Volumen 3 (1) – July 2015

Journal of

Indonesian Natural History

July 2015 Vol.3 No.1

2 © University of Andalas / Copenhagen Zoo

Dr. Wilson NovarinoAssociate Professor for BiologyDepartment of BiologyAndalas University, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

Journal of Indonesian Natural History

Dr. Carl TraeholtProgramme Director, Southeast AsiaResearch and Conservation DivisionCopenhagen Zoo, Denmark

Email: [email protected]

Dr. Ardinis ArbainUniversity of Andalas, Indonesia

Indra ArinalNational Park Management, Department of Forestry Indonesia

Dr. Ahimsa Campos-ArceizNottingham University Malaysia Campus, Malaysia

Dr. Mads Frost BertelsenResearch and Conservation Division, Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark

Dr. Susan CheyneOxford University, Wildlife Research Unit, United Kingdom

Bjorn DahlenGreen Harvest Environmental Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia

Dr. Niel FureyCentre for Biodiversity Conservation, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Dr. Benoit GoossensCardiff University, United Kingdom

Dr. Djoko IskandarBandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Dr. Matthew LinkieFauna & Flora International, Singapore

Dr. Erik MeijaardPeople and Nature Consulting International, Indonesia

Dr. John PayneBorneo Rhino Alliance, Malaysia

Dr. Ramadhanil PitopangTadulako University, Indonesia

Dr. Lilik Budi PrasetyoBogor Institute of Agriculture, Indonesia

Dr. Dewi Malia PrawiradilagaIndonesia Institute of Science, Indonesia

Dr. RizaldiUniversity of Andalas, Indonesia

Dr. Dewi Imelda RoesmaUniversity of Andalas, Indonesia

Dr. Jeffrine Rovie RyanWildlife Forensics Lab, Dept. of Wildlife and National Parks, Malaysia

Boyd SimpsonResearch and Conservation Division, Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark

Robert B. StuebingHerpetology and Conservation Biology, Indonesia

Dr. SunartoWWF-Indonesia

Dr. Jatna SupriatnaUniversity of Indonesia

Dr. Campbell O. WebbThe Arnold Aboretum, Harvard University, USA

Dr. Zainal Z. ZainuddinBorneo Rhino Alliance, Malaysia

Editorial board

The Journal of Indonesian Natural History is published biannually by the Department of Biology at the Andalas University, Padang, Sumatra Barat, Indonesia, in collaboration with Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark. The Department of Biology at Andalas University is dedicated to educating Indonesian biologists in the study and conservation of Indonesia’s biodiversity and natural history. Copenhagen Zoo, through its Research and Conservation Division, supports in-situ conservation in Southeast Asia by assisting local organizations and individuals who undertake research, capacity building and the implementation of conservation programmes and projects.

The Journal of Indonesian Natural History is published by the Department of Biology, Andalas University, Indonesia in collaboration with Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark. It is available for free from www.jinh.net

Cover photo: Tall canopy of a pristine tropical rainforest © Carl Traeholt

Editors

32015 Journal of Indonesian Natural History Vol 3 No 1

Editorial

Carl Traeholt1 and Wilson Novarino2

1Copenhagen Zoo, Southeast Asia Programme, Malaysia2Andalas University, Padang, Sumatra

Corresponding authors: email: [email protected]

Biodiversity across the Globe has experienced repeated set-backs, with species being declared

either locally or globally extinct annually (Juffe-Bignoli et al., 2014; Pimm et al., 2014; Thomas et al., 2004). This negative trend is particularly caused by widespread habitat loss and subsequent increased habitat fragmentation (Haddad et al., 2015; Margono et al., 2014). Vast landscapes of prime habitat is being divided into ever smaller pieces and the large tracts of intact ecosystems are becoming increasingly rare. The loss of species is a 1000 times faster than “normal background rate” (De Vos et al., 2015). Indonesia has not been immune to this negative development (Margono et al., 2013; Wilcove et al., 2014) (Fig. 1). The enormous tracts of primary rainforest landscapes on the islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra are undergoing fragmentation at an unprecedented rate, and in smaller fragments, biodiversity is exposed to a multitude of detrimental aftermaths caused by “edge

effects” and climate changes (Gibson et al., 2013; Laurance et al., 2011; Thomas et al., 2004). When a population of a specific species become too small they become increasingly vulnerable to stochastic variables (Lacy and Pollak, 2014; Trail et al., 2010). Ironically, the total land area gazetted as Protected Area has increased steadily (Juffe-Bignoli et al., 2014; Pfaff et al., 2014; Ritchie et al., 2013). This may seem counter intuitive, however, even if all the reasons for the World’s ongoing biodiversity loss may never be described fully, there is enough scientific evidence to conclude that relying on protected areas alone, will not halt the loss of biodiversity (Juffe-Bignoli et al., 2014; Venter et al., 2014). The need to consider the biodiversity value of landscapes outside a protected areas network is essential to sustaining a meaningful biodiversity conservation in the future. This issue of the Journal of Indonesian Natural History is dedicated to Murung Raya, which stands as an example of an immensely biodiversity rich area that does not form part of Indonesia’s protected areas network. With this issue, we hope to stimulate more focus and dedicated biodiversity work in areas that are not yet afforded any form of protection in Indonesia. Considering the conservation value of such areas, this will contribute enormously to mapping the nation’s biodiversity heritage for future effective and efficient management and protection.

rEfErEncEs

De Vos, J.M., Joppa, L.N., Gittleman, J.L., Stephens, P.R. and S.L. Pimms (2015). Estimating the Normal Background Rate of Species Extinction. Conservation Biology 29: 452–462. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12380

Figure 1: Annual primary forest cover loss, 2000–2012, for Indonesia as a whole and by island group (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Java and Bali). From Margono et al., 2013.

Mapping the conservation value of biodiversity outside protected areas in Indonesia


Gibson, L., Lynam, A.J., Bradshaw, C.J.A., Fangliang H., Bickford, D.P, Woodruff, D.P., Bumrungsri, S. and W.F. Laurance (2013). Near-Complete Extinction of Native Small Mammal Fauna 25 Years After Forest Fragmentation. Science 341(6153): 1508-1510. [DOI:10.1126/science.1240495]

Haddad, N.M., Brudvig, L.A., Clobert, J., Davies4,, K.F., Gonzalez, A., Holt, R.D., Lovejoy, T.E., Sexton, J.O., Austin, M.P., Collins, C.D., Cook, W.M., Damschen, E.I., Ewers, R.M., Foster, B.L., Jenkins, C.N., King, A.J., Laurance, W.F., Levey, D.J., Margules, C.R., Melbourne, B.A., Nicholls, A.O., Orrock, J.L., Dan-Xia Song and J.R. Townshend (2015). Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science Advances 1(2): e1500052 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500052

Juffe-Bignoli, D., Burgess, N.D., Bingham, H., Belle, E.M.S., de Lima, M.G., Deguignet, M., Bertzky, B., Milam, A.N., Martinez-Lopez, J., Lewis, E., Eassom, A., Wicander, S., Geldmann, J., van Soesbergen, A., Arnell, A.P., O’Connor, B., Park, S., Shi, Y.N., Danks, F.S., MacSharry, B., Kingston, N. (2014). Protected Planet Report 2014. UNEP-WCMC: Cambridge, UK.

Lacy, R.C. and J.P. Pollak (2014). Vortex: A stochastic simulation of the extinction process. Version 10.0. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois, USA.

Margono, B.A., Potapov, P.V., Turubanova, S., Stolle. F. and M.C. Hansen (2013). Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012. Nature Climate Change 4: 730–735. doi:10.1038/nclimate2277

Margono, B. A., Bwangoy, J-R. B., Potapov, P. V. and M.C. Hansen (2014). Mapping wetlands in Indonesia using Landsat data sets and derived topographical indices. Geo-spatial Inform. Sci. 17: 60–71.

Pfaff, A., Robalino, J., Herrera, D. and C. Sandoval (2015). Protected Areas’ Impacts on Brazilian Amazon Deforestation: Examining Conservation – Development Interactions to Inform Planning. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0129460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129460

Ritchie, E.G., Bradshaw, C.J.A., Dickman, C.R., Hobbs, R., Johnson, C.N., Johnston, E.L., Laurance, W.F., Lindenmayer, D., McCarthy, M.A., Nimmo, D.G., Possingham, H.H., Pressey, R.L., Watson, D.M. and J. Woinarski (2013). Continental-Scale Governance and the Hastening of Loss of Australia’s Biodiversity.Conservation Biology 27(6):1133-5. DOI:10.1111/cobi.12189.

