı˛œı˛Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Â±Àh¬ Ú±º Œ˚ÃıÚıÓ¬œ ¤fl¬ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ Œ¸ øıÀ˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ ‚Àı˛ ’±ÀÚ, Ó¬ı≈› Ó¬±ı˛ Œ‡±Ù≈¬Àı˛±˚˛ Ú± ñ

ë› ˚‡Ú Î¬◊Í¬±ÀÚ ˝“±ÀÈ¬ Ó¬‡Ú ˜øÊ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ŒÀ‡ºí¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ Œ‰¬±À‡ ŒÀ‡ Ú±ı˛œ ˙ı˛œı˛Àfl¬ Œˆ¬±· fl¬Àı˛ ˜øÊº ˜øÊÀı˛ ¶aœ ı˛ø˝˜±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú¸ôL±Ú Ú± ˝›˚˛±˚˛ ı±Ò… ˝À˚˛ ı˛ø˝˜±Àfl¬ ˜øÊÀı˛ øZÓ¬œ˚˛ øıÀ˚˛ÀÓ¬ ¸•úÓ¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ºøZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¶aœ Ê±ø˜˘± ‚Àı˛ ’±¸±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ı˛ø˝˜±ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˙±qh¬œı˛ ˆ¬±ı Ê±À·º ¬Ûı˛±ÒœÚ Ú±ı˛œ-ı±Ò… ˝À ˛ øÚÀÊı˛ ¶§fl¬œ ˛Ó¬±Àfl¬ › ¶§Àé¬SÀfl¬ õ∂ı˘ˆ¬±Àı ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬± ˛º Ê±ø˜˘±ı˛¸±˝¸ › õ∂øÓ¬ı±œ ¬¸N±Àfl¬ ˜øÊ › ı˛ø˝˜± ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ˜øÊÀı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±ı› õ∂fl¬±˙ ¬Û±˚˛ Ê±ø˜˘±ı˛º ˜øÊÀı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ˜≈À‡ - ë¬Û fl¬Àı˛ Ê±ø˜˘±ı˛Œ‰¬±‡ Ê;À˘ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬º ¸À/ ¸À/ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÍ“¬±È¬ Œfl“¬À¬Û ›ÀÍ¬, Ú±¸±ı˛g™ øıÀ¶£¬±øı˛Ó¬ ˝˚˛, ±Î¬◊±Î¬◊ fl¬ı˛± ø˙‡±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ Œ¸ œ‚« ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬ºí ı˛ø˝˜±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú õ∂øÓ¬ı± øÂ˘ Ú±º Œ¸ ˝◊ÀBÂ˜Ó¬ ı˛ø˝˜±Àfl¬ ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛º Ó¬±˝◊ Ê±ø˜˘±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’±‰¬ı˛Ì ˜øÊ Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±º˜øÊ ı˘ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¬ı˛À˘ Ê±ø˜˘± ˜øÊÀı˛ ı≈Àfl¬ Ô≈Ô≈ øÚÀé¬¬Û fl¬Àı˛º ¤ı˛ ˙±øô¶ ¶§ı˛+¬Û˜øÊ Êø˜˘±Àfl¬ ˜±Ê±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ‡≈“øÈ¬ı˛ ¸À/ Œı“ÀÒ ı˛±À‡ ¤ı— ˆ¬±Àı ¤fl¬È¬± ı˛±Ó¬¤ˆ¬±Àı fl¬±È¬±À˘ ¸ı øÍ¬fl¬ ˝À˚˛ ˚±Àıº øfl¬c ¬Ûı˛øÚ ˜øÊ ¸•Û”Ì« øı¬Ûı˛œÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ø‰¬SŒ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˚˛º Ê±ø˜˘± Ú˚˛, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ qÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂ ’Ú… ¤fl¬ Ú±ı˛œ ñ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝À…Ó¬ı˛¤fl¬ õ∂øÓ¬ı±œ Ú±ı˛œ ‰¬øı˛S, ˚±Àfl¬ ÒÀ «ı˛ ˆ¬ ˛ Œø‡À ˛ ı± Œ‰¬±‡ ı˛±ø„À ˛, Ò˜Àfl¬ Œfl¬±Úˆ¬±Àı ◊’ıø˜Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ ı˛±‡± ˚±˚˛ øÚº ˜øÊ ŒÀ‡ Ê±ø˜˘± ø‰¬» ˝À˚˛ qÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂ, ’±ı˛ Ó¬±ı˛¤fl¬È¬± ¬Û± fl¬ıÀı˛ı˛ ·±À˚˛ Œ˘À· ’±ÀÂº

’±À˘±‰¬… Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ Œ˘‡fl¬ Œø‡À˚˛ÀÂÚ Œ˚, Ê±ø˜˘± ˆ¬`¬ ¶§±˜œı˛ ˜≈À‡ Ô≈Ô≈øÀ˚˛ÀÂ ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛ ˆ¬`¬±˜œı˛ ·±À˚˛ ¬Û± ŒÍ¬øfl¬À˚˛ÀÂº ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ˜øÊÀı˛ˆ¬`¬±˜œı˛ ˜≈À‡±˙ ‡≈À˘ ˚±˚˛º ¤Ó¬øÚ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ Ò”À˘± øÀ˚˛ ˜øÊ Œ˚È¬±Àfl¬ ˜±Ê±ı˛ıÀ˘ÀÂ Œ¸È¬± ’±¸À˘ ¤fl¬È¬± ÒW—¸ô¶”¬Ûº

’±˜±Àı˛ Ú±ı˛œı±œ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˚ø› ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı¯π˚˛ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ¸œ˜±ıX¬, Ó¬ı≈›Ú±ı˛œı± › Ú±ı˛œı±œ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ õ∂¸À/ øıÀù´ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜øÈ¬› &èQ¬Û”Ì«º ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛¸˜±ÀÊ “±øh¬À˚˛ ˜Ò…˚≈·œ˚˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯« Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±ÀÚı˛ Œ˚ ø‰¬SøÈ¬ ’±˜ı˛± Œ‡ÀÓ¬¬Û±˝◊, Ó¬± ≈–¶§õü Â±h¬± ’Ú… øfl¬Â≈ Ú˚˛Ä ˚ø› Ó¬±ı˛ ¸Ó¬…Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘˝◊øÚ–¸øj˝±Úº ı˘± ı±U˘…, Œ˚ ¸˜±Ê ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ı…ı¶ö±˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± ’±øÂ Ó¬± ¬Û≈è¯Ó¬±øLafl¬,¤˝◊ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú ı± ˜”˘… fl¬Ó¬‡±øÚ Ó¬± ’ı˙…˝◊ øı‰¬±˚«º ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øı—˙˙Ó¬Àfl¬ “±øh¬À˚˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛, ı…øMêQ, ¶§±Ó¬La… › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± õ∂±˚˛˙˝◊˜”˘…˝œÚ ı˘± ‰¬À˘º



õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¬±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ Œ˚ÃÚÓ¬±ı˛ Œ…±Ó¬fl¬ ø˝À¸Àı˝◊ Œ‡± ˝˚˛º ˚ø›Ú±ı˛œ › ¬Û≈è¯ Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛ı˛˝◊ øÚÊ¶§ › ’±˘±± ¸N± ’±ÀÂ, Ó¬ı≈› ¬Û≈è¯Ó¬±øLafl¬ ¸˜±Ê ø˘/-øıˆ¬±ÊÚ fl¬Àı˛ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ’±Rõ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˛ Ú±º ÒÀ˜«ı˛ fl¬˘ ¬Û≈è¯˝◊ Ú±Àh¬ ¸ı¸˜˚˛º Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˜Ú › ˙ı˛œı˛ ≈ÀÈ¬±Àfl¬˝◊ ¬Û≈è¯ øÚÀÊı˛ ’ÒœÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú-’ıÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú Ê≈Àh¬ ˙‘∫À˘ı˛ ¬Ûı˛•Ûı˛±Àfl¬˝◊ ¬Û≈è¯ ˆ¬±˘ı±¸± Ú±˜ Œ˚˛º ’±ı˛ Ó¬±˝◊ ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ’±|˚˛±Ó¬±º Ú±ı˛œ ˚Ó¬é¬Ì Ú± ‡±Àfl¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±˚˛¤À¸ Œ¬“ÛÃÂÀı Ó¬Ó¬é¬Ì ¬Û˚«ôL ˙±ı˛œøı˛fl¬ øÚÀ©Û¯Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜≈øMê ŒÚ˝◊º Ú±ı˛œ ˜±ÀÚ˝◊Œ˚ÃÚ ¸≈À‡ı˛ ’±Ò±ı˛ - ¤˝◊ Ò±ı˛Ì±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬˝◊ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº Ú˝◊À˘ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬Ó¬±øLafl¬¸˜±ÀÊ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¬ÛÀé¬À¬Û ¬Ûı˛±ÒœÚÓ¬±Àfl¬ ıÀ˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÊœıÀÚ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ’˘œfl¬ ¶§Àõüı˛ ˜Ó¬˝◊ ˝À˚˛ Ô±fl¬Àıº¢∂Lö¬Û?œ†¢∂Lö¬Û?œ†¢∂Lö¬Û?œ†¢∂Lö¬Û?œ†¢∂Lö¬Û?œ†1. Ú±ı˛œÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú±† ˜ÚÀÚ › ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…, Ó¬À¬Û±Òœı˛ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ¬Û≈ô¶fl¬ øı¬ÛøÌ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±,

2007º2. ∆ÚøÓ¬fl¬Ó¬± › Ú±ı˛œı±, Œ˙Ù¬±˘œ ∆˜S, øÚÎ¬◊ ¤Ê ¬Û±ıø˘˙±¸«, 2007º3. fl‘¬¯û ı¸≈ı˛ Œ|á¬ fl¬øıÓ¬±, ŒíÊ ¬Û±ıø˘ø˙—º4. ˜ø°fl¬± Œ¸Ú&Àlı˛ Œ|á¬ fl¬øıÓ¬±, ŒíÊ ¬Û±ıø˘ø˙—º5. Ú±ı˛œ ¬Û‘øÔıœ† ıU¶§ı˛, ¸•Û±†- ı±¸ıœ ‰¬SêıÓ¬π, Î¬◊ıœ, 2011º6. øı˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ ı±„±ø˘ ÊœıÚ › ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬† ¸•Û±Ú±, ˝¯« M › ¶§¬ÛÚ ı¸≈,

¬Û≈ô¶fl¬ øı¬ÛøÌ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2010º7. ¬Û≈Ó≈¬˘ Ú±À‰¬ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬fl¬Ô±, ˜±øÚfl¬ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, õ∂fl¬±˙ ˆ¬ıÚº8. õ∂Ô˜ õ∂øÓ¬|n∏øÓ¬, ’±˙±¬Û”Ì«± Œıœº9. ˘±˘¸±˘≈, ∆¸˚˛ ›˚˛±˘œÎ¬◊°±˝, ø‰¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬ õ∂fl¬±˙Úº10. ¸‡±, ÚøjÓ¬± ı±·‰¬œº11. Ú±ı˛œ† ı±—˘± fl¬Ô± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… øÓ¬À˘±M˜±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸, ¸≈Ó¬¬Û± ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«º12. ¸˜±Ê › ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Ú±ı˛œ† ’ı¶ö±Ú › øÚ˜«±Ú, ¸•Û±fl¬ Œı˘± ±¸, ¤fl≈¬˙

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Œfl¬.ø¬Û.ı±·‰¬œ ’…±G¬ Œfl¬±•Û±Úœº15. õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê › ¸±ø˝Ó¬…, ¸≈fl≈¬˜±ı˛œ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ’±Új ¬Û±ıø˘˙±¸«º16. Ò˜« › Ú±ı˛œ† õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬, fl¬Çı˛ ø¸—˝, ı˛…±øÎ¬fl¬…±˘º17. ı±˜±Àı±øÒÚœ ¬ÛøSfl¬±, ’±Új ¬Û±ıø˘˙± «º



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˜≈øMê¬ÛÌ ¶§ı˛+¬Û ±ıœ øÂ˘ ˙ÊÚ ˜≈¸˘œ˜Àfl¬ Œ˘‡±¬Ûh¬± Œ˙‡±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº1 øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘Úë:±Ú ’Ê«Úí fl¬ı˛± õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ ˜≈¸˘œÀ˜ı˛˝◊ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ fl¬Ó«¬ı…ºí2 ±˙«øÚfl¬ ’±˘Ê±ıı˛œı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬¶aœ-ø˙é¬± ’Ó¬…ôL Êèı˛œ, Œfl¬ÚÚ± Ó¬±ı˛±˝◊ ˆ¬øı¯…Ó¬ ¶aœ-¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ Êiú±Sœ ¤ı— ¤ÊÚ…õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ Î¬◊¬Û˚≈Mê ø˙é¬± › ˚ÀÔá¬ :±Úº3 ¬Û˚˛·•§ı˛ Ú±ı˛œ Ê±øÓ¬Àfl¬ ø˙é¬±˘±Àˆ¬ ›¬Û±Í¬‰¬ÀSê Œ˚±·±ÀÚ Î¬◊»¸±˝ øÀÓ¬Úº ’±À˚˛˙± ïı˛±–ó ı˘ÀÓ¬Ú Œ˚, Ò˜«:±Ú Ó¬Ô±ø˙é¬±˘±Àˆ¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛± ˚ÀÔ©Ü ’Ò…±ı¸±˚˛ Œ‡±ÀÓ¬Úº ¬Û±Í¬‰¬ÀSê Œ˚±·±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú ¤ı— ¤ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛± Œfl¬±Ú ¸—Àfl¬±‰¬ õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Ú±º4 ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¢∂Lö¸˜”À˝ Ò˜π˚˛ ø˙é¬±¤ı— ÒÀ˜«ı˛ ¸—ı˛é¬Ìfl¬Àä ¬Û˚˛·•§Àı˛ı˛ ¶aœ ’±À˚˛˙±ı˛ ’ı±ÀÚı˛ fl¬Ô± øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±ÀıÎ¬◊À°‡À˚±·…º ’ÀÈ¬±-øıÚ-’±øı-ı˛±ıT± ıÀ˘øÂÀ˘Ú, ë’±À ˛ ± øÂÀ˘Ú ¤fl¬ÊÚ øıø˙©Ü :±ÚœÚ±ı˛œ, ø˚øÚ ¸Àı«±»fl‘¬©Ü ¸»¬Ûı˛±˜˙« ±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ø˝˙…±˜ ˝◊ıÚ ’±Àı˛±˚˛± ıÀ˘øÂÀ˘Ú,ë˝◊¸˘±ø˜ Ú…±˚˛˙±¶a, ›¯≈Ò ¤ı— fl¬±Àı… ’±À˚˛˙±ı˛ ‰¬±˝◊ÀÓ¬ Œ|á¬ :±Úœ Œfl¬Î¬◊˝◊ øÂ˘ Ú±ºí5

Ú±ı˛œ·ÀÌı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø˙é¬± › Œ˘‡± ø˙‡ı±ı˛ õ∂ı˘ ’±¢∂˝ Œ‡± ø·À˚˛øÂ˘º ’±˘-¸±Ù¬±-øıÚ-’±ı≈°± ¬Û˚˛·•§Àı˛ı˛ ¸•úøÓ¬ SêÀ˜ Ó¬±ı˛ ¶aœ ˝±Ù¬¸±Àfl¬ Œ˘‡±¬Ûh¬± ø˙ø‡À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº6

¬ÛøıS Œfl¬±ı˛±ÀÌı˛ ˜”˘ ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸≈jı˛ ˝ô¶ø˘ø¬Û Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛, Œ˚&À˘±˝◊ı˛±fl¬ › ±˜±¶®±À¸ı˛ ı˛˜ÚœÀı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸—·‘ø˝Ó¬º ¤Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øfl¬Â≈ ı˛˜ÚœÀı˛ëı±¢¨œ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±í ıÀ˘ ’±‡…± Œ› ˛± ˝À ˛ÀÂº7 ˚± ◊ Œ˝±fl¬, Ú±ı˛œı˛± øfl¬ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ :±Ú±Ài§ ÀÌøÚ˚≈Mê Ô±fl¬Àı Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ¬Ûø`¬Ó¬Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øZ˜Ó¬ øÂ˘º ¤fl¬À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ qÒ≈Ò˜π˚˛ ø˙é¬±, ·‘˝¶ö±ø˘, ˜±Ó‘¬Q øı¯˚˛fl¬ ø‰¬ôL±ÀÓ¬˝◊ øÚ˜¢ü Ô±fl¬± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º Ú±ı˛œı˛ øı:±Ú‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ’±ı˙…fl¬Ó¬±˝◊ ŒÚ˝◊º ¤˝◊ ˜ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¬Àı˛ Œ‡± Œ˚Ó¬ ˝◊øÊÀõI◊º ‘©Ü±ôL



¶§ı˛+¬Û ˝±ø¸˜ ˝◊ıË±ø˝˜Àfl¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ˙±Ú± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¶ö±Ú ˝˘ ·‘À˝º ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ¤˜ÚŒfl¬±Ú :±Ú ‰¬‰«¬± fl¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛ ˚± Ó¬±Àfl¬ ·‘˝ ŒÔÀfl¬ ”Àı˛ ¸øı˛À˚˛ Œ˚˛º Ú±ı˛œfl≈¬À˘ı˛Œ¸˝◊ ø˙é¬±˝◊ ŒÚ›˚˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ˚± Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¬Û”Ì«±/ ·‘ø˝Ìœ › ÊÚÚœÀÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ÌÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛º ’¬Ûı˛¤fl¬˘ ¬Ûø`¬Ó¬ ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú Ú±ı˛œı˛ ø˙é¬± ˝Àı ¸ı«øı¯˚˛fl¬, Œfl¬±Ú ı…øÓ¬Sê˜ Ú± Œı˛À‡˝◊º¤¸fl¬˘ ˜Ó¬±ı˘•§œı˛± øÂÀ˘Ú Ú±ı˛œ ˜≈øMêı˛ õ∂ıMê± ¤ı— ¤Àı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ fl¬±ø¸˜’±˜œÀÚı˛ ˜Ó¬ ı…øMêQº

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˚±ı˛ ’Ô« ˚±ı˛± ¸»fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛Àı Œ¸ ¬Û≈è¯ Œ˝±fl¬ ı± Ú±ı˛œ ˚ø Œ¸ øıù´±¸œ ˝˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘Ó¬±ı˛± Ê±iß±ÀÓ¬ õ∂Àı˙ fl¬ı˛Àıº ’±ı˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ øfl¬Â≈˜±S ’øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛± ˝Àı Ú±º ˘é¬…fl¬ı˛À˘ Œ‡± ˚±Àı Œ˚, Œfl¬±ı˛±Ì Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ Î¬◊Mı˛±øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº ˚øŒfl¬±ı˛±Ì ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ Œ‡± ˚±Àı Œ˚, ¸”ı˛± ı±fl¬±ı˛±, ¸≈ı˛±øÚ¸±, ¸”ı˛±˜±˚˛±ÀÓ¬ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àı Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚, Ú±ı˛œ ¶aœı˛+À¬Û, ˜±Ó¬±ı˛+À¬Û ¤ı— fl¬Ú…±ı˛+À¬ÛÎ¬◊Mı˛±øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±øı˛Ìœ ˝Àıº Ó¬±Àı˛ ’—˙ Œfl¬±ı˛±ÀÌ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àı øÚÒ«±øı˛Ó¬ ˝À˚˛’±ÀÂº ı˘± ’±ı˙…fl¬ Ú±ı˛œı˛ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛›Œfl¬±ı˛±ÀÌ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬º Î¬† Ê±øfl¬ı˛ Ú±À˚˛fl¬ › Î¬† ›¸˜±Ú ·Ìœ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛˝◊ Œfl¬±ı˛±ÀÌı˛ ¸”ı˛±ıøÚ˝◊¸ı˛±˝◊À˘ Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ëÎ¬◊˚˛±˘± - Ó¬±fl¬Ó≈¬˘≈-’±Î¬◊˘±-±fl≈¬Ú ... fl¬±-Ú± ø‡Q’±Ú fl¬øıı˛±íï17†31ó ¤ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ9, ˚±ı˛ ’Ô« ëøÚÀÊÀı˛ ¸ôL±Ú ï¬Û≈S ı± fl¬Ú…±ó ±øı˛À…ı˛ˆ¬À˚˛ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬Àı˛± Ú±º ’±ø˜ Ó¬±Àı˛› ’±˝±ı˛ Œı, ¤ı— ŒÓ¬±˜±Àı˛›íº ¤˝◊ ¸≈ı˛± õ∂˜±Ìfl¬Àı˛ Œ˚, ¸˜±ÀÊ fl¬Ú…± ¸ôL±ÀÚı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ Œ˚ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ Ó¬± Œfl¬±ı˛±Ì ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛øÚÀ˚˛øÂ˘º Î¬† ›¸˜±Ú ·Ìœ Œfl¬±ı˛±ÀÌ Ú±ı˛œı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ¸˜…fl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛˜ôLı… fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Œ˚, ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ˜ø˝˘±Àı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˜Ú·h¬± › Œ‡˚˛±˘‡≈˙œ˜Ó¬ Ù¬ÀÓ¬±˚˛± Ê±øı˛fl¬ı˛± Œfl¬ı˘ ’Ú…±˚˛˝◊ Ú˚˛, Œfl¬±ı˛±ÀÌı˛ ‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ fl≈¬Ù¬øı˛› ıÀÈ¬º ’¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ·Àı¯fl¬∆¸˚˛ fl¬±øÚÊ-˜≈ô¶±Ù¬± Ó¬±ı˛ ë˝◊¸˘±À˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛í10 ¢∂ÀLö-¤ ¸øÍ¬fl¬ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ Î¬◊À°‡fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Œ˚, õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ˝◊¸˘±˜œfl¬ ˚≈À· ’±ı˛ı Ú±ı˛œ øıÀ˙¯ ˜˚«±±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛œ øÂÀ˘Úº¤ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ˜˝•ú fl≈¬Ó≈¬ı Ó“¬±ı˛ ë˝◊¸˘±˜› Ú±ı˛œí ¢∂LöÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº11 ıdÓ¬–¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛± Â±h¬±› ’±ı˛ı Ú±ı˛œı˛± ˚≈X¬ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˘Ú± › ˙±øôL ı˛é¬±ı˛ ÊÚ…ıœı˛±/Ú±ı˛ ŒıÀ˙ ’±øı«ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº ¤˜Úfl¬œ øıı±˜±Ú Œ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˙±øôL ¶ö±¬ÛÀÚ



’±ı˛ı Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¸Ù¬˘ øÂ˘º ‡ø˘Ù¬± ˝±èÚ-’±˘-ı˛ø˙Àı˛ ¶aœ Ê≈Àı± Ó¬±ı˛ ¶§±˜œÀfl¬˙±¸Ú ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˘Ú±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ù¬ı˛˜±Ú øÀÓ¬Úº ’±˘-›˚˛±ø˘Àı˛ fl¬Ú…± ’Àù´ı˛ ı˛é¬Ì±Àıé¬Ìfl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¤˜Úfl¬œ Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ ˜ø˝˘±ı˛± ’ı&_Ú˝œÚˆ¬±Àı ¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¤fl¬¸±ÀÔÚ±˜±Êƒ› ¬Ûh¬ÀÓ¬Úº12

Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛±Mê ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À°‡… Œ˚, ÿÚøı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ˜±Á¬±˜±øÁ¬ı± Œ˙¯±Ò« ŒÔÀfl¬ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬± õ∂¸±Àı˛ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± øÂ˘ ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º¤fl¬Ô± ’Ú¶§œfl¬±˚« Œ˚, ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ ˝◊—Àı˛Ê ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ˙±¸ÀÚı˛ ¸ıøfl¬Â≈ Œˆ¬À„ ¬Ûh¬±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ ø˙é¬± ı…ı¶ö±› Œˆ¬À„ ¬ÛÀh¬øÂ˘º ˝±KÈ¬±ı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ øııı˛ÌœÀÓ¬≈ ˘œ˜ ø˙é¬±ı˛ ¤ ◊ ”ı˛±ı¶ö±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬ ˛ øÀ ˛øÂÀ˘Úº ≈ ˘œ˜ ø˙é¬± ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ

’Ú…Ó¬˜ ı…øMêQ ˜˝•ú ’±øÊÊ≈˘ ˝fl¬ ¶Û©Ü Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Œ˚, ¤fl¬˜±S ø˙é¬±ı˛˜±Ò…À˜˝◊ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±Ê øÚÀÊÀı˛ ¸≈õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º 1780 ‡Ëœ–˜≈¸˘œ˜ ø˙é¬±ı˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ ÊÚ… fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± ˜±^±¸± øfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ì Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ ¸±ÒÚ fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘ Ó¬±øÚÀ˚˛ ¸ÀjÀ˝ı˛ ’ıfl¬±˙ ’±ÀÂº ¤ õ∂¸À/ ı˘± ’±ı˙…fl¬ Œ˚, ˝◊—ı˛±Êœ ø˙é¬±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ı±„±˘œ ø˝j≈ ¸•x±˚˛ Œ˚ˆ¬±Àı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ’¢∂¸ı˛ ˝øBÂ˘, Œ¸ˆ¬±Àı ’¢∂¸ı˛˝›˚˛± ˜≈¸ø˘˜ ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¸yı ˝˚˛øÚº ¤ÊÚ… Œfl¬ı˘˜±S ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ≈ı˛±ı¶ö± Œ˚ ±˚˛œ øÂ˘ Ó¬± Ú˚˛, ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ Œ˜±°± Œ˜Ã˘ıœı˛± ˝◊—ı˛±Êœ ˆ¬±¯±ø˙é¬±ı˛ øıèÀX¬ õ∂‰¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº ¤˝◊ ø˙é¬±Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛± ë˝±ı˛±˜í ıÀ˘ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛ ¤ı—¤ı˛ øıèÀX¬ Œ‚±ı˛Ó¬ı˛ ’±Àj±˘Ú qè fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº Ó¬Àı øı˘À•§ ˝À˘› ı±„±˘œ ≈ ˘˜±Ú¸˜±Ê ˝◊—ı˛±Êœ ø˙é¬± ¢∂˝ÀÌı˛ ’±ı˙…fl¬Ó¬± Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘º ë˝◊¸˘±˜ õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬í ¤ı˛˜ÀÓ¬± ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ¬ÛøSfl¬±ÀÓ¬› ¤ı˛+¬Û ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º13 ¤fl¬˝◊ ¸À/Ó¬±øÚôLÚ ı/œ˚˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±Ê ø˙é¬±ı˛ &èQ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬Ô±Àfl¬º ¤˝◊ õ∂¸À/ Î¬◊À°‡… Œ˚, ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¬ˆ¬±Àı øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛À˘ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, 1834 ‡Ëœ–Œ˜flƒ¬À˘ı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ ’±·˜Ú ¤ı— ’±˝◊Ú ¸ˆ¬±˚˛ ¸¸… ¬ÛÀı˛ Œ˚±·±ÀÚı˛ ‚È¬Ú± ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«ø˙é¬±ı˛ ◊øÓ¬˝±À¸ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øıÀ˙¯ Ó¬±»¬Û «…¬Û”Ì« ‚È¬Ú±º Ó¬±øÚôLÚ ·ˆ¬Ú«ı˛ ŒÊÚ±Àı˛ ŒıøÈ¬ÇŒ˜flƒ¬˘Àfl¬ ëŒÊÚ±Àı˛˘ fl¬ø˜øÈ¬ ’Ù¬ ¬Û±ıø˘fl¬ ˝◊Ú¶Üò±fl¬˙ÀÚı˛í Œõ∂ø¸ÀÎ¬KÈ¬ ¬ÛÀ øÚ˚≈Mêfl¬Àı˛Úº Œ˜flƒ¬À˘ı˛ øı‡…±Ó¬ õ∂ô¶±ı ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«ı˛ ˆ¬øı¯…Ó¬ ø˙é¬±ı˛ ı˛+¬Û øfl¬ı˛+¬Û ˝Àı Œ¸¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸˜ôL ZÀeı˛ ’ı¸±Ú ‚È¬±˚˛º øı¶ú˚˛fl¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ Œ˚, ’…±Î¬±À˜ı˛ øı˛À¬Û±È«¬ Ô±fl¬±¸ÀN› Œ˜flƒ¬À˘ı˛ õ∂ô¶±Àı ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¶aœ-ø˙é¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Œfl¬±Ú øıı‘øÓ¬ øÂ˘ Ú±º Œ˜flƒ¬À˘’±˙± õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú Œ˚, ˝◊Î¬◊Àı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ :±Ú-øı:±Ú ø˙é¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ı˛±ø˙˚˛±Œ˚ˆ¬±Àı ’±ø˜ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ, ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«› ’Ú≈ı˛+¬Û øfl¬Â≈ ‚È¬Àıºøfl¬c ¤˝◊ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Ó¬˘±ı˛ øÀfl¬ ˚±Àı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú ’Ô«±» ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú±ı˛œ Ó¬±Àı˛ øfl¬ˆ¬±Àı



Ó≈¬À˘ ’±Ú± ˝Àı Œ¸ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Œ˜flƒ¬À˘ øÂÀ˘Ú Úœı˛ıº14

ı˘± ı±U˘…, Œfl¬±•Û±Úœı˛ Î¬◊±¸œÚÓ¬± › øÚø©ç¬˚˛Ó¬± ¸ÀN› ÿÚøı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬¶aœ-ø˙é¬± ı…±¬Û±ı˛øÈ¬ Ô±ø˜À˚˛ ı˛±‡± ˚±˚˛øÚº ø˝j≈ ¸˜±Ê ¤ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ ø¬ÛøÂÀ˚˛ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬‰¬±˚˛øÚº Ó¬Àı ’±¬Û±˜ı˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¶aœ-ø˙é¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸≈¶Û©Ü Ò±ı˛Ú±ı˛Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ øÂ˘ ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛º Î¬◊˝◊ø˘˚˛±˜ ’…±Î¬±˜ 1836 ‡Ëœ– õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ Ó¬±ı˛ øı˛À¬Û±ÀÈ«¬ëŒà¬È¬ ’Ù¬ ¤Î≈¬Àfl¬˙Ú ˝◊Ú Œı/˘í ¤ ˜ôLı… fl¬Àı˛Ú Œ˚, ø˝j≈ › ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛¸˜±ÀÊ˝◊ ¤˝◊ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Ò±ı˛Ì± øÂ˘ Œ˚, Œfl¬±Ú Œ˜À˚˛ ø˙é¬±˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛À˘ Ó¬±ı˛ øıı±À˝ı˛ ¬Ûı˛Œ¸ øıÒı± ˝Àıº15 1882-83 ¸±˘ Ú±·± ◊ø`¬ ˛±Ú ¤Î≈¬Àfl¬˙Ú fl¬ø˜˙Ú Ó¬±Àı˛ øı˛À¬Û±ÀÈ«¬›Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¬øÀfl¬ Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ &èQ ’±Àı˛±¬Û fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸•x± ˛ øÚøı«À˙À¯ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı¯π˚˛ ÊÚ·ÀÌı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ú±ı˛œø˙é¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ øıı˛+¬Û ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±Àıı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡fl¬Àı˛º16 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ı±„±˘œ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ ¶aœ-ø˙é¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ŒÚøÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬‘ø©Üˆ¬/œ ¬Ûøı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛º 1868 ‡Ëœ– fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ ëŒı/˘ Œ¸±¸…±˘ ¸±À˚˛k’…±À¸±ø¸À˚˛˙ÀÚí ’±À˚˛±øÊÓ¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¸ˆ¬±˚˛ Úı±ı ’±ı≈˘ ˘øÓ¬Ù¬ ëı±„˘±˚˛˜¸≈˘œ˜ ø˙é¬±í Ú±˜fl¬ ·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øÚıÀg¬ ˜≈¸˘˜±ÀÚı˛ ø˙é¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì«˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ı…Mê fl¬Àı˛Úº øfl¬c Ó¬±ı˛ ¤˝◊ øÚıÀg¬ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Œfl¬±Ú ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ øÂ˘ Ú±º ‹ ¸ˆ¬±ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ¬Û…±øı˛‰“¬± ø˜S ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬± õ∂¸/Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛À˘ ’¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¸¸… ’±ı≈˘ ˝±øfl¬˜ Î¬◊Mı˛ ŒÚ Œ˚, ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛¬ÛÀé¬ ¬Û«±Àfl¬ Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬± fl¬Àı˛ ø˙é¬±Àfl¬ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛± ¸yı¬Ûı˛ Ú˚˛º17 Ó¬Àı ¤ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛∆¸ ˛ ’±˜œı˛ ’±ø˘ı˛ ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œ øÂ˘ ¶Û©Üº øÓ¬øÚ ≈ ˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ø˙é¬±ı˛ Î¬◊À¬Û±˚±ø·Ó¬±Àfl¬¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº øfl¬c 1884 ‡Ëœ– ˘Î«¬ øı˛¬ÛÀÚı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Œõ∂øı˛Ó¬ ëŒ¸KC±˘ Ú…±˙Ú±˘˜˝±À˜Î¬±Ú ’…±À¸±ø¸À ˛ ÀÚı˛í ¬Ûé¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ≈ ˘˜±ÚÀı˛ ø˙é¬± ¸—Sê±ôL ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’±ÀıÀÚ¶aœ-ø˙é¬±ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊøÚ˚˛Ó¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Œfl¬±Ú ıMêı… Î¬◊À°‡ øÂ˘ Ú±º18 Ó¬Àı ı±„±˘œ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±Ê Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬± õ∂¸±Àı˛ øfl¬c øıı˛Ó¬ ˝˚˛øÚº 1903 ‡Ëœ– ë˝◊¸˘±˜ õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬í¬ÛøSfl¬±˚˛ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øı˛À¬Û±ÀÈ«¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê±Ú± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ëı/œ˚˛ õ∂±Àø˙fl¬ ˜≈¸˘˜±Úø˙é¬± ¸ø˜øÓ¬ı˛í Ó¬ı˛Ù¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¶aœ-ø˙é¬±ı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ¬ÛÀé¬¬Û ı˛+À¬ÛŒfl¬ı˘˜±S ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ÊÚ… ˜ø˝˘± øı…±˘˚˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊøÚ˚˛Ó¬± Î¬◊À°‡fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛º ı˛±Ê˙±˝œÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ¸ø˜øÓ¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ’øÒÀı˙Ú ø˜Ê«±¸≈Ê±» ’±ø˘Àı·,Œ˜À¸ı˛Î¬◊øVÚ ’±˝À˜ õ∂˜≈‡ ıMê±ı˛± Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ıMêı… Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛Ú¤ı— Œ¸˝◊ ¸ˆ¬±˚˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œø˙é¬±ı˛ &èQ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬› ¤fl¬øÈ¬ õ∂ô¶±ı ·‘˝œÓ¬ ˝˚˛º19

Ó¬Àı øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ õ∂±ı˛Ày Ó¬±øÚôLÚ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ı±—˘±ı˛ ¸±˜ø˚˛fl¬¬ÛS ¸˜”˝¸Àı«±Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı Ò˜«øÚı˛À¬Ûé¬ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¶aœ-ø˙é¬±ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ øÂ˘ Ó¬± Ú˚˛, 1311 ı/±Àsı˛ 14



’±øù´Ú ëø˜ø˝ı˛ › ¸≈Ò±fl¬ı˛í ¬ÛøSfl¬±˚˛ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øÚıÀgí20 ¤˝◊ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ı…Mê ˝˚˛Œ˚, ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¶aœ-ø˙é¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ı/ˆ¬±¯± Â±h¬±› Œfl¬±ı˛±Ì ø˙é¬± › Î¬◊≈« ˆ¬±¯± ø˙é¬±’±ıø˙…fl¬º ¤˝◊ øÚıÀg¬ ‡≈ı ¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àı ı…Mê fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛ Œ˚, ¤fl¬ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ø˙é¬±˚˛˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ø˙øé¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˘› ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ÊÚ… Î¬◊B‰¬ø˙é¬±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚŒÚ˝◊º 1919 ‡Ëœ– ë’±˘-˝◊¸˘±˜í ¬ÛøSfl¬±˚˛ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ õ∂ıÀg Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¤fl¬ÊÚ¸˜±Ê-¸—¶®±ı˛fl¬ Œ˙‡ ’±ı≈ı˛ ı˛˝˜±Ú21 ¤˝◊ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ı…Mê fl¬Àı˛Ú Œ˚, Î¬◊B‰¬ø˙é¬±ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Î¬◊À¬Û±˚±·œ Ú˚˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤˜Ú˝◊ ø˙é¬± ˜≈¸˘œ˜Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ Œ›˚˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ˚±ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛± ·‘˝fl¬À˜« øÚ¬Û≈Ì ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ıdÓ¬– ı˛˝˜±ÀÚı˛ ¤˝◊ø‰¬ôL±Ò±ı˛± øÂ˘ ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±Àıı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˚˛fl¬º Ó¬Àı ¤fl¬˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ ’¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚÚ±ı˛œ ’±Àj±˘Úfl¬±ı˛œ Ú≈èÀiß ± ‡±Ó≈¬Ú ë¸›·±Ó¬í ¬ÛøSfl¬± ˛ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ëÚ±ı˛œ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ ø˙é¬±í22

Ú±˜fl¬ õ∂ıÀg¬ ¤˝◊ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ı…Mê fl¬Àı˛Ú Œ˚, ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ fl¬‡Ú˝◊ Ó¬Ô±fl¬øÔÓ¬ø˜˙Ú±ı˛œ ¶≥®À˘ ı± ıË±p¬Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ Œfl¬±Ú ¶≥®À˘ ø˙é¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛º øÓ¬øÚ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú ˚Ó¬øÚ Ú± ’ıøÒ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œø˙é¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œ ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ·Àh¬›ÀÍ¬, Ó¬Ó¬øÚ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œ ·‘˝ ø˙é¬±˚˛ ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ˝Î¬◊fl¬º ’¬Ûı˛ ≈íÊÚ ¸˜±Ê ¸—¶®±ı˛fl¬ı˛ø˝˜± ‡±Ú˜ ø˜ø® ¤ı— Œı·˜ Ù¬ÀÓ¬˜± Œ˘±˝±Úœ, Ú≈èÀiß¸± ‡±Ó≈¬ÀÚı˛ ıMêı…Àfl¬˝◊ ¸˜Ô«Úfl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº 1334 ı/±Àsı˛ fl¬±øÓ«¬fl¬ ˜±À¸ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ë¸›·±Ó¬í ¬ÛøSfl¬±˚˛ ë¶aœ-ø˙é¬±íÚ±À˜ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øÚıÀg Ó¬±À˝èøVÚ ’±˝À˜23 ˜ôLı… fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Œ˚, ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ı±˘fl¬Àı˛ø˙é¬±ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ı±ø˘fl¬±Àı˛ ø˙é¬± øˆ¬iß ˝›˚˛± õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ı±ø˘fl¬±Àfl¬ ø˙é¬± ˘±Àˆ¬ı˛ ¸À/ ¸À/ ·‘ fl¬À « øÚ¬Û≈Ì ˝› ˛± ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ¤ı— Œ¸ÊÚ… ø˙é¬±˘±ˆ¬ı±>Úœ˚˛º Ó¬Àı ı±„±˘œ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¸˜±Ê ¸—¶®±ı˛fl¬ › ı≈øX¬Êœıœ∆¸˚˛ ’±˜œı˛ ’±ø˘ 1899 ‡Ëœ©Ü±Às ˜˝±À˜Î¬±Ú ¤Î≈¬Àfl¬˙Ú±˘ fl¬ÚÙ¬±Àı˛Àk ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ı˛ˆ¬±¯ÀÌ ˜ôLı… fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú Œ˚, ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ı±˘fl¬ › ı±ø˘fl¬± Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛Àfl¬˝◊ ¤fl¬˝◊ ø˙é¬±˚˛ø˙øé¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ı˛fl¬±ı˛º24