Thomas, C. D., Cameron, A., Green, R.E, Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L.J., Collingham, Y.C., Erasmus, B.F.N., Ferreira de Siqueira, M., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaarsveld, A.S., Midgley, G.F., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M.A., Peterson, A.T., Phillips, O.L. and S.E. Williams (2004). Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427: 145–148.

Traill, L.W., Brook, B.W., Frankham, R.F. and C.J.A. Bradshaw (2010). Pragmatic population viability targets in a rapidly changing world. Biological Conservation 143:28-34.

Pimm, S.L., Jenkins, C.N., Abell, R., Brooks, T.M., Gittleman, J.L., Joppa, L.N., Raven, P.H., Roberts, C.M. and J.O. Sexton (2014). The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 344(6187): DOI:10.1126/science.1246752

Venter, O., Fuller, R.A., Segan, D.B., Carwardine, J., Brooks, T., Butchart, S.H.M., Di Marco, M., Iwamura, T., Joseph, L., O’Grady, D., Possingham, H.P., Rondinini, C., Smith, R.J., Venter, M. and J.E.M. Watson (2014). Targeting Global Protected Area Expansion for Imperiled Biodiversity. PLoS Biology 12(6): e1001891. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001891

Wilcove, D. S., Giam, X., Edwards, D. P., Fisher, B and Koh, L. P (2014). Navjot’s nightmare revisited: Logging, agriculture, and biodiversity in Southeast Asia. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28: 531–540.


nEws and notEs

Songbird Crisis Summit, 26-29th SeptemberThe Oriental Bird Club in collaboration with Wildlife Reserves Singapore, TRAFFIC, and Cikananga Wildlife Centre will be convening for Asia’s 1st Songbird Crisis Summit. The overarching goal of the Summit is to raise awareness and profile of the songbird trade crisis to enhance conservation and enforcement efforts for threatened species of birds. As a platform to meet this objective the Southeast Asian Songbird Working Group will be formed that will help provide current information and recommendations to BirdLife International to aid in the IUCN Red List status re-assessment of key species for 2016. The event will take place from 26-29th September 2015, at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore. For more information, please visit: http://orientalbirdclub.org/2015/05/07/summit-on-songbird-crisis-in-asia/

The 2nd International Wildlife Symposium, West Sumatra, 3-4th NovemberAndalas University, Padang, West Sumatra, will be hosting the 2nd International Wildlife Symposium. The objective of the event is to promote communication and collaboration between researchers and practitioners in Sumatra, nationally and internationally as well as foster stronger linkages between wildlife management, people and culture in Sumatra. The event will take place in the Convention Hall at Andalas University. For more information and registration please email to: [email protected], or call Inda (+62 822 8279 3617) or Fauziah (+62 853 6559 7917).

ASEAN illegal wildlife tradeIllegal wildlife trade has been rife in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region for years. Despite repeated pledges from regional governments, very few positive changes have emerged on the ground. With the ever increasing habitat loss to agricultural and urban development, combined with a high demand for wildlife derivatives for medicine and consumption, an increasing number of species are being pushed closer to extinction. Perhaps there is hope that ASEAN nations will finally begin to take sufficient action on the ground to curb illegal poaching and trading, and ensure proper prosecution will befall those, who violate the respective wildlife laws.

From 30th March to 1st April, 2015, Malaysia and the United States of America co-hosted the Regional Forum on Combating Wildlife Trafficking in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. The forum focused on enhancing transboundary and regional cooperation to combat poaching and illegal trade in wildlife. Representatives from all ten ASEAN member States attended the forum, along with the CITES Secretariat, INTERPOL and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and all partner agencies of the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC). In addition, representatives from various other agencies, including the Royal Malaysian Customs Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, as well as a number of non-governmental organisations, participated in the forum. Many high level country representatives admitted that it is well recognised that poaching and illegal trade in wildlife have a significant impact on entire species and ecosystems, local communities and their livelihoods, national economies, and national and regional security. While the ASEAN Regional Forum on Combating Wildlife Trafficking enhanced political momentum and buy-in to combating illegal trade in wildlife, it remains to be seen if any of the many pledges will translate into tangible positive changes on the ground.

UN to Push for anti- wildlife traffickingAt the end of July, the 69th session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted a resolution committing countries to step up their collective efforts to address wildlife crime and put an end to the global poaching crisis. Resolution A/RES/69/314 on Tackling the Illicit Trafficking in Wildlife, supported by more than 80 nations, calls for countries to “adopt effective measures to prevent and counter the serious problem of crimes that have an impact on the environment, such as illicit trafficking in wildlife and wildlife products…as well as poaching.” Whereas Resolution A/RES/69/314 took a big step forwards in clearly recognising illegal killing and trading of wildlife constitutes a serious crime, the Resolution fell short of including what many consider key actions to counter the broader impacts of wildlife crime, including the undermining of good governance, the rule of law and the well-being of local communities. Without addressing these associated negative impacts, it remains uncertain how effective implementation of Resolution A/RES/69/314 will translate into tangible effects on the ground, where the trade is often dominated by well-organised criminal gangs.


Tiger poachers apprehended in JambiIn April, 2015, the conservation agency in Jambi, together with the province’s police force, detained two people for allegedly attempting to sell Sumatran tiger skin in Berbak National Park. One of the suspects was a park ranger, and both could face five years in jail or pay Rp 100 million (~$7,739) fine if found guilty of violating law: No 5 1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and their ecosystem.

Wildlife crimes posted on FacebookIn July 2015, local media reported that the Indonesian Government are fast-tracking a push to revise the conservation law as Indonesians post wildlife crimes to Facebook. The Government has promised to crack down on the growing number of people showing off dead or abused endangered animals on social media. In 2015, there has been a surge in the number of postings on social media involving wildlife crimes. Postings have included individuals posing with illegally killed species, such as the endangered Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus), proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) and the critically endangered Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra). Whereas these and similar postings have been widely condemned in Indonesia, few such crimes are brought to court and even fever translate into prosecution and conviction. The Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) faces a monumental challenge in combating wildlife crimes.

New study claims there are only two types of tigerWhereas the number of wild tigers have declined steadily during the past 25 years, the number of subspecies has grown to the current six accepted species. This number has largely been based on the paper by Luo et al. (2004). Sceptics suggested that the conservation community at large, embraced the number of tiger-subspecies, because a higher number of subspecies offered better fundraising opportunities. After genetic forensics have become increasingly mainstreamed, and forms part and parcel of most conservation initiatives today, the “subspecies inflation” has not always been an advantage to on-the-ground conservation activities. Furthermore, the classification of the number of species and subspecies is inherently dependent on, where a researcher draws

the speciation time-line. In theory, each individual can be considered “subspecies” if the speciation time-line is set as recently as one generation. It is exactly this dilemma a new paper by Vilting et al. (2015) addresses. The authors have revisited the “tiger subspecies” scenario by analysing variation among all nine putative tiger subspecies, using extensive data sets of several traits, such as morphological (craniodental and pelage), ecological and molecular. Their analyses revealed little variation and large overlaps in each trait among putative subspecies, and molecular data showed extremely low diversity. Their results support recognition of only two subspecies: the Sunda tiger, Panthera tigris sondaica, and the continental tiger, Panthera tigris tigris. In reality, this groups the Sumatran, Javan and Bali tigers in the P.t.sondaica group, and the rest of all tigers in the P.t. tigris group. The publication is based on solid and rigorous analyses of a variety of parameters, yet, it has attracted a huge amount of criticism. Its legacy does not lie in its conclusion, that there are only two tiger subspecies, but because it questions the “established” opinion. It is a welcome contribution to tiger conservation and conservation biology in general, because it forces everyone to rethink conservation approaches.