¸˜fl¬±˘œÚ øıøˆ¬iß ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¬ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¬±˚˛ øıÒı± øıı±À˝ ’Úœ˝±, ¬Û«± Ó¬…±·,ı±˘…øıı±˝, Ó¬±˘±fl¬-õ∂Ô±, ı“±œ-õ∂Ô± ˝◊Ó¬…±ø Ú±ı˛œ Œfl¬øffl¬ ¸˜¸…± Œ˚ ¸—¶®±ı˛¬ÛLöœÀı˛øı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬À˘øÂ˘ Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂˜±Ì ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛,25 1858 ‡Ëœ– ëŒı/˘ Œ¸±¸…±˘’…±À¸±ø¸À˚˛˙ÀÚı˛í ¤fl¬ ¸ˆ¬±˚˛º ’±ı≈˘ ˘øÓ¬ÀÙ¬ı˛ ë˜˝±À˜Î¬±Ú ¤Î≈¬Àfl¬˙Ú ˝◊Ú Œı/˘íõ∂ıg ¬Û±ÀÍ¬ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬ õ∂Àùü±Mı˛ ’±¸Àı˛ ¬Û…±ı˛œ‰“¬± ø˜S ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ø˙é¬± ¸—Sê±ôLõ∂ùü fl¬ı˛À˘ ’±ı≈˘ ˘øÓ¬Ù¬ ˝◊¸˘±À˜ Ú±ı˛œø˙é¬±ı˛ &èÀQı˛ fl¬Ô± ¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ıÀ˘ÚŒ˚, ¤Ó¬ƒ¸ÀN› ˜≈¸˘˜±Úı˛± ’Ú… ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛ ˜Ó¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ fl¬Ú…± ¸ôL±ÚÀı˛ ¶≥®˘-fl¬À˘ÀÊ ¬Û±Í¬±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±, ÒÀ˜«ı˛ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ Ó¬±ı˛± Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ¬Û«±¸œÚ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ı±Ò…º26



’±ı≈˘ ˝±øfl¬˜ ’±ı˛øı-Ù¬±¸π Ò˜« ø˙é¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œ˜±ıX ¤ı— ·‘˝ø˙é¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛˝◊ &èQ’±Àı˛±¬Û fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº ë˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ê±Ú±Ú±í ı± Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Û«±ı˛ ı±Ò± › ˙±¶aøı˜≈‡Ó¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬˝◊ ø‰¬S ’±˜ı˛± ¬Û±˝◊ 1905-06 ˜ø˝˘± ¶≥®˘ ˝◊Ú¸À¬Ûfl¬ÀÇ ø˜¸ƒ ıËn∏fl¬õ∂M ¤fl¬ øı˛À¬Û±ÀÈ«¬º ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛± ˚±ÀÓ¬ ˝◊¸˘±À˜ı˛ ˙±¶a&ø˘ ¸˝ÀÊ ’±˚˛M fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬Û±Àı˛ ¤ı— ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ ¶aœ-ø˙é¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Û«± › Ò˜« ¤˝◊ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ øfl¬˝◊˚±ÀÓ¬ ı˛é¬± ˝˚˛, ¤˝◊ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… 1903 ‡Ëœ– 15 ŒÙ¬ıËn∏˚˛±ı˛œ Ê±øà¸ ’±˜œı˛ ’±ø˘ı˛¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ÀQ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ ˜˝±À˜Î¬±Ú ˝◊Î¬◊øÚ˚˛Ú ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸ˆ¬± fl¬Àı˛ õ∂±Àø˙fl¬ ˜≈¸˘˜±Úø˙é¬± ¸ø˜øÓ¬ ·Í¬ÀÚı˛ õ∂ô¶±ı fl¬Àı˛º27 ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¶aœ·ÀÌı˛ Ò˜« › ÚœøÓ¬ ø˙é¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛&èQ ’±Àı±¬Û õ∂¸À/ ı/œ˚ õ∂±Àø˙fl¬ ≈ ˘˜±Ú ø˙é¬± ¸ø˜øÓ¬ı Ó¬ıÙ¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ı±Ê˙±˝œÀÓ¬¤fl¬ ’øÒÀı˙Ú ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ¤˝◊ ¸ø˜øÓ¬ ·Í¬ÀÚı˛ õ∂±˚˛ Œh¬ ˙fl¬ ¬ÛÀı˛ ı±—˘±ı˛˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ë’?≈˜±ÀÚ ›˘±˜±í 1928 ‡Ëœ–‰¬A¢∂±˜ ’øÒÀı˙ÀÚ ¶aœ-ø˙é¬±ı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ ¤fl¬˝◊ ø¸X±ôL ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛º28 Ó¬±Â±h¬± õ∂‡…±Ó¬ë˝◊¸˘±˜ õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬í-¤ı˛ Œ˙À¯ Êø˜èøVÚ 1901 ‡Ëœ– Œ·“±h¬±ı˛ øÀfl¬ ı˛±Ê˙±˝œ ˙˝Àı˛ı˛¸øißfl¬ÀÈ¬ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ¤fl¬ Ò˜« ¸ˆ¬±˚˛ ¶aœø˙é¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ Œ˚ ıM‘êÓ¬± õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú Ó¬±ı˛Z±ı˛± Œ¸˝◊ ’=À˘ı˛ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú·Ì ıU˘±—À˙ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º29 ¤˝◊ õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬› ¸—¶®±ı˛fl¬·Ì ¶aœ-ø˙é¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ˚Ó¬˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ Î¬◊»¸±˝ õ∂˙«Ú fl¬èfl¬ Ú± Œfl¬Ú, ¤Àı˛Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±ı˛ ·ˆ¬œÀı˛ ˝◊¸˘±˜ øÂ˘ ¸ı«±˝◊ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ¤ı— ¤Àı˛ ¸˜±Ê fl¬˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¬ ø‰¬ôL±¸ı«é¬Ì˝◊ ’±ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ˙ı˛œ˚˛Ó¬ › Ó¬±ı˛ qXÓ¬± ı˛é¬±Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛º ’±¸À˘ ¬Û«±õ∂Ô±ı˛ ¸À/ ˝◊¸˘±˜œfl¬ı˛ÀÌı˛ ø‰¬ôL± ˚≈Mê ˝À˚˛ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ Ò˜«øÚá¬¤fl¬øÈ¬ ı‘˝» ’—˙ ¬Û«±õ∂Ô±ı˛ ’ı˘≈øl ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº Œ¸˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ ¶aœ ø˙é¬±ı˛±ıœ Ó¬±Àı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ’/œfl¬±ı˛ ˝À˘› ø˙é¬±ı˛ ’±À˘± ¬Û«±Àˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ¬“ÛÃÂ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº

øfl¬c ˜≈Mê˜Ú± ¸—¶®±ı˛ı±œı˛± ¤˝◊ ’ı¶ö± Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ÚøÚº ı±—˘±ı˛˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ŒÚSœ Œı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛± øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ Œ·“±h¬±ı˛ øÀfl¬¤˝◊ ë¬Û«±›˚˛±˘± Œ˜±°± Œ˜Ã˘ıœÀı˛í øıèÀX õ∂±˚˛ ŒÊ˝± Œ‚±¯Ì± fl¬Àı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ı˛/˜À= ’±øı«ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº Ó¬Àı Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ ’±À·› Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛ Œ˚’±Àj±˘Ú ˝˚˛øÚ Ó¬± Ú˚˛º 1873 ‡Ëœ– Ú±·± Ù¬˚˛Ê≈Àiß¸± Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛±Úœ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ fl≈¬ø˜°±ı˛Î¬◊B‰¬ ˝◊—ı˛±Êœ ı±ø˘fl¬± øı…±˘˚˛, 1873 ‡Ëœ– Ï¬±fl¬± fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ¬Û±Í¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¬øÓ¬¬Û˚˛ Â±SZ±ı˛±õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ëÏ¬±fl¬± ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸≈˝+ ¸ø•ú˘Úœí ¤ı— Œ˘øÎ¬ ˜…±Àfl¬ø? fl¬Ó‘«¬fl¬ Î¬◊ÀZ±øÒÓ¬fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ ë˜≈¸˘œ˜ ı±ø˘fl¬± ˜±^±¸±í Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸˜±Ê ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±ı˛ ¸±é¬…ı˝Ú fl¬Àı˛º30 ’øÒfl¬±—˙ Œé¬ÀS˝◊ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ı±ø˘fl¬±Àı˛ Ò˜« ø˙é¬± øÂ˘ ¤Àı˛ ˜”˘Î¬◊ÀV˙…º ’¬Ûı˛øÀfl¬ Œı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± øÂ˘ ¸•Û”Ì« øı¬Ûı˛œÓ¬ › ˚≈·±ôLfl¬±ı˛œº



Œfl¬ı˘˜±S Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬œfl¬ı˛Ì Ú˚˛, ¬Û«± Ú±˜fl¬ ’:±ÚÓ¬± › Êh¬Ó¬±ı˛ Œ˜±˝Àfl¬øıøBÂiß fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±ÊÀfl¬º Œı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ›Î¬◊À…±À· 1911 ‡Ëœ– 16 ˜±‰«¬ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ Ó¬±ø˘›˚˛±°± Œ˘ÀÚ ˜±S 11 ÊÚ Â±SœÀfl¬øÚÀ˚˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ÊÚ… õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ˙±‡±›˚˛±Ó¬ Œ˜À˜±øı˛˚˛±˘ ·±˘«¸ ¶≥®˘º31

&èQ¬Û”Ì« ¤˝◊ Œ˚, Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ Ú±ı˛œ ˜≈øMê-ˆ¬±ıÚ± ’øı˘À•§˝◊ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ¤fl¬ ’øÓ¬é≈¬^ ˜≈Mêı≈øX¬ ¸•x±˚˛Àfl¬ ’±fl‘¬©Ü fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ’±¸À˘ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ ˚≈X¬Œ‚±¯Ì± øÂ˘ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬ Œ˜±°±Ó¬ÀLaı˛ øıèÀX, Œ˚ ı…ı¶ö± ˝◊¸˘±˜Àfl¬ ¸±˜ÀÚ Œı˛À‡ ¸˜ô¶ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛ ’Ú≈À¬Û±À˚±·œ ¸—¶®±ı˛Àfl¬ øÈ¬øfl¬À˚˛ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ˘º ¤˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ˝◊ ˜≈Mêı≈øX¬ı≈øXÊœıœ Œ·±á¬œ Œı˛±Àfl¬ ˛±ı˛ ¤ ◊ ø‰¬ôL± «ÚÀfl¬ qÒ≈ ±S Ú±ı˛œ ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œ˜±ıXÚ± Œı˛À‡ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¤fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì« ¸˜±Ê ¸—¶®±ı˛ ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ ı˛+¬Û Œı±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤ø·À˚˛’±À¸Úº ¤˝◊ Œ·±á¬œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…Ó¬˜ øÂÀ˘Ú ’±ı≈˘ ¸±˘±˜, Œ¸±øÙ¬˚˛± ‡±Ó≈¬Ú, ’±Sê˜‡“±, fl¬±Êœ ’±ı≈˘ ›˚˛±≈ õ∂˜≈‡ ı…øMê·Ìº ¤˝◊ ˜≈Mêı≈øX Œ·±á¬œı˛ ’Ú≈Àõ∂ı˛Ì±˚˛ ¤ı—ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ õ∂Ô˜ ˜ø˝˘± ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸•Û±øfl¬± Œ¸±øÙ¬˚˛± ‡±Ó≈¬ÀÚı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛1921 ‡Ëœ– õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝ ˛ ı±—˘±ı˛ ≈ ˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ≈‡¬ÛS ë’±Àiß ±íº32 ’øı˘À•§Ï¬±fl¬± øıù´øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ˝À˘ 1927 ‡Ëœ– Ú±·± Â±SÀı˛ Î¬◊À…±À· ˜≈¸˘œ˜-¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯fl¬ ’±ı≈˘ Œ˝±À¸ÀÚı˛ ’Ú≈Àõ∂ı˛Ì±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛ë’±˘-˜±˜≈Úí flv¬±ı › ë¬Û«±øıÀı˛±Òœ ¸—‚í33º ¤Àı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… øÂ˘ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±ÚÀı˛¬Û«± øõ∂˚˛Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±‚±Ó¬ ˝±Ú±º 1925 ‡Ëœ– Ú±·± ëı/œ˚˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ˜ø˝˘± ¸ø˜øÓ¬í·Í¬ÀÚı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤˝◊ Ú±ı˛œ ’±Àj±˘Ú ’øÒfl¬Ó¬ı˛ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛º ¤˝◊ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚı˛ ¬Û”Àı«1915 ‡Ëœ– Ú±·± ø˜À¸¸ƒ ’±ı˛.¤¸. Œ˝±À¸ÀÚı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ ·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ ë’?≈˜±Ú-˝◊‡±›˚˛±øÓ¬Ú-˝◊-˝◊¸˘±˜í Ú±˜fl¬ ˜ø˝˘±Àı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¸—·Í¬Úº34 ëı/œ˚˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ˜ø˝˘±¸ø˜øÓ¬í øıøı Ú≈èÀiß¸± ‡±Ó≈¬ÀÚı˛ ¸ˆ¬±ÀÚSœÀQ Œ˚ ø¸X±ôL&ø˘ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘ Ó¬± Ú±ı˛œ’±Àj±˘ÚÀfl¬ ¸±Ù¬˘…˚≈Mê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‘Iˇ ¬ÛÀé¬¬Û øÚÀ˚˛øÂ˘ ë’±?≈˜±Ú-˝◊-‡±›˚˛±øÓ¬Ú-˝◊-˝◊¸˘±˜í ¤ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø˙é¬±-¸—Sê±ôL ‡ı˛À‰¬ı˛ ¤fl¬±—˙ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¶aœø˙é¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¸ı˛fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ıı˛±V ı˛±‡±ı˛ ±ıœ ·‘ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛ › ¤˝◊ ¸ø˜øÓ¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬˜≈‡¬ÛS õ∂fl¬±˙ › øıøˆ¬iß ˜˝fl≈¬˜±˚˛ ¤˝◊ ¸ø˜øÓ¬ı˛ ˙±‡± Œ‡±˘±ı˛ ø¸X±ôL ·‘ø˝Ó¬ ˝˚˛º35

¤Ó¬ƒ¸ÀN› ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ø‰¬ı˛±‰¬øı˛Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬À˝…ı˛ øıèÀX¸—¢∂±˜ fl¬Àı˛ Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±, Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ › ˜˚«±± øÚÀ˚˛ õ∂ùü Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂÚ Œ˚ ¸ı˜ø˝˘±·Ì, Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Î¬◊À°‡À˚±·… ˝À˘Ú Œı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±, Ù¬˚˛Ê≈Àiß¸± Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛±Úœï1834-1903 ‡Ëœó, fl¬øı ˜≈Àiß¸± ‡±Ú˜ ï1855-1926 ‡Ëœ–ó õ∂˜≈‡º 1873 ¸±À˘Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±Ê Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øıı˛+¬Û ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ı Œ‡±À˘› Úı±ı



Ù¬˚˛Ê≈Àiß¸± Œ¸øÀfl¬ Œfl¬±Ú w+Àé¬¬Û Ú± fl¬Àı˛ fl≈¬ø˜°±ı˛ ı≈Àfl¬ ¸ı«õ∂Ô˜ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊B‰¬ ˝◊—ı˛±Êœı±ø˘fl¬± øı…±˘˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¬Àı˛Úº ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ø˙é¬±˚˛ Î¬◊»¸±ø˝Ó¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ…øÓ¬øÚ Êø˜±øı˛ı˛ ’±˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜±ø¸fl¬ ı‘øM Œ›˚˛±ı˛› ı…ı¶ö± fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘ÚºÙ¬˚˛Ê≈Àiß¸± Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈ı˛±Úœı˛ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ıh¬ fl‘¬øÓ¬Q 1876 ‡Ëœ– õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ëı˛+¬ÛÊ±˘±˘í¢∂LöøÈ¬º ¤øÈ¬˝◊ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ˜ø˝˘± ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ı±—˘± ¢∂Löº36 fl¬øı˛˜≈Àiß¸± ‡±Ú˜øÂÀ˘Ú Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ øøº øÓ¬øÚ ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜ Œ˜ÀÚ Œfl¬±ı˛±Ì ¬Ûh¬± ø˙À‡ÀÂÚº ¤˝◊øøı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛± ı±—˘± Œ˙À‡Úº fl¬øı õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛œ fl¬øı˛˜≈Àiß¸±‡±ÚÀ˜ı˛ ’Ô«±Ú”fl≈¬À˘… È¬±/±˝◊˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ 1886 ¸±À˘ ’±ı≈˘ ˝±ø˜ ‡±Ú ˝◊Î¬◊¸≈Ù¬Ê˚˛œı˛¸•Û±Ú±˚˛ ë’±˝À˜œí Ú±À˜ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬ÛøSfl¬± õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º37

Ú±ı˛œ Ê±·ı˛ÀÌı˛ ’¢∂”Ó¬ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛± ¸±‡±›˚˛±» Œ˝±À¸ÀÚı˛ ï1880-1932‡Ëœ–ó ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ‰¬‰«¬±ı˛ ˜”˘ øı¯˚˛ øÂ˘ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬±ı˛ øıèÀX ’±‚±Ó¬ ˝±Ú±ºŒ˙±ø¯Ó¬, ıø=Ó¬ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ Ê±ø·À˚˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±, Ó¬±Àı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¶§øÚˆ«¬ı˛ ˝ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊Z≈X fl¬ı˛±ºë˜øÓ¬‰”¬ı˛í, ë¬ÛΩı˛±·í, ë’Àı±Àı˛±Ò ı±ø¸Úœí ˝◊Ó¬…±ø Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡À˚±·… õ∂ıg ¸—fl¬˘Ú ¢∂Löºë’Àı±Àı˛±Ò ı±ø¸Úœí ŒÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ ø˘À‡ÀÂÚñ

ëë¬Û≈è¯Àı˛ Ó¬ ’ôL–¬Û≈Àı˛ ˚±˝◊ÀÓ¬ øÚÀ¯Ò, ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— Ó¬±˝±Àı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı˛ ’±˜±Àfl¬¸ø˝ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ Ú±˝◊º øfl¬c Œ˜À˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ’ı±Ò ·øÓ¬ ’Ô‰¬ Ó¬±˝±Àı˛ Œø‡ÀÓ¬ Ú±Œø‡ÀÓ¬ ˘≈fl¬±˝◊ÀÓ¬ ˝˝◊Àıº ¬Û±h¬±ı˛ ¶aœÀ˘±Àfl¬ı˛± ˝Í¬±» Œıh¬±˝◊ÀÓ¬ ’±ø¸Ó¬Ä ’˜øÚı±øh¬ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú Œ˘±fl¬ ‰¬é≈¬ı˛ ˝◊¸±ı˛± fl¬øı˛Ó¬, ’±ø˜ Œ˚Ú õ∂±Ì ˆ¬À˚˛ ˚SÓ¬S fl¬‡Ú›ı˛±iß±‚Àı˛ Á“¬±À¬Ûı˛ ’ôLı˛±À˘, fl¬‡Ú› Œfl¬±Ú ‰¬±fl¬ı˛±Úœı˛ Œ·±˘ fl¬øı˛˚˛± ¸ı˛±˝◊˚˛±ı˛±‡± ¬Û±øÈ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…ôLÀı˛, fl¬‡Ú› Ó¬ÀMê±À¬Û±À¯ı˛ ÚœÀ‰¬ ˘≈fl¬±˝◊Ó¬±˜ºíí38

Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ ë¬ÛΩı˛±·í Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±À¸ı˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛± ¤˝◊ ’ıÀı˛±Ò Œˆ¬À„ Œıøı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ÚÓ≈¬Ú˜±Úø¸fl¬Ó¬±˚˛ Úı˚≈À·ı˛ Ú±ı˛œ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊Mı˛¸”øı˛Àı˛ ¬ÛÔ Œø‡À˚˛ÀÂº

¤ õ∂¸À/ ı˘± ’±ı˙…fl¬ Œ˚, ø˙é¬±/ÀÚ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛’Ú…Ó¬˜ ’¢∂¬ÛøÔfl¬ øÂÀ˘Ú Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± ï1905-1975ó ‡Ëœ–º 1905 ‡Ëœ–È¬±/±˝◊À˘ Êiú ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛Úº ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πfl¬±À˘ øÓ¬øÚ Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± ŒÊ±˝± Ú±À˜ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬˝Úº 1925 ¸±À˘ ŒıÔ≈Ú fl¬À˘Ê ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Û±˙ fl¬Àı˛ Ï¬±fl¬± øıù´øı…±˘À˚˛ ˚±Ú ¤ı—1927 ‡Ëœ– ·øÌÀÓ¬ õ∂Ô˜ Œ|ÌœÀÓ¬ õ∂Ô˜ ¶ö±Ú ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Úº Ï¬±fl¬± øıù´øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛¤˜.¤. flv¬±À¸ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ˜ø˝˘± Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± ˚‡Ú Œı±ı˛‡±˝œÚ Œ¬Û±˙±Àfl¬øıù´øı…±˘À˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬Ú, Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ˜ÀÒ… ˝“◊È¬ ŒÂ“±h¬±› ˝Ó¬º øfl¬c Î¬◊B‰¬ø˙é¬±ı˛’±fl¬±„é¬±˝◊ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¸±˝¸œ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± Œfl¬ ë’±˘-˜±˜≈Úí flv¬±Àıı˛ ¬Ûé¬ŒÔÀfl¬ ’øˆ¬ÚjÚ Ê±Ú±ÀÚ± ˝˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ø˙é¬±/ÀÚ ¸±Ù¬À˘…ı˛ ÊÚ…º39 ë¸›·±Ó¬í ¬ÛøSfl¬±›



Ó¬±Àfl¬ Î¬◊B‰¬ø˙é¬±ÀÔ« ˝◊—˘…±`¬ ˚±ı±ı˛ õ∂±!¬±À˘ 1928 ‡Ëœ– 15 Œ¸ÀõI◊•§ı˛ ’øˆ¬ÚjÚ:±¬ÛÚ fl¬Àı˛º ˚ø› Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬ø˙é¬±ÀÔ« øıÀ˘Ó¬ ˚±ı±ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ õ∂‰≈¬ı˛ ı±Ò± ¤À¸øÂ˘ºÙ¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸±ı˛ øıÀ˘Ó¬ ˚±›˚˛±Àfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜±Ê øZÒ±øıˆ¬Mê ˝À˚˛ø·À˚˛øÂ˘º ’¬Ûı˛øÀfl¬ Œ·“±h¬± ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±Ê ıÀ˘ Œ˚, Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸±Àfl¬øıÀ˘Ó¬ ¬Û±Í¬±À˘ Ó¬± ◊ ˘±˜ øıÀı˛±Òœ fl¬±Ê ˝Àıº Ó¬± ◊ Ï¬±fl¬± øıù´øı…±˘ ˛ Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß ±Àfl¬Î¬◊B‰¬ø˙é¬±ÀÔ« øıÀ˘Ó¬ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˜øÓ¬ øÀÓ¬ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛º ¤Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬fl”¬˘Ó¬± ¸ÀN›Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± Ó¬±ı˛ øÚÊ ˘é¬… ı± ø¸X±ÀôL ’È≈¬È¬ øÂ˘º Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ø˙é¬±˜Laœ Úı±ıŒ˜±˙±ı˛Ù¬ Œ˝±À¸ÀÚı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸±Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ø·À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú ë¸±›·±Ó¬í ¬ÛøSfl¬±ı˛¸•Û±fl¬ Ú±ø¸èøÚº øfl¬c Ò «øıÀı˛±Òœ ¬ÛÀé¬À¬Ûı˛ ˆ¬À ˛ ˜Laœ ˜˝±˙ ˛ Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß ±Àfl¬¸˝±˚˛Ó¬± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø¬ÛÂ¬Û± ˝Úº øıÀ˘Ó¬ ¬Û±Í¬±ÀÚ±ı˛ õ∂ô¶±ı qÀÚ˝◊ ˜±ÚÚœ˚˛ ˜Laœ ·yœı˛ˆ¬±ÀııÀ˘øÂÀ˘Úñ

ëë˜≈¸˘˜±ÀÚı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ Œı¬Û«± ˝À˚˛ øıÀ˘Ó¬ ˚±Àı, ’±ı˛ ’±ø˜ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ˜Laœ ˝À˚˛Ó¬±ı˛ Ò˜« øıÀı˛±Òœ fl¬±ÀÊı˛ ¸˝±˚˛Ó¬± fl¬ı˛ıÄ Ó¬±˝À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ ’±˜±ı˛ øÚj±ı˛ ’ıøÒÔ±fl¬Àı Ú±ºíí40

¤˝◊ ıMêÀı…ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Ú±ø¸èøVÚ ‘IˇÓ¬±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ê±øÚÀ˚˛ ŒÚ Œ˚, õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ˝À˘øÓ¬øÚ Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸±Àfl¬ øıÀ˘Ó¬ ¬Û±Í¬±ÀÚ±ı˛ ÊÚ… ‡‘©Ü±Ú ø˜˙Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ øÚÀ˚˛ ø·À˚˛‡‘©Ü±ÚÒ˜« ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛±ÀıÚ, ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ¬ÛÀé¬À¬Ûı˛ ÊÚ… øÓ¬øÚ ˜Laœ ˜˝±˙À˚˛ı˛’¸À˝±À˚±ø·Ó¬±Àfl¬˝◊ ±˚˛œ fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ ıÀ˘ øıøˆ¬iß ¬ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¬±˚˛ õ∂‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ ıÀ˘Úº¸•Û±fl¬ Ú±ø¸èøVÀÚı˛ ¤˝◊ U˜øfl¬ÀÓ¬ Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸±ı˛ øıÀ˘Ó¬ ˚±ı±ı˛ ¬ÛÔ Î¬◊iú≈Mê ˝˚˛ºÙ¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸±ı˛ ¤˝◊ øıÀ˘Ó¬ ˚±ı±ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±À˚˛±øÊÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ¸—ıÒ«Ú± ¸ˆ¬±˚˛ fl¬øı fl¬±ÊœÚÊè˘ ˝◊¸˘±˜ ˜≈Mê fl¬À_ Œ·À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬øÂÀ˘Úñ

ëëÊ±ø·˘ ¬Û±è˘ øfl¬À·± ë¸±Ó¬ ˆ¬±˝◊ ‰¬•Û±í Î¬±Àfl¬º Î¬◊øÓ¬ ‰¬fÀ˘‡± ı±À˘ı˛Œ˜À‚ı˛ Ù“¬±Àfl¬º ... ’±Ò±Àı˛ı˛ ı±Ó¬± ˛ÀÚ ‰¬±À˝ ’±Ê ˘é¬ Ó¬±ı˛±, Ê±ø·À ˛ ıøjÚœı˛±È≈¬ÀÈ¬ ‹ ıg¬ fl¬±ı˛±ºíí41

Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ˜ø˝˘±Àı˛ ÊÚ… ı±—˘±, ˝◊—ı˛±Êœ ø˙é¬± øÚø¯XøÂ˘º ’±ı˛ øÂ˘ fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ ’ıÀı˛±Ò õ∂Ô±º Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± ı…øMê·Ó¬ ÊœıÚ øÀ˚˛ ¤˝◊ ≈øÈ¬Œé¬ÀS˝◊ ‘©Ü±ôL ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ë˜≈¸ø˘˜ Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊøÚ˚˛Ó¬±í õ∂ıÀg ïÏ¬±fl¬±’±˘-˜±˜≈Ú-flv¬±Àı ¬Û±Í¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ó øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ ñ

ëëø˙øé¬Ó¬ ¸fl¬À˘˝◊ Ê±ÀÚÚ Œ˚, ø˙é¬±ı˛ ø˝À¸Àı ’±˜±Àı˛ Œ˙ Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’Ú…¸ı ŒÀ˙ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ fl¬Ó¬ ø¬ÛÂÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº Ú±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±ı˛ ’±À˚˛±ÊÚ’±ı±ı˛ ¤ı˛˝◊ ˜ÀÒ… ’±ı˛› fl¬Ó¬ ’¸•Û”Ì«º Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬› ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸•Û±À˚˛



¤˝◊ ’¸•Û”Ì«Ó¬± ’ÀÚfl¬ Œı˙œº Ó¬±˝◊ ’±ø˜ ’±Ê øıÀ˙¯ fl¬Àı˛ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œø˙é¬±ı˛ õ∂À ˛±ÊøÚ ˛Ó¬±È¬± ◊ ≈ ˘œ˜ Ó¬èÌÀı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ÒÀı˛ øÀÓ¬ ‰¬± ◊º ’ıÀı˛±ÀÒı˛’±ıı˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ ı± ◊Àı˛ ¤À¸ :±ÀÚı˛ ¸À/ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝ı±ı˛ ≈À˚±· ’±ø˜ Œ¬ÛÀ ˛øÂºŒ¸ÊÚ… ’±Ê ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬˝◊ Œ˚ ¸ı ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± ¤˝◊ ¸≈À˚±· ˝ÀÓ¬ ıø=Ó¬,Ó¬±Àı˛ fl¬Ô±˝◊ ¸ı Œ‰¬À˚˛ ’±À· ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬º fl¬Ó¬ ı˛fl¬˜ ’ˆ¬±ı Œ˚ Ó¬±Àı˛ÊœıÀÚ ŒÂÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂº Œ¸È¬±˝◊ ’±Ê ’±ø˜ Ê±Ú±ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊Ä ¤ı— Œ¸˝◊ ¸À/ ¤˝◊È≈¬fl≈¬Ê±Ú±ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊ Œ˚, Ó¬±Àı˛ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¤Ó¬ ıh¬ ’¸•Û”Ì«Ó¬± Œ˚ qÒ≈ Ó¬±Àı˛˝◊ Ú©Üfl¬Àı˛ÀÂ Ó¬± Ú ˛Ä ¤ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬ı˛ øÀ ˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ÒW—À¸±•ú≈‡ õ∂ˆ¬±ı ¸˜¢∂ˆ¬±Àı õ∂øÓ¬øÚ ˛Ó¬ÚœÀ‰¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ ŒCÀÚ ’±ÚÀÂºíí42

Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú, ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œ ı…øMê·Ó¬ ¶§±ÒœÚ ø‰¬ôL± Z±ı˛±¬Ûøı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ Œ˝±fl¬º ë˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œ ˜≈øMêí õ∂ıÀg Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸± Œ˘À‡Ú ëÊ·»¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘, Ó¬±˝◊ øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ Á¬Àh¬± ˝±›˚˛± ıU fl¬±˘ ¸≈l ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛ õ∂±ÀÌ›Œı˙ ¤fl¬È≈¬ fl¬•ÛÚ Ê±ø·À˚˛ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂº Ó¬±ı˛± ¤fl¬øÈ¬ õ∂fl¬±`¬ Ò±!¬± Œ‡À˚˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛ı˛ øÀfl¬›Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… Ú±ı˛œı˛ øÀfl¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œ‡ÀÂÄ ¤ı— Ó¬±Àı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ øÚÀÊÀı˛ ˙±ı˛œøı˛fl¬,˜±Úø¸fl¬ › ∆ÚøÓ¬fl¬ ’Ò–¬ÛÓ¬Ú ŒÀ‡ øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı ˘ø#¬¬¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº Ú±ı˛œQ ˆ≈¬À˘ø·À˚˛, øÚÀÊı˛ ’±ø˜Q ˆ≈¬À˘ ø·À˚˛, qÒ≈ Œˆ¬±·… ıd ˝À˚˛ Ô±fl¬± ’±ı˛ ¸˝… fl¬ı˛Àı Ú±º Ú±ı˛œ¤Ó¬fl¬±˘ øÚÀÊÀfl¬ Œ˜±˝-’±ıı˛ÀÌ ŒÏ¬Àfl¬ Œı˛À‡ ¤˝◊ øıø‰¬S ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ Œ¸Ãj˚«… ŒÔÀfl¬øÚÀÊÀfl¬ ıø=Ó¬ Œı˛À‡ÀÂº øfl¬c ’±Ê ’Ú≈Ó¬l Ú±ı˛œ-õ∂±Ì Œ¸˝◊ fl≈¬»ø¸Ó¬ øı˘±À¸ı˛ Ù“¬±ø¸øÂiß fl¬Àı˛ ı±ø˝Àı˛ı˛ Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¸À/ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊ÀÂº ¸˜ô¶ Ú±ı˛œ ˜Ú ’±ÊøıÀ^±˝œ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº øfl¬c ˚≈X¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œ˚ õ∂Ò±Ú ’¶a, ø˙é¬± › :±Ú Ó¬± Ó¬±Àı˛ Ú±˝◊,’±ÀÂ Œfl¬ı˘ ±èÌ ¤fl¬È¬± ’±R¢≠±øÚ, ˜˜«Àˆ¬œ ’Ú≈À˙±‰¬Ú±, ’±ı˛ ¸Àı«±¬Ûøı˛ ˜≈øMêı˛ ÊÚ…≈«˜Úœ˚˛ ’±fl¬±„é¬±º ... ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ø˙é¬± ‡≈ı Œı˙œ ˝À˘ ≈˝◊ ¤fl¬È¬± ı±—˘± ı˝◊¬Ûh¬±, ¤fl¬È≈¬ ø‰¬øÍ¬¬ÛS Œ˘‡±, ’±ı˛ ’Ô« Ú± ı≈ÀÁ¬ ŒÓ¬±Ó¬±¬Û±‡œı˛ ˜Ó¬ ’±ı˛øı ¬Ûh¬±ºí,43

¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ ÊÚ…, ¸ˆ¬… ¸˜±ÀÊ øÚÀÊÀı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛·Àh¬ ŒÓ¬±˘±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ øÓ¬øÚ ŒÊ±ı˛ øÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº Ú±ı˛œÀRı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì øÂiß fl¬Àı˛, øÚÀÊÀı˛Ú…±˚… ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ ’±±˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ıÀ˘Ú ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛º øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ‰¬±ı˛˙Àfl¬ı˛ ¸˜ ˛ ¸œ˜±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ı…øÓ¬Sê˜œ ‰¬øı˛S ø˝À¸Àı ’±Rõ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘ Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß ±º

ëı/œ˚˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ˜ø˝˘± ¸ø˜øÓ¬í ·Í¬ÀÚı˛ øfl¬Â≈fl¬±˘ ¬ÛÀı˛˝◊ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ˚≈ı¸˜±Êfl¬Ó‘«¬fl¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ë˜≈¸ø˘˜ ˝◊˚˛— Œ˜Ú¸ƒ ¤…±À¸±øÀ˚˛˙Ú¸ƒí ˚±ı˛± 1927 ‡Ëœ– ıÒ«˜±ÀÚ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ¸ˆ¬±˚˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ ë¬Û«±í õ∂Ô±ı˛ øı˘≈øl › ëøıÒı± øıı±˝í-¤ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘ÀÚı˛ fl¬Ô± ıÀ˘Úº44 ¤˝◊ ¸fl¬˘ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚı˛ qˆ¬ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±ı˛ Ù¬˘ ¶§ı˛+¬Û ı˘± ˚±˚˛,



1931 ‡Ëœ– 28 Ê≈˘±˝◊ ı˛±Ê˙±˝œı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬˜ ‡±Ú ˜¸øÊÀ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ˜ø˝˘±Àı˛Z±ı˛± ëø˜˘±ƒí ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˘Ú±ı˛ ‚È¬Ú±Ä Œ˚‡±ÀÚ Ó¬±ı˛± ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¬Û≈è¯ › Œ˜±°±Àı˛ ˜ø˝˘±Àı˛õ∂øÓ¬ ¬Û«±¸œÚ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±Àıı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘º45

¤ õ∂¸À/ ı˘± ’±ı˙…fl¬ Œ˚, Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ¤˝◊ ’—˙øÈ¬Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¬ ˆ¬±Àı õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ˝À˘› ˜±^±¸± ø˙é¬±ı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ’Úœ˝± õ∂fl¬±˙fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº ‡±Ú ı±˝±≈ı˛ Ú±ø¸èøVÚ, fl¬±Êœ Œ˜±Ó¬±˝±ı˛ Œ˝±À¸Ú, ˜˜Ó¬±Ê≈øVÚ ’±˝À˜õ∂˜≈‡ ı≈øXÊœıœ ¤˝◊ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛Ú Œ˚, ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±ÀÚı˛ ø˙é¬± ı…ı¶ö±ı˛Œé¬ÀS Î¬◊iß˚˛Úfl¬±˜œ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ø˙é¬±ô¶Àı˛ ’±ı˛øı, Ù¬±¸π,Î¬◊≈« ¤˝◊ øıÊ±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˆ¬±¯±&ø˘Àfl¬ ıÊ«Ú fl¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬Ú ¸ı ˜±^±¸± ıg fl¬Àı˛’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ø˙é¬± ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’ı˘•§Ú fl¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ’±ı±ı˛ øfl¬Â≈ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ı≈øXÊœıœ ˜±^±¸±ı˛ø˙é¬±ı…ı¶ö± ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±Àı Ó≈¬À˘ Œı±ı˛ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬œ øÂÀ˘Ú Ú±º Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˜±^±¸±ø˙é¬±ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯± ˝À˘ ¤ı— Ò˜«˙±À¶aı˛ ¸À/ øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ øı…±ø˙é¬±øÀ˘ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú·Ì Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ’¢∂¸ı˛ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛Àıº Ó¬±øÚôLÚ ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛› ˜±^±¸±-ø˙é¬±ı˛ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¬ ¬Û≈Àı˛±¬Û≈øı˛ ıÊ«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛øÚº ¤˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ˝◊ ÒÀ˜«ı˛ ¸À/ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬øı…±ı˛ ¸˜i§˚˛ ¸±ÒÚ fl¬Àı˛ Êiú˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘ ëøÚÎ¬◊¶®œ˜ ˜±^±¸±íº 1915 ‡Ëœ– ŒÔÀfl¬ëøÚÎ¬◊¶®œ˜ ˜±^±¸±í ¸±ı˛± ı/ÀÀ˙ ‰¬±˘≈ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º46

¤˝◊ ¸fl¬˘ ’±Àj±˘Ú ı± õ∂‰¬±ı˛ Œ˚, ¸ı«±—À˙ ¸Ù¬˘ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ ¤fl¬Ô± ı˘± ˚±˚˛Ú±º øıÀù´ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ˙Àfl¬› ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú·Ì Ó¬±Àı˛ ‚Àı˛ı˛ Œ˜À˚˛Àı˛ ¬Û«±ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ’±¬ÛøM Ê±øÚÀ˚˛øÂ˘º Ó¬±Â±h¬± Œ˚ Œ|Ìœ ¤˝◊ ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ı± øı¬ÛÀé¬ øÂ˘Ó¬±ı˛± ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ë¤ø˘È¬ Œ|Ìœí ëÚ±ı˛œ˜≈øMêí ı± ëÚ±ı˛œ ø˙é¬±ı˛ õ∂‰¬±ı˛í Ó¬Ô± ’±Àj±˘Ú øÚ‰≈¬Ó¬˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú Œ|Ìœı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ±· fl¬±È¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚº ı˘± ˚±˚˛ øıÀù´ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ˙Àfl¬ë¬Û«±í õ∂Ô±Àfl¬ ÒÀı˛ ı˛±‡±ı˛ ø¬ÛÂÀÚ ˚Ó¬È¬± Ú± Ò˜π˚˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬’ÀÚfl¬ Œı˙œ ±˚˛œ øÂ˘ ˜≈¸˘Ú˜±Ú ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ëÎ¬◊iú±í ı± ‹fl¬…Àfl¬ ÒÀı˛ ı˛±‡±ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±ºÓ¬±˝◊ ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ë¬Û«±í ¸˝ Ú±Ú± Œ˜Ã˘ı±œ ø‰¬ôL±Ò±ı˛± øı¸Ê«Ú Œ›˚˛± Œ¸˝◊ ˜≈˝”ÀÓ«¬ ¸yı˝˚˛øÚº47 ¤Ó¬ƒ¸ÀN ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ú±Ú± õ∂øÓ¬fl”¬˘Ó¬± ¸ÀN› ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¸˜±ÀÊÚ±ı˛œ ˜≈øMê ’±Àj±˘Ú ŒÔÀ˜ ˚±˚˛øÚ, ıı˛— ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π ˙Àfl¬ Ó¬± ’±ı˛› ¸±Ô«fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ øÀfl¬¤ø·À ˛ Œ·ÀÂºÓ¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†1. ’±˘-ı˛±‡-’±˘ ˜±‡Ó≈¬ÚÄ ¸±Ù¬œ ’±˘ ı˛˝˜±Ú-’±˘-˜≈ı±ı˛fl¬ Ù≈¬ı˛œ, ¬Û‘† 256º2. ¸≈˜Ú ˝◊ıÚ ˜±Á¬, ’±˘ ˝±Ù¬œ øıÚ ’±ı≈°±˝ øıÚ ˜±Á¬, õ∂Ô˜ ‡`¬º3. ’±˘-˜±ı˛øÙ¬ ’±˘ Ó¬±¸±Î¬◊¸ı˛ ’±˘ ˝◊¸˘±˜œ, ’±ı≈˘ ˜≈`¬˘ ’±˘ Ê±ı±øı˛º



4. ’±˘-ı≈‡±øı˛, ¬Û‘† 41º5. ’±˘ ˝◊¸±Ù¬œ Ó¬±˜±˚˛≈Ê-’±˘˙±˝, ˝◊ıÚ ˝±Ê±ı˛ ’±˘ ’±¸fl≈¬˘±Úœ ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ‡`¬º6. ‹, ¬Û‘† 341º7. ˜˝◊Ú≈˘ ˝◊‡øÓ¬˘±Ó¬, Œ˙‡ ˜≈˝•ú ’±ı≈°±˝ øıÚ Ê±À˚˛ ˜±˝˜≈º8. Ê›˝ı˛ fl¬øı˛˜ fl≈¬ı˛±Ú ˙ı˛œÙ¬ ¸≈ı˛±øÚ¸±, ¸≈ı˛± Ú—† 4, ¬Û‘† 58-61, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±

2011º9. Ê›˝ı˛ fl¬øı˛˜ fl≈¬ı˛±Ú ˙ı˛œÙ¬, ¸≈ı˛± Ú— 17, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 2011, ¬Û‘† 172º10. ∆¸˚˛ fl¬±øÚÊ ˜≈ô¶±Ù¬± ë˝◊¸˘±À˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛í, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± 1988, ¬Û‘†

10º11. ˜˝•ú fl≈¬Ó≈¬ı, ë˝◊¸˘±˜ › Ú±ı˛œí, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± 2012, ¬Û‘† 3-16º12. øÙ¬ø˘¬Û ø¬Û.Œfl¬ ø˝øA, ëø˝ø©Üò ’Ù¬ - ’±ı˛ı¸ƒí ˘`¬Ú, ˜…±fl¬ø˜˘±Ú ’…±`¬ Œfl¬±—,

1970, ¬Û‘† 228-229, 333º13. Ê˚˛ôLœ ∆˜S, ë˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¬Ûø˘øÈ¬' ˝◊Ú Œı/˘, 1855-1906, õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¬±˙

1998, Œfl¬.ø¬Û. ı±·‰¬œ ¸•Û±øÓ¬º14. ‹, ¬Û‘† 100º15. Sayed Nurullah and J.P. Nayak ‘History of Education in

India During British Period’ (Bombay : Macmillon 1943)

16. Report of the Indian Education Commission 1882-83 in

Usha Sharma & B.M. Sharma (ed.). Women education

common wealth publishers 1995.