Luo, S.J., J. H. Kim, W. E. Johnson, J. van der Walt, J. Martenson, N. Yuhki, D. G. Miquelle, O. Uphyrkina, J. M. Goodrich, H. Quigley, R. Tilson, G. Brady, P. Martelli, V. Subramaniam, C. McDougal,S.Hean,S.Q.Huang,W.Pan,U.K.Karanth,M.Sunquist,J.L.D.Smith,S.J.O’Brien (2004). Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris). PLOS Biol. 2, e442 (2004).

Wilting, A., Courtiol, A., Christiansen, P., Niedballa, J., Scharf, A.K., Orlando, L., Balkenhol, N., Hofer, H., Kramer-Schadt, S., Fickel, J. and A.C. Kitchener (2015). Planning tiger recovery: Understanding intraspecific variation for effective conservation. Science Advances. 1(5): e1400175


In recent years, a lot of conservation attention has been drawn to the Heart of Borneo and the urgent

need for action to ensure the long term survival of this unique area. Geographically, the Murung Raya district is exactly in the centre of Borneo. However, until today, this district remains a little known part of Borneo. Even these days as development is expanding into the more remote interior of Borneo, reaching the area is still difficult. The area may have been historically protected from rapid exploitation and development by its isolation. However, it has also resulted in paucity of information on the biological and cultural richness and significance of this area. Oral history from inhabitants of the area indicate that some caves have possibly been used by various groups of nomadic hunter-gatherers for centuries. So far, no scientific investigation has been conducted to verify this information and enrich our understanding of who those people exactly were and how long their history dates back.

Similarly there is limited information on the biological diversity of this area, which is suspected to be high because of the geological variety. One exception has been the Barito Ulu project, a long term research effort that not only confirmed the high biodiversity but also the unique interaction between humans and nature in the area. The Indonesia Science Council has recognised the significance of this area and initiated research to propose the area as a World Heritage Site because of its importance for in situ conservation. Against this background, it is timely that the Indonesian Journal of Natural History dedicates a special issue to Murung Raya. The articles not only augment the scientific body of information and knowledge about the biological diversity of this area, it also describes the interaction between humans and the natural resources they encounter in their surroundings. Finally, it draws attention to an important and delicate issue: local perceptions on development (driven by natural resource based operations) and conservation.

The biodiversity of Murung RayaGodwin Limberg1

1Daemeter Consulting, Jl. Tangkuban Prahu no. 1, Bogor 16151, Indonesia


How nature is used and valued by villagers in two villages in Uut Murung

AbstrakMasyarakat lokal di bagian hulu Uut Murung hidup dalam lingkungan hutan yang terpencil, dengan sumber daya alam yang sangat kaya, sehingga banyak pihak yang tertarik, baik dari pemerintahan, industri ekstraktif dan pelaku konservasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami ketergantungan masyarakat lokal terhadap sumber daya alam dan perbedaan nilai pemanfaatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melaksanakan ekspedisi selama dua bulan ke dua desa di Uut Murung dengan menggunakan kuisioner, metode perangkingan dan pertanyaan semi terstruktur. Secara umum masyarakat lokal melakukan berbagai aktivitas untuk mempertahankan hidupnya, seperti memancing, berburu, berkebun dan mencari kayu gaharu. Nilai terpenting sumber daya alam menurut responden dari dua desa tersebut adalah sebagai sumber makanan dan air, namun sumber daya juga penting sebagai tempat untuk hidup, cadangan untuk obat-obatan dan cadangan untuk kebutuhan komoditas lainnya. Berbagai spesies satwaliar yang dijumpai digunakan sebagai bahan makanan, komoditas, obat-obatan dan bentuk pemanfaatan lainnya, seperti untuk kebutuhan ritual tradisional. Kami berpendapat bahwa anggota masyarakat pada lokasi penelitian mungkin mempunyai pemahaman yang fleksibel dan untung-untungan. Temuan kami juga mendukung pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa sumber daya bisa saja memiliki lebih dari satu kegunaan, dan bukan itu saja, setiap komunitas berbeda dari komunitas lainnya, begitu juga, di dalam komunitas itu sendiri pemahamannya juga tidaklah sama. Temuan kami menekankan pentingnya pemahaman terhadap ketergantungan masyarakat lokal terhadap sumber daya, serta struktur sosial yang berperan di belakang pemanfaatan sumber daya, untuk kesuksesan inisiatif konservasi dan pembangunan jangka panjang.

AbstractLocal communities in the upstream part of Uut Murung live in a remote forest environment. Due to its richness of natural resources there has been much interest in the region by various actors, including the government, extractive industry and conservationists. This study aimed at understanding local peoples dependencies on natural resources and the different kind of use values. Therefore, we conducted a two month expedition to two villages in Uut Murung where we conducted questionnaires, ranking methods and semi structured interviews. In general, locals were found to engage in a variety of activities to sustain livelihoods, such as fishing, hunting, gardening and searching for eaglewood. Respondents from both villages valued nature as most important from food and water supply, but also as a place to live, a stock for medicines and a stock for commodities. Animal species were found to serve different purposes for food, commodities, medicine to other purposes, such as traditional rituals. We argue that community members at our study sight might behave opportunistically despite being flexible. Our findings support the idea that a single resource might have more than one purpose; each community differs from each other, but also even within the community itself, is not homogeneous. Our findings stress the importance that locals dependencies on natural resources and social structures behind resource use, need to be understood for the long term success of any conservation or development initiative.

Keywords: resource use, livelihoods, Murung Raya, perceptions, conservation

Andrea Hoeing1,2, Andhi Suncoko1,3, Deni1,3,4, Dominic Rowland1, Erisa Murray1,5, Iis Sabahudin1,5, Michal Zrust1,6, Peter Houlihan1,7,8, Kristina Grossmann9,Matthias Waltert2 and Susan M. Cheyne1,10

1BRINCC (Barito River Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities), The Avenue, Hitchin, Herts, UK, SG4 9RJ 2Georg-August-Universität, Conservation Biology / WG on Endangered Species, Bürgerstrasse 50, Goettingen, Germany3Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University. Indonesia4Faculty of Forestry, Kuningan University, West Java, Indonesia5Faculty of Social and Political Science, Postgraduate Department of Anthropology, University of Indonesia, Indonesia6Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, England NW1 4RY7Department of Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA8Department of Biology & Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA9Department for Development and Cultural Studies, Southeast Asia, University of Passau, Germany 10Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Cen-tre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxon, OX13, 5QL, U.K.

Corresponding author: Andrea Höing, email: [email protected]

Received 12th June, 2014; revision accepted 1st February, 2015


introduction

Uut Murung covers 726,300 ha, is one of the largest sub-districts in the north-eastern part of Murung Raya, comprising of huge areas of rainforest (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2014). The biodiversity rich Muller-Schwaner mountain range lies in the North West of Murung Raya (WWF, 2012). Apart from being home to a wide variety of plant and animal species, of which many are endemic to Kalimantan, Uut Murung is rich in natural resources. Logging companies had been operating and some of them were still operating in the area in 2014 (BRINCC unpublished data). In the same year, coal mining companies started to explore the area (compare Hoeing et al. 2015 in this issue). In 2014, the conservation of the area became the interest of, not only some local conservation initiatives, FFI (Fauna Flora International) and WWF’s “Heart of Borneo programme”, but also of an international REDD+ programme, mostly aiming at biodiversity conservation as well as on sustaining local peoples livelihoods.

TransformationThere is an ongoing transformation of ecosystems as well as local peoples livelihoods, among others, due to

the influence of outsiders approaching the area, such as companies and conservationists. The extractive industry might offer different kinds of work and provide better access to the area. They further should provide community development programs, but they are also known for often introducing prostitution, gambling and alcohol (World Rainforest Movement, 2004). The companies activities go alongside with the destruction of the surrounding nature of the communities. The destruction of nature mostly leads to biodiversity loss, which might be important for the subsistence of local people. For various reasons, we found it important to give insight into how local villagers used and depended on nature. Our main reasons include, one, to be able to document social transformation, two, to enable conservationists and companies to get an insight on local peoples current livelihoods, which might lead to a better understanding of local peoples needs and hence, to secure mid- or long-term communities livelihoods. Therefore, this empirical study aimed at getting a better understand basic needs of local communities and their dependency on natural resources. Furthermore, the study tries to understand different meanings a resource might have to local people; for example, fish might be important for food, but can also be a source of cash

Figure 1: Location of study villages in the sub-district Uut Murung (A), and the district of Murung Raya (B), in Indonesia (C).

Nature use by Uut Murung villagers


income, apart from that, it might be used for traditional ceremonies. We present in more detail, the perceived importance of different resources for different purposes as a complementary part to our biodiversity surveys.

MEthods

We used a variety of methods to gain a better understanding on how locals perceive and value different resources important to sustaining their livelihoods (compare Sheil et al., 2002).

Ethics statementThis study was conducted after in depth consultation with the local government, international NGOs operating in the Murung Raya Regency, such as “Fauna and Flora International”, as well as with the local communities themselves. In February 2011, a pre-expedition was conducted, aimed at gathering data, as well as on giving local communities the chance to influence research directions. Although BRINCC has its own academic and conservation research priorities, we aimed to incorporate a significant component of community directed research, whereby local people can request research on topics important to them. Therefore, the research plans were adapted accordingly to the request of villagers, to map an area of high social importance and subsequent support to strengthen community management rights through the application for a village forest (hutan desa). Before conducting the research, all national and local research permits were obtained. At the beginning of the data collection in July 2011, further consultations was carried out. In the agreement between villagers and researchers, it was stated that original results from Focus Groups Discussions, e.g. maps, time lines, etc. would be left with the community and no maps would be published without permission. Personal data from interviews were anonymized.

Study site/Demographic dataThe BRINCC research team intended to conduct research in the interior of Kalimantan, Borneo, hence, study sites were selected using the following criteria: a relatively unstudied, rural area, with high forest cover and forest dependency of the communities, but which is subject to land use change, e.g. anthropogenic disturbance, such as logging or mining.

The villages that were subject to this study belong to the sub-district Uut Murung, situated in the north east corner of the Murung Raya regency. The sub-district Uut Murung comprises a total area of 7,263 km². Uut Murung consists of five villages: Tumbang Olong I, Tumbang Olong II, Kalasin, Tumbang Tujang and Topus (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2009). The villages are located along the upper part of the Murung River (also known as the upper Barito), which is geographically situated in the highlands of the Murung Raya regency in Central Kalimantan. They are surrounded by hilly to mountainous terrain with altitudes ranging between 200m in valleys- 1900m on mountains tops (compare Figure 1). The ethnic groups which are thought to originate from the study area are Siang and Punan Murung. The Punan Murung were formerly known as one of the nomadic hunter and gatherer tribes in Kalimantan, whereas Siang were known for their swidden cultivation (Sellato, 1994). Nowadays, a variety of ethnic groups with origins in Kalimantan, such as the Punan, Bekumpai, Siang, Otdanum, Kahayan and Kapuas, but also some migrants e.g. East Nusa Tenggara were living in the villages (A. Hoeing personal observation). A detailed description of the study area, especially on demographic data, can be found in Hoeing et al. (2015) in this issue.

Survey MethodsA variety of qualitative methods were employed (mostly based on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)) including, in depth and semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Topics covered during FGDs included the identification and detailed descriptions of activities related to natural resource use, seasonal calendars, village histories and participatory land use mapping of the area.

Data collectionSecondary data, such as demographic of the area, statistical data on resource use of the area, maps of the region, etc. were collected before and after entering the study area.

First contact with local villagersA formal introductory meeting with the villagers was conducted by the entire expedition with the team intention to seek permission to carry out the research, as well as to clarify aims, motivation and perspectives of

Hoeing et al.


the expedition. First, exercises were conducted, such as creating a historical time line of the village. Community members were grouped into main activities important to their livelihood for follow up FGD.

Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)Focus groups were divided into main activities related to natural resources, such as farming, fishing, collecting eaglewood. Although men made up the majority of FGD participants, extra care was taken to invite women. The different exercises carried out within the focus group meetings were: description of activities, the possible commodities resulting from the activity, equipment which is needed for the activity, traders and other actors involved as well as potential problems. Seasonal calendars for the different activities were created to find out peak seasons and seasons in which the activity cannot be done. Participatory mapping was also conducted in FGDs.

Semi-structured and in-depth interviews Semi-structured interviews were carried out with key informants in the village, which included village leaders, teachers, elders and a variety of villagers from different backgrounds e.g. local traders, migrants. Semi-structured interviews were used to get a basic understanding of life in the villages. These interviews were also used to adapt questionnaires to the local context. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted, which were used to gain a deeper understanding on certain topics, especially regarding the use of certain main commodities (e.g. eaglewood and animal parts) and their relation to the local and global market chain. Furthermore, in depth interviews were conducted to triangulate results of the research.

Pebble distribution method The pebble distribution method is a ranking method to assess the relative importance of different kinds of activities relating to resource use important to local peoples’ livelihoods e.g.: the importance of different animal species as source of food, "others", commodity or medicine (compare Sheil et al., 2002). 100 pebbles were used by the group of participants. After achieving consensus, they were distributed on different cards representing categories, in this case, animal species. Participants thus valued the different categories with regards to different research questions, e.g. "How

important is each animal as a source of food?". If participants placed twice as many pebbles on category “A” than on category “B”, it meant category “A” is twice as important than category “B”. Categories which did not play an important role for the participant, was left empty. After all pebbles were distributed, confirmation that all pebbles were correctly placed by all participants. The group of participants were then asked to explain the reasons for the chosen importance. The facilitator made notes and recorded the discussion. We did compare the full range of categories in our analysis to get a first insight of what species might be important to local people for different purposes. Participants were chosen opportunistically, gatherings of a mixture of mainly young (females and males <20 years) villagers were approached. The groups in both villages consisted of up to 10 young villagers who were joined by older men and sometimes women. The aim was to include a wide variety of villagers.

Sampling of QuestionnairesThe research samples were derived by using non-probability quota sampling, that is often used to assess public opinion polls (Kerlinger, 1986). The method was chosen to aim for an equally distributed sample over four different categories which further were divided by: age class (20-39 years, >40 years) and gender. One additional category was made to include respondents in higher positions, such as the village head, the village representative, the village secretary and the head of the customary rights. Age classes were set after consulting with community members about the age-line between young people and adults as well as adults and elder person. For a more detailed description on the sampling of questionnaires compare Hoeing et al. (2015) in this issue. Questionnaires represented individual opinions. They were tested and adopted before starting the sampling process in the villages. The questionnaires consisted of 32 questions covering several topics, such as: general information on the use of natural resources by community members, commodities, access to markets, attitudes towards nature, conservation, and environmental changes including perceptions on the impact of companies/NGOs and traditional beliefs. The questionnaires contained open, as well as closed, questions. In some questions, the contingent ranking method (crm) was applied; for example, in order to figure out the relative importance of different forest



resources to people's livelihood. The questionnaires were filled in by A.H., A.S., D. and E.M. after reading out the questionnaires. In case the respondent agreed, we recorded the responses to be able to recheck information.

Data Analysis Data from the questionnaires were analysed using Open Office Org. 3.1.1- Calculator and SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows.

rEsults

The most important sources nature offers to localsDuring the first village meetings, villagers named several activities important to sustain their livelihoods. The activities were similar in both villages and included: upland rice farming; gardening (vegetables, fruits and rubber); hunting; fishing; collecting eaglewood (a fungi infected heartwood from the genus Aquilaria); traditional gold mining; handicrafts, such as wood carving and weaving baskets from rattan; trading, mainly of groceries, animal parts, gemstones and gold. In Kalasin, respondents additionally listed sawn timber production from Meranti (belonging to the genus Shorea) and Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri), for

local housing and the regional markets. Respondents mentioned that the wood is mainly used for government buildings in Puruk Cahu, or road constructions, such as bridges. From the questionnaires, it is revealed that in general, villagers did not just practice one activity but various activities. Only eight out of 53 respondents stated they only had one occupation/activity (Figure 2); four of them belonged to the category >40 years old. We identified activities not directly related to forest use and resource extraction, because they were mainly based in the village, for example: chicken breeders, shamans, house wives, teacher and government employees, etc.