17. fl¬±Êœ ’±ı≈˘ ›˚˛±≈† ı±—˘±ı˛ Ê±·ı˛Ì ïfl¬…±˘fl¬±È¬±† øıù´ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ ¢∂Lö±˘˚˛1956ó, ¬Û‘† 22º

18. Central National Mohammedan Association of Calcutta &

Memorandum Presented to Lord Ripon (1882) in Itihas

Samiti Patrika 5th & 6th issue 1883-84, P.P. 15 ff.

19. ‹, ¬Û‘† 23º20. ø˜ø˝ı˛ › ¸≈Ò±fl¬ı˛ 1311 ı/±s 14 ’±øù´Úº21. ëø˙‡Àı˛ øˆ¬øMí Œ˙‡ ’±ı≈ı˛ ı˛˝˜±Ú ë’±˘-˝◊¸˘±˜í, fl¬±øÓ«¬fl¬ 1326 ı/±s,

¬Û‘† 390º22. ëÚ±ı˛œ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ ø˙é¬±í Ú≈èÀiß¸± ‡±Ó≈¬Ú ë¸›·±Ó¬í ∆Êá¬ 1326 ı/±s ¬Û‘†

521-22º



23. ë¶aœ ø˙é¬±í, Ó¬±À˝èøVÚ ’±˝À˜ 1334 ı/±s fl¬±øÓ«¬fl¬ ë¸›·±Ó¬í ¬Û‘† 452-53º

24. ˜˝±À˜Î¬±Ú ¤Î≈¬Àfl¬˙Ú ¤…±`¬ ˜˝±À˜Î¬±Ú Œ¸±¸±˝◊øÈ¬, ∆¸˚˛ ’±˜œı˛ ’±ø˘,1899-¤ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˜˝±À˜Î¬±Ú ¤Î≈¬Àfl¬˙Ú±˘ fl¬ÚÙ¬±Àı˛k õ∂M ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ı˛’øˆ¬ˆ¬±¯Ìº

25. ˝◊¸˘±˜ õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬ Ê≈˘±˝◊-’±·©Ü, 1903, ˜≈¸˘±˜Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ ¶aœ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬œ¯Ì ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı˛, Œ˙‡ Êø˜èøVÚ, ¬Û‘† 181-85, ÚıÚ”ı˛, ’¢∂˝±˚˛Ì 1322,ıUøıı±˝, fl¬±Êœ ˝◊˜±≈˘ ˝fl¬, ¬Û‘† 342-43, ˝◊¸˘±˜ õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬ 84 ı¯«, 12¸—‡…±, 1314 ı/±sº ëÓ¬±˘±fl¬í ı± Œ˜±¸À˘˜ ¶aœıÊ«Ú - Œ˜±˝•ú Œ˜À˝Ú≈°±,ı±˘… øıı±À˝ı˛ øı¯˜˚˛ Ù¬˘ ï1909óº

26. Úı±ı ı±˝±≈ı˛ ’±ı≈˘˘øÓ¬Ù¬† ø˝Ê ı˛±˝◊øÈ¬—¸ ¤…±`¬ øı˛À˘øÈ¬ˆ¬ Î¬fl≈¬À˜KÈ¬¸ƒ, ¬Û‘†76º

27. ˝◊¸˘±˜ õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬, ı/œ˚˛ õ∂±Àø˙fl¬ ø˙é¬± ¸ø˜øÓ¬ ï¤fl¬øÈ¬ õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚó, 5 ı¯«,9-10 ¸—‡…± Œ¸ÀõI◊•§ı˛ - ’À"±ıı˛ 1903 ‡Ëœ†, ¬Û‘† 330-06º

28. ’±˘-¤¸ƒ˘±˜ 5 ı¯«, 9 ¸—‡…± Œ¬ÛÃ¯ 1326 ı/±s, ’±?≈˜±ÀÚ ›˘±˜± ›¸˜±Ê ¸—¶®±ı˛-˜øÚè#¬¬¬≈˜±Ú ˝◊¸˘±˜ı±œ, ¬Û‘† 488-499º

29. ˝◊¸˘±˜ õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬ 4 ı¯« 1902 ‡Ëœ– õ∂‰¬±ı˛ ¸—ı±, ¬Û‘† 363º30. ˙Ó¬ı±ø¯«fl¬œ ¶úı˛øÌfl¬± fl≈¬ø˜°±, Ù¬˚˛Ê≈Àiß¸± ı±ø˘fl¬± øı…±˘˚˛, fl≈¬ø˜°±, 1975,

›˚˛±øfl¬˘ ’±˝À˜º31. &“ø˘ô¶± 2 ı¯«, 1 ¸—‡…± ∆‰¬S 1340 ı/±s, ø˜À¸¸ƒ ’±ı˛ ¤¸. Œ˝±À¸Ú, ¤˜

ı±˝±≈ı˛ ı˛˝˜±Ú, ¬Û‘† 20-24, øÊ:±¸± 1 ı¯«, 3 ¸—‡…±, fl¬±øÓ«¬fl¬ 1387ı/±s, Œı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±ı˛ Ú±ı˛œ ˜≈øMê ˆ¬±ıÚ±, Œ·±˘±˜ ˜≈À˙«º

32. ë’±Àiß¸±í, 1 ı¯«, 11 ¸—‡…±, Ù¬±â≈Ú, 1328 ı/±sº33. Ò”Ê«øÈ¬õ∂¸± Œ† ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸˜±Ê › ı≈øXı˛ ˜≈øMê ’±Àj±˘Ú, ı/œ˚˛

¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¬Ûøı˛¯, 88 ı¯« øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—‡…± |±ıÌ - ’±øù´Ú 1388 ı/±s,Œ‡±jfl¬±ı˛ ø¸ı˛±Ê≈˘ ˝fl¬, ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ¸˜±Ê ø‰¬ôL± › ¸±ø˝Ó¬…fl¬˜«, ı±—˘± ¤fl¬±ÀÎ¬˜œ Ï¬±fl¬± 1984 ‡Ëœ†, ¬Û‘† 105-109º

34. à¬±ı˛ ’Ùƒ¬ ˝◊ø`¬˚˛±, 14 øÎ¬À¸•§ı˛, 1936, ¬Û‘† 2º35. ø ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú 7 Ê±Ú≈˚˛±øı˛, 1927, ¬Û‘† 14º36. ëı˘±fl¬±í ¸±ø˝Ó¬… øı¯˚˛fl¬ ¬ÛøSfl¬±, õ∂±flƒ¬-¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ¬Ûı« ëÚıÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ ı/Ú±ı˛œíÄ

¸•Û±fl¬ñ ÒÚ?˚˛ Œ‚±¯±˘Ä ı¯« 20, ¸—‡…± 30Ä øÎ¬À¸•§ı˛, 2011º



37. ˜±À˘fl¬± Œı·˜, ı±—˘±ı˛ Ú±ı˛œ ’±Àj±˘Ú, ˝◊Î¬◊øÚˆ¬±ø¸«øÈ¬ Œõ∂¸ ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬, Ï¬±fl¬±2 ¸—¶®ı˛Ì 2002, ¬Û‘† 41º

38. Œı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛±† ’ıÀı˛±Ò ı±ø¸Úœ, Œı·˜ Œı˛±Àfl¬˚˛± ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˘œ, ’±ı≈˘ fl¬±øı˛¸•Û±øÓ¬, ı±—˘± ¤fl¬±ÀÎ¬˜œ Ï¬±fl¬±, 1984, ¬Û‘† 449º

39. ëı˘±fl¬±í ¸±ø˝Ó¬… øı¯˚˛fl¬ ¬ÛøSfl¬± õ∂±flƒ¬-¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ¬Ûı«, ëÚıÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ ı/Ú±ı˛œí,¸•Û±fl¬, ÒÚ?˚˛ Œ‚±¯±˘, ı¯« 20, ¸—‡…± 30, øÎ¬À¸•§ı˛, 2011, ¬Û‘† 104º

40. ˜˝•ú Ú±ø¸èVœÚ, ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ¸›·Ó¬ ˚≈·, Ê≈˘±˝◊ 1985, Ï¬±fl¬±, ¬Û‘†586º

41. ˜˝•ú Ú±ø¸èVœÚ, ¬Û”Àı«±Mê, 590º42. Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß¸±† ˜≈¸˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ø˙é¬±ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛Ó¬±, ï¸›·Ó¬, ’¢∂˝±˚˛Ì

1338ó, Ê±Ú±¸± ˜˝øÙ¬˘, ¬Û‘† 162º43. Ù¬øÊ˘±Ó≈¬Àiß ±, ≈ ˘œ˜ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ≈øMê, ï¸›·Ó¬, ˆ¬±^ 1336ó, Ê±Ú±Ú± ˜˝øÙ¬˘,

¬Û‘† 167º44. ø ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú, 7 Ê±Ú≈˚˛±ı˛œ, 1927, ¬Û‘† 14º45. ‹, 1 ’±·©Ü, 1931, ¬Û‘† 2º46. Ò”Ê«øÈ¬õ∂¸± Œ, ˜≈¸˘œ˜ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¸˜±Ê › ı≈øX¬ı˛ ˜≈øMê ’±Àj±˘Ú, ı/œ˚˛

¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¬Ûøı˛¯, 88 ı¯« øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—‡…± |±ıÌ-’±øù´Ú 1388 ı/±sº47. ¶§¬ÛÚ ±˙&l, ¤ Œfl¬±ÀÚ ’Ù¬ ˝◊#¬¬¬Ó¬, fl¬ø˜Î¬◊øÚøÈ¬ ¤…±`¬ ¤fl¬¸ƒÀ¬ÛÚ¸ƒ ’Ù¬

fl¬±ÚøC Œà¬È¬¸ƒ˜…±Ú 17 ˜±‰«¬, 1986º




›¶±äÂÏò õ±Ñù± ü±¿ýËîÂÉ ð¿ùîÂ æÏõòÐ ÛßÂ¿éÂÜ¿îÂý±¿üßÂ ÂóûÇ±Ëù±äÂò±

ŒÚ¬Û±˘ øıù´±¸

õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ø˘Ó¬ ÊœıÚ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«ı˛ øÓ¬Ú˝±Ê±ı˛ ı»¸Àı˛ı˛ ¬Û”Àı«ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº Œfl¬ÚÚ±, ¤˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ÛÀı«¸—¶¥®Ó¬-¸±ø˝Ó¬… øıÀ˙¯Ó¬ ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì, ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬, Œı, ˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬±, ·œÓ¬± ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Ó¬Ô± ı±—˘±ı˛ ¸˜±Ê ı…ı¶ö± ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˘Ú±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS &èQ¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Úfl¬Àı˛º ˚ø› ¤&À˘± ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝Ó¬… Ú˚˛, Ó¬ı≈› ¤˝◊ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…&ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« Ó¬Ô…’±ø˜ Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀı˛øÂ ¤˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ Œ˚, ı±„±˘œı˛ ¸˜±ÊÊœıÀÚ ¤ı— ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ¤ı˛ &èQ’¬Ûøı˛¸œ˜º ‡Ëœ©Ü¬Û”ı« 1500 ’Às ˚±˚±ıı˛ ’±˚« Ê±øÓ¬ı˛± ˜Ò… ¤ø˙˚˛± ŒÔÀfl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«¤À¸ ˜”˘ı±¸œ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛Àı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ Œfl¬Àh¬ ŒÚ˚˛ ¤ı— Ó¬±Àı˛ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛’¸≈ı˛, ı˛±é¬¸, ¸≈…, ø¬Û˙±‰¬, ı±Úı˛ ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ˝œÚı±‰¬fl¬ ˙s øÀ˚˛º ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬πfl¬±À˘ ¤ı˛±˝◊˙”^ ı± ø˘Ó¬ ı± ıË±Ó¬… ı± ’¶Û‘˙… ¸•x±˚˛ ı˛+À¬Û ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ˝˚˛º õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬, Œfl¬±Ú ¸˜˚˛ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ˚ Ê±øÓ¬Àˆ¬ ı± ıÌ«Õı¯À˜…ı˛ Î¬◊»¬ÛøM Ó¬± øÚı˛+¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛± ≈–¸±Ò…º ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬,Ÿ¬À¢´Àı˛ ¬Û≈è¯¸”MêÀfl¬˝◊ ï10ì90ì12ó ıÌ«Àˆ¬ ¸‘ø©Üı˛ ˜”˘ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛ ıÀ˘ Òı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬¬Û±Àı˛º Ÿ¬À¢´Àı˛ ë¬Û≈è¯¸”Mêí-¤ Î¬◊À°‡ ’±ÀÂ†

ëë˚»¬Û≈è¯— ı…Ò≈– fl¬øÓ¬Ò± ı…fl¬ä±˚˛Úº˜≈‡— øfl¬˜¸… Œfl¬± ı±U fl¬± Î¬◊è ¬Û±± Î¬◊B‰¬ÀÓ¬ººıË±p¬ÀÌ±˝¸… ˜≈‡˜±¸œ ı±U ı˛±ÊÚ…–fl‘¬Ó¬–ºÿè Ó¬¸… ˚ÕZ˙…– ¬Ûæ…±— ˙”À^± ’Ê±˚˛Ó¬ººíí1

˜”˘Ó¬, ¤øÈ¬ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±ÊÊœıÚ Ò±ı˛±˚˛ Ê±øÓ¬Àˆ¬ õ∂Ô±ı˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚÓ¬˜ øÚ˙«ÚÒı˛± ˝À˘› ¸˜±ÊÓ¬NøıÀı˛± ë’øÓ¬fl¬Ô±í ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Úº ¬Ûø`¬Ó¬·Ì ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú,‰¬Ó≈¬ıÀÌ«ı˛ Î¬◊»¬ÛøMı˛ øı¯˚˛øÈ¬ Ÿ¬fl¬ÀıÀı˛ ˙˜ ˜`¬À˘ ¸•Û”Ì« ¬Ûøı˛øé¬l ˜±Sº Ÿ¬fl¬ÀıÀı˛’Ú… Œfl¬±Ô±› ˙”À^ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ŒÚ˝◊º ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬, ¬¬Û”è¯¸”Mê ’Ôı«ÀıÀı˛ ’øôL˜ ˘À¢üı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ ’Ô«ÀıÀı˛ ˜±S øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ Œù≠±Àfl¬˝◊ ˙”^ ˙søÈ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· ı˛À˚˛ÀÂº ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±—Ÿ¬À¢´Àı˛ ˙˜ ˜`¬À˘ ë¬Û”è¯¸”Mêí õ∂øé¬l ÒÀı˛ øÚÀ˘ Ÿ¬À¢´Àı˛ fl¬±À˘ ˙”^Àı˛ ’±ÀÃÎ¬◊»¬ÛøM ˝˚˛øÚ Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀÓ¬ øZÒ± ŒÚ˝◊º ∆ıøfl¬ ˚≈À· fl¬˜«±Ú≈¸±Àı˛ ı± ı‘øM·Ó¬ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ıÌ«øıˆ¬±ÊÚ ı˛œøÓ¬ ı± õ∂Ô±ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú øÂ˘ ¶§Ó¬–ø¸Xº ¤fl¬˝◊ ı—À˙ ıË±p¬Ì, éøS˚˛, ∆ı˙… ›



˙”^ ¤˝◊ ‰¬±ı˛ ıÀÌ«ı˛ Î¬◊»¬ÛøMı˛ øı¯˚˛ ı±˚˛≈¬Û≈ı˛±ÀÚ Î¬◊À°ø‡Ó¬ ¤ı— Œ¸fl¬±À˘ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ Ú±Ú±ı‘øMÒ±ı˛œ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú fl¬øı, øˆ¬¯fl¬ ïø‰¬øfl¬»¸fl¬ó õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¤fl¬˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛ˆ≈¬Mê Œ‡±˚±˚˛º

|±ô¶-ø¸X±ôL ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ıËp¬±ı˛ ˜≈‡ ŒÔÀfl¬ ıË±p¬Ì, ı±UZ˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ é¬øS˚˛, ÿè-˚≈·˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ∆ı˙… ¤ı— ¬ÛZ˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˙”À^ı˛ Î¬◊»¬ÛøMº ¸˜±ÊÓ¬NøıƒÀı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤øÈ¬¤fl¬øÈ¬ øÚÂfl¬ ı˛+¬Ûfl¬ Â±h¬± ’±ı˛ øfl¬Â≈˝◊ Ú˚˛º ’±ı±ı˛ ¿fl‘¬À¯ûı˛ Î¬◊øMê† ëë‰¬±Ó≈¬ı«Ì— ˜˚˛± ¸‘©Ü—&Ìfl¬•ú«øıˆ¬±·˙–ºíí2 ’Ô«±» ŒıÀı˛ ø¸X±ôL ˝˘ ˜±Ú≈¯ Ê±øÓ¬ øÚÀ˚˛˝◊ Êiú¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº’±ı˛ ·œÓ¬±˚˛ fl‘¬¯û ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ Œ˚, &Ì › fl¬˜«±Ú≈¸±Àı˛ øÓ¬øÚ ë‰¬±Ó≈¬ıÌ«±í ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ¬Ûı˛¶Ûı˛ øıÀı˛±Òœ ¤˝◊ ˜Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸Ó¬… ‡≈“ÀÊ ¬Û±›˚˛± ’øÓ¬ ”ı˛+˝ ı…±¬Û±ı˛ºÓ¬Àı õ∂±‰¬œÚ fl¬±À˘ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ¤fl¬ ¸˜À˚˛ ’±˚«ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ıÌ«Àˆ¬ ı± Ê±øÓ¬Àˆ¬ õ∂Ô±ı˛ Œ˚õ∂ıÓ«¬Ú ˝À ˛øÂ˘, ¤fl¬Ô± ’Ú¶§œfl¬± «º õ∂ÔÀ˜ ∆ıøfl¬ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê±øÓ¬Àˆ¬Àı˛ fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛Ó¬±øÂ˘ Ú±, Ó¬Àı ∆ıøfl¬ ˚≈À·ı˛ ’øôL˜ ˘À¢ü øıøˆ¬iß ıÌ« › Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ıÌ«·Ó¬ ∆ı¯˜…Ó¬œıË ’±fl¬±ı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛º

ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì†ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì†ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì†ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì†ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì† ı±úœøfl¬ı˛ ı˛±˜±˚˛ÀÌı˛ Œfl¬±Ú Œfl¬±Ú Î¬◊¬Û-fl¬±ø˝øÚÀÓ¬ ø˘Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛õ∂øÓ¬ ’ı:±, ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı˛ › ’ıÀ˝˘± õ∂ «ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬ ˛ ø˘ø¬ÛıX ’±ÀÂº ı±úœøfl¬ ı˛±˜± ˛ÀÌ’Ú±˚«Àı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ‚‘Ì±-’ı:± øfl¬ı˛+¬Û ı…Mê ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ’Ôı± Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ ’Ú±˚«Àı˛ Œfl¬˜ÚŒ‰¬±À‡ Œ‡± ˝Ó¬, Ó¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ‘©Ü±ôL Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬Àı˛øÂº ˙ı˛ÀÔı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬Àfl¬ ˚Ô±øıø˝Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ı˛±ÀÊ… ’øˆ¬ø¯Mê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¬Û≈Àı˛±ø˝Ó¬ ıø˙á¬ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ†

ëëÓ≈¬ø˜ ¿‚Ë ’øˆ¬ø¯Mê ˝À˚˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬± › w±Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂M ¤˝◊ ı˛±Ê… øÚ©®KÈ¬Àfl¬ Œˆ¬±·fl¬ı˛ºí ˆ¬ı˛Ó¬ Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊MÀı˛ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ, ë˚ø ¤˝◊ ’Ú±˚«ø‰¬Ó¬ Úı˛fl¬õ∂ ¬Û±¬Ûfl¬±˚«fl¬øı˛ Ó¬Àı ’±ø˜ ˝◊é≈¬ı±fl≈¬ ı—À˙ fl≈¬˘±/ı˛ ˝Àı±ºííëë’Ú±˚«Ê≈á¬˜¶§·«…— fl≈¬˜«±— ¬Û±¬Û˜˝—˚øì˝◊é¬ı±fl≈¬Ú±˜˝— Œ˘±Àfl¬ ˆ¬±˝◊˚˛—fl≈¬˘¬Û±—¸Ú–ººíí3

ı˛±˜±˚˛ÀÌ q•§fl¬ ˝Ó¬…±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±‡…±ÚøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛, õ∂Ê± ø˝ÕÓ¬¯œ ¿ı˛±˜‰¬f ˙”^ ¸ôL±Úq•§fl¬Àfl¬ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ qÒ≈ ¤fl¬ ıË±p¬ÀÌı˛ ’øˆ¬À˚±· ˜±SÀfl¬ &èQ øÀ˚˛º ‚È¬Ú±øÈ¬¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¤˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜, ¤fl¬ ıË±p¬Ì •ÛøÓ¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¬Û≈S-¸ôL±ÀÚı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ÊÚ… ı˛±Ê-ı˛ı±Àı˛ ¤À¸ ı˛±˜‰¬fÀfl¬ Œ±¯±Àı˛±¬Û fl¬ı˛øÂ˘º ¤fl¬Ô± qÀÚ ı˛±˜‰¬f ‹ ıË±p¬ÀÌı˛ ¸ôL±ÀÚı˛˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì ’Ú≈¸g±ÀÚ õ∂ı‘M ˝À˘Úº øÓ¬øÚ ’ı·Ó¬ ˝À˘Ú q•§fl¬ Ú±À˜ ¤fl¬ ˙”^Ó¬±¬Û¸ fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ Ó¬¬Û¸…±˚˛ ıÀ¸ÀÂº ı˛±˜‰¬Àfı˛ øıÀı‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤ fl¬±Ê Œ‚±ı˛Ó¬ı˛ ’Ú…˚˛ fl¬±ÊºÚ±ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚñ



ëë¸Ó¬…, ŒSÓ¬± › Z±¬Ûı˛ - ¤˝◊ øÓ¬Ú ˚≈À· Ó¬¬Û¸…±ÀÓ¬ qÀ^ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ Ú±˝◊º Œ¸˝◊q^ ’±Ê ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ Ó¬¬Û¸…± fl¬øı˛ÀÓ¬ÀÂº Œ¸˝◊ ÊÚ… ¤˝◊ øıõ∂ı±˘fl¬’±fl¬±À˘ fl¬±˘¢∂±À¸ ¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬ ˝˝◊˚˛±ÀÂºíí4

q•§fl¬ ˙”^, Ó¬±˝◊ Œ¸ Ó¬¬Û¸…± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±º ¸˜±Ê Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊ ’Ú≈À˜±Ú Œ˚˛ Ú±º¤˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ˝◊ ı˛±Ê± ¿ı˛±˜‰¬f ∆˙ı±˘ ¬Ûı«ÀÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊MÀı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸g±Ú › ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛Œı-’À¶aı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… Ó¬¬Û¸…±ı˛Ó¬ q•§fl¬Àfl¬ øÚøZ«Ò±˚˛ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº ŒıÓ¬±ı˛± Ó¬±ÀÓ¬‡≈ø˙ ˝À˚˛ ¬Û≈©Û ı‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº ı˛±˜Àfl¬ ¸±Ò≈ı± øÀ˚˛ Ó“¬±ı˛± ıÀ˘øÂÀ˘Ú ëı˛±˜ Ó≈¬ø˜ŒıÓ¬±Àı˛ fl¬±˚«¸±ÒÚ fl¬ı˛À˘º ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤˝◊ ˙”^ ¶§·« ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛À˘± Ú±ºíŒıÓ¬±ı˛±› ¸fl¬À˘ ı˛±À˜ı˛ À˘º ˙”À^ı˛ À˘ ›“Ú±ı˛± Ô±fl¬ÀıÚ Œfl¬Ú∑ qÀ^ı˛ ¶ö±Ú˜ÀÓ«¬…› ŒÚ˝◊, ¶§À·«› ŒÚ˝◊º ¤ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ı˛±À˜ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øıù´±ø˜ÀSı˛ ı˛±Êfl¬Ó«¬ı… - øÚÀ«˙fl¬ı˛±ÌœøÈ¬ ’Ú≈Ò±ıÚ Œ˚±·…ñ

ëëõ∂Ê±ı˛é¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… Ú‘˙—¸ ı± ’Ú‘˙—¸, ¬Û±¬Ûfl¬ı˛ ı± Œ±¯˜≈Mê ¸ı fl¬±ÀÊ˝◊fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ˚±Àı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ı˛±Ê… ‰¬±˘±ı±ı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛ Ô±fl¬Àıº ¤È¬±˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¸Ú±Ó¬ÚÒ˜«ºíí6

’Ô«±»ëëÚ‘¸—¸˜Ú‘˙— ¸— ı± õ∂Ê±ı˛é¬Ìfl¬±ı˛Ì±»ººı˛±Ê…ˆ¬±ı˛øÚ˚≈MêÓ¬±˘±À˜¯ Ò˜« ¸Ú±Ó¬Ú–ººíí

ı˛±˜± ˛ÀÌ øÚ¯± &˝fl¬Àfl¬ ı˘± ˝À ˛ÀÂ ı˛±À˜ı˛ ¸‡±º ıÚı±À¸ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ¬ÛÀı« ◊ ı˛±˜ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±Úfl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú &˝Àfl¬ı˛ ’±øÓ¬Ô…º ıÀ˘øÂÀ˘Ú, ëÓ¬±ı˛± ıÚı±¸œı˛ ‡±… ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛Àı Ú±ºı˛ÀÔı˛ Œ‚±h¬±Àı˛ ‡±… øÀ˘˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¬±ı˛ ˝˚˛ºí7 &˝fl¬ Ó¬±˝◊ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº ’Ô‰¬ ¤˝◊ıÚı±¸ fl¬±À˘˝◊ ı˛±˜-˘ÑÌ-¸œÓ¬± ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬π ¸˜À˚˛ ’øS-’Ú≈¸”˚˛±-ˆ¬ı˛Z±Ê › ’Ú…±Ú…˜≈øÚÀı˛ ’±øÓ¬Ô… ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº Î¬◊¬Ûı±À¸ ı˛±Ó¬ fl¬±È¬±ÚøÚº &˝Àfl¬ı˛ ’±øÓ¬Ô… ¢∂˝Ì Ú±fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ø¬ÛÂÀÚ øÂ˘ ıÌ«Õı¯˜…º ∆ÚøÓ¬fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ¤ı— ’±˙« ı˛±Ê± › ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ı˛ ÒWÊ±Ò±ı˛œı˛±˜‰¬f õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚ Œ˚˜Ú ˙”^ › ˙”^Ó¬ı˛Àı˛ ¸À/ ˝±Ó¬ ø˜ø˘À˚˛ÀÂÚ, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ∆ıøfl¬¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ øıÀı˛±Òœ ı˛±é¬¸Àı˛ øıèÀX Ú±Ú± ¸˜À˚˛ Ó“¬±Àfl¬ ˚≈X¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ’±˚«˜ø˝˜±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ≈¬ ’±øfl¬øı ’±˚« ˜±˝±ÀR…ı˛ Î¬◊»fl‘¬©ÜÓ¬± õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±ÀÚ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬øäÓ¬ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ı˛±˜±øı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤¸ı fl¬øı˛À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂÚº ø˜øÔ˘±ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ øfl¬À˙±ı˛ ı˛±˜-˘é¬ÌÀfl¬ ˚:ÒW—¸fl¬±ı˛œ › ˜≈øÚŸ¬ø¯Àı˛ øSê˚˛±fl¬±`¬ ¤ı— õ∂±Ó¬…ø˝fl¬ ÊœıÚ±‰¬±ı˛ÀÌ Î¬◊»¬Û±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Üfl¬±ı˛œ’Õıøfl¬ ı˛±é¬¸Àı˛ Œ˜±fl¬±øı˘± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º ’±ı±ı˛ ıÚı±¸œ ‰¬`¬±˘ &˝Àfl¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔÓ“¬±ı˛ ø˜SÓ¬± ¶ö±¬ÛÀÚ Œ˚, ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ ∆˜Sœ¸≈˘ˆ¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ı-õ∂¸”Ó¬ Ú˚˛º ’±˚«-’Ú±˚«Àı˛ø˜˘Ú-Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙…› Ú˚˛ ¸≈Ñ ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ¶§±Ô«ø¸øXı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… Œ¸ øı¯˚˛ ’±ı˛› ¶Û©Ü



˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ ı±˘œ ıÒ › ¸≈¢∂œÀıı˛ ¸À/ ø˜SÓ¬± ¶ö±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ˚˛º ı˛±˜ ¤‡±ÀÚŒfl¬ı˘ ˆ¬Mêı±>±˝◊ ÚÚ, ¸ı« ˙øMê˜±Ú› ıÀÈ¬º ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı¯π˚˛ ¸˜±Ê › ÊÚÊœıÀÚı˛¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±˚˛ ’±˚« ·øı˛˜± › ˜˝Q õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ı˛ Œ˚ Î¬◊B‰¬ Ê±Ó¬…±øˆ¬˜±Úœ õ∂˚˛±¸ ı±úœøfl¬ı˛±˜±˚˛ÀÌ ‘©Ü ˝˚˛, ı˛±˜±˚˛Ìfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ‘ø©Üˆ¬/œÀÓ¬ ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬˝◊ Œ¸fl¬±À˘ı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«ı¸ı±¸fl¬±ı˛œ ’Ú… ¸ı Ê±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ ’±˚«Àı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ øÚ‰≈¬ › Œ˝˚˛ ı˛+À¬Û õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß ˝À˚˛ÀÂº

˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬†˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬†˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬†˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬†˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬† ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ∆ıøfl¬ ˚≈À·ı˛ Œ˙À¯ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê-¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ›ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ı˛ øı¯˚˛ ¶Û©Üº ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ú±Ú± Ê±øÓ¬ › Ó¬±Àı˛ ÊœıÚ‰¬˚«±ı˛ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Œ¸˝◊ ˚≈À·ı˛ ¸˜±Ê ı…ı¶ö±ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ∆ıø˙©Ü… Ú±Ú± ıÌ«¸—fl¬ı˛ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛Î¬◊æıº ’±˚«-’Ú±˚«Àı˛ ¸—ø˜|ÀÌı˛ Ù¬À˘ øÚ¯±, ‰¬`¬±˘, ’±ˆ¬œı˛ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬ißıÌ«¸—fl¬ı˛ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝Úº ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ øı¬Û≈˘ ’—˙ ˜˝ø¯« Œıı…±À¸ı˛ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛,˝±Ê±ı˛ ıÂÀı˛ı˛› Œıø˙ ¸˜˚˛ ÒÀı˛ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ıË±p¬Ì… ¸—À˚±ÊÚ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂº õ∂±‰¬œÚ ∆ıøfl¬¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ øıø˙©Ü ·Àı¯fl¬, ø˙é¬±øı ¸≈fl≈¬˜±ı˛œ ˆ¬A±‰¬±À˚«ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡¬Û±˝◊ ’±˜ı˛±º ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú ¬ÛÀı« øfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ıË±p¬ÀÌı˛ Œ|á¬QÀfl¬ Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛±˝À˚˛ÀÂ Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊±˝ı˛Ìñ

ëëÊiú ˝ÀÓ¬˝◊ ıË±p¬Ì ’Ú… ¸ı ıÀÌ«ı˛ &èºíí8

ëëı‘X¬ ¤ı— ı±˘fl¬ ¸fl¬˘ ıË±p¬Ì˝◊ ¸•ú±Ú±ÀÔ« ıË±p¬Ì, øıZ±Ú˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬ ’±ı˛ ˜”‡«˝◊Œ˝±fl¬ ¸fl¬˘ ’ı¶ö±˚˛˝◊ Œ¸ ¬Û”Ê…º ’ø¢ü Œ˚˜Ú ’¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ Ô±fl¬À˘› Ó¬±˝±ı˛˜±˝±R Ú©Ü ˝˚˛ Ú±, ıË±p¬Ì› Œ˚ ’ı¶ö±˚˛ Ô±fl≈¬fl¬ Ú± Œfl¬Ú, Ó“¬±ı˛ Êiú·Ó¬øıÀ˙¯Q Ú©Ü ˝˚˛ Ú±ºíí9

˜˝±ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ı ’Ú≈ ±¸Ú ¬ÛÀı« ◊ ”À^ı ’iß¢∂˝Ì ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸Ó¬fl«¬ı±Ìœ Î¬◊B‰¬±ıÌ fl¬ı± ˝À˚ÀÂñëëø˚øÚ ˙”À^ı˛ ’iß ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛ÚøÓ¬øÚ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ˚± øfl¬Â≈ ‚‘Ì… Ó¬±˝◊ Œˆ¬±ÊÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú,˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˙ı˛œÀı˛ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Ó¬±Ê… ’—˙ ¬Û±Ú fl¬Àı˛Ú› ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸ı ’±ıÊ«Ú± ’±˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Úºíí10

·œÓ¬±˚˛ ¿fl‘¬¯û Ú±ı˛œ › ˙”^Àı˛ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚñëë˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ‰¬øı˛ÀS ˚Ó¬ õ∂fl¬±ı˛ Œ±¯ Ô±Àfl¬ ¸ı Œ±¯˝◊ Ú±ı˛œ › ˙”À^ı˛ ‰¬øı˛ÀS’±ÀÂº Êiú±ôLı˛œ˚˛ ¬Û±À¬Ûı˛ Ù¬À˘ Êœı ¶aœı˛+À¬Û › ˙”^ı˛+À¬Û Êiú¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛ºííï·œÓ¬±-9ì32ó

˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ‚ÀÈ¬±»fl¬‰¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ‰¬øı˛Sº øÚÀÊı˛ ÊœıÚ øÀ ˛ ¬Û±`¬ı ¬Û≈S ’Ê≈«ÚÀfl¬ı“±ø‰¬À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº ¬Û±`¬ı¬Û≈S ˆ¬œÀ˜ı˛ fiı˛À¸ ø˝øh¬•§±ı˛ ·Àˆ«¬ Ó“¬±ı˛ Êiúº ‚ÀÈ¬±»fl¬‰¬ ’Ú±˚«,’é¬øS˚˛º é¬øS˚˛ fiı˛¸Ê±Ó¬ ˝À˚˛› é¬øS˚˛fl”¬À˘ ¶ö±Ú ˝˚˛øÚ Ó“¬±ı˛, fl¬±ı˛Ì ˜± ’Ú±˚« ıÀ˘º



øfl¬c fl≈¬èÀé¬ÀSı˛ ≈ÀX õ∂À ˛±ÊÚ ˝À ˛øÂ˘ Ó“¬±ı˛º ˜˝±¸˜Àı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ıœı˛Q¬Û”Ì« ≈X ˜˝±fl¬øıı˛˝±ÀÓ¬ ’Ú… ˜±S± ¤ÀÚøÂ˘º ˜˝±ıœı˛ fl¬Ì« ’Ê≈«ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ¸≈øÚø«©Üˆ¬±Àı ı˛øé¬Ó¬ øı…±¶aëı±¸ıM ∆ıÊ˚˛ôLœí ˙øMêZ±ı˛± ‚ÀÈ¬±»fl¬‰¬Àfl¬ ıÒ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ı±Ò… ˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº øÚ–À˙¯ ˝À˚˛ø·À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú fl¬Ì«º Œı“À‰¬ ø·À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú ’Ê≈«Úº Ó“¬±ı˛ Œ˙±Àfl¬ ˚‡Ú ¬Û±Gıı˛± ˜≈˝…˜±Ú, Ó¬‡Úfl‘¬À¯ûı˛ Î¬◊XÓ¬ Ú‘Ó¬… øÂ˘ ’˙±˘œÚº ¬Û±`¬ıı˛± fl‘¬À¯ûı˛ Ú‘ÀÓ¬…ı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊À˘ øÓ¬øÚıÀ˘øÂÀ˘Úñ

ëëŒ˚ ø˝ Ò•ú«¸… ŒÚ±l±Àı˛± ıÒ…±Àô¶ ˜˜ ¬Û±`¬ıºÒ•ú«¸—¶ö±¬ÛÚ±Ô« ø˝ õ∂±øÓ¬Õ:¯± ˜˜±ı…˚˛±ºíí11