What are the most important sources nature offers to locals?From the questionnaires, we identified the most important sources nature offers to respondents’ livelihoods (Figure 3). Villagers were asked to rank a maximum of five different main sources the forest offers for their daily lives. Results are presented as a percentage of respondents (per village). Results from questionnaires have shown that in both villages, respondents found “food” to be one of the most important sources nature offers, followed by “drinking water”. The category "others" includes statements made by a few respondents, such as oxygen, firewood as well as forest as a protection against land slides. Main

Farmer Gold searcher

Trader Eaglewood searcher

Crafts Fishing others Hunting0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

54

75

14

25

11

57 54

21

68

48

8

3632

64

92

28

Res

pond

ents

[%]

Figure 2: Activities which play an important role for the livelihoods of respondents in Tumbang Tujang (black) and Kalasin (white). The category “others” included activities not directly related to resource extraction or land use, such as chicken breeders (in the village), teaching, government employees and housewives.

Hoeing et al.


differences in perceptions were found in the categories: “place to live” (63% higher in Kalasin), “stock for medicine” (26% higher in Kalasin), “commodities” (22% higher in Tumbang Tujang) and “material for handicrafts” (21% higher in Kalasin).

What kind of animals do locals depend on, for what purpose? To get an overview of what kind of animals are hunted or collected by locals for different purposes, we conducted the PDM. Animals were ranked using four different categories: commodities, food, medicine and “others”. A total of 17 different kinds of animal species/animal groups were named by villagers in Tumbang Tujang and 28 were named in Kalasin. Questionnaires, ranking methods (pebble distribution methods) and focus group discussions showed that different animals are not only important for one purpose, but could be essential for different categories. For example, in Tumbang Tujang the samba deer (Cervus unicolor) was given the highest value of importance to nourishment, but it also played an important role for medicine; the skin is used as a medicine, for women with problems during birth, as well as the antler and meat are important as commodity. Antlers of C. unicolor were further categorized as “others” and are mainly used to decorate the walls of houses, with the belief that they would prevent fires.

Detailed tables on the ranking of animals for different purposes can be found in Table 1. The pangolin (Manis javanica) was found to be important to the different categories in Kalasin. It was valued to be important for food, commodity (scales, used for jewellery), as medicine against asthmatic sicknesses and as “others”. Main differences between the valuing of the importance of different animals for different purposes between the two villages could be found that in Tumbang Tujang C. unicolor was valued as an important food species, whereas in Kalasin, the bearded pig (Sus barbatus) was valued higher than C. unicolor. Important sources of medicine were big spiders, such as tarantulas (Theraphosidae) and C. unicolor, whereas in Kalasin, M. javanica and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) were most important. Main commodities were fish and C. unicolor in Tumbang Tujang, whereas in Kalasin M. javanica scales as well as meat from C. unicolor and S. barbatus were most valued as commodities. In Tumbang Tujang as “others”, participants valued the crestless fireback (Lophura erythrophthalma) as most important followed by birds, S. barbatus, fish and C. unicolor. In Kalasin, a favourite animal of participants in the category “others” were birds, that were kept as pets, followed by scales of M. javanica and antlers of C. unicolor. Many of the animals important to local livelihoods are listed in the IUCN Red list of threatened species, such as M.

FoodDrinking Water

MedicineCommodities

Building MaterialPlace to live

HandicraftsOthers

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

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90

100 93

71

46

68

50

21

711

96

88

72

44

52

84

28

12

Impo

rtanc

e fo

r [%

] res

pond

ents

Figure 3: Respondents were asked to name the five most important sources which nature plays in their personal lives, Tumbang Tujang (black) and Kalasin (white).



javanica, which is listed as endangered, S. barbatus, H. malayanus, C. unicolor, L. erythrophthalma are found to be in the category vulnerable. Animals were mainly hunted in hunting groups as well as individually with the use of spears and dogs. To hunt some animals, rope traps were used. To kill birds, which were found to be an important food species (mentioned in

Kalasin) air rifles were mentioned to be used sometimes, as well as traps made from sticky rubber strings which were attached to trees. Fish were usually caught by nets, angles and spears. Illegal techniques for capture were electric fishing and poisoning, which were strictly prohibited by customary and governmental law.

T.Tujang Kalasin T.Tujang Kalasin T.Tujang Kalasin T.Tujang KalasinMedicine Commodities Food Others

Birds 11 9 4 10 4 10 27

Fish 18 7 14 12 10

Flying fox 1 1

Forest Chicken/ Argus pheasant 11 8 6 11 4 11

Frog 10 7 7

Monkeys/ Primates 4 7

Mouse deer 6 3 10 7 8

Pangolin 8 38 9 9 6 3 19

Pheasant 7 8 7

Porcupines 9 7 5 9 5 7

Samba deer 12 17 9 18 4 10 15

Snakes 6 7 8 3 2 4 13

Spiders 13

Sun bear 9 17 7 4 1 1 4 14

Turtles 11 8 5 3 9 7

Wild boar 8 9 8 16 10

Wild cats 3 5 2 2

Additional animals mentioned in Kalasin

Banded linsang 4 1

Big gekko 3

Civets 3

Flying lemur 1

Forest rat 6 often, but mentioned after the exercise

Green lizard 6

Longtailed porcupine 3 3

Monitor lizard 3

Otter civet 3

Deer 5 4

Snail 11 3

Soft shelled turtle 6 4 12

Squirrel 1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 1: Results from the ranking method (PDM) on the importance of different animals for different purposes in two villages T.Tujang and Kalasin.

Hoeing et al.


discussion

This research found that relatively remote living communities, which were the subject of this study, are still dependent on forest resources to maintain their livelihoods. It is important to understand use values and factors that influence people’s perception on the forest, for example, for policymaking (Meijaard et al., 2013) as well as for projects aimed toward nature conservation or community development. Our data, as it refers to a relatively small sample size, is not representative but gives an insight into resource use and perceptions of nature to inhabitants of the two communities in 2011. In our case study, respondents

mentioned a wide range of daily activities, from upland rice farming, to fishing, hunting, eaglewood collection, work with companies etc. We would like to point out that respondents mostly did not only conduct one activity to maintain their livelihoods, but that they combined several activities, such as farming, hunting, fishing, artisanal gold mining. When revisiting the area in 2014, almost all male villagers were engaged in the acquisition of eaglewood, as the prices on the international market increased vastly. Therefore, we conclude that community members might behave in an opportunistic and flexible manner. Dependencies, and the use of natural resources, might change over time due to various reasons; such as market value, change of abundance, government restrictions or outsiders activities.

Level Market

Eaglewood

Gold

Vegetable/ Fruits/ Rice

Fish

Gem

stones

Handicraft

Meat

An

ima

l Parts

Wood

Birds

Honey

Sw

allo

w

Nest

Rice Wine

Village Other villagers 2 (1*) 2 (1*) 1 1

Village Middle Man in T.Tujang 5 18 1

Sub-district T.Olong/ Company 1

District Puruk Cahu (2*) 3 (4*) 1

District Buyer comes to village 1 1 (1*) 1 1

Province Muara Teweh

National Banjarmasin

Table 2: The table presents the use of markets for different products by villagers in Tumbang Tujang. In brackets (*) are trade routes used by middle men in the villages. Numbers represent the amount of responses from questionnaires. The data might not be complete and some trade routes of products might be missed out.

Level MarketEaglew

ood

Gold

Vegetable/ Fruits/ Rice

Fish

Gem

stones

Handicraft

Meat

Animal

Parts

Wood

Birds

Honey

Swallow

N

est

Rice Wine

Village Other villagers 17 11 4 9 (1*) 1 1 2 1

Village Middle Man in Kalasin 7 11 2 1 4 5 7 1 1 1

Sub-district To T.Tujang 1

Sub-district T.Olong/ Company 1 3 1 1 1 2 1

District Puruk Cahu 1 (2*) 5 (1*) 1 1 (1*) 1 3 2 (1*) (2*) 2 1

District Buyer comes to village 1 1 3 1 1 1

Province Muara Teweh 1 1 1 1 1 1

National Banjarmasin (1*) (1*)

Table 3: The table presents the use of markets for different products by villagers in Kalasin. In brackets (*) are trade routes used by middle men in the villages. Numbers represent the amount of responses from questionnaires. The buyers who come to the villages were in the opinion of the respondents mainly from Puruk Cahu.