’Ô«±» ˚±˝±ı˛± Ò˜«ÀZ¯œ, Ó¬±˝±ı˛± ’±˜±ı˛ ıÒ…º Ò˜«¸—¶ö±¬ÛÀÚı˛ øÚø˜M ’±ø˜ ¤˝◊ õ∂øÓ¬:±fl¬Àı˛øÂº fl‘¬¯û ’±ı˛› ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ, ı˛±é¬¸œı˛ ·ˆ«¬Ê±Ó¬ ıÀ˘ ‚ÀÈ¬±»fl¬‰¬ ¬Û±¬Û±R±, ŒıøZÊøıÀZ¯œº ¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı øÚ˝Ó¬ Ú± ˝À˘ øÓ¬øÚ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ’Ú… Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ı±Ò… ˝ÀÓ¬Úº

¬Û±`¬ı Œfl¬Ãı˛ıÀı˛ ’¶a&è Œ^±Ú±‰¬±˚« øÚ¯±¬Û≈S ıÀ˘ ¤fl¬˘ı…Àfl¬ ’¶a ø˙é¬±øÀÓ¬ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº ¤fl¬˘ı… Œ^±Ì±‰¬±À˚«ı˛ ˜‘iú˚˛ ˜”øÓ«¬ ∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬Àı˛, Ó¬±Àfl¬¸±˜ÀÚ Œı˛À‡ ¶§ø˙é¬±˚˛ ÒÚ≈øı«…±˚˛ ¬Û±ı˛˙π ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬øÂÀ˘Úº ŒÈ¬ı˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Œ^±Ì±‰¬±˚«¤fl¬˘Àı…ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ &èı˛ øé¬Ì±ı˛ Ú±À˜, Ó“¬±ı˛ Î¬±Ú ˝±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’/≈á¬ Œfl¬ÀÈ¬ øÚÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº ¤˝◊’˜±Úøıfl¬Ó¬± ¤˝◊ øÚá≈¬ı˛Ó¬±ı˛ øfl¬ Œfl¬±Ú Ó≈¬˘Ú± ’±ÀÂ∑ &èøé¬Ì± ±ÀÚ ¤fl¬˘Àı…ı˛Œ|á¬Q Ó¬±Àfl¬ ˜˝±fl¬±Àı… fl¬±˘Ê˚˛œ ˜ø˝˜± øÀ˚˛ÀÂº Œ¸˝◊ ¤fl¬˘ı… ¬Û±¬Û±R± Ó¬±Àfl¬›Œfl¬±Ú Ú± Œfl¬±Ú ˆ¬±Àı ˝Ó¬…±ı˛ õ∂À ˛±ÊÚ ˝ÀÓ¬± fl‘¬À¯ûı˛º ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ øÓ¬øÚ Œ¸ fl¬Ô±º ‚ÀÈ¬±»fl¬‰¬› ¤fl¬˘Àı…ı˛ ÊÚ… fl‘¬À¯ûı˛ Ò˜«¸—¶ö±¬ÛÚ øfl¬ fl¬Àı˛ ’±È¬Àfl¬ Ô±Àfl¬, ’±˜ı˛± Ó¬± ı≈øÁ¬ Ú±º’±˜ı˛± qÒ≈ Œø‡ ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˙”^ ‰¬øı˛Ó¬±ı˘œı˛ ’˜˚«±±fl¬ı˛ ’ı¶ö±Úº

Î¬◊À°‡… ∆ıøfl¬ ˚≈À· Œ˚˜Ú ıÌ«¸—fl¬ı˛ Ê±øÓ¬ ıË±p¬Ì… ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ ı± ˜˚«±±’Ê«Ú-¬Û”ı«fl¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± › ˜˚«±± õ∂±l, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬› ¤ı˛ ‘©Ü±ôL øıı˛˘Ú˚˛º ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’:±Ó¬ıÌ« Ê±ı±˘± ¸Ó¬…fl¬±À˜ı˛ Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ Ÿ¬ø¯ fl¬Ó‘«¬fl¬ ıË±p¬ÌQ ˘±ˆ¬øfl¬—ı± ’±ø˜ Ÿ¬ø¯ ıø˙á¬ ÿı«˙œ¬Û≈S Ó¬Ô± Œı˙…±ı˛ ¸ôL±Ú ’Ô‰¬ øÓ¬øÚ Œı: › ¬Û±ø`¬Ó¬…’Ê«Ú-¬Û”ı«fl¬ Ÿ¬ø¯ ’øˆ¬Ò±˚˛ ˆ”¬ø¯Ó¬º ˜˝ø¯« Ú±ı˛ ıË±p¬Ì±¸œ ¤fl¬ ·øÌfl¬±ı˛ ¬Û≈S ’±ı±ı˛ı…±¸Àı Òœıı˛ ı—˙Ê±Ó¬º ¤Â±h¬± ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ Œ^±Ì-fl‘¬¬Û-øı≈ı˛-fl¬Ì«-¤“ı˛± ’:±Ó¬ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛¸ôL±Ú ’Ô‰¬ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ¬Û±ı˛ø˙«Ó¬±À˝Ó≈¬ fl≈¬è-¬Û±`¬Àıı˛ ’¶a &èı˛ ˜˚«±±˚˛ ˆ”¬ø¯Ó¬ ›ë’±‰¬±˚«í Î¬◊¬Û±øÒõ∂±lº ˜˝±ıœı˛ fl¬Ì« fl≈¬˜±ı˛œ fl≈¬ôLœı˛ ·ˆ«¬Ê±Ó¬, øÓ¬øÚ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛˝œÚ˝À˚˛› Œfl¬Ãı˛ı¬ÛÀé¬ı˛ ¸iú±øÚÓ¬ ¬Û≈è¯, ±Ú˙œ˘ ı˛+À¬Û Ê·»¸—¸±Àı˛ |X±ı˛ ’±¸ÀÚ’øÒøá¬Ó¬º Î¬◊À°‡…, ¤“ı˛± Œfl¬Î¬◊ ˝œÚfl”¬À˘ ı± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ø¬ÛøÂÀ˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± Œ|ÌœøÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’ı¶ö±Ú fl¬Àı˛Ú øÚº ¤“Àı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ıÌ«Õı¯˜… ı± Ê±Ó¬-¬Û±Ó¬ ıh¬ fl¬Ô± Ú˚˛,



ı‘øM·Ó¬ øfl¬øÈ¬˝◊ ˜”‡…º Ó¬±˝◊ fl¬ÀÌ«ı˛ ·Àı«±XÓ¬ Î¬◊øMê - ı—˙¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ı± ı—˙˜˚«±± Ú˚˛,Œ|á¬Q ı± Œ·Ãı˛Àıı˛ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ëŒ¬ÛÃè¯-˝◊í øı‰¬±˚« › ¢∂˝ÌÀ˚±·…º ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛, øı¬Ûı˛œÀÓ¬øÚ•ßıÌ«Ê±Ó¬ ı…øMê é¬Ó¬± ˛ øfl¬—ı± &Ì±ıø˘ÀÓ¬ ’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˝À ˛› ¸˜±ÀÊ Œ˚ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛‰≈¬…Ó¬,˜˚«±±w©Ü, øÚ¯±fl”¬˘Ê±Ó¬ ¤fl¬˘ı… Î¬◊B‰¬ıÌ« Œ^±Ì±‰¬±À˚«ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ’¶a ø˙é¬±˘±Àˆ¬ ıø=Ó¬¤ı— ÒÚ≈øı«…± ˛ ’Ê≈«Ú ’À¬Ûé¬± ’øÒfl¬Ó¬ı˛ é¬Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬ ˛ øÀ˘› ≈øıÒ±Àˆ¬±·œ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀ·«ı˛fl¬±ÀÂ õ∂Ó¬±øı˛Ó¬, Ó¬±ı˛ Œ·Ãı˛ı fl”¬˘Àfl¬Ãø˘Ú… ˝œÚÓ¬±˚˛ ˆ”¬-˘≈ø_Ó¬º ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬, ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«±¸ › ˙”^ıÀÌ«ı˛ ’˜˚«±±ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ’øÓ¬ õ∂±‰¬œÚº

˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ±¸, ‰¬`¬±˘, øÚ¯±, Œ•°BÂ, ˙ıı˛, ¸≈… õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ˙s ’¶Û‘˙…, ˝œÚ› ¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬À|Ìœ ı˛+À¬Û˝◊ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬º ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ¤˝◊¸ı øÚÀ‰¬ı˛ Ó¬˘±ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Œ˚ ¸ı«øıÒ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ Ó¬± Œ¸fl¬±À˘ı˛ ¸˜±Ê ı…ı¶ö±˚˛ ıÌ«Õı¯˜… ı± Œ|ÌœÀˆ¬Àı˛ ø‰¬S Â±h¬± ’±ı˛ øfl¬Â≈Ú˚˛º ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ë±¸í fl¬Ô±øÈ¬ı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛ ˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ë±¸í ˙Àsı˛ ’Ô« ˆ‘¬Ó¬…º ±¸Œfl¬±Ô±› ·‘˝˙”Ú… ı± ŒıÓ¬ÚÀˆ¬±·œ øfl¬Çı˛ ı˛+À¬Û ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ ë±¸í ’Ô«¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬ ı± Úœ‰¬º ëı±˝œfl¬í ŒÀ˙ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛± ë±¸œ¬Û≈Sí ıÀ˘ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ øÂ˘º ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬Œ˚ ‰¬`¬±˘ ˙søÈ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ó¬± ˜”˘Ó¬ ˝œÚÓ¬±ı±‰¬fl¬ ’ÀÔ«º

˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ øÚ¯± › Œ•°BÂ ˙søÈ¬ Ú±Ú± ’ÀÔ« ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øÚ¯± ˙Àsı˛¤fl¬ ’Ô« ˜»¸…Êœıœº Œfl¬±Ô±› ˜»¸… øıÀSêÓ¬±Àfl¬› øÚ¯± ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øÚ¯±Àı˛’¬Ûı˛ Ú±˜ ˝˘ ˘≈tfl¬ ïı…±Òóº ’±˚« ˙Àsı˛ øı¬Ûı˛œÓ¬ ’Ô« ˝˘ Œ•°BÂ-¤ı˛± ’±ø˜øÚı±¸œº ¤˝◊ Œ•°BÂ ˙Àsı˛ ’Ô« ’¸ˆ¬…, Úœ‰¬ ı± ˝œÚ ı…øMêº :±Ú˝œÚ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛±› Œ•°BÂıÀ˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬º ’±ı±ı˛ Œ•°BÂ ’ÀÔ« ’Õıøfl¬ ’Ôı± ıË±p¬Ì-øıÀZ¯œ Œı±Á¬± ˛º ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ ˛˚≈À·ı˛ øfl¬ı˛±ÀÓ¬ı˛±› Œ•°BÂ øÂ˘º øfl¬ı˛±ÀÓ¬ı˛± ˝øô¶‰¬±˘Ú±˚˛ ¬ÛÈ≈¬º ’Ê≈«ÚÀfl¬ ¤˝◊ Œ•°BÂ∆¸øÚfl¬Àı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˚≈X fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º ˙ıı˛ı˛±› Œ•°BÂº ˙ıı˛ ’ÀÔ« ‰¬`¬±˘-ı…±Ò-øfl¬ı˛±Ó¬ › øÚ¯± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Ê±øÓ¬º ¤ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘˝◊ ’¶Û‘˙…º ¤ı˛± ˜Ò…À˙ ıø˝–ˆ”«¬Ó¬ ¤ı—¤Àı˛ Êiú ˙ıı˛±ı±À¸º ˙ıı˛±ı±À¸ı˛ ’Ô« ’Õıøfl¬ ’Ôı± ‰¬`¬±À˘ı˛ Œ˙º ˚ıÀÚı˛±›’Õıøfl¬ øÂ˘º Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ’/, ı/, ¬Û±`¬…, ’Lafl¬, ≈ø˜Ó¬, øfl¬ı˛±Ó¬ı˛±Ê ≈ Ú±, ˚ıÚ±øÒ¬ÛøÓ¬‰¬±Ú≈ı˛, Œˆ¬±Ê, fl¬ø˘/ı˛±Ê, |n∏Ó¬±˚˛≈Ò, ˜·Ò¬ÛøÓ¬ Ê˚˛À¸Ú, ¤ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘˝◊ øÂÀ˘Ú’Õıøfl¬Àı˛ ı˛±Ê±º

Ó¬»fl¬±À˘ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ ˙”^, ±¸, ¸≈…, Œ‰¬±ı˛, Ó¬¶®ı˛, Ú±øô¶fl¬, ¬Û±¯`¬, øÚ¯±,Œ•°BÂ, ˚ıÚ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ¸fl¬˘ Ú±˜Ò±ı˛œ øıÀ˙¯ Œ|Ìœ ’Ôı± Ê±øÓ¬ ’¶Û‘˙… ıÀ˘øıÀıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝Ó¬º ’¸ˆ¬…, ıı«ı˛, ’Ú±‰¬±ı˛œ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Ú±Ú± Œ|Ìœı˛ ’Ú±˚« Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ ı¸ı±¸ øÂ˘- ¤ı˛± ” Ó¬ ’¶Û‘ … ù¨˙±Úı±¸œ, ‰¬`¬±˘, fl≈¬fl≈¬ı˛, ¸˝‰¬ı˛, ÒÚ≈ ô¶ı…±Ò, øÚ¯±, ˜»¸…Êœıœ·‘˝ˆ‘¬Ó¬… õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ˚±ı˛± ±À¸ı˛ fl¬±˚« fl¬ı˛Ó¬ Ó¬±ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘˝◊ ŒÀ˙ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’ıø¶öÓ¬ øÂ˘ ¤ı—



fl¬˜« › ı…ı¸±À˝Ó≈¬ ˝œÚ ıÀ˘ ¬Ûøı˛·øÌÓ¬ ˝Ó¬ ¤ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ Œ˝˚˛ › øÚøjÓ¬ ¶ö±Ú ’øÒfl¬±ı˛fl¬ı˛Ó¬º

˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬†˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬†˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬†˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬†˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬† Œı-ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì-˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ Ú˚˛ ˙”^Àı˛ ¸ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ ’ı˜±ÚÚ±fl¬ı˛ ¤ı—’˜ «±±fl¬ı˛ ’ı¶ö± ˛ Ú±ø˜À ˛ øÀ ˛øÂÀ˘Ú ˜Ú≈º ˜Ú≈ —ø˝Ó¬± ø˝j≈ÒÀ «ı˛ ¸ıÀ‰¬À ˛ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬¤ı— ’±À˘±øh¬Ó¬ ¢∂Löº ˝±Ê±ı˛ ıÂÀı˛› Œ¸˝◊ ’±À˘±h¬Ú Œ˙¯ ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛øÚº ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ø˝j≈Àı˛ ¸˜±Ê ı…ı¶ö±˚˛ ˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ı øı¶ú˚˛fl¬ı˛º ˜Ú≈˝◊ ıÌ«ı…ı¶ö±Àfl¬ Ó¬±øNfl¬ı˛+¬ÛøÀ˚˛ fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı˛ ¸ı øıÒ±Ú øÀ˚˛ Œ·ÀÂÚº ’±ø˜ ˙”^Àı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ ˜Ú≈ı˛ fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊øMêqÒ≈ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊º ˜Ú≈ øıÒ±Ú øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚñ

ëë˙”^Àı˛ ÒÚ¸•Û ¸=˚˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ›˚˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛ Œ¸ ıË±p¬ÌÀı˛ ı±Ò±¢∂¶öfl¬ı˛Àıºíí12

ëëıË±p¬Ì øÚøX«Ò±˚˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ˙”^±À¸ı˛ øÊøÚ¯¬ÛS ’±R¸±» fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛Ú, fl¬±ı˛Ì˙”^ ÒÀÚı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛œ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±ºíí13

ëë¤fl¬ÊÚ ˙”^ ˆ‘¬ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˙øMê, é¬Ó¬± › Œ¬Û±À¯…ı˛ ¸—‡…± ¸À/ ¸/øÓ¬¬Û”Ì«Î¬◊¬Û˚≈Mê ˆ¬ı˛Ì-Œ¬Û±¯ÀÌı˛ ı…ı¶ö± fl¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º Ó¬±Àfl¬ Œ›˚˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Î¬◊øBÂ©Ü‡±…, ÊœÌ« ı¶a, ’¸±ı˛ Ò±Ú ¤ı— ¬Û≈ı˛±Ó¬Ú ˙˚…±ºíí14

ëëŒfl¬Ú± Œ˝±fl¬ ı± Ú± Œ˝±fl¬, ˙”^Àfl¬ ±À¸ ¬Ûøı˛ÌÓ¬ fl¬ı˛± ˝Àı fl¬±ı˛Ì ıË±p¬ÌÀı˛Œ¸ı± fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ıËp¬± Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚºííëë˙”^Àfl¬ ±¸Q ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜≈øMê Œ›˚˛± ˚±Àı Ú±, fl¬±ı˛Ì ±¸… Ó¬±ı˛ ¶§ˆ¬±ıºíí15

ø˙qı˛ Ú±˜fl¬ı˛Ì ’Ú≈á¬±ÀÚ› ˜Ú≈ ıÌ«øıˆ¬±ÊÚ Œø‡À˚˛ÀÂÚ, ˚± ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ˙”^Àı˛˝œÚ ’ı¶ö±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ŒÊ±ı˛ Œ˚˛º Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œñ

ëëıË±p¬ÀÌı˛ Ú±˜ ˝›˚˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ˜/˘ı±‰¬fl¬, é¬øSÀ˚˛ı˛ ı˘, ∆ıÀ˙…ı˛ ÒÚ ¤ı—˙”À^ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˚Ú Œfl¬±Ú øfl¬Â≈ ‚‘Ì… ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ºíí16

¤ı˛˝◊ ’Ú≈ø¸X±ôL ø˝¸±Àı øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ ‰¬±ı˛ıÀÌ«ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±øÒ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˚Ô±SêÀ˜ ’±Új,øÚı˛±¬ÛM±, ¸˜‘øX › Œ¸ı± Œı±Á¬±ÀÚ± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ñ

ëë|±X ’Ú≈á¬±ÀÚ ıË±p¬ÌÀı˛ ˚±Àı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±fl¬±ÀÚ± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ…’±ÀÂ ‰¬`¬±˘, ¢∂±À˜ı˛ qÀ˚˛±ı˛ › fl≈¬fl≈¬ı˛ ˝◊Ó¬…±øºíí17

˜Ú≈ ’±ı˛› ıÀ˘ÀÂÚñëë˙”^ Œ|á¬Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ı…øMêÀfl¬ õ∂˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ı±ı˛ ÊÀÚ… ˚ø ˝ô¶ øfl¬—ı± `¬ Î¬◊ÀM±˘Úfl¬Àı˛, Ó¬±˝À˘ ˙”À^ı˛ ˝ô¶ÀBÂÚ fl¬Àı˛ øÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº Œfl¬±Ú ‰¬`¬±˘Àfl¬ ¶Û˙« fl¬ı˛±,Ó¬±ı˛ ¸À/ fl¬Ô± ı˘± ı± Ó¬±ı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±fl¬±ÀÚ±› ¬Û±¬Ûº Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¶Û˙« fl¬ı˛À˘ qX˝›˚˛±ı˛ ÊÀÚ… ¸±ı˛± ˙ı˛œı˛ Î≈¬øıÀ˚˛ ·/± ¶ß±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº ’±ı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ øÀfl¬



Ó¬±fl¬±À˘ ¸”˚«ı˛øù¨ı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±fl¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àıº Œfl¬±Ú ıË±p¬Ì ˚ø ˙”À^ı˛ Œ›˚˛±‡±ı±ı˛ ¬Û±fl¬¶ö˘œÀÓ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ˜±ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ó¬± ˝À˘ øÓ¬øÚ ’¬ÛøıS ˝ÀıÚ ¤ı—¬Ûı˛ÊÀiú Œ¸ ˙”^ ˝À˚˛ Êiú ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛Àıº ¤Â±h¬± ’±ı˛› ı˘± ˝˚˛ Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú|±ÀX Î¬◊»¸·πfl‘¬Ó¬ ¸±˜¢∂œ ˚ø ‰¬`¬±˘ › ’Ú… Œfl¬±Ú ’ôL…Êı˛± ŒÀ‡ ŒÙ¬À˘Ó¬±˝À˘ Ó¬± ’¬ÛøıS ˝Àıºíí18

˙”^ı˛± Î¬◊B‰¬Ó¬ı˛ ıÀÌ«ı˛ ı…øMêÀı˛ øıèÀX ’¬Ûı˛±Ò fl¬ı˛À˘ ˜Ú≈ ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ Œı˙fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ ˙±øô¶ı˛ øıÒ±Ú øÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Úº Œ˚˜Úñ

ëëŒfl¬±Ú ˙”^ ˚ø øZÊÀfl¬ ïıË±p¬Ì › é¬øS˚˛ó fl¬È≈¬ı±fl¬… ıÀ˘ ’¬Û˜±Ú fl¬Àı˛,Ó¬Àı Ó¬±ı˛ øÊˆ¬ Œfl¬ÀÈ¬ Œ›˚˛± ˝Àıºíí19

˜Ú≈ ’±ı˛› ıÀ˘ÀÂÚñëëŒfl¬±Ú ˙”^ ˚ø øZÀÊı˛ Ú±˜ › Ê±øÓ¬ ’ı:± ¸˝fl¬±Àı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±˝À˘˙ ’±„≈˘ ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ú ˘•§± ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊Ml Œ˘Ã˝ ˙˘±fl¬± Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜≈À‡ õ∂Àı˙fl¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ˝Àıºíí20

ëëÎ¬◊XÓ¬ˆ¬±Àı ıË±p¬ÌÀı˛ Ó“¬±Àı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı… ¸•§Àg ø˙é¬± øÀ˘ ı˛±Ê± Ó¬±ı˛ ˜≈À‡ ›fl¬±ÀÚ ·ı˛˜ ŒÓ¬˘ ŒÏ¬À˘ Œ›˚˛±ı˛ ı…ı¶ö± fl¬ı˛ÀıÚºíí21

Ê˚˛¸›˚˛±À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ë‹¸ı ı…ı¶ö± Ò˜«-õ∂‰¬±ı˛fl¬ ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ˙”^Àı˛ øıèÀX fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂíï˜Ú≈ ’…±ÚÎ¬ ˚±:ı®…-¬Û‘† 150óº

ëë∆ø˝fl¬ ’±‚±Ó¬ ¤ı— ‹ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ’¬Ûı˛±ÀÒı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˙”^Àı˛ ÊÚ… õ∂‰¬`¬fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ ˙±øô¶ı˛ ı…ı¶ö± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº øıÒ±Ú Œ›˚˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚, øÚ•ßıÀÌ«ı˛˜±Ú≈¯ Œ˚ ’/ øÀ˚˛ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀÌ«ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬ ’±‚±Ó¬ fl¬ı˛Àı Œ¸˝◊ ’/ ŒÂ fl¬ı˛±˝Àıºíí22

ëë∆ı˙… › ˙”^Àı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀÌ«ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¬ øıı±˝ı˛œøÓ¬ ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝ÀÓ¬±ºõ∂Ô˜ ‰¬±ı˛ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ øıı±˝, ’Ô«±» ıËp¬, ∆ı, ’±˚« › õ∂Ê±õ∂±Ó¬… ıË±p¬ÌÀı˛ÊÚ… øÚÒ«±øı˛Ó¬º é¬øS˚˛Àı˛ ÊÚ… ı˛±é¬¸ øıı±˝ ¤ı— ∆ı˙… › ˙”^Àı˛ ÊÚ…’ ≈ı˛ øıı±˝ºíí23

˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬±ı˛ ˙˜ ’Ò…±À˚˛ ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂñëë’±À•§±á¬, øÚ¯±, ¬Ûı˛±˙ı˛, ¸”Ó¬, ˜±·Ò, ∆ıÀ˝, ’±À˚˛±·ı, ‰¬`¬±˘, ’±ˆ¬œı˛,øÒ¢´Ì, ¬Û≈flƒ¬fl¬¸, ıË±Ó¬…, ˆ”¬Ê≈fl¬KÈ¬fl¬, ˜°, ø˘BÂøı, ÚÈ¬, fl¬ı˛Ì, ‡¸ƒ, ^±øıh¬˝◊Ó¬…±ø ’ôL…Êºíí24

õ∂‡…±Ó¬ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ı˛±˜˙ı˛Ì ˙˜«± Ó“¬±ı˛ ëõ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˙”^í ¢∂ÀLö ˜ôLı…



fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚñëë¢∂œ¸ › Œı˛±À˜ Ú±·øı˛fl¬Q õ∂fl¬ä Œ˚ ∆ıÒÓ¬± Œ¬ÛÀ ˛øÂ˘ Ò « ±¶a ŒÔÀfl¬ ıÌ«õ∂Ô±›Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ˘ Œ¸˝◊ ∆ıÒÓ¬±º øfl¬c ≈øÈ¬ õ∂Àˆ¬ øÂ˘º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬ ıÌ«õ∂Ô±Àfl¬ ¤fl¬øÈ¬Ò˜π˚˛ ’±BÂ±ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛, ’±ı˛ Ú±·øı˛fl¬Ó¬± õ∂Ô±ı˛ øÂ˘õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ’±˝◊Ú·Ó¬ ’±BÂ±Úº...íí

ıÌ« õ∂Ô±ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ˜”˘ ∆ıø˙©Ü… ’é≈¬iß ı˛±‡± › Œ¸˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ˙”^Àı˛ ±øıÀ˚˛ ı˛±‡±ı˛ Œé¬ÀSŒ˚ ˙øMê˙±˘œ fl¬±ı˛ÌøÈ¬ ¸±˝±˚… fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘ Ó¬± ˝˘ fl¬˜«ı± › Œ¸˝◊ ŒıøÚø«©Ü ıÌ« ı±Ê±øÓ¬·Ó¬ fl¬Ó«¬ı… ¬Û±˘Ú Ú± fl¬ı˛À˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ’qˆ¬ ¬Ûøı˛Ì±˜ ¸•§Àg ÊÚ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÀfl¬ ˆ¬œÓ¬¸La¶ö fl¬Àı˛ ı˛±‡± |˜Êœıœ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˜Ú ıË±p¬Ì… ˆ¬±ı±À˙«ı˛ ˙‘∫˘ ¤˜Ú˝◊ fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±Àıı“±Ò± øÂ˘ Œ˚ ˙”^Àı˛ ı˘ õ∂À˚˛±À·ı˛ ı± ˙”À^ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¸˙¶a øıÀ^±À˝ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· øÂ˘ ‡≈ı˝◊¸œø˜Ó¬º ∆ÊÚ, ŒıÃX › ’±Êœøıfl¬Àı˛ ˙”À^ı˛ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ Ú±ø˜À˚˛ ı˛±‡± ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º ˙”^ı˛±¤¸ı ¸•x±À˚˛ øÚøı«ı±À Œ˚±· øÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº25

Ê±Ó¬fl¬†Ê±Ó¬fl¬†Ê±Ó¬fl¬†Ê±Ó¬fl¬†Ê±Ó¬fl¬† Ê±Ó¬fl¬ fl¬±ø˝øÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬`¬±˘Àı˛ ıÌ«Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ˝œÚÓ¬˜˜±Ú≈¯ fl¬±ø˝øÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬`¬±˘Àı˛ ıÌ«Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ˝œÚÓ¬˜ ˜±Ú≈¯ ø˝¸±Àıº ï360óŒ˚ ı±Ó¬±¸ ‰¬`¬±˘Àı˛ Œ˝ ¶Û˙« fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ Ó¬±ı˛ ¶Û˙« › ‘˙… Ó¬± ’¶Û‘˙… › ’‘˙… ıÀ˘·Ì… fl¬ı˛± ˝ÀÓ¬±º ï361ó ‰¬`¬±˘ ˙«Ú˝◊ øÂ˘ ’˜/À˘ı˛ ¬Û”ı«±ˆ¬±¸º ï362ó ı±ı˛±Ú¸œı˛¤fl¬ ıË±p¬Ì fl¬Ú…± ‰¬`¬±˘ ŒÀ‡ øÚÀÊı˛ Œ‰¬±‡ Ò≈À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘Ú, fl¬±ı˛Ì Œ¸˝◊ ‚‘Ì… ı…øMêı˛ õ∂øÓ¬‘ø©Ü¬Û±Ó¬ ˜±S˝◊ Œ‰¬±‡ fl¬˘≈ø¯Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ ø·À˚˛øÂ˘º ï363ó Œ˚ ‡±… ı± ¬Û±Úœ˚˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬`¬±À˘ı˛Œ‰¬±‡ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂ Ó¬± ‡±›˚˛± ‰¬˘Àı Ú±º ï364ó ¤˜Ú øfl¬ ’:±Ó¬¸±Àı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ‡±… Œ‡À˘›¸˜±Ê‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝ÀÓ¬±º ’±ı˛› ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ ‰¬`¬±À˘ı˛ ”ø¯Ó¬ ‡±… Œ‡À˚˛ Ê±øÓ¬ ‡≈˝◊À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú Œ¯±˘ ˝±Ê±ı˛ ıË±p¬Ìº ï365ó ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬ ıË±p¬ÀÌı˛ fl¬Ô±› ’±ÀÂ ø˚øÚ é≈¬Ò±ı˛Ó¬±h¬Ú±˚˛ ‰¬`¬±À˘ı˛ ˆ”¬Mê±ıÀ˙¯ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛Ú › ¬Û”ı«Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬Àı˛ ‚‘Ì±ı˛ ˝±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¬øÚô¶±ı˛ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ’±R˝Ó¬…± fl¬Àı˛Úº ï366ó ¤fl¬øÈ¬ Ê±Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ ·Àä ’±ÀÂ ÊÕÚfl¬ ‰¬`¬±˘Àfl¬Ú·Àı˛ õ∂ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ’¬Ûı˛±ÀÒ Œ˘±Àfl¬ Ó¬±Àfl¬ Œ˜Àı˛ ’:±Ú fl¬Àı˛ Œ˚˛º ï367ó ¬Û±ø˘ˆ¬±¯±˚˛ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ Ê±Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú Œfl¬±Ú fl¬±ø˝øÚÀÓ¬ Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ı≈ÀXı˛ ıË±Ó¬… ÊÀiúı˛ Œ˚ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ ’±ÀÂÓ¬± Œ·Ãı˛ı ˜ø`¬Ó¬º Œ˚˜Ú, ¤fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬±ø˝øÚÀÓ¬ Œø‡, Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ı≈X¬ ŒÙ¬øı˛› ˛±˘±ı˛ ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÚfl¬ı˛ÀÂÚº Œ¸øı˛ı±Ú Ú±À˜ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ŒÙ¬øı˛›˚˛±˘± ¸» › ¸≈ø˜©Üˆ¬±¯œº26

∆ÊÚ Ò˜«¢∂Lö Î¬◊Mı˛±¯Ì ¸”S È¬œfl¬±˚˛ ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ Œ˚, ı±ı˛±Ì¸œı˛ ÊÕÚfl¬ ˜±Ó¬/ŒÚÓ¬±ı˛ ≈˝◊ ¬Û≈S ˚‡Ú Œõ∂À˜ı˛ ŒıÓ¬±ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ı Î¬◊¬Û˘Àé¬… ·±˚˛fl¬ › ÚÓ«¬fl¬œÀı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬˘ øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±øBÂÀ˘Ú, Ó¬‡Ú Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀÌ«ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ ¬Û±‚±Ó¬ › ˜≈ø©Ü‚±Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ õ∂‰¬`¬õ∂˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Ú ¤ı— Ú·ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ıø˝©®±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÚº ï368ó ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀÌ«ı˛ ¸ı



Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛±˝◊ ‰¬`¬±˘Àı˛ ’¶Û‘˙… ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº øfl¬c øıÀ˙¯ ˆ¬±Àı ‚‘Ì± fl¬ı˛Ó¬ıË±p¬Ìı˛±º Ê±Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡&À˘± ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤˜Ú˝◊ Ê±Ú± Œ·ÀÂº

fl¬±Ó¬…±˚˛Ì ¸”ÀS ¸—¶®±ı˛˝œÚ, ¸±øıøS¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬ ıË±Ó¬…Àı˛ ˚: fl¬Àı˛ ıË±Ó¬… Œ±¯‡`¬ÀÚı˛ fl¬Ô± Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¤˝◊ ıËÀÓ¬ı˛ øıÒ±Ú ¤˜ÚÓ¬ı˛ñ

ëë¸±øıøS ¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬ÊÚ ≈í˜±¸ ˚Àıı˛ ‡`¬˜±S Œˆ¬±ÊÚ fl¬ı˛Àı, ¤fl¬˜±¸ Œfl¬ı˘≈Ò ¬Û±Ú fl¬ı˛Àı, ˜±¸±Ò« Ó¬±ø˜é¬ ı± Â±Ú±˜±S ‡±Àıº ’©Üı˛±S Œfl¬ı˘ ‚‘Ó¬ ˆ¬é¬Ìfl¬ı˛Àı, Â˚˛ ı˛±øS ’˚±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝øı¯… Œˆ¬±ÊÚ fl¬ı˛Àı, øSı˛±S Œfl¬ı˘ Ê˘ ‡±Àı¤ı— ’À˝±ı˛±S Î¬◊¬Ûı±¸ fl¬ı˛Àıºíí27

ıË±p¬Ì… ¢∂Lö&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œ‡± ˚±ÀBÂ, ıË±Ó¬…Àô¶±˜ ˚: fl¬Àı˛ øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ıË±p¬Ì ¸˜±ÀÊ ·‘ø˝Ó¬ ˝ı±ı˛ ı˛œøÓ¬ øÂ˘º Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œø‡, ıËp¬Ó¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯ ›’±Ò…±R øÊ:±¸±˚˛ øÚ˜¢ü ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛Ó¬º Œ¸ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ øÂ˘ ¸˜±Ê ¶§œfl‘¬Ó¬º’±ı˛Ì…fl¬ Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯À Œø‡, ıË±Ó¬… ˝À˚˛› ıËp¬ :±Ú-±ÀÚı˛ Œ˚±·…Ó¬± ’Ê«Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº

Â±Àj±·… Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯À Œø‡, ¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬± Ê±ı±˘±ı˛ ¸ôL±Ú ¸Ó¬…fl¬±˜ ıË±Ó¬… ˝À˚˛›ıËp¬øÊ:±¸≈ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ıË±p¬Ìı˛± Ó¬±Àfl¬ ’ÚøÒfl¬±ı˛œ ıÀ˘ øÙ¬øı˛À˚˛ ŒÚøÚº ¸Ó¬…fl¬±˜Àfl¬øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ† Ó≈¬ø˜ ¸Ó¬… øÊ:±¸≈, ’±ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ œé¬± Œı, Ó≈¬ø˜ ’ÚÒœfl¬±ı˛œ Ú›º

Œı±/˚≈À· øıøˆ¬iß ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… Œø‡ ’ôL…Ê ˜±Ú≈¯ øıø‰¬S Œ¬Û˙±˚˛ øÚ˜¢üº Ó¬±ı˛±øÂ˘ ≈ —·øÍ¬Ó¬º Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯ › ’±ı˛Ì…Àfl¬ı˛ ≈À· ¸˜±ÀÊ Œ¬Û˙± ’Ú≈ ±Àı˛ Œ˚ øıÀ˙¯œfl¬ı˛Ì¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘, ’±ı˛› fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ ˝˘ Œı±ÀôLı˛ ˚≈À·º fl¬±˜±ı˛, fl≈¬À˜±ı˛, Â≈ÀÓ¬±ı˛, ¸“…±fl¬ı˛±,Ó“¬±øÓ¬, Ú±ø¬ÛÓ¬, ŒÊÀ˘, ˜±øÁ¬-˜°±ı˛± ’Ó¬…ôL ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ øÂ˘º ¤˜Úøfl¬ ¤ı˛± ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ¶§œfl‘¬øÓ¬õ∂±l ˝◊Î¬◊øÚ˚˛Ú ·Í¬Ú fl¬ı˛Ó¬ - ¤˜Ú Ó¬Ô… øıÀ˙¯:ı˛± ’±øı©®±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚº

øı‡…±Ó¬ Ú±È¬…fl¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±À¸ı˛ ï‡Ëœ– 2˚˛-3˚˛ó ë‰¬±èMí Ú±È¬Àfl¬ Œø‡, ·øÌfl¬±ı¸ôLÀ¸Ú± ‰¬±èÀMı˛ ¶aœ ˝ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛ÀÂº ï17ó ˆ¬±À¸ı˛ ë’±øı-˜±ı˛fl¬í Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ‰¬`¬±˘’±øı-˜±ı˛fl¬ ˜˚«±±ı±Úº Œ¸ ‰¬`¬±˘ ˝À˘› ıœı˛º fl≈¬ôLœÀˆ¬±Ê Ú±À˜ı˛ ¤fl¬ ÒÚ±Ï¬… ı…øMêı˛fl¬Ú…± fl≈¬ı˛/œı˛ ¸À/ Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂Ì˚˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬ ·Àh¬ ›ÀÍ¬º ’±øı-˜±fl¬ı˛ ’ôL…Ê ˜±Ú≈¯ ıÀ˘fl≈¬ôLœÀˆ¬±Ê Ó¬±Àfl¬ fl¬Ú…± ¸•x±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¶§œfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Úº ¤‡±ÀÚ ıË±Ó¬… ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬‚‘Ì± › ’ıÀ˝˘± õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬º Ó¬Àı Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL Ú±ı˛Àı˛ ˜Ò…¶öÓ¬±˚˛ ‰¬`¬±˘ ’±øı-˜±ı˛Àfl¬ı˛¸À/ õ∂fl¬±À˙… fl≈¬ı˛/œı˛ øıı±˝ ¸•Ûiß ˝˚˛º28

fl¬±ø˘±À¸ı˛ ë’øˆ¬:±Ú ˙fl≈¬ôL˘˜í ï380-467 ‡Ëœ–ó Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ¬Û±ù´«‰¬øı˛S ı˛+À¬ÛÊÕÚfl¬ ŒÊÀ˘ı˛ ’±øıˆ«¬±ı ‚È¬À˘› fl¬±Àı… Ó¬±ı˛ &èQ ˚ÀÔ©Üº ¤˝◊ ŒÊÀ˘ ¬˙Sn∏ıÓ¬±Àı˛ı¸ı±¸fl¬±ı˛œº õ∂Ô˜øÀfl¬ Ú·ı˛ı˛é¬œ fl¬Ó‘¬fl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’ıÀ˝˘± õ∂ø˙«Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ˚ø›¬ÛÀı˛ Œ¸ ı˛±Ê±ÀÀ˙ ¬Û≈ı˛¶¥®Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº29



ˆ¬±ı˛ıœı˛ ï550ó ëfl¬œı˛±Ó¬±Ê≈«Úœ ˛ í fl¬±Àı… ¤fl¬ ı…±ÀÒı˛ ıœı˛ÀQı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬ ˛ ø˘ø¬ÛıX’±ÀÂº ¤˝◊ fl¬œı˛±Ó¬ Ó¬Ô± ı…±Ò ’±¸À˘ ÂΩÀı˙œ ˜˝±Àıº ı…±ÒÀı˙œ ˜˝±ÀÀıı˛ ¸À/’Ê≈«ÀÚı˛ ˚≈ÀXı˛ ø‰¬S ¤‡±ÀÚ ıøÌ«Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº30

øı˙±‡ÀMı˛ ë˜≈^±ı˛±é¬¸í Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ˙”^ÊœıÀÚı˛ ˜ø˝˜±˜˚˛ ø‰¬S ’±ÀÂº ¤‡±ÀÚŒø‡ ˙”^fl¬Ú…± ˜”ı˛± ı˛±ÊıÒ” ˝ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛ÀÂº ı˛±Ê± ¸±ı±Ô«ø¸øX Ó“¬±Àfl¬ øıı±˝ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚºÓ¬Àı ˜≈^±ı˛±é¬¸ Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ø˘Ó¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’ı:± › ‚‘Ì±ı˛ ø‰¬S› ’øÇÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂºÓ¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀÌ«ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯ Œ˚ øÚ•ßıÀÌ«ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯Àı˛ ’ı:± fl¬ı˛Ó¬, ’¶Û‘˙…˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛Ó¬ - ¤‡±ÀÚ Œ¸ ¸Ó¬… õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬º õ∂¸/Ó¬ ıË±p¬Ì ‰¬±Ìfl¬… Œ˚ fl¬Ô± ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ Ó¬±Î¬◊±˝ı˛ÌÀ˚±·…ñ

ëë’˜±Ó¬… ˝◊øÓ¬ ˘#¬¬¬±fl¬ı˛ø˜±Úœ— øıÀ˙¯Ì˜ºøı¯≈û &l˜ ‰¬`¬±˘ ¶Û˙«≈ø¯Ó¬— ¶Û©Ü≈˜˝◊ø¸ºíí31

’Ô«±» ‰¬`¬±À˘ı˛ ¶ÛÀ˙« ’±ø˜ ”ø¯Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ Œ·øÂ, ’±˜±Àfl¬ ¶Û˙« fl¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛ºq^Àfl¬ı˛ ï5˜-6˜ó ë ‘BÂfl¬øÈ¬fl¬ ƒí ¢∂Lö ø˘Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˜ø˝˜± ˛ ’±¸œÚº ¤‡±ÀÚ

Œø‡, ¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬± ı¸ôLÀ¸Ú± Ú±ø˚˛fl¬± ˜˚«±±õ∂±lº ¤‡±ÀÚ ı±ı˛ıøÌÓ¬± ‰¬øı˛ÀSı˛ ı±˝… ’±ıı˛ÌŒˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ˝+À˚˛ı˛ ı˛˜Úœ˚˛ ˜ø˝˜±ı˛ Œ˚ ø‰¬SÌ ’±ÀÂ Ó¬± Ú±È¬…fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ıË±Ó¬…ÊœıÀÚı˛õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˝±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬˝◊ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬º Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ˚≈·-¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛À˘ ı˘±˚±˚˛, ÚÈ¬œı˛ ¸À/ õ∂Ì˚˛ ı± ’ÕıÒ õ∂Ì˚˛ ¸—¶¥®Ó¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ÚÓ≈¬Ú øfl¬Â≈ øı¯˚ Ú˚˛º øfl¬cÓ¬±Àfl¬ ¶aœı˛ ˜ «±± øÀ ˛ ·‘À˝ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ‚È¬Ú± ë ‘BÂfl¬øÈ¬fl¬˜í Ú±È¬Àfl¬ı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± øıÀ^±˝±Rfl¬¬ÛÀé¬¬Ûº ë˜‘BÂfl¬øÈ¬fl¬˜í Ú±È¬Àfl¬ ±¸ õ∂Ô±ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ’±ÀÂº ¤˝◊ Ú±È¬fl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ Ê±Ú± ˚±˚˛,±¸ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ õ∂ˆ”¬ı˛ Œ‡˚˛±˘˝◊ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ¬ÛÓ¬º ˜øÚfl¬± Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±ø˘Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ˆ¬±˘ı…ı˝±ı˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂº ’Ú…øÀfl¬ Œø‡ ¶ö±ıı˛fl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂ˆ≈¬ı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı˛ Â±h¬± ’±ı˛øfl¬Â≈ ¬Û±˚˛øÚº32

õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ¬Ûøı˛Sê˜±˚˛ ¤ ¸Ó¬… Î¬◊Àiú±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝ÀBÂ Œ˚ Ó¬»fl¬±À˘ıË±Ó¬… ı± ø˘Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈¯ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Î¬◊B‰¬øıMÀı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì± õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ øÂ˘º ıË±Ó¬… ı± ø˘Ó¬ı˛±Œı˙œı˛ˆ¬±· Œé¬ÀS˝◊ ˜˚«±±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’ı:±ı˛ ¬Û±S øÂ˘ Œıø˙º

‰¬˚«±¬Û† ‰¬˚«±¬Û† ‰¬˚«±¬Û† ‰¬˚«±¬Û† ‰¬˚«±¬Û† ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ‰¬˚«±¬ÛÀfl¬ Œfl¬f fl¬Àı˛ ·Àh¬ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº 950-1199 ‡Ëœ©Ü±Àsı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊ ¬Û&ø˘ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ò˜«Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛˝◊¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ¬ÛÔ ‰¬˘± qè ˝À˚˛øÂ˘ Œ˙-Œ˙±ôLÀı˛º ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯± › ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚÓ¬˜øÚ˙«Ú ‰¬˚«±¬Ûº Ò˜«Àfl¬ ’±|˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Î¬◊Àiú¯ ‚È¬À˘›, øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛˜±Ú≈¯ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊À¬Ûøé¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛º ˜Úœf Œ˜±˝Ú ı¸≈ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ñ



ëë‰¬˚«±¬ÛÀı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊ ı±„±˘œı˛ ÊœıÚ › ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ ¤ı— ’±ÀR±¬Û˘øtı˛ ¸±ÒÚ±ı˛’±À˘±fl¬ ø˙‡± Ê;À˘ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬øÂÀ˘±º Ó¬±˝◊ ‰¬˚«±¬Û ı± øÀ˚˛ ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝Ó¬… øı‰¬±ı˛› øıÀù≠¯Ì øÚı˛Ô«fl¬ºíí33

ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Êiú ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ÒÀ˜«ı˛ ˝±Ó¬ ÒÀı˛, ‰¬˚«±¬ÛÀı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ˚˛º ¤˝◊‰¬˚«±¬ÛÀı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ’ôL…ÊÀ|Ìœı˛ ŒÎ¬±˜, ˙ıı˛, ‰¬`¬±˘, ŒÊÀ˘, fl≈¬ø˘, fl¬±ø˜Ú,Œé¬Ó¬˜Ê≈ı˛ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˙˜ ŒÔÀfl¬ Z±˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ˜ÀÒ…‰¬˚«±¬Û&ø˘ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛øÂ˘º Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ øı¬Û˚«ô¶ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ¤fl¬È≈¬ ¶úı˛ÀÌ ı˛±‡± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º˝◊øÓ¬˝±À¸ı˛ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ‚È¬Ú± ¸±ø˝Ó¬…Àfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±øıÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛º ı±—˘±˚˛ ¬Û±˘ ı˛±Ê±Àı˛ı˛±ÊQ ¬ÛÓ¬ÀÚ±iú≈‡ ¤ı— Œ¸Ú ı—À˙ı˛ ı˛±ÊQ ’±·Ó¬ õ∂±˚˛ - ¤˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜ ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬’ı˛±Êfl¬ ’ı¶ö±ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝˚˛, ˚± ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬ øı¬Ûiß fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º øıÀ˙¯ fl¬Àı˛¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ¬Û±À˚˛ı˛ ‰¬˘±ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯&ø˘ Ó¬‡Ú ¤˝◊ øı¬ÛißÓ¬±Àı±ÀÒı˛ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ Ò˜«Àfl¬ ’±|˚˛fl¬Àı˛ ı“±‰¬ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º

¤˝◊ ¸˜˚˛fl¬±ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’ı¶ö± ¸•§Àg¬ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ìˆ¬±Àı fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ fl¬Ô± ˜ÀÚı˛±‡± õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº ¬õ∂Ô˜Ó¬, ˚± õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ¸Ó¬… Ó¬± ı±—˘±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS›øÂ˘ ¸Ó¬…º ¤ ¸˜±Ê øÂ˘ Œ˜±ÀÈ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ é≈¬^ é≈¬^ ’±RøÚˆ«¬ı˛ ¬Û°œ¸˜±ÀÊ øıˆ¬Mêº¢∂±À˜ı˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±ÀÚ˝◊ Œ˜±ÀÈ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ¢∂±˜ı±¸œı˛ ÊœıÚ˚±S± øÚı«±˝ ˝Ó¬º ı±˝◊Àı˛ı˛ ¸±˜±Ú…øÊøÚ¸˝◊ ’±Ú±-ŒÚ›˚˛± ‰¬˘Ó¬º ¬Û°œı˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±Ú ¬Û°œı˛ øÚÊ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˝À˘˝◊˝À˘±, Î¬◊»¬Û±Ú ı‘øXı˛ Ó¬±ø· øÂ˘ ¸±˜±Ú…˝◊º øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’Ú…S Œ˚˜Úı±—˘±ÀÀ˙› ŒÓ¬˜Ú ¤˝◊ ¬Û°œ¸˜±Ê øÂ˘ fl‘¬ø¯õ∂Ò±Ú ¸˜±Ê, ’±ı˛ fl‘¬ø¯ ˚La¬Û±øÓ¬ ›fl‘¬ø¯¬ÛXøÓ¬ øÂ˘ ·Ó¬±Ú≈·øÓ¬fl¬, ¤‡ÀÚ± õ∂±˚˛ Ó¬±˝◊ ’±ÀÂº Ó¬±˝◊ ¬Û°œı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ±øÓ¬øı˛MêÎ¬◊»¬Û±Ú øÚÀ˚˛ ıh¬ ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛ ¸˜¸…± Œı˙œ ˝Ó¬ Ú±º ’ı˙… ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯«ı˛ ’Ú…ÀSı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±ı±—˘±˚˛› ¤˝◊ Î¬◊»¬Û±ÀÚı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ’—˙ Œ˚ÀÓ¬± ¢∂±À˜ı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀ·«ı˛ Œ¸ı±˚˛ ïŒ˚˜Ú†ı˛±Ê¬Û≈è¯, ı˛±ÊÀ¸ıfl¬, ıË±p¬Ì, ŒıÃX › ∆ÊÚ &è, fl¬ı˛Ì õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ó, ¸±˜ôL Œ·±á¬œı˛ Ú±Ú±ô¶Àı˛ı˛ ˆ”¬¶§±˜œı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬º ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˙”^, ˆ”¬¶§±˜œ › fl‘¬¯fl¬ ’ı˙…˝◊ ŒÀ˙ ¸—‡…±˚˛ Œıø˙øÂ˘º øfl¬c ˙”^ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜˝œÚ Œ¸ıfl¬ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ fl‘¬ø¯Êœıœ › fl¬±èÊœıœı˛± ï˝±ø˘fl¬,Ê±ø˘fl¬, ŒÎ¬±˜, ı±·œ, ˙ıı˛ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬Ä Ó¬±ı˛± Œfl¬Î¬◊ Œfl¬Î¬◊ ˆ”¬ø˜Ê ’ôL…Ê-õ∂±‰¬œÚÓ¬˜Î¬◊¬ÛÊ±øÓ¬ı˛ ı—˙Òı˛ó øÂ˘ ’Ú±‰¬±ı˛Ìœ˚˛ ¢∂±˜±ôLı±¸œ ¤ı— øÚÓ¬±ôL ˝œÚı¶ö±Ä ’Ô‰¬ Ó¬±ı˛±˝◊øÂ˘ Î¬◊»¬Û±ÀÚı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ı±˝Úº

øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ˙ıı˛, ŒÎ¬±˜, ‰¬`¬±À˘ı˛± ŒıÃXÒ «Àfl¬ ’±| ˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬± ◊À˘± - ıË±p¬Ì…ÒÀ˜«ı˛ Â”»˜±À·«ı˛ ø˙fl¬±ı˛ ˝›˚˛± ŒÔÀfl¬º ë‰¬˚«±‰¬˚«øıøÚ˚˛í-¤ õ∂±l ¸±Àh¬ ŒÂ‰¬ø°˙øÈ¬¬ÛÀı˛ ı˛‰¬ø ˛Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’ÀÚÀfl¬ øÂÀ˘Ú øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬º ’ÀÚÀfl¬ ’±ı±ı˛ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ÂΩÚ±˜ ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº



‰¬ «±ı˛ ¬Ûfl¬Ó«¬±ı˛± ’ÀÚÀfl¬ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’øˆ¬Ê±Ó¬ Œ|Ìœ ”¬Mê øÂÀ˘Úº Œfl¬Î¬◊ ıË±p¬Ì,Œfl¬Î¬◊ é¬øS˚˛, Œfl¬Î¬◊ ı˛±Ê¬Û≈è¯, Œfl¬Î¬◊ı± fl¬±˚˛¶ö ı± fl¬ı˛øÌfl¬º ... ≈-‰¬±ı˛ÊÚ øÚ•ßıÌ«ŒÔÀfl¬› ¤À¸øÂÀ˘Úº ˙ıı˛œ ¬Û±, Ó¬±ôLœ ¬Û±, fl¬ÇÌ ¬Û±-¤ı˛± ÊÀiúı˛ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ øÂÀ˘Ú˙”^º ¤ øı¯À˚˛ Œfl¬±Ú› ¸—˙˚˛˝◊ ŒÚ˝◊ Œ˚, ‰¬˚«±ı˛ Œı˙ fl¬À˚˛fl¬ÊÚ fl¬øı ıË±p¬Ì › é¬øS˚˛ı—À˙ Êiú¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Úº Ó¬Àı Ó“¬±ı˛± øÚ•ßı‘øMÊœıœı˛ ÂΩÚ±˜ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú Œfl¬Ú∑¸yıÓ¬ øÚÀÊÀı˛ Ú±˜ › ı—˙ ˜˚«±± ‰¬±¬Û± Œı±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤ı— ŒıÃX øıÀZ¯œ ıË±p¬Ì¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ Ò≈À˘± Œı±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤˝◊ Ú±À˜ı˛ ı˛+¬Ûfl¬ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝˚˛º

ı±—˘±À˙ ’Ú±˚« õ∂Ò±Ú Œ˙º ‡Ëœ©Üœ˚˛ ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ˙Ó¬fl¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ ¶§ä¬Ûøı˛˜±ÀÌ ’±˚«Ê±øÓ¬ ¤ı— Ó¬±Àı˛ ˆ¬±¯±, ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± › ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ’±˜±Úœ ‚ÀÈ¬øÂ˘º¸˜fl¬±À˘ ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ Œ˚ ’Ú±˚«Ê±øÓ¬ ı±¸ fl¬ı˛Ó¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±˘ Ê±øÓ¬˝◊ õ∂Ò±Úº¤ ◊ ’±ø˜ Œfl¬±˘Àı˛ Œˆ¬Ó¬Àı˛ ˙ıı˛-¬Û≈ø˘j-ŒÎ¬±˜-‰¬`¬±˘ õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ ¤ ◊ ‰¬ «±ı˛ ≈À· ı±—˘±ı˛¸˜±Ê ı…ı¶ö±˚˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ı‘˝» ’—˙ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛øÂ˘º ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀ·«ı˛ ıË±p¬ÌÀı˛ı¸ı±À¸ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ øÂ˘, ’±ı˛ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ’±ø˜ Ê±øÓ¬&ø˘ ¸ˆ¬…-Ú±·øı˛fl¬ ÊœıÚ ˝ÀÓ¬’ÀÚfl¬ ”Àı˛ øÂ˘º ˙ıı˛ ¬Û±Àı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬ÛÀ ˙ıı˛-˙ıı˛œÀı˛ ¬Û±ı«Ó¬… ÊœıÀÚı˛ ıÌ«Ú± ¤õ∂¸À/ ¶úı˛Ìœ˚˛ñ

ëëÎ¬“◊‰¬± Î¬“◊‰¬± ¬Û±ıÓ¬ Ó“¬ø˝ ı¸˝◊ ˙ıı˛œ ı±˘œºŒ˜±ı˛ø/ ¬ÛœBÂ ¬Ûı˛ø˝Ú ˙ıı˛œ ·œıÓ¬ &?ı˛œ ˜±˘œººÎ¬◊˜Ó¬ ¸±Àı˛± ¬Û±·˘ ˙ıÀı˛± ˜± fl¬ı˛ &˘œ &˝±ı˛± ŒÓ¬±À˝±ı˛œºøÚÓ¬± ‚ı˛Ìœ Ú±À˜ ¸˝Ê ¸≈jı˛œººíí34

¤‡±ÀÚ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ÊÚı¸øÓ¬ı˛ ”Àı˛ Î¬◊‰≈¬ ¬Û±˝±Àh¬ ˙ıı˛-˙ıı˛œı˛ ı±¸º˜˚˛”ı˛¬Û≈BÂ ’±BÂ±Ú ¤ı— ˜±˘± øÂ˘ ˙ıı˛œı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú õ∂¸±Ú, fl¬±ÀÚ fl≈¬ôL˘º ˙ıı˛ ¬Û±Àı˛’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬ÛÀ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ˙ıı˛ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ñ

ëë’·ÚÓ¬ ’·ÚÓ¬ Ó¬˝◊˘± ı±h¬˝œ fl‘¬¯±È¬œºfl¬À_ ∆Úı˛±˜øÚ ı±ø˘ Ê±·ÀôL Î¬◊¬Û±h¬œººŒ˝øı˛ Œ˚ ˜øı˛ ı±h¬œ ‚¸À˜ ¸˜Ó≈¬˘±º¯≈fl¬h¬ ¤Àı˛ ‰¬ı˛fl¬¬Û±¸≈ Ù≈¬øÈ¬˘ººfl¬±À˝Àı˛ ø‚øÚ Œ˜ø˘ ’BÂ≈Ó¬ fl¬œ˜ºŒı±øı˛˘ ˝±fl¬ Œ¬Ûh¬’ Œ‰¬Ãø˜ºº’±¬ÛÚ± ˜±—À¸ ˝øı˛Ì± Œıı˛œº‚Ú˝ Ú Â±h¬’ ˆ≈¬¸≈fl≈¬ ’±À˝ı˛œººøÓ¬Ú Ú± BÂ≈¬Û˝◊ ˝øı˛Ì± ø¬Ûı˝◊ Ú± ¬Û±Ìœº˝øı˛Ì± ˝øı˛Ìœı˛ øÚ˘’ Ú Ê±Úœººíí35



¸˜±ÀÊ ŒÎ¬±À˜ı˛± ’¶Û‘˙…º fl¬Ó¬&ø˘ ‰¬˚«±¬ÛÀ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ŒÎ¬±ø•§ ı± ŒÎ¬±À˜ı˛Î¬◊À°‡ ¬Û±› ˛± ˚± ˛º Ó¬‡Úfl¬±ı˛ øÀÚ› ¤ ◊ ŒÎ¬±À˜ı˛ ı±øh¬ øÂ˘ Ú·Àı˛ı˛ ı± ◊Àı˛º fl¬±˝ê¬Û±Àı˛¬ÛÀ ¤˝◊ ŒÎ¬±˜ Ê±øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ ñ

ëëÚ·ı˛ ı±ø˝Àı˛ Œı˛“ ŒÎ¬±ø•§ ŒÓ¬±À˝±øı˛ fl≈¬øh¬’±ºŒÂ“±˝◊ ŒÂ“±˝◊ Ê±˝ Œ¸± ıË±p¬ Ú±øh¬’±ºº’±À˘± ŒÎ¬±•§œ ŒÓ¬±S ¸˜ fl¬øı˛ı ˜ ¸±/ºøÚø‚Ì fl¬±˝ê fl¬±¬Û±ø˘ ŒÊ±˝◊ ˘±/ººíí36

¤ ◊ ŒÎ¬±À˜ı± ŒÚÃfl¬±˚ ˚±Ó¬±˚±Ó¬ fl¬ıÀÓ¬± ¤ı— ŒÀ˙ ŒÀ˙ ı“±À˙ı Ó“¬±Ó¬ ï‰“¬±‰¬ó,‰≈¬¬Ûøh¬, Á≈¬øh¬ › ‰¬±„±øh¬ øıøSê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬º Ú˘-øÚø˜«Ó¬ Œ¬ÛøÈ¬fl¬± ŒÂÀh¬ Œ˘±Àfl¬ ı“±À˙ı˛ ¤˝◊¸˜ô¶ ^ı… Sê˚˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬±º ’±Ê› ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ ¤˝◊ Ê±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˚±˚±ıı˛ øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœı˛ ¶aœ-¬Û≈è¯Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±ı˛± ŒÚÃfl¬±˚˛ ·˜Ú±·˜Ú fl¬Àı˛ ¤ı— ŒÚÃfl¬±˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ‚ı˛ı±øh¬º¤Àı˛ Œ˜À˚˛ı˛± ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˜˚˛ Ú‘Ó¬…·œÓ¬ ¬Ûı˛±˚˛Ú± ˝Ó¬ ¤ı— Ó¬± øÀ˚˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ˜Ú ˆ≈¬˘±Ó¬ºÓ¬‡Úfl¬±ı˛ øÀÚ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ŒÎ¬±À˜ı˛± ¬Û±È¬Úœı˛ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛Ó¬º ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛ øÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ‚“øÈ¬ı±„±À˘ øıÀı˛±Ò Ó¬‡Ú› øÂ˘º Ó¬±ı˛ ø‰¬S Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛± ˝À˘±ñ

ëëı±ÊÚ±ı ¬Û±h¬œ ¬Û“Î¬◊’± ‡“±À˘ ı±ø˝Î¬◊º’’ /±À˘ Œ˙ ˘≈øh¬Î¬◊ºº’±øÊ ˆ≈¬¸≈fl≈¬ ı/±˘œ ˆ¬˝◊˘œºøÌ’ ‚øı˛Ìœ ‰¬`¬±À˘ Œ˘˘œººÎ¬ø˝ ŒÊ± ¬Û= ¬Û±È¬Ì ˝◊øjøı¸’± ÌÍ¬±ºÌ Ê±Ìø˜ ø‰¬’ Œ˜±ı˛ fl¬ø˝“ ·˝◊ ¬Û˝◊Í¬±ººíí37

¤‡±ÀÚ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ˆ≈¬¸≈fl≈¬ ¬ÛΩ± ÚœÀÓ¬ ŒÚÃfl¬± ŒıÀ˚˛ ›¬Û±Àı˛ ¤À¸ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬˝À˚˛ÀÂº ˆ≈¬¸≈fl≈¬ ı±—˘±˚˛ ¤À¸ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ‰¬`¬±˘œ øıÀ˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ ¤Àfl¬ı±Àı˛ ‚øÈ¬ - ı±„±˘ø˜À˙ Œ·ÀÂº ı±—˘± ŒÀ˙ Œ˚ ıU Œ|Ìœı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ı±¸ øÂ˘ - Ó“¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ∆fl¬ıÓ«¬…,Ó“¬±Ó¬œ, Â”Ó¬±ı˛, ÒÚ≈ı˛œ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ¬Û±˝◊ ‰¬˚«±¬ÛÀº

Ó¬‡Úfl¬±ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ ŒÎ¬±˜ı˛± ’¶Û‘ … øÂ˘º ’Ô‰¬ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀ·«ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛± Œfl¬ÃÓ≈¬Àfl¬ı˛Œ˘±Àˆ¬ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ŒÎ¬±˜ÚœÀfl¬ øıÀ˚˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø¬ÛÂ¬Û± ˝ÀÓ¬± Ú±º øıı±˝ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ fl¬±˝ê¬Û±¤fl¬øÈ¬ ¬ÛÀ ¸≈jı˛ ıÌ«Ú± øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ†

ëëˆ¬ı øÚıT«±ÀÌ ¬Ûh¬˝˜±˘±º˜Ì¬ÛıÌ ŒıÌœ fl¬ı˛`¬ fl¬¸±˘±ººÊ’ Ê’ ≈j≈ø˝ ¸± Î¬◊Âø˘’“±ºfl¬±˝ê ŒÎ¬±•§œÄ øıı±À˝ ‰¬ø˘’±ººŒÎ¬±ø•§ øıı±ø˝’± ’±˝±øı˛Î¬◊ Ê±˜ºÊÎ¬◊Ó≈¬Àfl¬ øfl¬’ ’±Ì≈Ó≈¬ Ò±˜ººíí38



¤‡±ÀÚ ıı˛˚±Sœı˛ ¸˜À˚˛ ¬ÛÍ¬˝, ˜˘, ¬Û±˘fl¬œ, ≈j≈øˆ¬ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ ¬Û±›˚˛±˚±˚˛º ¤&À˘± øÚÀ˚˛ ıh¬ Œ˙±ˆ¬±˚±S± ¸˝fl¬±Àı˛ øıÀ˚˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œıı˛ ˝ÀÓ¬±º ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙øıı±À˝ Œ˚ÃÓ≈¬Àfl¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú øÂ˘, ¤˜Úøfl¬ ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ› Œ‡± ˚±˚˛º Œı˙œ Œ˚ÃÓ≈¬Àfl¬ı˛ ’±˙±˚˛Î¬◊B‰¬ı·«ı˛± øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ŒÎ¬±˜ fl¬Ú…±Àfl¬ ¢∂˝ÀÌ ’±¬ÛøM fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬± Ú±º

‰¬˚«±¬ÛÀı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜fl¬±˘œÚ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ±øı˛À^…ı˛ øÚ˜«˜ ø‰¬S Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº ÊœıÀÚı˛ Ú±Ú± øÀfl¬ qÒ≈ ˝Ó¬±˙±, ≈–‡, ŒıÚ±, ’˙±øôL õ∂fl¬±˙ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂñ

ëëÈ¬±˘Ó¬ Œ˜±ı˛ ‚ı˛ Ú±ø˝ ¬Ûh¬Àı¯œº˝±h¬œÓ¬ ˆ¬±Ó¬ Ú±ø˝ øÚøÓ¬ ’±Àı˙œººŒı/ ¸—¸±ı˛ ıh¬ø˝˘ Ê±’º≈ø˝˘ ≈Ò≈ øfl¬ ŒıÀKÈ¬ ˚±˜±’ººíí39

¤‡±ÀÚ Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ±øı˛^-¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬ ÊÚÊœıÀÚı˛ fl¬èÌ ˝±˝±fl¬±ı˛ ˆ¬ı˛± ’¸œ˜˙”Ú…Ó¬±ı˛ œ‚«ù´±¸ Œ˙±Ú± ˚±˚˛º ¸˜±Ê ¸—¸±Àı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ øıøBÂiß, õ∂øÓ¬Àı˙œ˝œÚ øÈ¬˘±ı˛Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ‚ı˛º ˝“±h¬œÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±Ó¬ ŒÚ˝◊, Ó¬ı≈› Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ Ó¬±ø· ñ ¤˝◊ ø‰¬SøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ Ê·»¸—¸±Àı˛ı˛ ’¸/øÓ¬, õ∂Ó¬…˚˛˝œÚ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ’gfl¬±ı˛˜˚˛ øÚ&ø˘ı˛ fl¬Ô± fl¬èÚ ¸≈Àı˛ õ∂fl¬±˙˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº

‰¬˚±·œøÓ¬¬Û±ı˘œı˛ ¬Û¸˜”B‰¬˚˛ ˜”˘Ó¬ ¸˝øÊ˚˛± ŒıÃX ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛ ’±Ò…±R¸—·œÓ¬ ˝À˘› ’øÒfl¬±—˙ ¬Û˝◊ ı±ô¶ı ÊœıÚı˛¸ ¸•Û‘Mêº Œ˚fl¬±À˘ ¬Û&ø˘ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬˝À˚˛øÂ˘ Œ¸˝◊ fl¬±À˘ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’øÒfl¬±—˙ fl¬øıı˛ Ó¬œéÆ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¤ı— øıÀ˙¯fl¬Àı˛ øı˛ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì › ’Ú¢∂¸ı˛ ’ôL…ÊıÀ·«ı˛ ˜±Ú≈ Àı˛ õ∂±Ó¬…ø˝fl¬ ÊœıÚ-˚LaÌ±ı˛ ’fl‘¬øS˜øıù´±¸… ÊœıÚ-ø‰¬SÌ øıø¶úÓ¬ ’±ÚÀj ’±˜±Àı˛ ≈* fl¬Àı˛º ’±ı±ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ ¸—·œÓ¬&ø˘ÀÓ¬ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˙sı±øÊ øıÀ˙¯ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ” fl¬ ıÀ˘ ˙s¸ ” ı±Â± ◊ fl¬ı±, Ó¬Ô± ¸±ÒÚ ¸ÀÇÓ¬ ” fl¬¸œø˜Ó¬ ˙s ¸˜ø©Ü, ˚±ı˛± qÒ≈ ¸±ÒÚ ı˛œøÓ¬-Ó¬N õ∂fl¬ı˛ÌÀfl¬˝◊ ı…Mê fl¬Àı˛ÀÂº Ó¬± ¸ÀN›&˝…±Ô« ı…Ó¬œÓ¬, ¬Ûfl¬Ó«¬±Àı˛ ˝◊BÂ± Ô±fl¬ ’±ı˛ Ú±˝◊ Ô±fl¬, Ó“¬±Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ˆ¬±ø¯fl¬ ˙s&À˘±ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Û±øı˛¬Û±øù´«fl¬ ¸˜±Ê› Œı˙ øfl¬Â≈È¬± Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ¤À¸ÀÂº õ∂Ó¬œfl¬œ Œ˚ ˙s&À˘± Ó“¬±ı˛±ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ, Ó¬±Àı˛ ’±¬Û±Ó¬ ’Ô« ŒÔÀfl¬ ıd-Ò±ı˛Ì±, øı¯˚-¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬› õ∂fl¬±˙ ˝À˚˛¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂº Z…Ô«-ı…?fl¬ ˙s&À˘± ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’±È¬À¬ÛÃÀı˛, ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ˆ¬±Àıı˛’±±Ú-õ∂±Ú˜”˘fl¬ ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ ˙sÄ ’±ı˛ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬˝◊ ¸˜±Ê õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ ’Ô«±», ˙”Ú…¸g±Úœë˜˝±¸≈˝í fl¬±˜œÀı˛ Ó¬NÀı©ÜÚœ Œˆ¬ Œfl¬ı˛ Œ¸fl¬±À˘ı˛ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì › ’Ú¢∂¸ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛øÚ˚±¬ÛÚ-ÊœıÚ±‰¬ı˛Ì Ó¬ÀÔ…ı˛ ¤øÀfl¬-Œ¸øÀfl¬ øfl¬Â≈È¬± õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂº

5, 8, 13, 14, 32, 38, 49 ¸—‡…fl¬ ¬Û&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ Œˆ¬˘±, Ú±Ú±Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ŒÚÃfl¬±, “±h¬ &Ì, ŒÚ±„ı˛, ¬Û±˘, Œ¸“øÓ¬, fl¬±øÂ, ˜±d˘ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ›



õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ˙Àsı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛ ¤ı— Œ¸˝◊ ¸À/ ŒÚÃ-Êœıœ ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛ Êœøıfl¬±-Ò±ı˛ÌÄ ¶§Ì«fl¬±ı˛-fl¬˜«fl¬±ı˛-fl≈¬˜±ı˛-‰¬˜«fl¬±ı˛ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¸ı˛±¸øı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ Ú± Ô±fl¬À˘› Ó“¬±Àı˛ ∆Ó¬ı˛œ ıdı˛ Î¬◊À°‡ŒÔÀfl¬ Ó“¬±Àı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬Ä 6, 20, 23, 28 ¸—‡…fl¬ ¬Û&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ø˙fl¬±ı˛ ‘À˙…ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¬ı…±Ò ÊœıÀÚı˛ ı‘øM-ı‘Ó¬±ôLÄ ø¬ÛÈ¬±, ‚øh¬À˚, ‚≈h≈¬ø˘, Ú≈¬Û”ı˛, fl¬ÇÚ, ˜≈Mê±˝±ı˛, fl¬±ÀÚÈ¬,ëŒ˜±ı˛ø/ ¬ÛœBÂ ¬Ûı˛ø˝Ú ¸ıøı˛ ı±˘œí, fl¬ı˛`¬-fl¬˙±˘±, ˜±˘, ≈j≈øˆ¬, Ó“¬±Ó¬, ‰¬…±„±øı˛,‰“¬…±‰¬øh¬, ı±èøÌ, ’±¸ı, Œfl¬±= Ó¬±˘±Ä ı±ÀÈ¬ ı˘ı±Ú ‡±KÈ¬ ’Ô«±» ¸≈…-õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ’¸—‡…õ∂±Ó¬…ø˝fl¬ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˙s › õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¬ı˛ ¸±ı˘œ˘ ı…ı˝±Àı˛ fl¬˜«‰¬=˘ › |˜Êœıœ˙”^-’ôL…Ê-ıË±Ó¬… ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ¸Êœı fl¬˜«õ∂˚˛±¸ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ¤ÊÚ… œ‚« õ∂˜±ÌÓ¬±ø˘fl¬±ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ Ú±º ‰¬˚«±¬Û&ø˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±ı˛› ¤fl¬øÈ¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« fl¬Ô±¤˝◊ Œ˚, ¬Û&ø˘ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±fl¬±˘ Œ˚˜Ú øÓ¬Ú ˙Ó¬±sœı…±¬Ûœ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤fl¬øÈ¬ øıÀ˙¯ ¶ö±ÀÚŒfl¬fœˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ fl¬øıı˛± Ó¬± ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛Ú øÚº Ù¬À˘ ¸˜˚˛ ¤ı— ¶ö±ÀÚı˛ ı…±¬Ûfl¬Ó¬±-øıøBÂißÓ¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¸˜±Êø‰¬S› ’øˆ¬iß Ú± ˝›˚˛±˝◊ ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬º

Œ˚ ı±ô¶ıÊœıÚ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Ûfl¬Ó«¬±ı˛± ’øÒfl¬±—˙ ø‰¬Sfl¬˘± › õ∂Ó¬œfl¬œ ˙s ı…ı˝±ı˛fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ, Œ¸ Ê·» › ÊœıÚ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ı‘˝—À˙ı˛ øı‰¬ı˛Ì˙œ˘ ÊœıÚ › Ê·»Ä ¸˜±ÀÊı˛Œ¸ ¸—‡…±·øı˛á¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ó“¬±Àı˛ Ó¬±øNfl¬ ’±ÀıÚ › ˚±Àı˛ ÊÚ… ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì˘tÙ¬À˘ı˛ fl¬±˜Ú±, Ó¬±ı˛± õ∂±˚˛ ¸ı±˝◊ øÚ•ßÀfl¬±øÈ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯º ’±ı˛ ıË±p¬Ì ıÀÌ«ı˛ ¬Ûfl¬Ó«¬±ı˛±¸˜±ÀÊı˛ øıÒ±˚˛fl¬Àı˛ øıÀˆ¬-ı=Ú±Rfl¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ı, Ò˜π˚˛ ’±‰¬±ı˛-’Ú≈á¬±ÀÚı˛ ˚≈øMê˝œÚ’±h¬•§ı˛Ó¬±ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ı±À ’Ú…Àı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Î¬◊»¬Ûœh¬Ú-Œ˙±¯ÀÌ é≈¬t, ıœÓ¬|X ˝À˚˛ ¤˝◊ ≈–‡-ı=Ú±ı˛ ’¸±˜… ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜≈˜≈é¬± õ∂fl¬±˙ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂÄ ¸ı Œˆ¬-ı=Ú±ı˛ ’Ó¬œÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ˜˝±¸≈‡-¸ı˛Ìœı˛ Ó¬±ı˛± ’øˆ¬˚±Sœº

˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ÊœıÚ ˚‡Ú ¸˜±ÊÀfl¬øffl¬ Ó¬‡Ú ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ Ó¬± Œ|Ìœ øıˆ¬Mêº ¤øıˆ¬±· ˚Ó¬ Ú± Ò˜π˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œı˙œ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¬ Ó¬Ô± ı‘øMøˆ¬øMfl¬ › Ê±øÓ¬ Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˜˚«±±øˆ¬øMfl¬º ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ¸˜±ÀÊ ∆ı¯À˜…ı˛ ıœÊ qè ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊º ıË±p¬Ì-é¬øSÀ˚˛ı˛ı±øh¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ Œfl¬±Ú ŒÊÀ˘-fl¬˘≈-ŒÊÀ˘ı˛ ı±øh¬ õ∂±˚˛ ’fl¬äÚœ˚˛Ä ˜±˘œ¬Û±h¬±-˜±À˘±¬Û±h¬±,ŒÊÀ˘¬Û±h¬± øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ’=À˘ ¤ı— Œ¸ ’=˘ fl¬‡Ú› fl¬±À˚˛Ó¬, ı±˜≈Ú ¬Û±h¬±ı˛ ¸—˘¢üÚ˚˛º ’±ı˛ ı±·ø ¬Û±h¬±-ŒÎ¬±˜¬Û±h¬± Œ˚ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ŒÂ“±˚˛± ı“±ø‰¬À˚˛ Œı˙ ‡±øÚfl¬È¬± ”Àı˛˝◊ ˝Àı,Œ¸È¬±˝◊ ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬º

¤˝◊ ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ ‚È¬Ú± ‰¬˚«±·œøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› Œ‡± ˚±ÀBÂº ¤‡±ÀÚ ‰¬±ø¬ÛÀ˚˛ Œ›˚˛±’±øÔ«fl¬ ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ≈·«øÓ¬øıø˙©Ü Ó¬Ô±fl¬øÔÓ¬ Œ˝˚˛ Ê±øÓ¬ ŒÎ¬±˜-˙ıı˛±øı˛ ı±¸¶ö±ÚëÚ·ı˛ ı±ø˝øı˛í, ëÈ¬±˘Ó¬í ëÎ¬“◊‰¬±-Î¬“◊‰¬± ¬Û±ıÀÓ¬íº ’ÔÂ ëıË±p¬ Ú±øh¬˚˛±í, ŒÊ±˝◊ ı± Œ˚±·œŒÔÀfl¬ qè fl¬Àı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬-˜Ò… ıÌ«ˆ≈¬Mê ’Ú…Àı˛ ¸±ÒÚ±ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚ˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬ ’±ı˛ ˘±˘¸±



‰¬øı˛Ó¬±ÀÔ«ı˛ ÊÚ…˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬, Œ˚˜Ú ’¶Û‘˙… Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ’±ø˘/ÀÚ ‰≈¬•§ÀÚ ¶Û˙«À±¯ ‚È¬ÀÂÚ±, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤“Àı˛ Ó“¬±ÀÓ¬ Œı±Ú± fl¬±¬Ûh¬ ’À/ Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ ˘#¬¬¬± øÚı±ı˛Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬, ¤“Àı˛˝±ÀÓ¬ Œı±Ú± ‰¬…±„±ı˛œ ‚Àı˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊ ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬, ¤“Àı˛ ŒÚÃfl¬± ˛ ¬Û±ı˛±¬Û±ı˛ ı± ˚±Ó¬± ˛±Ó¬fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬, Òı˛± ˜±Â Œ‡ÀÓ¬, ∆Ó¬ı˛œ ˜À ˜M ˝ÀÓ¬ Ê±Ó¬ Œ‡±˚˛±ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ Ú±º

Î¬† ¸≈fl≈¬˜±ı˛ Œ¸Ú ëı±/±˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸í, õ∂Ô˜ ‡`¬ ¢∂ÀLö ï¬Û‘† 74-76ó¬Ûø`¬Ó¬ ı˛±U˘ ¸±—¶¥®Ó¬…± ˛Ú ’±øı©¥®Ó¬ fl¬À ˛fl¬È¬± Î¬◊À°‡À˚±·… ¬Û Î¬◊X±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ, Œ˚&À˘±˝◊øÓ¬¬Û”Àı« ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛øÚº ’ı˙… Î¬† Œ¸ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˙±¶aœ ˜˝±˙˚˛ ’±øı©¥®Ó¬ ‰¬˚«±¬Û±ı˘œı˛¬ÛÀı˛› Œ˚ ŒÚ¬Û±˘-øÓ¬ıTÀÓ¬ ‰¬˚«±ı˛ ‰¬‰«¬± ’ı…±˝Ó¬ øÂ˘ ¬Ûø`¬Ó¬ ı˛±UÀ˘ı˛ ’±øı©¥®Ó¬ ıÓ«¬˜±ÚŒ±˝±Àfl¬±¯ Œ¸˝◊ ¸±é¬ Œ˚˛º fl¬±˝ê¬Û±Àı˛ Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ 10 Ú— ¬ÛøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ı…Mê ¸±˜±øÊfl¬¸Ó¬…øÈ¬ ’±ı˛› õ∂¸‘Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ ı˛±U˘-’±øı©¥®Ó¬ øıÚ˚˛¿ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ÚœÀ‰¬ı˛ ¬ÛøÈ¬ÀÓ¬†