In our case study, we found a wide variety of species used for different purposes such as for medicine, food, "others" or to be sold as commodity. Nevins & Peluso (2008) point out that a commodity itself is a highly dynamic and complex entity that has social lives and meanings. A commodity, as in example the pangolin, can be important to villagers for more than just monetary reasons, if it is also used for traditional medicines or for cultural purpose. Conservation that looks only for alternative sources of income to mitigate pangolin extinction might not be sufficient. An observation which needs to be highlighted, is the fact that over the years, it has become more and more difficult to buy vegetables in the villages (AH personal observation, 2011-2014). In 2011, villagers already had problems planting paddy, apparently due to a shift in seasons, which made the timing to prepare the forest gardens and to plant paddy difficult. In 2011, villagers in Kalasin, which had always been subsistent in their rice production, had to buy subsidised rice from the government for the first time. In 2014, villagers from Tumbang Tujang mentioned that the harvest was poor and that most of the vegetable grown in the gardens were sold to the logging and mining companies, which operated upstream, close to the gardens. Thus, only small amounts of vegetable sources arrived in Tumbang Tujang. Therefore, we suggest more research is needed in terms of food security, adaptation mechanisms to seasonal changes and general research on social transformation. Some differences were found regarding the perceived importance of nature between the two villages. A place to live, medicine and handicrafts were more important to respondents in Kalasin, the village that is closer to the capital of the district and sub-district, than to respondents in Tumbang Tujang. Between 2011 and 2014, we observed a transformation in Kalasin; some villagers moved to another location where they established their forest gardens and built small houses. Nevertheless, they still kept the old houses in the village. Living over weeks and months in those forest gardens does not allow regular access to the village, which also means to a nurse and shops. Hence, knowledge of medicinal plants and skills to produce handicrafts and to farm and hunt are essential to survive. On the other hand, one of those new locations, where several villagers settled, is situated next to the still accessible road to the capital of the district. In 2014, this was a huge asset, because the road connecting Tumbang Tujang and Kalasin collapsed in the rainy season between the year 2012 and 2013. Hence, the new location offers an easier road to Puruk

Cahu. It might be interesting to reassess the importance of nature to those villagers. We found more differences between the two villages. In Kalasin, wild boar was more important to respondents than in Tumbang Tujang. This is mostly due to their religious affiliation. Additionally, in Kalasin the majority of respondents perceive themselves as Christians or Hindu-Kaharingan, whereas in Tumbang Tujang, the majority perceived themselves as Muslim, for whom eating pig is forbidden due to religious reasons. This points out the importance of acknowledging that not only communities do differ from each other, but that a community itself is a heterogeneous dynamic group, which consists of multiple actors with various interests and interrelations forming institutional arrangements as stressed by Agrawal & Gibson (2001) (also compare Leach et al., 1999). We furthermore observed complex structures of social relations related to resource use (e.g. patron-client relationships, as defined by Scott, 1972, in the extraction of eaglewood), which would go beyond the scope of this article, but which makes us believe that a more detailed social network analysis might be important to understand social relations related to resource extraction in the villages. Those understandings might be important to ensure long-term success of conservation. Many of the animal and plant species identified to be used by local villagers in this study were listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Apart from habitat loss, mainly caused by companies present in the area, some of the species, such as eaglewood, are endangered due to overexploitation by the villagers themselves (BRINCC unpublished data, 2011). To be able to conserve the area, we believe that a sound understanding of human nature interactions is essential. We further believe that the local communities themselves have to perceive the need for the protection of threatened resources in order to secure those resources for their future survival. The programmes of Murung Rayas government are aiming at modernization, development and advancement. The future shall differ significantly from the present. Backwardness and so called “uncivilized jungle life” shall be exchanged against economic development, which is possible through the richness of minerals in Murung Raya. The aimed transformation of local people’s livelihoods, which is perceived differently for a variety of reasons, should include the needs of those people who have to actually live in the area of concern (Harrington, 2014). To ensure a more just development and conservation approach, further research is strongly recommended.

Hoeing et al.


acknowlEdgMEnts

We would like to thank the Indonesian Ministry of Science and Technology, the Department of Forestry for permission to carry out research in Murung Raya and all offices in the Murung Raya Regency that supported our research. We further thank the "Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands" (CIMTROP) for sponsoring this research. Special thanks to the communities of Tumbang Tujang and Kalasin. Our biodiversity expedition team: Mila Rhamania, Laurio Leonald, Juli Setiawan, Muhamad Saputra (Yunus), Edwin Hermawan and Kursani as well as Leni Mentari, Dewi, Junaidy Shalat and Suparjan. Special thanks to Dominic Rowland for being an excellent expedition leader. Our gratitude goes to Godwin Limberg and Ratu from "Flora and Fauna International" (FFI), the team of the NGO POKKER in Plangkaraya, Horma from "Yayasan Tambuhak Sinta", Palangkaraya, Pak Sadiwibowo from the Bogor Institute of Agriculture "Institut Pertanian Bogor" (IPB) for their support and advice. Furthermore, we would like to thank the "German Academic Exchange Service" - DAAD for supporting AH with a scholarship and Garmin Germany for providing a free one year ArcGIS license for thesis writing. We would also like to gratefully acknowledge all participators and helpers with the charity run "Run forest Run", especially Marcus Sanden and his family, Madlen Baumert, Irendra Radjawali and all participants and sponsors, Christian Oekermann, Claudia Garcia, Sven Krafft, Ludwig Thoma, Tabea Seitz, Merlin Schaefer, Paul Bomke and Emeline. A special thank you to all the school children and teachers, especially Joachim Lange from Waldhofschule in Templin, Germany, who financially supported our research by carrying out a charity run.

rEfErEncEs

Agrawal, A., & Gibson, C.C. (2001). Introduction. The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation. In: Agrawal, A., & Gibson, C.C. (Eds.). Communities and the environment: Ethnicity, gender, and the state in community-based conservation. Rutgers University Press.

Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya. (2009). Kecamatan Uut Murung dalam Angka 2009. Puruk Cahu: BPS Kecamatan Uut Murung.

Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya. (2014). Statistik Daerah Kecamatan Uut Murung 2014. Puruk Cahu: BPS Kecamatan Uut Murung.

Césard, N. (2007). A sociohistorical transition. Trade in forest products and bride-price among the Punan Tubu of Eastern Kalimantan. Anthropos 102(2): 455-477.

Harrington, M.H. (2014). Changing Exchanges: A modern Siang village amidst resource extraction in regional Indonesia. PhD dissertation, Asia Institute, University of Melbourne. http://www.icassecretariat.org/files/ChangingExchanges.pdf, accessed on 01.02.2015.

Hoeing, A., Suncoko, A., Deni, Rowland, D., Murray, E., Sabahudin, I., Zrust, M., Houlihab, P., Großmann, K., Waltert, M., Cheyne, S.M. (2015). Perceptions towards companies and Forest conservation in two villages of Uut Murung, Murung Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Natural History 3(1): 19-30.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 24 June 2014.

Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Forth Worth. TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Inc.

Leach, M., Mearns, R., & Scoones, I. (1999). Environmental entitlements: dynamics and institutions in community-based natural resource management. World development 27(2): 225-247.

Meijaard, E., Abram, N.K., Wells, J.A., Pellier, A-S., Ancrenaz, M., et al. (2013). People's Perceptions about the Importance of Forests on Borneo. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73008. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073008.

Nevins, J., & Peluso, N. L. (Eds.). (2008). Taking Southeast Asia to market: Commodities, nature, and people in the neoliberal age. Cornell University Press.

Scott, J. C. (1972). Patron-client politics and political change in Southeast Asia. The American Political Science Review 91-113.

Sellato, B. (1994). Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest. The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down. University of Hawaii Press.



Sellato, B. (2001). Forest Resources and People in Bulungan: Elements for a History of Settlement, Trade, and Social Dynamics in Borneo, 1880-2000. CIFOR.

Sheil, D., Puri, R.K., Basuki, I., Van Heist, M., Syaefuddin, Rukmiyati, Sardjono, M.A., Samsoedin, S., Sidiyasa, K., Chrisandini, Permana, E., Angi, E.M., Gatzweiler, F., Johnson, B. & Wijaya, A. (2002). Exploring biological diversity, environment, and local people's perspectives in forest landscapes: Methods for a multidisciplinary landscape assessment. CIFOR, Jakarta.