ëëŒ˜˝˘œ ‰¬`¬±˘œ ‚ı˛ıœ ıË±p¬ÌìÊ· øıÈ¬±˘øôL ŒÓ¬ ≈˝◊ ˘±•§Úº˝˘ ¸ø˝ fl¬±˜ø= ’‰¬±ˆ≈¬’ øÈ¬Í¬±ìı±p¬Ì ˜Ú≈¸ ‰¬`¬±ø˘¤“ Ó≈¬È¬Í¬±ºº’˝ø¸ øÚı˛±Ê fl¬˜±˘Ú ø˙˝◊ì˜±Î¬◊· ‰¬`¬±˘œ ı±p¬ÀÌ ¬Û˝◊¸˝◊ººŒ‡≈ ‰¬`¬±˘œı˛ ı±p¬Ì Ê±ı˛ì¬Û±= ı±iß ˆ¬˝◊° ¤fl¬±fl¬±ı˛ºŒÓ¬ ≈˝◊ Ú±¸øôL ¸˜-¸“±ÀÊ±¤ìˆ¬Ì˝◊ øıÚ˚˛¿ ¸&è Œı±À˝“ººíí40

˜ø˝˘± ï’Ô«±» ·‘ø˝Úœó ‰¬`¬±˘Ú±ı˛œ, ·‘˝¬ÛøÓ¬ ıË±p¬Ìº Ó¬±˝±ı˛± ≈˝◊ÊÚ ’ı˘•§Ú fl¬øı˛˚˛±Ê·» ’¬ÛøıS fl¬øı˛ÀÓ¬ÀÂº ›À˘± ¸˝◊, øfl¬ ’øÓ¬ ’æ≥Ó¬ ı…±¬Û±ı˛ ’±ø˜ Œø‡˘±˜º ı±˜≈Ú˜±Ú≈¯ ‰¬`¬±˘ Ú±ı˛œÀÓ¬ õ∂œÓ¬º ¤˜Ú øÚ˘«#¬¬¬ fl¬±˚«fl¬˘±¬Û Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú± ñ ı±˜≈ÀÚ ‰¬`¬±˘œ˜±·« õ∂Àı˙ fl¬øı˛ÀÓ¬ÀÂº Œ˘±Àfl¬ Œ‡≈fl¬ ‰¬`¬±˘ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ıË±p¬Ì Î¬◊¬Û¬ÛøÓ¬º ¬Û=ıÌ« Œ˚¤fl¬±fl¬±ı˛ ˝˝◊˘º ¸˜¸—À˚±À· Ó¬±˝±ı˛± ≈˝◊ÊÚ Ú±˙ ¬Û±˚˛º ¸&èı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀÀ˙ øıÚ˚˛|œ¤ ◊ fl¬Ô± ıø˘ÀÓ¬ÀÂº ıË±p¬Ì-‰¬`¬±˘œı˛ ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬-¸—¶Û «, Ù¬À˘ ıÌ«Ú±˙, ıÀÌ«ı˛’¬ÛøıSÓ¬± ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ ñ Œ˘±fl¬øÚj±ı˛ øfl¬ õ∂˙ô¶ Œé¬SØ

ø˙fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ÊÚ… ıÚ Œ¸ ¸˜˚˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü øÂ˘º Ó¬±˝◊ ’ıÀ˝ø˘Ó¬ ı…±Ò-˙ıı˛Àı˛ı±¸¶ö±Ú øÂ˘ È¬±˘-øÈ¬˘±, ¬Ûı«Ó¬-ø·øı˛ø˙‡ı˛ › ıÀÚº ¬Û±˝±h¬¬Û≈ı˛ › ˜˚˛Ú±˜Ó¬œÀÓ¬ õ∂±lø˙ä øÚ˙«Ú&ø˘ÀÓ¬ › Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ¶ö±Ú ¸˜”À˝ õ∂±l Ú±Ú± õ∂P¸±Àé¬… ¸À…±Mê ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ÊœıÚ ø‰¬S ¶Û©Ü Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛º ë¬ÛÌ«˜±S ¬Ûøı˛ø˝Ó¬ ˙ıı˛ ¶aœ-¬Û≈èÀ¯ı˛ Œõ∂˜±˘±¬Ûí, ëÒÚ≈˝Àô¶˙ıı˛í, ë˜‘Ó¬ Êc ˘˝◊˚˛± ñ ıœı˛À¬Û« ¬ÛÀé¬¬Ûfl¬±øı˛Úœ ˙ıı˛ ı˛˜Úœí, ñ 7˜, 8˜˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ ¬Û±˝±h¬¬Û≈Àı˛ı˛ Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ Ù¬˘Àfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘øÓ¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ ø‰¬Sı˛+À¬Û ‰¬ «± ˛ Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ÊœıÚø‰¬ÀSı˛ ’Ú≈ı˛+¬ÛÄ ’±ı±ı˛, ¤˝◊ ¬Û±˝±h¬¬Û≈ı˛ › Úı˜-˙˜ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ ˜˚˛Ú±˜Ó¬œı˛Œ¬Û±h¬±˜±øÈ¬ı˛ Ù¬˘fl¬&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊»fl¬œÌ« ø‰¬S&ø˘ ¤fl¬±ôL˝◊ Œ˘±fl¬±˚˛Ó¬ ø‰¬Sº



ı‘øM ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ õ∂¸À/ øÚˆ«¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ’øÓ¬¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ÊœıÚ › ’Ú¢∂¸ı˛Ó¬±ı˛ øfl¬‰¬ «±&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¶Û©Ü › õ∂fl¬È¬ ˝À ˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº fl‘¬ø¯-øÚ «¬ı˛ ’ıÀ˝ø˘Ó¬ ≈ı« Œ|Ìœı˛ ¸—‡…±·øı˛á¬|˜Êœıœ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯Àı˛ ı¸øÓ¬&ø˘ øÂ˘ Úœı˛ fl¬±Â±fl¬±øÂº Œı±Ò˝˚˛ Úœ Ó¬‡ÀÚ±¬Û˚«ôL õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚı˛ ¸œ˜± ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¬Àı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬Ó¬ı˛ › ı‘˝Mı˛ ¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ı˛ ’/ ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬øÚºÊ˘ ¬ÛÀÔ ¬Û±ı˛±¬Û±Àı˛ı˛ ÊÚ… Œ‡˚˛± ŒÚÃfl¬± ï¤ı— Œˆ¬˘±›Ä ¬Û±ı˛±øÚ ˘±·Ó¬ fl¬øh¬ó, ÚœÀÓ¬Ê±˘ øıÂ±ÀÚ±ı˛ õ∂¸À/ ŒÊÀ˘ › ŒÊÀ˘ ŒÚÃfl¬± ïø¬ÛÀÍ¬ fl¬±øÂ ı“±Ò± ŒÔÀfl¬ h¬±Ê±˘ È¬±Ú±ı˛˝◊ø/Ó¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ó ¤ı— ı…ı¸± ı±øÌÀÊ…ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚ ıh¬ ŒÚÃfl¬±› øÚ˚˛˝◊ øÂ˘ºõ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¬ÛÀı˛±é¬ ˆ¬±Àı Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ ›ÀÍ¬ Ó¬±ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘˝◊ øÂ˘ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì|˜Êœıœ ˜±Ú≈¯º ˜±øÁ¬˜°± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ŒÚÃı±˝Àfl¬ı˛± ŒÓ¬± ’±ÀÂ˝◊, Œ¸È¬±˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ı‘øMÄ ’±ÀÂ˜»¸… ø˙fl¬±ı˛œ fl¬±˜ø˘ ı± fl¬±˜˘±Ä Œ‡˚˛±-¬Û±ı˛±¬Û±ı˛ fl¬ı˛±Ó¬ ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ ŒÎ¬±˜Úœı˛±º ŒÚÃfl¬±∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬± fl¬±Í≈¬Àı˛, fl¬ı˛±øÓ¬, ¸”SÒı˛, fl¬˜«fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ, ñ ˚ø› fl¬±Í≈¬Àı˛ Â±h¬±’Ú…Àı˛ ¶Û©Ü Œfl¬±Ú Î¬◊À°‡ ‰¬˚«±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ¬ÛÀ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º øfl¬c ‡±È¬ ï29Ú—óø¬Û“øh¬ ï1Ú—ó ¤ı— ŒÚÃfl¬± ∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˜Ú ¸”SÒÀı˛ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ ı±ô¶ı±Ú≈· ŒÓ¬˜øÚŒÚÃfl¬±, È¬±ø/ ï5Ú—ó, fl≈¬Í¬±ı˛ ï45Ú—ó, Ó¬±˘±‰¬±øı ï4Ú—ó õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øÚø˜«øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ fl¬˜«fl¬±ı˛ı‘øMı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ’¬Ûøı˛˝±˚«Ó¬±› ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬º ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬˝◊ ¤˝◊ |˜Êœıœ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛± øÂÀ˘ÚøÚÓ¬±ôL˝◊ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì › ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ Œ|Ìœı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯º

ı¶aø˙Àä ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ õ∂ø¸øX¬ ≈õ∂±‰¬œÚ fl¬±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ◊ ¤ı— õ∂ı±Ó≈¬˘…º ≈Ó¬ı˛±—‰¬˚«±˚˛ Œ˚ Ó“¬±Ó¬œı˛ Œ‡± ø˜˘Àı, Œ¸˝◊ ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ ¸y±ıÚ± Œ˙¯ ¬Û˚«ôL ’Ú≈˜±Ú øÚˆ«¬ı˛˝À˚˛ÀÂ 23, 24 › 25 ¸—‡…fl¬ ¬Û&ø˘ı˛ øÓ¬ıTÓ¬œ ’Ú≈ı± ŒÔÀfl¬º Î¬† ¸≈fl≈¬˜±ı˛ Œ¸ÀÚı˛fl¬äÚ±˚˛ ï‰¬˚«±·œøÓ¬¬Û±ı˘œ, Î¬† Œ¸Ú ¸•Û±øÓ¬ó ŒÎ¬±˜ ŒÎ¬±˜Úœı˛± ı“±˙ øÀ˚˛ Ó“¬±Ó¬∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬Àı˛ øıøSê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¸≈ÀÓ¬± fl¬±È¬± ı± ∆Ó¬ı˛œı˛ Œfl¬±Ú õ∂¸/ ‰¬˚«±˚˛ ŒÚ˝◊Ä Ó¬Àı Ò≈Ú≈ı˛œı˛fl¬Ô± ’±ÀÂ 26 ¸—‡…fl¬ ¬ÛÀ, Ó≈¬˘± Ò≈ÀÚ Ò≈ÀÚ ’“±˙ ı± ø‰¬fl¬Ú fl¬ı˛± õ∂¸À/º

¤fl¬È¬± ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ Œfl¬ÃÓ”¬˝˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˚±˚˛, ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸”SÒı˛, fl¬˜«fl¬±ı˛, Ó“¬±øÓ¬,˜±øÁ¬˜±°±, ¶§Ì«fl¬±ı˛ õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ëøÈ¬øfl¬ ı“±Ò±í øÂ˘ fl¬±Àı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ∑ Î¬◊»¬Û±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±±ÚÓ¬Ô± ˝±øÓ¬˚˛±ı˛ fl¬±Àı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ øÂ˘∑ Ó“¬±ı˛± ¶§øÚÀ˚˛±øÊÓ¬ ˜”˘ÒÀÚ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑ ¸”SÒÀı˛ı˛fl¬±ÀÍ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±Ú, fl¬˜«fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ Œ˘±˝±, Ó“¬±Ó¬œı˛ Ó“¬±Ó¬ › ¸≈ÀÓ¬±, ˜±øÁ¬Àı˛ ŒÚÃÀfl¬±, ¶§Ì«fl¬±Àı˛ı˛Œ¸±Ú± õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ı ÊÚ… ” ÒÚ øÚÀ˚±øÊÓ¬ fl¬ı±ı ˜Ó¬ ’±øÔ«fl¬ ¸/øÓ¬ Œ˚ Ó“¬±Àı ’øÒfl¬±—À˙ı ◊øÂ˘ Ú±º ¤ Ò±ı˛Ì± ’ı±ô¶ı Ú˚˛, ˜”˘ÒÚ øıøÚÀ˚˛±·fl¬±ı˛œÀı˛ ¸À/ Ó“¬±Àı˛ fl¬œ Òı˛ÀÌı˛¸•Ûfl«¬-˙Ó«¬ øÂ˘ ñ ¤¸ı &èQ¬Û”Ì« õ∂Àùüı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ˝◊ø/Ó¬˝◊ ‰¬˚«± ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Û±›˚˛±˚±ÀBÂ Ú±º ¸˜±Ê Œ¸ı±ı˛ øˆ¬øM ◊ øÂ˘ Î¬◊»¬Û±Ú-Œfl¬øjfl¬, Ù¬˘Ó¬ Œ|Ìœøˆ¬øMfl¬, ≈ø©ÜÀ˜ ˛ı˛˝±ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊»¬Û±ÀÚı˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±Ú ’±ı˛ ’ÀÚ…ı˛± øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘ |ø˜fl¬Ø ¤ ’õ∂øÓ¬Àı˛±Ò…



’¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬øÚˆ«¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÊøıøÒ Œ˚ ‰¬˚«±ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˛ fl¬±À˘› øÂÀ˘±, Ó¬± ı˘±ı˛’À¬Ûé¬± ı˛±À‡ Ú±º ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— Î¬◊ø°ø‡Ó¬ ø˙äœ fl¬±øı˛·ı˛ |ø˜fl¬Àı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¬ fl¬˜«õ∂À‰¬©Ü±Œ˚ Ó¬‡Úfl¬±ı˛ ëøfl≈¬í - ˜˝±ÊÚÀı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬±ôLˆ¬±Àı øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘ øÂ˘, Œ¸ ı±ô¶ı Ò±ı˛Ì±¶§ˆ¬±ı-¸/Ó¬Ä ¸±˜±Ú… øfl¬Â≈ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± øÚÊ¶§ ˜”˘ÒÀÚı˛ ¸—¶ö±Ú øÂ˘º

‰¬˚«±˚˛ ¸—¸±Àı˛ õ∂±Ó¬…ø˝fl¬ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚı˛ fl¬À˚˛fl¬øÈ¬ øÊøÚÀ¸ı˛ Ú±˜ Ô±fl¬À˘› Œ¸˝◊¸ı ^ı… ¸±˜¢∂œ “±ı˛± ∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú, Ó“¬±Àı˛ ¸ı˛±¸øı˛ Œfl¬±Ú Î¬◊À°‡ ŒÚ ◊, Ó¬Àı ıd&ø˘ı˛Î¬◊À°‡ ¸—øù≠©Ü Œ¬Û˙±ı˛ Œ˘±fl¬Àı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ ’Ú≈˜±Ú ı±ô¶ı¸•úÓ¬º ‚h¬±, ‚h≈¬ø˘, ˝“±øh¬,ø¬ÛÍ¬±, ≈Ò, ˜±‡Ú, fl¬±¬Û≈ı˛, Ó“¬±Àı±˘±, Œ¸±Ú±ı˛+¬Û±, ˜≈Mê±ı˛ ˜±˘±, fl¬ÇÚ, fl¬Ì«fl≈¬`¬˘ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬õ∂¸À/ fl¬—¸fl¬±ı˛, fl≈¬yfl¬±ı˛, Œ·±˚˛±˘±, Ó¬±•≥§ø˘, ·gıøÌfl¬, ¶§Ì«fl¬±ı˛ ˝◊Ó¬…±øı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛±é¬Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ ’ı˙…˝◊ ’ı±ô¶ı fl¬äÚ± Ú˚˛º ˝±h¬, &?±ı˛ ˜±˘± ˚“±ı˛± Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Œ¸˝◊˙ıı˛ı˛± øÚÀÊı˛±˝◊ Ó¬± ¸—¢∂˝ › ∆Ó¬ı˛œ fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀÓ¬Úº ı±…fl¬ı˛ ¸•x±˚˛ Î¬˜è-≈jøˆ¬,fl¬ı˛`¬-fl¬¸˘±, ¬ÛÈ¬˝ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ı±…˚La ı±Ê±ÀÓ¬Úº øfl¬c ¤&ø˘ ‰¬±˜h¬± øÀ˚˛ Â±˝◊ı±ı˛ fl¬±ÊøÚ¬˚˛˝◊ ŒÎ¬±˜ı˛± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú, ñ Œ˚˜Ú Ó“¬±ı˛± ‰¬…±„±ı˛œ Ó“¬±Ó¬ ¸˝ ıœÌ±, Ó¬Laœ, ı“±˙œ ˝◊Ó¬…±øõ∂dÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¤“ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Î¬◊B‰¬ıÀÌ«ı˛ › Œ|Ìœı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯ øÂÀ˘Ú, Ú± ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ø˘Ó¬ ’Ú¢∂¸ı˛ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯ øÂÀ˘Ú, ñ ¶Û©Ü fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬± øÚÀ«˙ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ’±ı˛õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ Ô±Àfl¬ øfl¬∑

˜‘·˚˛±Êœøı ı…±Ò › fl¬±Í≈¬Àı˛ı˛± øÂÀ˘Ú ’ôL…Ê ˙ıı˛ ¤ı— ‹ Œ|Ìœı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯º¤“Àı˛ ÊœıÚ-˚±S± Œ˚ ø‰¬ı˛fl¬±˘˝◊ fl¬ÀÍ¬±ı˛ › ±øı˛^¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬ Œ¸ ø‰¬S ‰¬˚«±ÀÓ¬› ¶Û©Üº˜±—À¸ı˛ ÊÚ… ¬Ûq ø˙fl¬±Àı˛ ¸fl¬±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸g…± ¬Û˚«ôL ıÚ-Ê/˘ ëŒÍ¬ø„À˚˛í Ó“¬±Àı˛Àfl¬ı…ô¶ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ˝Ó¬º ¤“Àı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¬ı˛Ì øÂ˘ Ó¬œı˛-ÒÚ≈fl¬-Ê±˘ ’±ı˛ fl¬±Í¬ ¸—¢∂À˝ı˛ Œı˘±˚˛È¬±ø/-fl≈¬h¬±˘º ¸˜Ó¬˘ˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ ıÚ±=˘ Â±h¬±› ëø·øı˛ıı˛ ø¸˝ı˛¸øg ¬Û˝◊¸ÀôLí › ø˙fl¬±ı˛œ˙ıı˛ ˙ı˛ ¸g±ÀÚ ı…ô¶ Ô±fl¬Ó¬º õ∂±˚˛ ‰¬±ı˛˙ ıÂı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±øı±¸œ Œ˘±Ò±À·±á¬œı˛¬Û”ı«¬Û≈è¯ Œ˚ ˙ıı˛ ëfl¬±˘Àfl¬Ó≈¬íı˛ ¸À/ ‰¬`¬œ˜/À˘ ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¬ı˛ ¸±é¬±» ˝˚˛, ‰¬˚«±ı˛ ¤˝◊fl¬±˘Àfl¬Ó≈¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ¸ Œ˚ ¬Û‘Ôfl¬ Ú˚˛, Ó¬± ¶Û©Ü˝◊ ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

ŒÎ¬±˜-ŒÎ¬±˜ÚœÀı˛ Œ¬Û˙±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ’±À·˝◊ ı˘± ˝À˚˛ÀÂº ¸±Ê-Œ·±ÀÊı˛ ı±˝±Àı˛’±ı˛ fl≈¬˘œÚ-’fl≈¬˘œÚ øÚøı«À˙À¯ ¸ı Œ|Ìœı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛˝◊ Œ˚ÃÚ˘±˘¸± ŒÎ¬±˜Úœı˛± Ó‘¬lfl¬ı˛±ÀÓ¬Ú ï18Ú—óº øfl¬c ±øı˛^¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬ ’Ú¢∂¸ı˛ ø˘Ó¬ ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ŒÎ¬±ø˜ÚœÀı˛ ¤È¬±øı˘±¸œı‘øM øÂ˘ Ú±Ø

‰¬˚«±˚˛-ı…Mê Ú±Ú± ı‘øMı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯Àı˛ ’øÒfl¬±—À˙ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ∆ı¯ø˚˛fl¬ œÚÓ¬± Œ˚õ∂fl¬È¬ øÂ˘, Ó¬± ’Ú≈˜±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¬äÚ±ı˛ ’±|˚˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ Ú±, ñ ˝“±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±Ó¬ Ú± Ô±fl¬±øÈ¬˘±ı±ø¸Úœı˛ õ∂¸À/ ï33Ú—ó › õ∂Ô˜ õ∂¸ıfl¬±À˘ ’“±Ó≈¬h¬ ‚ı˛ Ú± ¬Û±›˚˛±ı˛ Œé¬±ˆ¬ ›



˝Ó¬±˙±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ï20 Ú—ó Ó¬±ı˛ ı±ô¶ıı˛+¬Û Œı˙ ¶Û©Ü ˝À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ë˚± ¤‡±ÀÚ ‰¬±˝◊ Ó¬± ¬Û±˝◊Ú±, ’±˜±ı˛ ı±¸Ú±-¬Û≈È¬ ¤˝◊ ’±˜±ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ õ∂¸ıºí

ëëøÙ¬È¬À˘¸≈ Œ·± ˜± ¤’ÚÓ¬ Î¬◊øh¬ ‰¬±ø˝ºÊ± ¤Ô≈ ‰¬±˝ø˜ Œ¸± ¤Ô≈ Ú±ø˝ºº¬Ûø˝˘ øı’±Ú Œ˜±ı˛ ı±¸Ú ¬Û”h¬ºíí41

‰¬ «±¬ÛÀı˛ ¬Ûı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûı˛ÀÓ¬ Ê˜±È¬ ı“±Ò± ¤˜ÚÓ¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ Œé¬±ˆ¬Ø øÚÀÊı˛ ˜±—À¸ı˛ÊÚ…˝◊ ˝øı˛Ì øÚÀÊı˛ ˙Sn∏, Ó¬Ô± ’±¬ÛÚ &ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ…˝◊ ¬Ûfl¬Ó«¬± ˆ≈¬¸≈fl¬ ’±Ê ¸˜±ÀÊı˛’¸”˚˛±-¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ Z±ı˛± øÚ·‘˝œÓ¬º Ù¬À˘ ¸—¸±Àı˛ı˛ Œˆ¬±·-¸≈À‡ ı±Ò… ˝À˚˛˝◊ ’Ó‘¬lŒÔÀfl¬ Ó“¬±Àfl¬ ¸˜±Ê-¸—¸±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Ó¬…±· fl¬Àı˛ ¤˝◊ ë¸˝Ê Ò˜« ¬ÛÀÔí ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛º

ÊœıÚ ¤‡±ÀÚ øı¬Û˚«ô¶, øÚı˛±¬ÛM±˝œÚ ñ Œfl¬ı˘ ı…øMê ÊœıÀÚ Ú˚˛, Œ˙˜˚˛’˙±øôL, ’ı˛±Êfl¬Ó¬±, Ú˝◊À˘ ëøÚ«˚˛ ¸≈…ÀÓ¬ Œ˙ ˘≈Í¬ fl¬Àı˛, øÚÀÊı˛ ·‘ø˝Ìœ ‰¬`¬±˘œ ˝˚˛’±ı˛ øÚÀÊ ˝˝◊ Œ˝˚˛ ı±„±˘œíØ ëŒ¸±Ú± ı˛+¬Û± ’±˜±ı˛ øfl¬Â≈˝◊ Ô±fl¬˘ Ú±ºí ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ≈·«øÓ¬› ’¸±˜…, õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¬ ∆˙øÔ˘… Ó¬Ô± ’ı˛±Êfl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ’ı˙…y±ıœ Ù¬˘ ¸±ÒÚ-Ó¬ÀNı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜õ∂fl¬È¬ ˝À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂº ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ¤˝◊ õ∂øÓ¬fl¬±ı˛˝œÚ Œé¬±ˆ¬ ’±ı˛ øflv¬©Ü ÊœıÚ ŒÔÀfl¬˜≈øMê Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ é¬øÌÀfl¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ˝À˘›, ˜Ú fl¬äÚ±ı˛ ’±|À˚˛ fl¬±ø„é¬Ó¬ ÊœıÚ Œˆ¬±· fl¬Àı˛ºøSÒ±Ó≈¬ı˛ ‡±È¬ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ˙ıı˛ ˜˝±¸≈À‡ ˙˚…± øıÂ±˚˛º ˙ıı˛œı˛ ¸À/ Œ¸˝◊ ˜˝±¸≈‡-˙˚…±˚˛˙˚Ú ŒÓ¬± ¶§±øõüfl¬ vissionaryØ Ú±-¬Û±›˚± øfl¬c fl¬±˜…, fl¬øäÓ¬ ≈À‡ı ıÌ«Ú±Ø ’±fl¬±˙ÀÂ“±˚±Î¬“◊‰≈¬ øÈ¬˘±ı˛ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ fl¬±¬Û±¸ Ù≈¬À˘ı˛ ¸˜±Àı˛±˝, ŒÊ…±»¶ß±˚˛ ‰¬ı˛±‰¬ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì«, ··Ú ˆ¬Àı˛Œ˚Ú Ù≈¬˘ Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ÀÂ, fl¬±„Úœ Ò±Ú Œ¬ÛÀfl¬ÀÂ, ¤˝◊ ¸≈‡-¸≈‡ ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙˝◊ ˙ıı˛ › ˙ıı˛œ˜˝±¸≈À‡ øÚ˜¢ü ˝˘ ï28 › 50 Ú—óº

¬Ûøı˛À˙À¯ ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ‰¬˚«±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛fl¬±À˘ ø˘Ó¬ıÀ·«ı˛ ŒÎ¬±˜, ‰¬`¬±˘, ˙ıı˛,ŒÊÀ˘, ˜±øÁ¬, ı…±Ò õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬Àı˛ Œ˚ ÊœıÚø‰¬S ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ó¬± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ’±ø øÚ˙«Úø˝¸±Àı ’ôL…Ê Œ|Ìœı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ø˘˘ ı˘À˘› ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ˆ≈¬˘ ˝Àı Ú±º

Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†Ó¬Ô…¸”S†1. Ÿ¬À¢´ ¸—ø˝Ó¬±, ı˛À˜˙‰¬f M, ˝ı˛Ù¬ õ∂fl¬±˙Úœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-1987, ¬Û‘† 587º2. ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê, ¿ ≈‡˜ ˛ ˆ¬A±‰¬± «, ¸lÓ¬œÔ«, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-1992, ¬Û‘† 127º3. ı±úœøfl¬ ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì-ı±˘fl¬±`¬, ı˛±ÊÀ˙‡ı˛ ı¸≈, ¬Û‘† 143º4. Ó¬Àı, 25ì18-19, ¬Û‘† 152º5. Ó¬Àı, 26ì13-15, ¬Û‘† 154º6. Ó¬Àı, 26ì13-15, ¬Û‘† 147º



7. ı±úœøfl¬ ı˛±˜±˚˛Ì-’À˚±Ò…±fl¬±`¬, ı˛±ÊÀ˙‡ı˛ ı¸≈, 82ì14-16º8. ˜˝±ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê, ¿¸≈‡˜˚˛ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ¸lÓ¬œÔ«, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-1982, 35ì1º9. Ó¬Àı, ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú - 151ì19º10. Ó¬Àı, ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú - 135ì19º11. Ó¬Àı, ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú - 179ì24º12. ˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬±, ¸≈Àı˛˙‰¬f ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ’±Új ¬Û±ıø˘˙±¸«, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-1999,

8ì129, ¬Û‘† 217º13. Ó¬Àı, 8ì417, ¬Û‘† 265º14. Ó¬Àı, 10ì124, ¬Û‘† 310º15. Ó¬Àı, 8ì413, ¬Û‘† 260º16. ˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬±, ¬Û=±ÚÚ Ó¬fl«¬ı˛P, ¸—¶¥®Ó¬ ¬Û≈ô¶fl¬ ˆ¬±`¬±ı˛, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-1397

ı/±s, 3ì239, ¬Û‘† 109º17. Ó¬Àı, 3ì249, ¬Û‘† 113º18. õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ” , ı˛±˜˙ı˛Ì ˙ «±, Œfl¬.ø¬Û.ı±·‰¬œ ’…±`¬ Œfl¬±•Û±Úœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-

1989, ¬Û‘† 208º19. ˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬±, ¬Û=±ÚÚ Ó¬fl«¬ı˛P, ¸—¶¥®Ó¬ ¬Û≈ô¶fl¬ ˆ¬±`¬±ı˛, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-1397

ı/±s, 8ì270, ¬Û‘† 317º20. Ó¬Àı, 8ì271, ¬Û‘† 317º21. Ó¬Àı, 8ì272, ¬Û‘† 318º22. Ó¬Àı, 8ì279, ¬Û‘† 221º23. Ó¬Àı, 3ì28, ¬Û‘† 109º24. õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ ” , ı˛±˜˙ı˛Ì ˙ «±, Œfl¬.ø¬Û.ı±·‰¬œ ’…±G Œfl¬±•Û±Úœ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-

1989, ¬Û‘† 193º25. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 140º26. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 292º27. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 273º28. ¸—¶¥®Ó¬ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ı˛+¬ÛÀı˛‡±, Î¬. øı˜±Ú‰¬f ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1987, ¬Û‘†

84º29. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 111º30. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 123º



31. ¸—¶¥®Ó¬ › õ∂±fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…† ¸˜±Ê Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± › ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú, Î¬. ı˛±À˜ù´ı˛ ˙í, ¬Û‘†323º

32. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 267º33. ‰¬˚«±·œøÓ¬, ˜ÚœfÀ˜±˝Ú ı¸≈ ¸•Û±øÓ¬, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1993, ¬Û‘† 35º34. ı±/±˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸, õ∂Ô˜ ‡G, Î¬. ¸≈fl≈¬˜±ı˛ Œ¸Ú, ’±Új ¬Û±ıø˘˙±¸«,

fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1987, ¬Û‘† 43º35. ‰¬˚«±·œøÓ¬, ˜ÚœfÀ˜±˝Ú ı¸≈, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±-1993, ¬Û‘† 38º36. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 39º37. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 40º38. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 41º39. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 41º40. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 42º41. Ó¬Àı, ¬Û‘† 43º42. ¬Ûøı˛ÀÓ¬±¯ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…± ˛, ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ’Ú¢∂¸ı˛ Œ|Ìœ ï ”‰¬Ú± ŒÔÀfl¬ ’©Ü±˙

˙Ó¬fl¬ó, ·Àı¯Ì± ¢∂Lö ˆ¬±ıÚ±, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±, 1997, ¬Û‘† 69º






¦¤Ëðúfl‘¬¯û± ı¸≈

’ÀÚfl¬ ı˛±ÀÓ¬ ”ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ı±øh¬ øÙ¬Àı˛ ’±ø¸,Œø‡ ¬ÛÀÔ fl¬Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈¯ qÀ˚˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ,ñ¬ÛÔ˝◊ ŒÓ¬± ‚ı˛ Ó¬±Àı˛, ¬ÛÔ˝◊ ŒÓ¬± ’±|˚˛Ø¬ÛÀÔ ¬ÛÀÔ ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛± qÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂ ı˛±øSı˛ øı|±À˜º’±ø˜ øfl¬Â≈ ˘#¬¬¬± ¬Û±˝◊, ’±˜±ı˛ ˜±Ô±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ øÚı˛±¬Û Â±Â±Àı˛ Ó¬˘±˚˛ ¬Û±˘Ç¬ øÚˆ«¬ı˛ øÚ^±, ñ’±ı˛ ’±˜±ı˛ ŒÀ˙ı˛ Œ˘±fl¬ ≈íÀı˘± ¬Û±˚˛ Ú± Œ‡ÀÓ¬,˜±Ô±ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀı˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ŒÚ˝◊ Œfl¬±Ú øÚı˛±¬ÛM±Ä‰¬±øı˛¬Û±À˙ ŒÚ˝◊ Œ˚˛±À˘ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ’±|˚˛ºøÚÀÊÀfl¬ ’±˜±ı˛ ’¬Ûı˛±Òœ ˘±À·Ø¤˝◊ Ú±øfl¬ ’±˜±ı˛ ¶§À˙∑˜≈‡ øÚ‰≈¬ fl¬Àı˛ ‚Àı˛ øÙ¬Àı˛ ’±ø¸º



Õ±õ±õþ îÅÂ¿÷ ÛËü±¿Ê ˛

˙«Ú ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˜±øÈ¬ Â≈“À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬¸˜‘X¬ øı:±Ú ˝±ø¸ ’±ı˛ ·±ÀÚ˝◊¸Àı˛± øÎ¬.’±ı˛ øÎ¬.› Ê≈Àh¬Œõ∂ı˛Ì± ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛, ÊœıÚ ¸±·Àı˛ñŒÏ¬Î¬◊ Œ‡À˘ õ∂±ôL ŒÔÀfl¬ õ∂±ôLÀı˛,˙”Ú… fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬À˘ Œ·À˘ ø˙˘— ‚≈Àı˛º

¸±ı˛± ı˛±Ó¬ øÚ˜±Ú Œfl“¬ÀÀÂ ’±fl¬±˙Œ˙¯ ˚±S±˚˛› ŒÀ‡ Œ·À˘ ¸La±¸¬Û±?±Àıı˛ œÚ±Ú·ı˛ Ô±Ú± ŒÔÀfl¬ı≈Àfl¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˝Ú Ê;À˘øÂÀ˘±˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ fl¬±iß±˚˛ ñ ı˛Mê±Mê øÚŒˆ¬Ó¬Àı˛ ’¸˝… ı˛Mêé¬ı˛Ì,Œ˜‚Ù¬±È¬± ı±À˘› øı¬Û˚«ô¶ ø˙qÀı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬fl¬ıı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±ı±ı˛ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±À¸±º



ÕòÅËõþ±ñ üËNÝõ∂fl¬±˙ ‰¬f ˜±˝±Ó¬±

’±ÊÀfl¬, ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ı± ¤‡≈øÚ, ˜±S fl¬À˚˛fl¬ı±Àı˛ı˛ Ó¬œıË fl¬•ÛÚºŒÊÈ¬ ·øÓ¬ı˛ ≈øÚ˚˛±ı˛ ı˛¸ø¸Mê ø˙fl¬h¬È¬±Àfl¬˝◊ Î¬◊¬ÛÀh¬ ŒÙ¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛

Œ˚˜Ú fl¬Àı˛ ¤fl¬øÚ ¤fl¬ ˜≈UÀÓ«¬ ¸”˚« ŒÔÀfl¬ øÂÈ¬Àfl¬ ¬Û‘øÔıœ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝À˚˛øÂ˘’±ı±ı Œ¸ ◊ ¤fl¬ ≈UÀÓ«¬ ◊ ˝˚ÀÓ¬± ¸˜˚ ˘±·Àı ¬Û‘øÔıœı øıÀ¶£¬±ıÀÌı ı≈Àfl¬ Ó¬ø˘À˚ Œ˚ÀÓ¬º

Ê±øÚ ¸ı˝◊, Ê±ÀÚ› ¸ı±˝◊,ŒÊÀÚ› ’±À˜øı˛fl¬±ı˛ ˙±øÚÓ¬ Â≈øı˛ Œfl¬±¬Û±˚˛ ˝◊ı˛±Àfl¬ı˛ ı≈fl¬

˜‘Ó≈¬… ø¬Ûı˛±ø˜ÀÎ¬ ô¶”¬Û±fl‘¬Ó¬ ˙ı˛œı˛&À˘± Œfl¬±Ú ˜±Ú≈¯ ø˙fl¬±ı˛œı˛ ø˙fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¸±é¬… ı˚˛ºŒ¸˝◊ ¤fl¬ ø‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Êø˜ı˛ ÊÚ…˝◊ fl¬±ù¨œÀı˛ı˛ ‚±¸ ˘±˘-˝Ó¬ı±fl¬, qw Œ¸Ãj˚« ı˛±øÚº

é¬˜Ó¬±ı˛ Œfl¬Àf Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±›˚˛± ˜±Ú≈¯&À˘±ı˛ Œ˘±˘≈¬Û ‘ø©Üı˛ ÊÚ…˝◊¤‡ÀÚ± ø˝Àı˛±ø˙˜±ı˛ ˜±À˚˛Àı˛ Œfl¬±À˘ øıfl¬˘±/ ø˙q ˜≈‡ &“ÀÊ qÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ ÒÀ˜«ı˛ ’Ê≈˝±ÀÓ¬ ¢∂±˜ Ê;À˘, ˙˝ı˛ Ê;À˘, ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˜Ú Ê;À˘º

¬Û‘øÔıœ ’±Ê ÊÓ≈¬·‘˝ºÓ¬ı≈ Œı˛±Ê ‚≈˜ Êh¬±ÀÚ± ı˛±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’±fl¬±˙ Œ˙±ÀÚ

˝◊ı˛±Àfl¬ı˛ ı±ı±˝±ı˛± Œ˜À˚˛øÈ¬ı˛, ’±À˜øı˛fl¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±˝◊˝±ı˛± Œı±ÚøÈ¬ı˛ı± ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬, Ê±¬Û±Ú ı± ¬Û±øfl¬¶ö±ÀÚı˛ ¸ôL±Ú˝±ı˛± ˜±À˚˛Àı˛

øÚÀÊı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬ øÙ¬øı˛À˚˛ Œı±ı˛ fl¬èÌ ’±øÓ«¬ºŒ˚Ú Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ ˘≈øfl¬À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ Ó¬±Àı˛ õ∂±ÌÀˆ¬±˜ı˛±

’é¬˜ øÚèMı˛ ’±fl¬±˙ Œfl“¬À ‰¬À˘ ¸±ı˛±ı˛±Ó¬º˙Ó¬±sœı˛ øıÀ^±˝œ ÚÈ¬ı˛±Ê› ’±Ê ô¶t-‹ øÚ©Û±¬Û ’±ı±ı˛ È≈¬fl≈¬ı˛

øıøÚ˜À˚˛ ıg Œ˝±fl¬ ˜±Ú≈¯ ˜±ı˛±ı˛ Œ‡˘± -’±ø˘/ÀÚ Êh¬±fl¬ Œ˙&À˘±-õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ≈í˝±Ó¬ Ó≈¬À˘ ˝±¸≈fl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü

fl¬±ù¨œı˛ ’±ı±ı˛ Œõ∂À˜ı˛ Œ‡˘±˚˛ ˜±Ó≈¬fl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ı˛+¬Û Œõ∂ø˜fl¬Àı˛ ¸±ÀÔº¬Û‘øÔıœ ˝“±È≈¬fl¬-ˆ¬±˘ı±¸± Ó≈¬ø˜› ˝“±ÀÈ¬±˝±ÀÓ¬ ˝±Ó¬ ˘±ø·À˚˛ ñ ’ÚôLfl¬±˘º



Îý üÓûÇ’øˆ¬øÊ» øÈ¬fl¬± ◊Ó¬

Œ˝ ¸”˚« Ó≈¬ø˜ ŒÓ¬± Î¬◊¯ûÓ¬±˝◊ ŒÓ¬±˜±˚˛ õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¬øı˛

õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬ :±ÀÚı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¬ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊ ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛º

õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ÊœÀıı˛ ’±R±˚˛ ù≠±‚± øÀ˚˛Ê±ø·À˚˛ ±› Ó¬±Àı˛ øı˛MêÓ¬±º

Œ˝ ¸”˚« Ó≈¬ø˜ÀÓ¬± ’¸œ˜Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±À˘± ±› õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Œfl¬±Ú±˚˛

Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ·˝Ú fl¬œÀÈ¬ı˛±¸…±Ó¬ ¸…±ÀÓ¬ Ê˜œı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûı˛ ¬Û± Î¬“◊‰≈¬ fl¬Àı˛

“±h¬ È¬±ÀÚ ’±ı˛ ˜±øÈ¬ ‚≈“Àh¬Ó≈¬ø˜’±À˘± ±› Œ¸˝◊ ¸g…±˚˛

˚‡Ú ˜˝±Ú·ı˛œ ’±Ó¬ÀÇ¬ õ∂˝ı˛ Œ·±ÀÚ’±ı˛ ’±À˘± ±› ÚıÊ±Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛

õ∂±?˘ Œ‰¬±À‡˚± ŒÀ‡ Œ¸ Œfl“¬À Î¬◊Í¬Àı

Âh¬±Àı ÊœıÀÚı˛ ı±ÌœÊ±øÚ, Ó≈¬ø˜ ’¸œ˜

Ó¬±˝◊ ’±À˘± ±› Œ¸˝◊ ·ø˘ÀÓ¬Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ’ˆ≈¬Mê ÊÚÓ¬± fl¬˘ı˛Àı

UÀh¬±Uøh¬ fl¬Àı˛º’±ı˛ ’±À˘± øÀ˚˛±

Œ¸˝◊ ‡“±‰¬±øÈ¬ÀÓ¬, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ’±ÀÂ õ∂±ÌÓ¬ı≈› øÚ©x±ÌÓ¬±ı˛ Âh¬±Âøh¬º

¸”˚« Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±À˘± Î¬◊M±¬Û ø›Œ¸˝◊ ŒÙ¬À˘ ’±¸± øÚ&À˘±Àfl¬

’±ı˛ Î¬◊M±¬Û ø›, ı˛±ô¶±ı˛ ¬Û±À˙˙œÀÓ¬ fl“¬±¬Û± ‹ ı˚˛¶® ˜±Ú≈¯øÈ¬Àfl¬º



AXe N;tç=e RomtvqJo Cth; bü "tÂbofU fUtÂà; fuU fUthKmwhuà“ fwUbth

AXe N;tç=e RomtvqJo Cth; bü "tÂbofU fuU fUuà“ bd" :t ytihRm N;tç=e bü "bo fuU Guºt bü ÔgtvfU vÂhJ;ol RwY, ÂsmfUt mbtsvh dnht ŒCtJ v\zt ytih vÂhJ;ol fuU fUthK ne Rm fUtj fUtuctiÂõfU YJk "tÂbofU fUtÂà; fUt gwd fUnt stlt ni> YfU bnÀJvqKo YJkh¥ÂafUh ;Úg gn ni ÂfU "tÂbofU btbjtü bü vÂhJ;ol fuUJj Cth; büne lne JhlT ÂJëJ fuU ylufU =uNtuü bü Ce nwyt :t> Rohtl bü sh:q³,ael bü fUàÜgqÂmgm, gqltl bü vtR:tdtuhm, ytÂ= ÂJõtltü lu yvlu-yvlu =uNtü bü yvlu lJel ÂJath Œô;w; fUh vhövhtJt=e ÂJath"thtvh fwUXthtDt; ÂfUgt> Rl =uNtü bü nwY fUtÂà;gtü bü vqKo;gt mbtl;tl :e ;:t ŒÀgufU fuU ôJh¥v yjd :u> Cth; bü nwY fUtÂà; fUtôJh¥v btºt "tÂbofU ne l Jhl mtbtÂsfU YJk mtkôf]UÂ;fU Ce :t>WvÂlM=tü lu Rm fUtÂà; fuU vqJo ne sÂxj fUbofUtãz ;:t Fwle gÒttüfuU ÂJh¥õ ÂJŠtun fUh Â=gt :t, juÂfUl WvÂlM=tü fUe CtMt Â¢j³ntulu fuU fUthK RmfUe vnwâa ÂJõtltü ;fU ne meÂb; hnt, mt"thKsl Rmmu vÂhÂa; gt ŒCtÂJ; l ntu mfUt>

Cth; bü m=iJ mu "tÂbofU Âak;l fUe ôJ;àºtk;t hne ni> RmfUtj bü ylufU Yumu =tNoÂlfUtü fUt Œt=wCtoJ nwyt Âsàntülu vhövhtd;h¥v mu aju yt hnu ctÑK "bo ;:t Ju=tü fUtu ytjtualtÀbfU =]Âëxmu =uFt ytih Wànü g:tJ; ôJefUth fUhlt WÂa; l mbSt> RlÂJathfUtu lu Ju=tü fUtu yvwKo vJk =tuMgw¢; ŒbtÂK; fUhlu fUe au³t fUe>Rm ŒfUth ÂJathfUtü lu "tÂbofU ÔgJô:t bü vÂhJ;ol jtlu fUt ŒgtmÂfUgt>

dJiÂ=fU "bo mhj ytih ytzöch bw¢; :t> Rmbü vwhtuÂn;fUe ytJëgfU;t lné :e ytih ŒÀgufU ÔgÂ¢; "bo-ÂJÂ" fUt vtjl fUhmfU;t :t, juÂfUl "ehu-"ehu "bo bü sÂxj;t yt;e dRo> fUbofUtãzytih ytzöch bü J]Âõ nwRo> "bo fUtgo fUe =wh¥n;t fuU fUthK vwhtuÂn;ytJëgfU ntu dgt> mt"thK sl fuU ÂjY "bo ydög ytih cwÂõ fuUvhu ntu dgt> Wúth JiÂ=fU fUtj bü gÒttü YJk bàºttü fUt R;lt ÂJô;th



ntu dgt ÂfU Wmbü dJiÂ=fU fUtj fuU mhj ytih Œtf]UÂ; WvtmltfUt ôJh¥v jwË; ntu dgt> Wúth JiÂ=fU fUtj bü gÒttü fUt ytfUthÂJNtj ntu dgt. fURo gÒt ;tu bÂnltü ytih JMotu ;fU mkatÂj; ntu;uhn;u :u ytih yÀgà; FÂaoju ntu dgu :u> simu Jtsvug, htsmqgo,yëJbuD =eDo fUtj ;fU aj;u :u> JuÂ=gtü fUt ÂlbotK, bàºttü fUtvtXl ytih ylw²tl ÂfUgt R;le sÂxj ntu dRo :e ÂfU RlfuU ÂjYŒÂNÂG; vwhtuÂn;tü fUe ytJëgfU;t yvÂhntgo ntu dRo> vqJo bü YfUvwhtuÂn; ŒgtË; :t> juÂfUl yc 17 vwhtuÂn;tü fUe ytJëgfU;t ntu;e:e> d]n-mwºttü bü gÒttü fUtu ytJëgfU clt Â=gt dgt :t> Rl gÒttüÂv;] gÒt, cÑ gÒt, =uJ gÒt fUtu d]nô; fUt "bo DtuÂM; ÂfUgt dgt>Rl fUthKtü mu vwhtuÂn; fUe btâd ;:t ŒCtJ bü J]Âõ ntu dRo, vwhtuÂn;v]ÚJe vh =uJ;t mbSu slu jdt> =ÂGKt ŒtË; fUhlu fuU jtuC fuUfUthK vwhtuÂn;tü lu fUbofUtãztü fUt ÂJô;th fUh Wànü sÂxj clt Â=gt>yc YfU vNwcÂj fuU ô:tl vh gÒt bü yÂ"fU vNwytü fUe cÂj =estlu jde :e>

dJiÂ=fU fUtj bü cnw=uJt= ŒaÂj; :t> RmfUt fUthK :tÂfU ytgo jttud Œf]UÂ; vqsfU :u ytih Œf]UÂ; fUe ÂJÂCªt NÂ¢;gtü fUt=iÂJfUhK fUh Â=gt :t> fUÖvlt ÂfUgt dgt :t ÂfU =uJ;t blwíg fUtNwtCÂak;fU :t ytih Œt:oKt fUhlu vh Jn blwíg fuU fUÖgtK fuU ÂjYfUtgo fUh;t :t. y‘Âv YfuUëJhJt= fUe fUÖvlt fUe dRo :e> ÂVUh Cecnw=uJJt= ŒCtJNtje clt hnt> Wúth JiÂ=fU fUtj fuU Wúthtõo bü RmÂô:Â; bü c=jtJ ytlu jdt> yc =uJ;tytü fUtu vqst yÂlJtgo mbStstlu jdt> ¢gtüÂfU Yumt mbSt stlu jdt ÂfU vqst lné fUhlu mu=uJ;t h¥² ntu stgudt Âsmmu yÂl² ntudt> Rm Âô:Â; bü =uJ;tblwíg fUt Âbºt (mngtude) l ntufUh ôJtbe cl dgt :t> RmfUt;Àf tjel =tNoÂlfU ÂJathtu vh Ce ŒCtJ v\zt ytih gn mbSt dgtÂfU =uJ;tytü fuU Wvh RoëJh :t> y;& RoëJh fUe ytht"lt fUhlt¶ugôfUh :t> Rm ŒfUth "tÂbofU fUtÂà; fuU fUthK ÂJf]U; cnw=uJJt=Ce :t>

JiÂ=fU fUtj fuU ythöC bü ctÑKtü fUt seJl mhj ytih mt=t:t> vÂJºt ctiÂõfU seJl ;:t yÆggl yÆgtvl fuU fUthK mbts büWànü yt=h fUe =]Âëx mu =uFt st;t :t> "tÂbofU fUtgo bü WànümJtuoåa;t ŒtË; :e> Ju Ju=tü fuU vXl-vtXl ;:t fUbofUtãztü bku



vwhtuÂn;tü fUt fUtgo fUh;u :u> d]n mwºttü fuU ylufU mkôfUth fUt fUtgomövªt fUhJt;u :u> d]n mwºt YJk mkôfUth fuU ylufU fUtgtuø fuU ŒtJ"tlfUtu fUhlu fuU fUthK WlfuU ŒCtJ bü J]Âõ nwRo :e> Rmmu ctÑKtü fuUynkfUth bü J]Âõ nwRo> =ÂGKt ŒtË; ntulu fuU yÂ"fUth mu Ce WmbüytÂ:ofU mövªt;t c\Z hne :e> Âsmmu WlfUt Àgtde ytih mhj seJlmbtË; ntu hnt :t> Ju Ju=tü fuU yÆggl ytih fUbofUtãztü fUtu ne bnÀJ=u;u :u ytih liÂ;fU bqÖgtü fUe WvuGt fUhlu jdu :u> Rl mcfUt fUthKgn nwyt ÂfU ctÑK Jdo ynkfUthe ytih yÀgtathe ntu dgt :t> vqJeoCth; ÂJNuM h¥v mu WlfUt ŒCtJ bd" bü ô:tÂv; lné nwyt :t>y;& JiÂ=fU "bo ŒJ]Â; btdo fUtu yôJefUth fUh Â=gt dgt ytih WlfuUô:tl vh ÂlJ]Â; btdo fUtu Œ"tl;t ŒtË; nwRo Âsmbü JihtÉg ;:tNtheÂhfU fU³tü fUtu Œ"tl;t =e dRo :e> gn Ce bnÀJvqKo ni ÂfUctÑKtü fUe ¶u²;t Ju=Jt= vh yt"tÂh; :e> Ju=tü fUtu yvtih¥MugDtuÂM; fUh Â=gt dgt :t> Ju=tü fuU atytü fUtu v\Zlu fUt yÂ"fUthWmfuU vtm :t ytih Ju=ÂJÂn; gÒttü fUtu mövªt fUhlu fUt Ce yÂ"fUthWlfuU vtm :t> juÂfUl jtuCe ytih ÂJjtme ctÑKtü fuU fUthK YfUYumu Jdo fUt WÀ:tl ntu hnt :t> stu ctÑKtü fUe mJtuoåa;t fUt ÂJhtu"e:t ytih Ju=tü fUtu ma btllu fuU ÂjY ;igth lné :t> Jô;w;& gnÂJhtu" bwÏg h¥v mu JiÂ=fU gÒttü ;:t Wlmu möcÂà"l fUbofUtãztu fuUcthu bu :t> y;& ôJCtÂJfU :t ÂfU vqJeo Cth; bü gÒttü, fUbofUtãztufuU mt: ctÑK fUe mJtuoåa;t ;:t Ju=tü fuU yvtih¥Mug h¥v fuU cthubü mk=un Ôg¢; ÂfUgt dgt>

"tÂbøfU fUtkÂ; fUt YfU mtbtÂsfU fUthK Ce :t> JKo ÔgJô:tmu mbts bü ÂJMb;t WÀvªt ntu dRo :e> Âsmmu ytvme mkDMo ntuhnt :t> ŒthöC bü JKo ÔgJô:t fUbo vh yt"tÂh; :e ytih WmbüW¥âa-lea fUe CtJlt l :e> fUtuRo Ce ÔgÂ¢; yvlu RåAt mu ÔgJmtgfUh mfU;t :t> juÂfUl Wúth JiÂ=fU fUtj bü ctÑKtü fUt ŒCtJ c\Zdgt> fUbofUtãztü fuU mkatjl ytih gÒttü bü vwhtuÂn; yÂlJtgo ntulu fuUfUthK Ju =uJÀJ mu ÂJCwÂN; ntulu jdu ytih mbts bü Wànü mJtuovheô:tl ŒtË; ntudgt> Rànku ÂJNuMtÂ"fUth ŒtË; ntu dgt> Âsmmu mbtsbü ÂJMb;t WÀvªt ntu dRo ytih fUbo fuU ô:tl vh yc sàb fuU yt"thvh JKo Âl"othK ntulu jtdt> Rmmu mövªt GÂºtgtü bü ymà;tuM WÀvªtnwyt> Âsmmu ctÑK-GÂºtg mkDMo ythkC nwyt> GÂºtgtü lu Òttl fuU Guºt



bü ctÑKtü mu ôvõto fUe ytih Wlntülu =Nol fUe ÂJNuM NtFt IcÑÂJ‘tI fUe ô:tvlt fUe sil ytih ctiõ "bo fUtu ctÑKtü fUe mJtuoåa;tfuU ÂJhtu" bü GÂºtg htsfwUbthtü lu ne ô:tÂv; ÂfUgt :t> Rm ŒfUthytÂ:ofU mb]Âõ mu mövªt Jiëg JKo Ce mbts bü ŒÂ;²tvqKo ô:tlatn;t :t ytih RmfuU ÂjY Wmlu ctÑKtü fuU ÂJh¥õ GÂºtgtü fUt mt:Â=gt> Cth; fuU vqJeo Ctd bü yltgtuo fUe mkÏgt cnw; :e> Âsànü JKoÔgJô:t bü NwŠtü fUt ô:tl Â=gt dgt :t> Ju f]UÂM fUtgtuo ÂNÖvÔgJmtg bü jdu ntulu fuU fUthK mbts fuU bnÀJvqKo WÀvt=fU Jdo cldgu :u ytih JKo -ÔgJô:t mu ymk;w² :u> Ju Yume mtbtÂsfU ÔgJô:tatn;u :u, Âsmbü WlfUt yvbtl l ntu> y;& cÑK ÂJhtu"e ytà=tujlfUt mb:ol fUhlu fUtu Ju ;igth :u> y;& sc "tÂbofU ytà=tujl fuUmwºtvt; nwyt ;tu ctÑK fUtu Atu\z fUh ;eltu JKtuo lu RmfUt mt:Â=gt>

Ro0 vqJo 7 Jé N;tç=e bü vqJeo Wúth Œ=uN ;:t Âcnth fuU jtudtüfUe ytÂ:ofU Âô:Â; bü fUtVUe vÂhJ;ol ytgt> RmfUt bwÏg fUthK gn:t ÂfU Rl Œ=uNtu bü yc jtunu fUt Œgtud ßgt=t vibtlu vh ntulu jdu:u> jtunu fuU WvfUhKtü fuU Œgtud mu f]UÂM gtuÉg CqÂb cltlu bü mVUj;tÂbje> f]UÂM ytih Wªt; gàºttü fuU Œgtud fuU VUjôJh¥v dtJtü YJk Nnhtübü YfU lJel Jdo fUt W=g nwyt Âsmu d]n vÂ; fUn;u :u> ytÂ:ofUh¥v mu mbts =tu Jdo bü ÂJC¢; ntu dgt> YfU "le Jdo ytih =qmhtÂl"ol Jdo> Wm mbg WÀvt=l bü ÂJfUtm fuU fUthK ylufU ldhtü JNnhtü fUt ÂJfUtm nwyt> Ro0 vq0 AXe mu ;emhe N;tç=e Romt vqJo ;fUWúthe - vqJeo Cth; bü 60 ldhtü fuU yÂô;ÀJ fUt ŒbtK Âbj;u ni>ldhtü bü ÂNÖvfUth ;:t Atuxu-Atuxu Ôgtvthe Jdo ÂlJtm fUh;u :u ytihyvlu ÔgJmtg fUtu c\Z@Jt =u;u :u> Rm ŒfUth Wljtudtü fuU mtbtÂsfUytih ytÂ:ofU seJl JiÂ=fU fUtjel ylw²tltü ;:t vNwgÒttü fuU ÂJvÂh;:u> ¢gtüÂfU gu ylw²tl YJk gÒtvNw fuU ÂJltm fuU fUthK cl hnu :u>Ju=Jt= ylw²tl YJk gÒt çgts (mw=) fuU ÂJhtu"e :u, stu ÔgtvtÂhfUJdo fuU yÂCªt ykd btlt st;t :t> Rm fUthK Ce ÔgtvtÂhfU Jdo YumuÂhÂ;-ÂhJts fuU vG"h lné :u Âsm mu Ôgtvth fUtu ntÂl ntu>ÔgtvtÂhfU Jdo Ju=Jt= fuU mt:-mt: gwõ fuU Ce ÂJhtu"e :u ytih NtÂà;atn;u :u> y;& Wªt; mbts bü Rm ŒfUth fuU h¥Â\ZJt=e fUbøfUtãzfUt fUtuRo ô:tl l :t>



JiÂ=fU fUtj bü fUbøfUtãz ;:t vwhtuÂn;Jt= fuU fUthK h¥Â\ZJt=ô:tÂv; ntu dgt :t ytih mtbtÂsfU ŒdÂ; yJh¥õ ntu dRo :e ÂVUhCe ytgtuo bü ôJ;kºt Âaà;l fUe vhövht :e ytih ÂJõtltü fUt Yumt Jdo:t stu mbts ytih "bo fUe ŒdÂ; fuU ÂjY lq;l ytih btiÂjfUÂmõtà; fUe ô:tvlt fUh hnt :t>

"bo mw"th fUt fUtgo Wúth-JiÂ=fU fUtj mu ne ythöC ntu dgt:t> sc WvÂlM=tü bü fUbøfUtãz ;:t gÒttü fUe Ôg:o;t fUt ÂJathÂ=gt> WvÂlM= bü JiÂ=fU "bo fuU =tuMtü fUtu Wstdh ÂfUgt dgt> fUntdgt ÂfU blwíg fUbøfUtãztü mu btuG lné vt mfU;t cÂÖf RmfuU ÂjYÀgtd, ;vôgt fUe sh¥h; ni>

gn Ce fUnt dgt ÂfU blwíg fUtu yvlu fUbtüo fUt VUj yJëgCtudlt v\z;t ni> Rm ŒfUth WvÂlM=tü bü fUbo ;:t ÂlJ]Â; btdo fUeô:tvlt sil ytih ctiõ "bo mu vnju ne fUh =e :e> WvÂlM=tü büvNwcÂj fUtu Ôg:o ytih yÂnkmt vh stuh Â=gt dgt ni> Ju=tü fuU ŒbtKfuU ô:tl vh vÂJºt ytahK ;:t ybw;o cÑ fUe yht"lt vh stuhÂ=gt dgt ytih mCe JKo fuU ÂjY btuG ŒtË; fUhlu fUt yÂ"fUth fUeô:tvlt fUe> WvÂlM= bü fUnt dgt ni ÂfU blwíg fuU CtÉg fUt ÂlbotKsàb mu lné cÂÖf fUbo fuU Åtht ne Âl"toÂh; ntu;t ni, mwF-=w&FŒtË; ntu;t ni> Rm ŒfUth "tÂbøfU fUtÂà; fUe v]² CqÂb WvÂlM= fUtjlu ne ;igth fUh =e :e> Â¢j³ CtMt ntulu fuU fUthK WvÂlMuÂ=fUÂaà;l fuUJj Wåa ÂJõtltü ;fU ne meÂb; hn dgt, Âsl jtud RmÒttl mu jtCtÂàJ; lné ntu mfUt> Rm fUtgo fUtu "tÂbofU fUtÂà; Åthtmövªt ÂfUgt dgt>

AXe N;tç=e Ro0 vqJo bü ylufU lY =tNoÂlfUtü fUt sàb nwytÂsàntülu vqJeo Cth; ÂJNuM h¥v mu bd" fuU Guºttü bü Dwb-Dwb fUhmhj CtMt bü yvlu fUktÂ;fUthe ÂJathtu mu ;Àf tjel mbts fuU döCehh¥v mu ŒCtÂJ; ÂfUgt> Rl =tNoÂlfUtü lu blwíg fUe ¶u³;t fUtu sàbfuU yt"th vh l btlfUh fUbo fuU yt"th vh btlt. ctÑKtü fUe ¶u²btllu mu RàfUth fUh Â=gt> vNwcÂj ytih fUbofUtãztü fUt ÂJhtu" ÂfUgt>bntJeh ytih dti;b cwõ fuU ltb Rljtudtü bü ŒbwF ni>

ÂJbj aà“ vtãzug lu ÂjFt ni ÂfU Rm fUtÂà; fuU cesctÑK (dà:tü) bü ne ÂJ‘btl :u> ythãgfU ÂMgtü lu yvlu ytÀbÂaà;l mu Wl cestü fUtu ykfwUÂh; ÂfUgt ytih WvÂlM= fUtj bü



VUjÂJ; ntult ŒthöC ntu dRo :e> sil YJk ctiõ fUtj mu vqJo ylufUÂJath"tht fuU =tNoÂlfU simu ltÂô;fU, CtudJt=e, CtiÂ;fUJt=e, ytÀbJt=e,hnôgJt=e ytÂ= ;hn fuU ÂJathfU nwY>fwUA ÂJõtl sl;t fUe =]Â³ bü yÀgà; yt=hKeg :t>1. vqhK fUôgv - fUôgv yÂfUgtJ=e b; fuU ŒathfU :u ;:t

bntÀbt cwõ fuU Dtuh ÂJhtu"e :u> fUôgv fUt btllt :t ÂfUytåAu fUbtüo mu vwãg lné Âbj;t ytih cwhu fUbo mu fUtuRo vtvlné ntu;t> yÀgà; ylwCJe ntulu fuU fUthK Wmu vqhK (vqKo);:t ctÑK ntulu fuU fUthK fUôgv fUn;u :u>

2. b¢FvwÂj; Dtumtj - Dtumtj fUt Âmõtk; fUbo ytih fUboVUj=tultü fUt ÂlhtfUhK :t> ŒthkC bü Dtumtj sil "bo fUtu btl;u:u> ÂfUà;w ct= bü Wàntülu ytseJfU möŒ=tg fUe ô:tvlt fUe>RlfuU b; fUtu ÂlgÂ;Jt= Ce fUnt st;t ni> ¢gtüÂfU DtumtjfuU ylwmth mbô; ŒtKe ÂlgÂ; fuU y"el ni>

3. ysÂl fuUmfUöcÂj - RlfuU b; fUtu WåAu=Jt= fUnt st;t ni,ÂsmfuU ylwmth b]ÀgwfuU mbg mc fwUA l³ ntu st;t ni> yåAufUbo mu yåAu VUj ytih cwhu fUbo mu cwhu VUj fUe fUeRomöCtJlt lné ntu;e>

4. fUfwUA fUåatgl - fUfwUA J]G fuU leau sàb ntulu fuU fUthKWlfUtu gn ltb v\zt> RlfuU b;tlwmth stu mtÀg ni WmfUtÂJltN lné ntu mfU;t! stu ymÀg ni Wmmu fwUA WÀvªt lnéntu mfU;t> RlfuU ylwmth mkmth fUe mt; Jô;wYk, v]ÚJe, sj,;us, Jtgw, mwF-=w&F ytih ytÀbt yaj ni>

5. ÂldkXlt;vwºt - gu GÂºtgvwºt :u> mbô; ck"ltü mu hÂn; ntulufuU fUthK gu ÂldkX fUnjtY>

6. mksg cujxwvwºt - mksg cujxwvwºt yÂlÂëa;tJt=e :u> seJlfUe ŒÀgufU mbôgt vh Ju yÂlÂëa; :u>y;& Rl =tNoÂlfUtü fuU fUthK ne mbts bü JKtuo fUt mkDMo,

vNwcÂj, vwhtuÂn; ynkfUth, fUbøfUtãz, vtFãz, Ju=Jt= fuU =tuMtü mu;Àf tjel mbts fUtu AwxfUtht Âbjt ytih f]UÂM-Ôgtvth fuU Wªt;ÂJfUtm mu ytÂ:øfU mw"th nwyt, Âsmmu mbts bü mCe sl fUtumtkôf]UÂ;fU YJk mtbtÂsfU möbtl ŒtË; nwyt>



mk=Co dà: mwÂa&1. ztp0 Y0 fuU0 Âbútj - mtÂnÀg CJl vÂçjfuUNàm, ytdht

(v]0-64-65)2. ztp0 Y0 fuU0 a;wcuo=e - Ym0ce0ve0ze0 vÂçjfuUNàm, ytdht

(v]0-87-88)3. Âõsuà“ lthtgK St, f]UíK btunl ¶ebtje - Œtael Cthl fUt

RÂ;ntm (v]0-140)4. ze0 Yl0 St, Yumüx RÂãzgt Yul RkŠz¢xhe ytWxjtRl

1977 (v]0-29)


SHINJAN : Multi-Disciplinary, Peer-Reviewed Journal • E-mail : [email protected] 232


Hkkjrh; HkfDr vkanksyu esa iwoksZŸkj ds euhf"k;ksa dk ;ksxnku

gjsjke ikBd

^Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk * uked iqLrd esa MkW0 jkefoykl 'kekZ us fy[kk gS^^dSlk egku ;qx Fkk og A nfk.k esa iqjanjnkl] mŸkj esa lqjnkl] if'pe esa ujlh esgrk vkSj iwoZ esa 'kadjnsoA vkSj ;s yksx [kwc ;k=k djrs FksA iqjanjnkl us rhu ckj mŸkj Hkkjr dh ;k=k dh] 'kadjnso ckjg o"kZ Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Ákarksa esa ?kwers jgsA bl rjg mUgksaus vius Áns'k dh tkrh; laL—fr ds lkFk iwjs ns'k dh jk"Vªh; laL—fr dks vius vuqHko ls le`) fd;kA**bl Ádkj Hkkjrh; HkfDr vkanksyu ek= bZ'oj ds Áfr leiZ.k Hkko dh lh[k gh

Ánku ugha djrk cfYd O;fDrxr] lkekftd] jk"Vªh; ,oa laiw.kZ ekuo txr ds prqfnZd mRFkku dh f'kkk Hkh Ánku djrk gSA dsoy Ák.kh gh ugha] vÁk.kh txr dks Hkh iwT; Hkko ls voyksdu djuk Hkkjrh; HkfDr vkanksyu dk ewy ea= jgk gSA

Hkkjrh; HkfDr vkanksyu dk lw=ikr nfk.k Hkkjr ds vykokj larks ls ekuk tkrk gSA vykokj larksa dk le; bZlk dh igyh lnh ls ysdj vkBoha lnh rd ekuk x;k gSA nloha&X;kjgoha lnh ds ukFk&eqfu us oS".ko lkfgR; dh nk'kZfud O;k[;k djds bls vkxs c<+k;k A bUgha dh ijaijk esa gksus okys jkekuqtkpk;Z us fof'k"VkSr dh LFkkiuk dhA buls jkekuan vkSj fQj rqylh rd ijaijk pyhA Srokn ds ÁorZd egokpk;Z us ek;kokn dk [kaMu djds fo".kq dh HkfDr dk Ápkj fd;kA Sroknh fuEckdkZpk;Z us jk/kk—".k dh HkfDr dks Áfrf"Br fd;kA buls ludkfn lEiznk; rFkk #nz lEiznk; ls fodflr cYyHk lEiznk; esa Jh —".k dh mikluk izfrf"Br gqbZA xkSM+h; pSrU; lEiznk; esa Jh—".k dks ijeczá dgk x;k & —".kkRija ijarRoega u tkusÂ jk/kk & cYyHk lEiznk; esa jk/kk dks Lokfeuh ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA fgUnh esa —".k HkfDr dk vR;f/kd ÁHkko cYyHk lEÁnk; dk gh jgk gSA cYyHkkpk;Z ds iq= foðyukFk us cYyHk lEÁnk; dks lqO;ofLFkr dj vkB dfo;ksa dks feykdj v"VNki dh LFkkiuk dhA v"VNki ds dfo;ksa esa lwjnkl dk loksZifj LFkku gSA

nwljh vksj okYehfd jkek;.k jke dFkk dk lcls Ákphu xzaFk ekuk tkrk gSA jkek;.k dh dFkk fdafpr :ikarj ds lkFk laL—r]Ák—r]viHkza'k ,oa vf/kdka'k vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa fyf[kr gSA Lokeh jkekuan us 15oha&16oha lnh esa jkeHkfDr dk Ápkj fd;k ftls xksLokeh rqylhnkl us n`<+rk Ánku dhA

blhÁdkj mifu"knksa ,oa ckS) /keZ ds egk;ku 'kk[kk ls Ápfyr bZ'oj ds fujkdkj Lo:i dh vo/kkj.kk e/;dky esa lar dchj]ukenso]xq:ukud vkfn ds nk'kZfud fopkjksa ds lkFk feydj vf/kd ifjiq"V gqbZA

HkfDr vkanksyu dh bl lzksrfLouh ls iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr Hkh vÁHkkfor ugha jgkA egkiq:"k 'kadjnso ds iwoZ gse ljLorh]:nz danyh]gfjgj foÁ] dfojRu ljLorh rFkk ek/ko danyh us viuh HkfDr laca/kh jpukvksa ds kjk oS".ko HkfDr dk 'ka[kukn dj fn;k FkkA ek/ko danyh dk jkek;.k jk"Vªh; [;kfr dk HkfDr & xzaFk gSA HkfDr txr esa egkiq:"k

'kadjnso ds vkxeu ds lkFk ,d ubZ tkx`fr vkbZ tks jk"Vª ds lkaL—frd tkxj.k dh uhao cuhAe/; ;qxhu vle ds ;qx izorZd] lkaL—frd jk"Vªokn ds mUuk;d] lekt laLdkjd ] vSroknh nk'kZfud] izoh.k laxhrK] eeZLi'khZ fp=dkj] leUo;oknh lar] cztkoyh “k"kk ds eeZK] vnHkqr izfrHkk'kyh ukVª; f'kYi ,oa ,d nso ,d lso^ “ko/kkjk ds izfr"Bkid “Dr izoj egkiq#"k 'kadjnso “kjr ds iwoksZ=j fkfrt ij mfnr ml T;ksfr"eku lw;Z ds leku gSa ftudh fnO; vkHkk ls rkaf=d okekpkjksa] ?kkfeZd vkMacjksa ,oa va/kfo'oklksa ds rfeL= dk volku gks x;k vkSj prqfnZd uotkxj.k dk 'ka[kukn gqvkA

n fQykWlQh vkWQ jkbV^ iqLrd esa ,d txg fgxsy us fy[kk gS & "The great man of it age is one who can put into words the will of his age, tell his age what its will is, and accomplish it. What he does is the heart and essence of his age, he actualizes his age."

Ekgkiq#"k 'kadjnso ds fo"k; esa fgxsy dh ;g mfDr lkS Qhlnh lR; gSA egkiq#"k 'kadjnso blyh, egkiq#"k gSa D;ksafd mUgksaus vius le; ds lp dks yksxksa ds lek izLrqr djus esa FkksM+h “h dksrkgh ugha dhA

'kadjnso ds vkfoHkkZo dky ds cgqr igys ls gh vle] esa 'kDr/keZ dk izkcY; FkkA b?kj rkaf=d okekpkjks ds izHkko ls fganw /keZ dk vlyh Lo#i yqIr Ák; gks x;k FkkA i'kq cfy vkSj uj cfy ds c<rs izHkko yksxksa dks ân;ghu cuk fn;k FkkA “kSfrd fo|k] banztky] ekal “k.k] lqjkiku vkfn ds /kkfeZd va/k fo'okl esa vle Mwcrk pyk tk jgk FkkA lekt esa tkfrxr fos"k dk tgj QSyk gqvk FkkA 'kadjnso us bu lcds f[kykQ fonzksg dk >aMk [kM+k fd;k ,oa 'kkL=kFkZ kjk fgalkewyd iwjksfgrokn dk tedj [kaMu fd;k A 'kadjnso ds vnHkqr 'kkL= Kku ds lek rRdkyhu olZLooknh rkaf=dksa dk ÁHkko fu"ÁHk gksus yxkA

'kadjnso dh HkfDrHkkouk Lokeh jkekuan dh mnkjoknh Hkkouk ds leku gh O;kid ,oa loZtu fgrk; Fkh] ftlesa tkfr&ikafr dk Hksn & Hko ugha FkkA mUgksaus 'kwnzksa rFkk fL=;ksa ds fy;s Hkh HkfDr dk ekxZ [kksy fn;kA 'kadjnso us viuh jpukvksa esa ckjckj mYys[k fd;k gS fd ûkfg Hkdrhj tkfr vtkfr fopkj* vFkkZr~ HkfDr ekxZ esa tkfr&vtkfr dk fopkj ugha gSA 'kadjnso dh bl HkfDr i)fr dk ifj.ke ;g gqvk fd iwoksZÙkj esa fganwvksa dk ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx bZlkbZ /keZ viukus ls cp x;kA

loZHkkjrh; Lrj ij mius er dks Álkfjr djus ,oa vlfe;k laL—fr dks Hkkjr dh vfHkUu lal—fr ds :i esa Ápkfjr djus ds egr~ mn~ns'; ls vuqÁkf.kr gks 'kadjnso us ^cztkoyh* tSlh uwru ,oa loZHkkjrh; Hkk"kk dks vius ys[ku dk ek/;e cuk;kA cztkoyh esa mUgksaus ukVd ,oa ,jxhrksa dh jpuk dhA ojxhr vle dh oSVk.ko ijaijk] lkfgR; vkSj laL—fr dh lafpr fuf/k gSaA bu xhrksa esa thou dh vlkjrk ,oa k.kHkaxqjrk dk mYys[k ck&ckj fd;k x;k gSA ek;k&eksg ds edM+tky esa HkVdrk tho fdlÁdkj viuk vflrRo [kks cSBrk gS] vkSj Hkksx&foykl dks gh vius thou dk ije y; le> cSBrk gS] vkfn bu xhrksa esa of.kZr gSA lalkj dh k.k Hkaxqjrk dk o.kZu 'kadjnso blÁdkj djrs gSa&

vfFkj /ku tu thou ;kSou vfFkj ,gq lalkjAiq= ifjokj lcfg vlkj dfjcks dk gsfj lkjAA/;krO; gS fd ojxhrksa esa bZ'oj ds uke ti dk egÙo ftl HkkokiUurk ,oa

leiZ.k Hkko ls xk;k x;k gS] mlh leiZ.k Hkko ls dchj]rqylh]xq:ukud tSls lar&egkRekvksa us ukeLej.k dk egRo cyyk;k gSA 'kadjnso dgrs gSa fd lkalkfjd ek;k



tky ls eqDr gksus dk ,d ek= mik; gS& bZ'oj dk ukeLej.k djuk A ;Fkk%jke uke egfuf[ky iq.; jgmfg fuxe rÙook.khAAdfy dks ije /kje gfjukekif<+ iqfu eje u tkfuAA

'kadjnso ds leku gh rqylhnkl dfy;qx dsoy uke v/kkjk* dgkdj rFkk dchjnkl jkeuke dh yqfV gS yqfV ldS lks yqfV* crkdj uke&ti dh efgek dks LFkkfir fd;k gSA ojxhrksa esa ewyr% lxq.k&fuxZq.k jke&—".k vkfn dh mikluk ij leku :i ls egÙo fn;k x;k gSA bu xhrksa esa /keZ] lekos'k gqvk gSA 'kadjnso Á.khr dhrZu?kks"kk* HkfDrdky dh egÙke viyfC/k gSA dhrZu?kks"kk* esa foosfpr HkfDr dk vk/kkj xzaFk gS & Hkkxor iqjk.k* ftls 'kadjnso us osnkar xzaFkksa esa loZJs"B ekuk gS & îje osnkar Hkkxor*A ^,d nso ,d lso* dk ,dkxz 'ka[kukn djrs gq, 'kadjnso vius Hkkxor xzaFk esa fy[krs gSa&

vU;nsoks nso udfjck lsox`gks uif'kck rkjAewfrZdks us lkbck Áeknks uFkkbckHkfDr gscs O;fHkpkjAA

HkDr dfo rqylhnkl us laiw.kZ l`fZ"V dks lh;kjkee;* dgdj lcdk vfHkuanu fd;k gS] 'kadjnso ds dhrZu ?kks"kk esa blh Hkko dks vkSj vf/kd Li"V dj ÁLrqr fd;k x;k gS&

dqdqj] Jàxky] xnHkZjks vkRekjkeAtkfu;k lckdks ifM+ dfjck Á.kkeAAleLr Ák.khd nsf[kcs vkReke;mik; e/;r bVks vkfr eq[;reAA

vFkkZr~ leLr Ák.kh txr dks vius leku le>rs gq, mls Á.kE; Hkko ls lEeku djuk gS Hkys gh og dqÙkk]ls;kj]x/kk vkfn Ák.kh gh D;ksa u gksaA bl Ádkj 'kadjnso dk ekuorkokn ekuo ls ijs Ák.kh txr ds Áfr Hkh lekuqHkwfr j[krk tgk¡ fgalk dk ys'k ek= Hkh LFkku ughaA os Hkkxor esa mfYyf[kr rhu Ádkj ds HkDrksa&mÙke]e/;e]Ák—r vkfn dk fo'kn~ foospu djrs gq, HkfDr laca/kh viuh O;kid n`f"V dk ifjp; nsrs gSaA

,d vksj fuxqZ.k HkfDr dk ewyk/kkj bZ'oj dk uke t irks nwljh vksj Hkkxor /keZ dh uo/kk HkfDr nksuksa dks larqfyr djrs gq, egki:"k 'kadjnso HkfDr dk tks lgt ekxZ rS;kj djrs gSa og tu&tu fgrdkjh ,oa Ák.khek= ds fy;s midkjh gSA Áse ls HkfDr mirth gS pkgs og Áse Ák.kh txr ds Áfr gks vFkok lekt] jk"Vª vkfn ds ÁfrA egkiq:"k 'kadjnso dh jpukvksa esa ;g Áse vc/k :i ls fu%l`r gqvk gSaA Hkkjro"kZ muds fy, HkfDr dh lk/kuk LFkyh gS tgk¡ tUe ysus ds fy, nsork Hkh rjlrs gSa&

lokrks vf/kd bVk Hkkjr cfj"kA;kr tUe yfHkokd nsojks gfj"kAAUkykxs vkekd LoxZ dYilhek cklAHkkjrr mift vYirs gqvk uk'kAA