World Rainforest Movement (2004). Women’s Life Devastated by Mining. WRM Bulletin No. 79.

WWF (2012). Factsheet 15: Protection of Biodiversity, Livelihood and Ecological Function of Muller-Schwaner. World Wildlife Fund Indonesia.

Hoeing et al.


Perceptions towards companies and forest conservation in two villages of Uut Murung, Central Kalimantan, IndonesiaAndrea Hoeing1,2, Andhi Suncoko1,3, Deni1,3,4, Dominic Rowland1, Erisa Murray1,5, Iis Sabahudin1,5, Mi-chal Zrust1,6, Peter R. Houlihan1,7,8, Kristina Grossmann9, Matthias Waltert2 and Susan M. Cheyne1,10

1 BRINCC (Barito River Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities), Hitchin, Herts, UK, SG4 9RJ 2 Georg-August-Universität, Conservation Biology/ WG on Endangered Species, 37075 Goettingen, Germany3 Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University. Indonesia4 Faculty of Forestry, Kuningan University, West Java, Indonesia5 Faculty of Social and Political Science, Postgraduate Department of Anthropology, University of Indonesia, Indonesia6 Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, England NW1 4RY7 Department of Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA8 Department of Biology & Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA9 Department for Development and Cultural Studies, Southeast Asia, University of Passau, Germany 10 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Cen-tre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxon, OX13, 5QL, U.K.

Corresponding author: Andrea Höing, email: [email protected]

Received 12th June, 2014; revision accepted 1st February, 2015

AbstrakPeningkatan jumlah perusahaan dengan rencana alih fungsi hutan dalam berbagai industri seperti petambangan dan pengusahaan hutan, semakin mendesak ke bagian daerah terpencil di pedalaman Kalimantan. Penelitian ini mengkaji sikap masyarakat lokal terhadap perusahaan-perusahaan tersebut. Kegiatan dilakukan dengan melakukan ekspedisi selama dua bulan ke dua desa pada kecamatan Uut Murung, Murung Raya, Kalimantan Indonesia, kelompok tim sosial melakukan kajian dengan kuisioner dan wawancara semi terstruktur. Faktor-faktor yang mungkin mempengaruhi sikap masyarakat terhadap perusahaan tersebut dianalisa, termasuk keuntungan dan kerugian yang didapat untuk kehidupan responden. Selain itu, dilakukan juga penilaian terhadap persepsi pentingnya konservasi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa jenis kelamin, umur, kepercayaan dan jumlah bentuk keuntungan yang didapat mempengaruhi sikap mereka terhadap perusahaan. Untuk menemukan keseimbangan antara keuntungan ekonomi yang didapatkan perusahaan dan konservasi daerah ini, kami menyarankan perlunya pendekatan lintas disiplin ilmu yang melibatkan berbagai pihak, baik akademisi maupun non akademisi untuk bisa melakukan perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati dan kehidupan masyarakat dengan melakukan transformasi pengetahuan

AbstractAn increasing number of companies in industries such as mining or logging with forest conversion plans, are advancing into remote areas in the interior of Kalimantan. This study investigates attitudes of local villagers towards those companies. We conducted a two months expedition to two villages to the sub-district of Uut Murung, Murung Raya, Kalimantan, Indonesia, where the social science team completed questionnaires and semi structured interviews. Factors potentially influencing those attitudes towards companies were analysed using step-wise linear regression, as well as perceived benefits and disadvantages for respondent's livelihoods. In addition, perceptions of the importance of conservation were assessed. Our results show that gender, age, the belief in forest spirits and the number of advantages named, significantly influenced the attitude towards companies. We found communities generally highly receptive to economic development but hostile of environmental degradation, suggesting a difficult trade off between conservation and development. Communities desire the protection of livelihoods and sources of environmental income but also the investment and infrastructure development associated with extractive industries. To find a balance between economic interests from company investments and conservation of the area, we suggest a trans-disciplinary approach which includes different actors - academic and non academic - to be able to protect biodiversity and livelihoods by creating transformation knowledge.

Keywords: Companies, Conservation, Human-nature relations, Natural resources, Murung Raya, Perceptions.


introduction

Murung Raya’s forests are known for their richness in natural resources such as timber, coal, gold and copper, which attract national and international investors. Recent investment in and proposed expansion of, infrastructure to the area has enabled easier and cheaper transportation of minerals and coal. One such proposal is the building of a freight railway to connect the interior of Kalimantan to the coast, for the exclusive transportation of coal (Ministry For Economic Affairs, 2011). This plan has already been released to the international media, attracting investment in companies with forest conversion plans to operate in the area (Arman, 2013). The Murung Raya regency has an estimated one billion tonnes of exportable coal, and to date, 66 mining licenses have been issued by the regency government (Arman, 2013). The establishment of open mines will not only influence biodiversity and forest cover, but also significantly impact local communities living in the area, such as the two communities that are part of this study in the sub district Uut Murung. These circumstances stress the importance for nature conservation initiatives, including the protection of people’s livelihoods in the area. Research studies in Borneo on social adaptation to changes in landscape concomitant with cultural transformation have highlighted trade-offs between conservation and development. For example, studies on the Punan Tubu in East Kalimantan (Levang et al., 2007), the Penan in Sarawak (Pritchard, 2005 in Levang et al., 2007) or the inhabitants of the North Barito district in Central Kalimantan (Orth, 2009), have shown that local communities attempts to gain the best outcome from both modernization and conservation which is not always possible to achieve (Levang et al., 2007).

Trans-disciplinary research for conservationBarito River Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities (BRINCC) interdisciplinary research design focuses on the conservation of rainforests and its human and non-human inhabitants (Cheyne et al., 2012). Environmental degradation and loss of natural resources does not only affect biodiversity, but also communities living in the surrounding area. With the combination of social science and biodiversity research we aimed to find ways to understand so-called, 'real world problems', which means those problems that are of relevance to societies (Christinck & Padmanabhan,

2013). Therefore, BRINCC has been working towards an transdisciplinary approach that involves not only scientific knowledge, but also non-academic knowledge. The transdisciplinary approach is aimed at creating a transformation knowledge needed to be able to change an undesirable situation into a more favourable one. For this, there is a need to involve a variety of actors (Christinck and Padmanabhan, 2013). BRINCC mainly worked with local villagers and also consulted governmental agencies, such as the Bupati (Regional Governor) before and after the 2011 expedition, as well as the Department Kehutanan (local Forestry Department). Data were mainly collected at the village level but secondary data from the statistical office (Badan Pusat Statistic) were used. This article intends to describe the attitudes of two local communities towards companies with forest conversion plans and the factors that might influence those perceptions. We present perceived advantages and disadvantages of the presence of companies and local perceptions on the importance to conserve nature. The research was conducted in two different villages in the sub district of Uut Murung which lies in the district of Murung Raya in the Province of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

MEthods

Ethics statementThis study was conducted after in-depth consultation with the local government, international NGOs operating in the Murung Raya Regency, such as “Fauna and Flora International” (FFI), as well as with the local communities themselves. In February 2011, a pre-expedition took place, which focused on gathering preliminary data, as well as giving local communities the chance to influence research directions. BRINCC aimed to incorporate a significant component of community directed research, whereby local people can request research on topics important to them. Therefore, the research plans were adapted accordingly, based on the requests of villagers to map an area of high social importance in order to strengthen community management rights through the application for a village forest (hutan desa). Before conducting the research, all national and local research permits were obtained. Further consultations were conducted to carry out our research at the beginning of the data collection

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in July, 2011. In the agreement between villagers and researchers, it was stated that original results from Focus Group Discussions, e.g. maps, timelines, etc. will be left with the community and all maps will be left with the villagers. Personal data from interviews are treated anonymously.

Study site/ Demographic data The BRINCC research team conducted research in the interior of Kalimantan, Borneo (Figure 1). Study sites were selected using the following criteria: a relatively unstudied, rural area that is subject to land use change (e.g. anthropogenic disturbance such as logging or mining), high forest cover and forest dependency of the community. The two villages belong to the sub-district Uut Murung which is situated in the north east corner of the Murung Raya regency. The regency of Murung Raya spans over a total area of 23,700 km² between 113º 12’ 40,98’’ E - 115º 8’ 6,52’’ E and 0º 51’ 51,87’’ S - 0º47’ 25,24’’ N (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2013). The Murung Raya is surrounded by: East and West Kalimantan in the North, East Kalimantan in the East, the Barito Utara regency in the South and the Kapuas regency as well as West Kalimantan in the west. The

Total number

Women (40+)

Men (40+)

Women (20-39)

Men(20-39)

Village leaders

Tumbang Tujang 28 7 4 6 6 5Kalasin 25 4 6 5 6 4Total 53 11 10 11 12 9

Table 1. Number of respondents to questionnaires per village and category.