'kadjnso us ^HkfDr jRukdj* esa HkfDrijd vusd rF;ksa dk Áfriknu fd;k gSA muds ukVd :fDeuh gk.k] ikfjtkr gk.k] jkefot;] dkyh; neu vkfn cS".ko HkfDr ds Ápkj&Álkj gsrq gh fy[ks x;s tks foLr`r vkykspuk ,oa 'kks/k dh viskk j[krs gSaA

egkiq:"k 'kadjnso ds i'pkr~ muds Ák.ksj cka/ko* ,oa Jh —".k yhyk ds ije xk;d] vleh;k ds lqjnkl HkDr Áoj ek/konso Jh—".k HkfDr ijaijk ds muU; lk/kd jgs



gSaA cztkoyh esa jfpr mudh jpukvksa dh la[;k nl crykbZ tkrh gSA ;s jpuk,¡ gSa& ¼1½ ojxhr ¼2½ HkfVek ¼3½ vtqZu Hkatu ¼4½ pksj/kjk >qeqjk ¼5½Hkwfe ysVksok ¼6½ fiaaijk xqpksok ¼7½ Hkkstu O;ogkj >qeqjk ¼8½ czá foeksgu >qeqjk ¼9½ dVksjk [ksyksok ¼10½ jkl >qeqjk

Ek/konso Á.khr ojxhrksa ij fopkj djus ij mUgsa eksVs rkSj ij rhu oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSa& ¼1½ fou; vkSj ÁkFkZuk ijd ojxhr ¼2½ —".k lkSUn;Z fo"k;d ojxhr ¼3½ —".kyhyk fo"k;d ojxhrA

fou; ,oa ÁkFkZuk ijd ojxhr HkDrÁoj ek/konso ds nSU; HkfDr dks Ánf'kzr djrs gSaA bu xhrksa esa edZV&fd'kksj U;k; ds vuqlkj os viuk lc dqN Jh—".k ds Hkjksls NksM+ nsrs gSaA Jh—".k ds pj.kksa esa mUgs vVwV J)k ,oa vkLFkk gSA mudh —ik ds fcuk eksk dh ÁkfIr vlaHko gSA vuds ojxhrksa esa nhu* ije eq:[k*] nkl*] nhuefr* v/ke* 'kB* îkej* vkfn 'kCnksa dh ckj7ckj vko`fÙk gqbZ gSA vr% muds nSU; HkfDr dk lgt gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA vius b"Vnso ls mudh ;gh ÁkFkZuk gS&

eksds nsf[k;k uk dsus & vkgs txUukFkeb oj ikej ikihAA

buds ojxhrks dk nwljk fo"k; gS Jh —".k ds lkSUn;S dk fu:i.kA Jh —".k ds lkSUn;Z dk fu:i.k ek/konso us ewyr% nks :iksa esa fd;k gS& ikfFkZo vkSj vikfFkZo vFkok vk/;kfRedA Jh—".k dk ikfFkZo lkSUn;Z lgt vuqdj.kh; gSA Jh—".k dk lkSUn;Z ns[kdj HkDr tu ds eu esa tks ÁfØ;k gksrh gS og xksfi;ksa ds ek/;e ls bu 'kcnksa esa vfHkO;Dr gks mBh gS&

¼1½ ekb! gsj xksdqy pk¡n vkos¼ns[kks ek¡ xksdqy esa pkan mrj vk;k gSA½

¼2½ ns[kks js u;u nqgq¡ Hkfj;ksA¼nksuka vk[ksa Hkjdj Jh—".k dk lkSUn;Z ns[kks½

Ojxhrksa dk rhljk fo"k; gS & Jh—".k yhyk o.kZuA dfooj ek/konso Jh—".k ds cky:i ds vn~Hkqr fprsjs gSaA os fgUnh dfo lwjnkl ds leku ckyd —".k dh lwekfrlwe ps"Vkvksa dk cgqr gh lgtrk ls o.kZu djrs gSaA ,d Álax ds vuqlkj eka ;'kksnk tc —".k dks nw/k fiykus gsrq rjg&rjg ds Áykseu nsrh gS rc os lkekU; cPpksa ds leku vksok&vksok*dgdj jksus yxrs gSa&

xksfoUn! nw/k fim&cksys js ;'kksokAnw/k uk [kk;s gfj&dkUns vksok vksokAAokRlY; jl HkfDr jl dk gh mRl gSA ek/ko nso kjk jfpr Jh—".k dk

okRlY; o.kZu lgt gksrs gq, Hkh HkfDr dh xgurk] jlflRd Áse o.kZu dk mR—"V fun'kZu gSA

HkfDr vkanksyu esa xq: —ik dk fo'ks"k egÙo jgk gSA tgk¡ xq: gS] ogh lRlax gSA vius ÁFke ojxhr esa vius xq: 'kadjnso dk ukeLej.k ek/konso cgqr gh ÁseiwoZd djrs gSa rFkk os ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd mius xq: ds mins'k ds vuqkj gh os Jh—".k dh HkfDr jlke`r dk iku djk jgs gSa& —".k uke ;'k ije vfuk jl

Xkor eqdqr fu'ks"kAije eq:[k efr dg; ek/konhu'kadj xq: mins'kAûke?kks"kk* ek/konso dh vU;re jpuk gSA Hkkxor ds vk/kkj ij jfpr uke?kks"kk

ek/konso dk dhfrZLrEHk gSA ek/konso dh HkfDr dh ijkdk"Bk uke?kks"kk* esa fu:fir gqbZA



os gfjuke dks eqfDr dk ewy lk/ku ekurs gq, fy[krs gSa&r ;w osn ckuh vkfe vklks lqfu ,egk egk ikih rjs r;w uke yS;kAA

nkL; Hkko ek/konso dh HkfDr dk ewy gSA ek/konso ds vU; xzaFkksa ,oa >qeqjkvksa esa muds Jh —".k ds Áfr xgjh HkfDr ,oa vuU; leiZ.k Hkko funf'kZr gSA blÁdkj /kekZpk;Z /keksZins'kd] lekt laLdkjd] ukVddkj ,oa xk;d vkfn laiw.kZ xq.kksa ds vkxkj egkiq:"k ek/konso vius xhrksa o,a y?kqukVdksa ds fy, lnSo vej jgsaxsA

ek/konso ds i'pkr~ 19oha lnh rd vle esa —".k hkfDr dh /kkjk vck/k :i ls Áokfgr gksrh jghA ek/konso ds i'pkr~ xksikynso vkrk] jkepj.k Bkdqj] Hkw"k.k ft] nSR;kfj Bkdqj] Jhjke vkrk] jkekuan ft] gfjdkar] nhu xksiky] dSoY;k& uan] eghUnz ft] yehUkkFk] fo'oaHkj ft] vuar danyh] jke ljLorh] Jh/kj danyh vkfn HkDrksa us fofHkUu HkfDr&xzaFkksa ds ek/;e ls cS".ko HkfDr ds Áfr viuh xgu fu"Bk ,oa leiZ.k Hkko ÁdV fd;k gSA

xksikynso vkrk us ,dfu"B Hkko ls 'kadjnso ,oa ek/ko nso Ápkfjr HkfDr vkn'kksZ dk Ápkj djrs gq, fofHkUu ikSjkf.kd ukVdksa dh jpuk dh A muds kjk LFkkfir egkiq:f"k;k]er dh 'kk[kk dk uke Fkk& dky lagfr A bl lEÁnk; esa xq: dks fo'ks"k egÙo Ánku fd;k x;kA xksiky nso ds cztkoyh esa nks ukVd miyC/k gSa& tUe;k=k vkSj xksth&m)o laoknA ukVdksa ds vfrfjDr bUgksus HkfDr laca/kh vusd xhrksa ,oa inksa dh jpuk Hkh dh tks lkfgfR;d n`f"V ls cgqewY; gSaA

Jhjkepj.k Bkdqj vle dh cS".ko HkfDr ijaijk dks vkxs c<+kus okys ,d vU;re HkDr dfo gSaA mUgksaus laL—r ,oa dSFkkyh dh f'kkk ek/konso ls ÁkIr dh FkhA dgk tkrk gS fd lu~ 1579 bZ0 esa jkepj.k Bkdqj vius ekrk&firk ls vkKk ysdj ek/konso dk gkypky iwNus laaqnjhfn;k x;s vkSj ogh ij ges'kk ds fy, cl x;sA Hkkxor ij vk/kkfjr mUgksaus ^dalc/k* ukVd dh jpuk dhA vafd;k ukVdksa ds leku blesa Hkh xhfr ijaijk dk ikyu fd;k x;k gS] ;Fkk

t; t; —".k iw.kZ vorkjhAt; t; —".k HkDr Hk; gkjhAAt; t; —".k czá vfodkjhAt; t; —".k Hkqou vk/kkjhAAiwokZsÙkj esa cS".ko /keZ ds Ápkjdksa esa Hkw".k ft ¼1580&1650 bZ0½ dk uke Hkh

dkQh lEeku ds lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA mudk cztkoyh esa fy[kk ukVd *vtkfey mik[;ku* dkQh pfpZr jgk gSA * vtkfey mi[;ku* ls mn~?k`r fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa mudh —".k HkfDr ,oa rRdkyhu Hkk"kk&'kSyh dk lgt gh vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gSa&

gfj gfj eksj xfr] dkans foÁ Hkwfe yqfV]lksds vkfr ifj nq[k eusAeksj egkmidkfj] dSd fnyk cka/k /kkfj]vkxs ns[kk fn;k ,frk.ksAJhjkepj.k Bkdqj ds iq= nSR;kfj Bkdqj dk Hkh iwoksZÙkj ds HkDr euhf"k;ksa esa

egÙiw.kZ LFkku gSA mUgksaus *u`flag ;k=k* ,oa *L;eard gj.k * uked nks ukVdksa dh jpuk dhA bu ukVdksa esa nSR;kfj th us Lojfpr laL—r ds 'yksdksa dk Hkh lekos'k fd;k gS ftlls muds laL—r Kku dk vPNk Áek.k feyrk gSA *u`flag ;k=k* ls ,d xhr dk



mnkgj.k ÁLrqr gS&t; t; txr tud tx thou];kno nquqt lagkfjAprqj c;u gj vkfn fujarj] nsoeu lsod tkgkfjAAcS".ko HkfDr ,oa vafd;k ukV ijaijk dks vkxs c<+kus okys iwokZsÙkj ds HkDr

euhf"k;ksa esa Jhjke vkrk ,d egÙoiw.kZ gLrkkj gSaA * lqHknzk gj.k* budk Áfl) ukVd gS ftlij lgkiq:"k 'kadjnso ds *:fDe.kh gj.k* dk ÁHkko dgk tkrk gSA * lqHknzk gj.k* ls ,d xhr dk va'k mn~/k`r gS&

vkdqys iwNr pys tlksok tuehAdkgk xS;ks fdok tkus vksj ;nqef.kAAuk tkuks ds iFks xSl ekjs thou /kuAA,d ek¡ dh vius iq= ds Áfr vkdqyrk & O;kdqyrk dk ;FkkFkZ bu iafDr;ksa esa

lkdkj gks mBk gSaA ;nqef.k Jh —".k Hkys gh lkalkfjd yksxksa ds fy, fo".kq ds vorkj ,oat tu&tu ds m)kjd gSa] ijUrq ek¡ ;'kksnk ds fy, rks os ,d ek= muds iq= gSa] tks vcks/k gSaA

Jkekuan ft HkfDr ijaijk ds vU;fre Ápkjd HkDr dfo jgs gSaA os Jhjke vkrk ds frh; iq= gSaA jkekuan ft us iwoksZÙkj esa HkfDr dk Ápkj bruh rYyhurk ls dh fd [kkd:Mwch l= esa buls ÁHkkfor gksdj vkgkse lsukifr ykfpr cjQqdu us buls nhkk yh FkhA cztkoyh esa jfpr budh nks —fr;k¡ gSa& Áse dyk ukV ,oa QqVdy xhrA buds xhrksa esa dqN jkeijd xhr gSa rks dqN —".k ijdA * Áse&dyk* ukVd dk dFkkud Jh —".k dh yhykvksa ls lacaf/kr gSA buds xhr cgqr gh l/ks gq, ,oa Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh n`f"V ls mR—"V gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd buds xhrksa dh rqyuk ek/konso ds xhrksa ls dh tkrh gSA ;gk¡ ÁLrqr gS muds xhr dk ,d mnkgj.k&

oànkous [ksys Qkxq uanykyA'kkjnk lkjax gkrs ckts djxyAAiwoksZÙkj esa cS".ko HkfDr vkanksyu dks HkfDr iFk ij vxzlj djus okys euhf"k;ksa esa

jkekuan ft ds ckn gfjdkar] nhu xksiky] dSoY;kuan] egsUnz ft ,oa yehukFk ¼19oha lnh½ dk uke Hkh cM+s lEeku ls fy;k tkrk gSA nhu xksiky us * tjkla/k c/k]* *nqokZlk Hkkstu* *lhrk gj.k* vkSj *cfy Nyu* uke ls pkj ukVkdksa dh jpuk dh FkhA mudh dfo Áfrek fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS&

ukprq ij f'kopj.k pykb jsAdjrq dkSrqd fur HkksykukFk loZ foHkwf"kr dkb jsAAiapkuu us= O;k?kz peZ 'kksfHkr gfj"ks gos fn;k ukps jsAliZj vyadkj dfV ekfg ck/k Nky Mqc Mqc Mac: ckts jsAAbl xhr ds vk/kkj ij ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS d 'kadjnso ,oa

ek/konso dh xhfr ijaijk ls gVdj f'ko dh HkfDr ,oa rRlaca/kh xhfr jpukvksa ij HkDrksa dk vkd"kZ.k gksus yxk FkkA

iwoksZÙkj ds HkfDr vkanksyu us dsoy lkekU; tu dks gh ÁHkkfor ,oa vkanksfyr ugha fd;k cfYd rRdkyhu jktk&egkjktk Hkh blls vÁHkkfor ugha jgsA 19oha lnh esa HkDr dfo yehukFk dh jpukvksa ,oa mudh HkfDr rUe;rk ls ÁHkkfor gks cnu pan 'kbdh;k us budk uke yehukFk j[kk Fkk ,oa egkjkt pUnzdkar flag ¼1810&1818 bZ0½ us bUgsa *—".k fot;* ukVd fy[kus dh Ásj.kk nh FkhA Áek.kLo:i fuEufyf[kr iafDr



ÁLrqr gS& Jh panzdkar jktk uìfr Á/kkuAdjkor vksgh ukV fujek.kAcS".k lkfgR; ds vfrfjDr iwoksZÙkj esa lwQh HkfDr lk/kuk dk Hkh egÙo jgk gSA

eqYyk nkmn —r *pank;u* ls laHkor fgUnh lwqh dkO; dh 'kq:vkr ekuh tkrh gSA fgUnh dfo dqrqcu] ea>u] ,oa tk;lh us Øe'k% e`xkorh] e/kqekyrh ,oa in~ekorh Áca/k dkO;ksa ds kjk bZ'oj ÁkfIr ds fy, Áse ekxZ dk fu:i.k fd;kA vle esa ft jke us * e`xkorh pfj=* dh jpuk dh ftldk fgUnh dh e`xkorh ls dkQh lkE; gSA * e/kqekyrh* uke ls Hkh vlfe;k esa lwQh Áse dFkk dh jpuk gqbZ gS ijUrq blds Ákekf.kd ys[kd ds :i esa fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"kdk ukeksYys[k ugha gks ik;k gSA dgk tkrk gS fd bLyke /keZ ds ÁpkjkFkZ vtku Qdhj us *ftfdj* ,oa *tkjh* xhrksa dh jpuk dh FkhA *ftfdj* esa uke&ti rFkk /;ku bLyke ds vkpkj&uhfr ,oa /kkfeZd vkLFkk ds vuqlkj vfHkO;Dr gq, gSaA

lkjka'k ;g gS fd iwoksZÙkj dk HkfDr vkanksyu Hkkjrh; HkfDr vkanksyu dk gh lesfdr :i gSA lkaL—frd jk"Vªokn dk O;kid Álkj djuk] /kkfeZd vkaMcjksa dh fuank] ek;k&eksg dk [kaMu] 'kq)kpj.k ij tksj] lkfRod thou ;kiu ,oa bZ'oj ds Áfr ?kksj vkLFkk HkfDr vkanksyu ds ewy Jksr jgs gSaA okLro esa HkfDr vkanksyu laiw.kZ Hkkjr o"kZ ds fy, uothou dk ewy Jksr jgk gS ftldh Ásjd lqxa/k gesa vkt Hkh vkuafnr] vkg~ykfnr ,oa xkSjo Ánku djrh gSAlanHkZ lwph &1- iwokZapyh; jkT;ksa ds lkfgR;dkjksa dk fgUnh dks ;ksxnku & MkW0 ikBd] gjsjke2- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk & Mk0 'kekZ] jkefoykl~3- egkiq:"k 'kadjnso cztcqfy xzaFkkoyh & xqIr] yeh'kadj4- 'kadjnso lkfgR;dkj ,oa fopkjd] ekx/k] —".k ukjk;.k Álkn5- vle Ákafr; fgUnh lkfgR; & *ekx/k*] —".kukjk;.k ÁlknA



johUnzukFk VSxksj ds jktuSfrd fpUru esa ekuookn

"buoà fwUbth Âmk

;|fi johUnzukFk u rks jktuhfrK gh Fks vkSj u jkt'kkL=h fdUrq ledkyhu Hkkjr ds izeq[k lkfgR;dkj rFkk vR;f/kd laosnu'khy ns'kHkDr gksus ds dkj.k mUgksaus jktuSfrd leL;kvksa ij Hkh egRoiw.kZ fopkj izLrqr fd;s gSaA jktuhfr ds ks= esa izR;k :ils Hkkx u ysrs gq, Hkh mudk ns'k ds izfl) usrkvksa ls yxkrkj i= O;ogkj vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ pyrk FkkA ml le; ns'k ijk/khu Fkk blhfy, izR;sd laosnu'khy Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd leL;kvksa ij fpUru djus ds fy, ck/; FkkA ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk gksus ds i'pkr~ vkSj mlls iwoZ johUnzukFk us if'pe ds vusd ns'kksa dh ;k=k dh Fkh vkSj ogk¡ ds thou ds rqyuk esa vius ns'kokfl;ksa ds n;uh; vkSj ghu thou dks ns[kdj LoHkkfod Fkk fd mlds dkj.kksa ij fopkj djrs vkSj mldh fLFkfr lq/kkjus dk iz;kl djrsA vLrq johUnzukFk VSxksj dh vf/kdrj jpukvksa esa jktuSfrd iz'u mBk;s x;s gSa vkSj muds fo"k; esa fopkj fd;k x;k gSAlR;] rF; vkSj ln~oLrq

johUnzukFk ds vuqlkj lR;] rF; vkSj ln~oLrq ,d gh vlhe rRo ds rhu uke gSA lr~ ekuoh; gS fdUrq nwljh vksj og ekuoh; txr ls ijs Hkh gSA bZ'oj ,d vksj izd`fr vkSj nwljh vksj euq"; nksuksa ls lacaf/kr gSA johUnzukFk ds 'kCnksa esa & êSaus bZ'oj euq"; vkSj izd`fr dh ,slh leL;kvksa ds :i esa dgha ugha ns[kk tks fd ,d nwljs ls vyx lkspk

1tk ldrk gSA** bZ'oj ije~ iq:"k gSA izd`fr vkSj euq"; nksuksa gh mlesa jgrs gSA euq";ksa esa Hkh og lcls vf/kd nqcZy vkSj fuEu Lrj ds yksxksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA johUnzukFk dk ekuookn xhrkatyh esa fn;s gq, muds bu 'kCnksa ls Li"V gksrk gS& **og ogk¡ gS tgk¡ fd fdlku dBksj Hkwfe dks tksr jgk gS vkSj tgk¡ fd ekxZ cukus okyk iRFkj rksM+ jgk gSA vius

2ifo= oLrksa dks m[kkM+ Qsdksa vkSj mlds leku /kwy Hkjs iFk ij mrj tkvksA**ekuo dsfUnzr n'kZu

ekuooknh nk'kZfud gksus ds dkj.k johUnzukFk us euq"; dks l`f"V dk loZJs"V izk.kh ekuk gSA muds vius 'kCnksa esa & **eq>s viuh vkRek dks ;g dgdj crykuk pkfg, fd ;g txr ftlesa tho vkSj vtho oLrq;sa gSa] euq"; esa loksZPp vfHkO;fDr] pje ifj.kfr izkIr djrk gSA l`f"V ds :i esa euq"; l`"Vk dk izfrfuf/k gS vkSj blhfy, leLr izkf.k;ksa esa ogh bl txr dks le>us esa lQy gks ldk gS vkSj mlds Kku] mldh vuqHkwfr

3vkSj mldh dYiuk esa O;fDrxr lÙkk ml lÙkk ls feyrh gS tks fd lc dgh gSA**ekuooknh ds :i esa johUnzukFk us euq"; dks ,d vksj bZ'oj vkSj nwljh vksj

izd`fr ls tksM+k gSA vk/;kfRed thou ekuo vkSj izd`fr ds laca/k dh vogsyuk ugha gSA izd`fr ls gVdj ekuo thou esa vkuUn ugha jg ldrkA johUnzukFk ds 'kCnksa esa] **tc dksbZ euq"; txr esa viuk ca/kqRo vuqHko ugha djrk] og ,d dkjkxkj esa jgrk gS ftldh nhokjsa mlds fy, ijdh; gSA tc og leLr oLrqvksa esa ''kk'or vkRek ls feyrk gS] rHkh og eqDr gksrk gS rc og vius dks iw.kZ lR; esa ikrk gS vkSj mldk lEiw.kZ ls leUo;



4LFkkfir gksrk gSA** bl izdkj izd`fr vkSj euq"; ds laca/kks dh O;k[;k djrs gq, johUnzukFk us fy[kk gS fd&** euq"; ,d lalkj esa tUe ysrk gS tks fd mlds fy, vR;Ur thoue; gS tgk¡ ij ,d

5O;fDr ds :i esa og vius ifjos'k dk lEiw.kZ /;ku izkIr djrk gSA** euq"; dh Js"Brk fn[kykrsa gq, johUnzukFk us dgk Fkk fd& **l`f"V ds dze esa euq"; dh Js"Brk dh /kkj.kk Hkkjrh; efLr"d ls vuqifLFkr ugha jgh gS] fdUrq mldh Js"Brk okLro esa fdl ckr esa gS bl fo"k; esa mldk viuk fopkj jgk gSA og vf/kdkj dh 'kfDr esa ugha] cfYd ,drk dh

6'kfDr esa gSaA** if'pe ds nk'kZfud us cqf) dks euq"; ds fo'ks"k yk.k Bgjk;k gS tgk¡ ij izd`fr

vkSj bZ'oj nksuksa euq"; ls feyrs gSaA bl izdkj johUnzukFk ds vuqlkj ekuo vkSj izd`fr dk laca/k ,dkaxh u gksdj ijLij gSA euq"; dh vf/kdj leL;k;sa rHkh mRiUu gksrh gS tcfd og fo'o ls vyx djds vius dks lksprk gSA bl lw= ds vuqlkj jkt'kkL= dh vf/kdrj leL;k;sa] fo'ys"k.k] vyxko vkSj Sr ij vR;kf/kd tksj nsus ds dkj.k gSA ;fn O;fDr vkSj jkT;] O;f"V vkSj lef"V] ljdkj vkSj ukxfjd ds ijLij laca/k dks /;ku esa j[kk tk;s rks leL;kvksa dks vklkuh ls lqy>k;k tk ldrk gSAleUo;okn

mijksDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd johUnzukFk us bZ'oj] izd`fr vkSj euq"; bu rhuksa esa gh leUo; dh LFkkiuk dh gSA vkRe lkkkRdkj ds fy, czã lkkkRdkj vko';d gSa johUnzukFk ds fopkjksa ij mifu"kn~ vkSj xhrk ds fopkjksa dk izHkko Fkk] fdUrq mudh O;k[;k nk'kZfudksa dh O;k[;k ls dgha vf/kd xgjh] dgha vf/kd lefUor gSA mUgksaus ekuo thou esa /keZ dks dsUnzh; LFkku fn;k fdUrq ;g /keZ leUo;oknh FkkA mudk ekuookn loZHkkSe FkkAfo'o ekuo dh /kkj.kk

johUnzukFk ds jktuSfrd fopkjksa dh nk'kZfud i`"BHkwfe dks le>us ds fy, mudh fo'o ekuo dh /kkj.kk dks le>uk vko';d gSA okLro esa fo'o ekuo dh /kkj.kk dYiuk ek= ugha gS cfYd dfo dh vUrZn`f"V fn[kykrh gSA fo'o ekuo dks ije ln~oLrq ds :i esa fn[kykrs gq, johUnzukFk us dgk Fkk& **lR; v/;kRe'kk= ds kjk [kkst fd;k gqvk vlhe gS] rF; foKku ds kjk [kkst fd;k gqvk vlhe gS tcfd ln~oLrq vlhe dh ;g O;k[;k gS tks fd lR; dks euq"; ls feykrh gSA ln~oLrq ekuoh; gS og og gS ftlds

7ge psru gS] ftlls ge izHkkfor gksrs gSa] ftldksa ge vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA** euq"; dks bl fo'o ekuo dk Kku foosd vFkok rdZ ls ugha gksrk gS cfYd izR;k vuqHkwfr ls gksrk gSA johUnzukFk ds 'kCnksa esa& ** viuh leLr vfHkO;fDr;ksa esa ln~oLrq gekjs efLr"d dks laosxkRed vkSj dYiukRed i`"BHkwfe dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSA ge mls tkurs gSa blfy, ugha fd ge mlds ckjs esa lksprs gSa] cfYd D;ksafd ge izR;k :i ls mldk vuqHko djrs

8gSaA og gekjs psru efLr"d ls cfg"d`r ugha gksrk gSA** bl izdkj johUnzukFk dk ekuookn] cqf)oknh vFkok izd`froknh ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa esa mUgksaus euq"; cqf) ls vf/kd ,d vkRek ,d lhfer&vlhe izk.kh ekuk FkkA

johUnzukFk ds n'kZu esa fo'o ekuo dh /kkj.kk Jhen~Hkkxon~ xhrk esa fo'o :i n'kZu dh O;k[;k ds vuq:i gSA fo'o ekuo lalkj dh lHkh xfr;ksa] izxfr;ksa] ifjorZuksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ds ewy esa dke djrk gSa ge lc mlds va'k gS D;ksafd ekuo vkSj izd`fr bZ'oj ls vyx ugha gSA ;g fo'o ekuo gh izR;sd O;fDr dk lr~ gSA og lc dgh gSA



blfy, foosdkuan ds leku johUnzukFk us Hkh nzfjnzukjk;.k dh iwtk dh ckr dgh gSA ;gk¡ ij ;g Li"V dj nsuk vko';d gS fd fo'o ekuo ds :i esa bZ'oj dh dYiuk ls mlesa O;fDrRo dk vkjksi ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA tcfd euq"; esa og O;fDrRo ls ijs gSa vLrq fo'o ekuo dg nsus ls og lhfer ugha gksrk D;ksafd og iw.kZ ekuo gSA euq"; viw.kZ vFkZ esa O;fDr gS] euq"; lhfer O;fDr gS tcfd bZ'oj fo'o ekuo gSA og ije iq:"k gS] og lxq.k vkSj fuiq.k rFkk bu nksuksa ls ijs Hkh gSA mlesa lHkh ekuoh; xq.k gSA D;ksafd johUnzukFk ds

9vuqlkj& **lHkh ekuoh; xq.k bZ'oj ls gh izsj.kk izkIr djrs gSaA** ;gk¡ fd mlesa deZ dk Hkh xq.k gS tks fd fo'ks"k ls ekuoh; yk.k ekuk x;k gSA johUnzukFk us dgk Fkk& **deZ dk

10mlij vo'; vkjksi.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vU;Fkk og vius dks dSls ns ldrk gSA** fo'o ekuo ekuo vkSj izd`fr ds feyu dk ks= gSA blh esa ekuo izk.kh vuqHko dk vknku&iznku djrs gSaA johUnzukFk ds 'kCnksa esa & ** laca/kkRed txr esjs fy, O;fDrxr vkSj lkoZHkkSe nksuksa gSA esjk txr eul gS ijarq og rqEgkjk Hkh gSA ije ln~oLrq dsoy esjs

11futh O;fDrRo esa lhfer ugha gS] cfYd vlhe O;fDrRo gSA**ekuo /keZ dh /kkj.kk

fo'o ekuo dh /kkj.kk ds vfrfjDr johUnzukFk ds jktuSfrd fopkjksa dh i`"BHkwfe eas mudh ekuo /keZ dh /kkj.kk gSA tSlk fd ekuo /keZ ls Li"V gksrk gSA johUnzukFk ds vuqlkj & **ekuork gh lcls cM+k /keZ gSA mUgksaus dgk Fkk] esjk /keZlkj :i

12ls ,d dfo dk /keZ gSA** dfo dk /keZ dgus ls mudk rRi;Z varZn`f"V ij vk/kkfjr /keZ FkkA tSlk fd ihNs cryk;k tk pqdk gS] johUnzukFk ds n'kZu esa rdZ vkSj cqf) ls vf/kd vijkskkuqHkwfr ij gh tksj fn;k x;k gSA muds vius 'kCnksa esa & **/keZ vlhe dh vksj ,d

13rhoz fiiklk gS] vlhe dk vkuane; lkkkRdkj gSA**

johUnzukFk ds ekuooknh /keZ dh O;k[;k baXySaM esa muds fgcVZ Hkk"k.kksa esa feyrh gS tks fd iqLrdkdkj izdkf'kr fd;s x;s FksA dfo dk /keZ gksus ds dkj.k ekuo /keZ dk dksbZ xzUFk vFkok dksbZ er ugha gSA blesa ekuo psruk dk foLrkj vkSj leLr fo'o ls mldh ,drk gh y; gSA johUnzukFk ds vius 'kCnksa esa& ** dsoy HkkSfrd vkSj 'kkjhfjd fgrksa esa lhfer gksdj /keZ dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gks ldrk] og rks ml vf/kdrk esa gS tks fd ge vius O;fDrRo ds pkjksa vksj fy;s pyrs gSaA ;g vf/kdrk tks fd i`Foh ds ifjos'k ds

14leku] i`Foh esa izdk'k vkSj tou vkSj vkuan dk ,d lrr~ lapkj ykrh gSA**vius ekuo /keZ dh O;k[;k djrs gq, johUnzukFk us dgk Fkk fd & ** /keZ euq";

ds mu yk.kksa dks izkIr djus esa fufgr gS tks fd ''kk'or :i esa mldh izd`fr eas vofLFkr gS vkSj mlesa vkLFkk j[krk gSA ;fn ;s xq.k euq"; esa iwjh rjg LokHkkfod gksrs rks /keZ dk

15dksbZ iz;kstu ugha gks ldrk FkkA** Li"V gS fd ekuo/keZ ls rkRi;Z euq"; esa /kkfeZd fodkl izkIr djuk gSA euq"; dh vkarfjd gh vU; izf.k;ksa ls mldh ,dkr dk vk/kkj gSA bl izdkj ekuo /keZ leUooknh /keZ gSA og fdlh fo'ks"k er erkUrj dh ysdj ugha pyrkA ;g /keZ fo'o ds lHkh egku /keksZa dk lkj gSA bl izdkj foosdkuan] Jh vjfoUn] xk¡/kh rFkk vU; ledkyhu Hkkjrh; jkt nk'kZfudksa ds leku johUnzukFk Hkh fo'o ds lHkh egku /keksZa esa ,d gh egku /keZ ekurs gSaA bu /keksZa esa ekuo rRo ij tksj nsrs gq, mUgksaus dgk Fkk& ** /keZ ekuork ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS tks fd gekjs foosd dks izdkf'kr djrh gS] gekjh es/kk dks izsfjr djrk gS] gekjs izse dks izksRlkfgr djrk gS vkSj gekjh cqf)iwoZd lsok izkIr djrk gSA**16 ;g ekuo /keZ johUnzukFk dh ekuo vkSj izd`fr ls ?kfu"B laca/k dh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr FkkA bl ?kfu"B dk lkkkRdkj lHkh egku /keksZa dk y; gSA



johUnzukFk ds 'kCnksa esa & **/keZ dk dk;Z i'kq izd`fr dks ekuo ds lR; ds v/khu djds 17fojks/k dk leUo; djuk gSA**

bl izdkj /keZ ekuo ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gSA fdUrq ekuo /keZ dksbZ laLFkk ugha gks ldrhA johUnzukFk us dgk Fkk fd & **tgk¡ ij /keZ /kkfeZd laxBu ds v/khu gks tkrk gS rks og ckyw ds kjk vf/kd`r unh ds leku gks tkrk gS ftlesa ygj ean gks

18tkrh gS vkSj fdukjs jsfxLrkuksa dh rjg gks tkrk gSA** ekuo /keZ fo'o ekuo dk /keZ gS] og fdlh fo'ks"k ns'kdky ds euq";ksa dk /keZ ugha gSA vLrq euq";&euq"; esa leLr Hksn /kkfeZd Hkkouk ds fo:) gSA leLr ijEijkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj fo'okl [kf.Mr fd;s tkus pkfg, D;ksafd os ekuo&ekuo esa [kk;h mRiUu djrs gSaA johUnzukFk /keZ ds ks= esa lHkh izdkj ds iqjk.k iaFk vkSj fu"Øh; vfHko`fr ds fojks/kh FksA

ekuo /keZ ewfrZ iwtk dk fo:) gSA mlesa bZ'oj ekuo xq.kksa ds vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA ;g bZ'oj O;fDr gS fdUrq og bruk xfr'khy gS fd mls fdlh ewfrZ ls vfHkO;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ekuo /keZ ds bl igyw dks Li"V djrs gq, dkyhnkl HkV~Vkpk;Z us fy[kk gS & **johUnzukFk ewfrZ iwtk ds fo:) gSa blfy, ugha D;ksafd ewfrZiwtd bZ'oj dks lhfer dj nsrs gSa] cfYd eq[; :i ls blfy, D;ksafd tks okLro esa ,d thoue; fdz;k gS mls os ,d O;fDr vFkok oLrq ds :i fLFkj cuk nsrs gSa] vkSj og mu yksxksa ds f[kykQ Hkh cksyrs Fks tks fd ;g tkurs gq, fd bZ'oj ,d fdz;kRed ,drk gS] mls O;fDr cukuk

19pkgrs gSaA** ;fn bZ'oj ,d O;fDr gS] rks og lrr~ xfr'khy] lrr~ QSyus okyk vkSj lHkh O;fDr;ksa esa jgus okyh vkRek gSA mlesa iki vkSj iq.; dk dksbZ Hksn ugha gS og lHkh dks vius vanj lek ysrk gSAlanHkZ lwph &1- johUnzukFk VSxksj ] vekj /keZA 2- VSxksj] xhrkatyh] xhr& 10A3- VSxksj] fjfytu vkWQ eSu] i`"B & 103A4- VSxksj] johUnzUkkFk lk/kuk i`"B & 8A5- VSxksj] ilZusfyVh] i`"B & 113 A6- VSxksj] lk/kuk] i`"B & 9 A7- fu;ks=h] ih ¼lEikfnr½] johUnzukFk VSxksj vku vkVZ ,.M ,LFksfVDl] i`"B & 76 A8- VSxksj] n fjyhtu vkWQ eSu] i`"B & 130A 9- VSxksj] eSu] i`"B & 28A 10- 'kkafrfudsru] rsjgoh lhfjt] deZ;ksxA 11- VSxksj] ilZusfyVh] i`"B & 58A 12- ,UFkksuh lksVsl] ysDplZ ,.M ,Mªslst ckbZ johUnzukFk VSxksj] i`"B & 12A13- VSxksj] *n fjfytu vkWQ eSu*] i`"B & 63A14- ogha] i`"B & 45A15- ogha] i`"B & 144A16- ogha A17- ogha A18- ekMZu fjU;w] i`"B & 325A19- dkyhnkl HkV~Vkpk;Z] *gksest Qzke fo'oHkkjrh* 1962] i`"B & 32A





AUTHORS’ DETAILSDr. Prasenjit Saha

Asst. Professor

Dept.of Education, Vinaya- Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Bolpur, Birbhum, W.B.

Pankaj Luchan GogoiAsst. Professor

Dept. of English, Digboi Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Digboi, Tinsukia, Assam.

Dr. Chandrabali DasAsst. Professor,

Dept. of Political Science, Kidderpore College, Kolkata, W.B.

Dr. Aloy Chand BiswasAsst. Professor

Dept. of English, Egra S.S.B.College, Egra, Purba Medinipur, W.B.Dr. Sarmila Das

Asst. Professor

Shimurali Sachinandan College of Education, Shimurali, Nadia, W.B.

Dr. Mamta Kumari Dept. of Economics, C.C.S University Meerut, Uttarpradesh.

Dr. Ujjal Kumar HalderAsst. Professor,

Dept. of Education, University of Gour Banga, Maldaha, W.B.

Divya Priyadarshini PathakStudent,

Dept. of English, Delhi University, Delhi.

Dr. Dhrubajyoti PalAsst. Professor

Dept. of Bengali, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, W.B.

Dr. Mizanur RahamanAsst. Professor

Dept. of Bengali, Kidderpore College, Kolkata, W.B.

Jilkad MamunAsst. Professor,

Dept. of Political Science, R.B.C. College, Naihati, 24 Pgs (N.), W.B.

Tanaya MukherjeeResearch Scholar,

Dept. of Folklore, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, W.B.

&Dr. Sujay Kumar Mandal

Associate Professor

Dept. of Folklore, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, W.B.

Debabrata GayenResearch Scholar,

Dept. of Bengali, Kashi Hindu University, Banaras, Uttarpradesh.



Dr. Amina KhatunAsst. ProfessorDept. of Modern Language, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttarpradesh.

Rajkumar PanigrahiResearch Scholar,Dept. of Bengali, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand.

Dr. Urmila PoddarAsst. ProfessorHead, Dept. of Bengali, Bijni Mahavidyalaya, Bijni, Assam.

Dr. Ujjwala Payik MandalAsst. Professor, Dept. of Bengali, Yogesh Chandra Chowdhury College, Kolkata, W.B.

Apurba RoyResearch ScholarDept. of Folklore, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, W.B.&

Dr. Sujay Kumar MandalAssociate ProfessorDept. of Folklore, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, W.B.

Brajagopal PalResearch ScholarDept. of Bengali, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand.

Sangita Dutta RoyStudentDept. of Bengali, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, W.B.

Debashree MukhopadhyayResearch ScholarDept. of Islamic History & Culture, Calcutta University, Kolkata, W.B.

Nepal BiswasAsst. Professor,Dept. of History, Kandi Raj Collage, Kandi, Murshidabad, W.B.

Dr. Krishna BasuEminent Poet & Writer & Ex. Associate Professor of Kanchrapara College, W.B.

SrijoyPoet & Writer.

Prakash Chandra MahataStudent, Dept. of Bengali, P.K.R.M. College, Dhanbad, Jharkhand.

Abhijit TikaitStudent, Dept. of Bengali, P.K.R.M. College, Dhanbad, Jharkhand.

Dr. Hareram PathakHead, Dept. of Hindi, Digboi Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Digboi, Assam.

Dr. Surendra KumarAsst. ProfessorDept. of History, Sindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand.

Dr. Dharmendra Kumar SinghAsst. Professor, Dept. of Political Science, Sindri College, Sindri, Jharkhand.

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