Figure 2. We used the Likert scale in our interviews for questions regarding general attitudes towards companies with forest conversion plans. The faces represent a range of personal feelings from very unhappy, unhappy, neutral, happy and very happy (from left to right).

Figure 1: Location of study villages in the sub-district Uut Murung (A), and the district of Murung Raya (B), in Indonesia (C).

Perceptions towards companies and forest conservation


Independent variables Categories

Age Class 20-39, >=40

Gender Male/Female

Level of Education No education / elementary school/ high school

Village Tumbang Tujang/ Kalasin

Community Leader Yes/No

Native Yes/No

Ever worked for a company? Yes/No

Importance to protect the forest Likert scale: very unimportant -> very important

Amount of different forest resources important for livelihood Restricted to a maximum of 5

Belief in forest spirits Yes/No

Importance to transfer traditional knowledge Yes/No

Amount of advantages of companies Restricted to a maximum of 5

Amount of disadvantages of companies Restricted to a maximum of 5

Modela

Non standardized coefficients Standardisized coefficient

Sig.

Regression coefficient B Standard error Beta

(Constant) 3.332 0.407 0.00Gender -0.671 0.25 -0.30 0.01Age class 0.949 0.252 0.43 0.00Belief in spirits -0.384 0.141 -0.31 0.01Number of disadvantages -0.105 0.109 -0.12 0.34Number of advantages 0.453 0.118 0.45 0.00Village -0.139 0.266 -0.06 0.60

a. Dependent Variable: Acceptance of companies

Table 2. Variables and their categories, which were tested in the backward stepwise linear regression, for their influence on the grade of acceptance of companies approaching the villages.

Table 3. Final model with six variables included, their regression coefficients and standard er-ror, the standardized regression coefficient Beta and the significance of each variable within the model.

Accept companies Gender Age Belief in

spirits Disadvantages Advantages Village

Dependent variable Accept companies - -0.25* 0.35** -0.25* -,17 0.37** ,11

Independent variables Gender - -,05 -,12 ,20 ,14 ,11

Age class - ,19 -0.28* -,16 ,02

Belief in spirits - -0.25* -,20 -,10

Disadvantages - ,08 -0.28*

Advantages - 0.29*

Village -

Significance: *0.05, **0.01, ***0.001

Table 4. Pearson Correlation coefficients of all variables included in the final model.

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average annual rainfall in Murung Raya is 266.67 mm/month (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2013), the average temperature is 26.5°C (midday) and 23.2°C (night) (Bagian Humas Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2010). The sub-district Uut Murung comprises a total area of 7,263 km². Uut Murung consists of five villages: Tumbang Olong I, Tumbang

Olong II, Kalasin, Tumbang Tujang and Topus (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2009). The two villages are located along the upper part of the Murung River (also known as the upper Barito), which is geographically situated in the highlands of the Murung Raya regency in Central Kalimantan. They are surrounded by hilly to mountainous terrain with

very low low neutral high very high0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Res

pond

ents

[%]

Figure 3: Acceptance of companies by respondents from the two study villages in % (dark grey --- Tumbang Tujang, white --- Kalasin).

Figure 4. Proportion-Proportion plot of observed cumulative proportion plotted against the expected cumulative proportion with the dependent variable: acceptance of companies implies a normal distribution of data.

Figure 5. Standardised residuum plotted against standardised estimated values in a multiple linear regression model with dependent variable: acceptance of companies. Data are represented in points; the scale represents the size of points and its respective number of respondents.



ACG SG R E

CSR C FR NB

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

LL DR CND PR NC NBS

LCW NE DLE ND

01020304050607080

very unimportantunimportant

neutralimportant

very important

01020304050607080

Resp

onde

nts

[%]

Figure 6. Different kinds of advantages of companies in % named by respondents (black --- Tumbang Tujang, white --- Kalasin). Abbreviations: ACG – Availability of cheap goods, SG – Selling goods, R – Road, E – Employment, CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility, C – Compensation payments, FR – Free rides, NB – No benefits.

Figure 7. Different kinds of advantages of companies in % named by respondents (black --- Tumbang Tujang, white --- Kalasin). Abbreviations: LL – Loss of land, DR – Decrease of resources, CND – Cause of natural “disasters”, PR – Polluted rivers, NC – No (appropriate) compensation, NBS – No benefit sharing, LCW – Loss of customary wood, NE – No employment for uneducated, DLE - Destruction of living environment, ND – No disadvantage

Figure 8. Rating of respondents [%] from Tumbang Tujang (grey) and Kalasin (white) for the grade of the importance to protect the forest.

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altitudes ranging between 200 m in valleys and 1900 m on mountains peaks. The Murung River, with its origin in the highlands of Central Kalimantan in the Murung Raya regency, is a tributary of the Barito river which travels southwards via Central Kalimantan and flows into the Java sea nearby Banjarmasin, the capital of South Kalimantan. The 900 km long Barito River is the second longest waterway in Indonesian Borneo (MacKinnon et al., 1996; Bagian Humas Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2010). In Kalimantan, many human settlements are situated along main rivers (MacKinnon et al., 1996). Local communities depend on the Barito River for their daily needs e.g. water supply for drinking and washing, fishing for food. Forest gardens are established alongside the river, trade (e.g. floating markets), human and raw material transportation and the extraction of gold. In the year 2011, Tumbang Tujang was accessible via a road, built by a logging company, with a distance to the sub-district capital, Tumbang Olong, of 88km and to the capital of the regency, Puruk Cahu, of 178km. The road was only accessible by 4 wheel drive cars. In 2014, parts of the road were impassable, hence, to access the villages, boats had to be taken. In 2014 the trip took two days instead of one full day as in 2011, when the road was still accessible. The area that belongs officially to Tumbang Tujang, covering 2,862 km², is the largest among the other villages in the Uut Murung sub-district (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2009). Tumbang Tujang has 592 inhabitants from which in 2009 were Muslims (323), Protestants (34) and Hindus (2) and 233 belonged to the category “other religions” (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2009). During the field-work, we found that “other religion” were mainly “Hindu-Kaharingan”; respondents from three ethnic group: Punan, Otdanum and Kahayan belonged to this religion. The Punan Murung were formerly known as one of the nomadic hunter and gatherer tribes in Kalimantan who lived in the study area (Sellato, 1994). Nowadays, a variety of ethnic groups with origins in Kalimantan, such as the Punan, Bekumpai, Siang, Otdanum, Kahayan and Kapuas, but also some migrants e.g. from East Nusa Tenggara were living in the villages (A. Hoeing personal observation). In the village, there was one mosque and one temple of the Hindu-Kaharingan religion. The village had an elementary school, a kindergarten and - for health care issues - a nurse (Pustu). In 2009, there were three small shops (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya,

2009) - in 2011 there were around seven shops, which mainly provided snacks, instant noodles and sweets, material for painting or repairing boats, washing powder, batteries, torches, clothes, etc. In 2014, we also noticed sales of loudspeakers to enable listening to music from mobile phones and of some other small electrical devices (A. Höing personal observation). Kalasin could be reached via logging road in 2011; in 2014, the last kilometre had to be covered by boat as the road was impassible by car. The distance to the capital of the sub-district Tumbang Olong was 57 km, to Puruk Cahu, the distance by road was 147 km. The area which belongs to Kalasin comprises 572 km² and was the smallest area of the sub-district Uut Murung. Kalasin had 546 inhabitants from which in 2009, the main religion was defined as “others” (385 inhabitants) (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2009); from personal communication it was found to be the Dayak religion of Hindu-Kaharingan, 152 Protestants and 12 Muslim. A protestant church was located in the village. Kalasin had an elementary school, a kindergarten and a nurse (Pustu). In 2009, there were two small shops (Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Murung Raya, 2009) - the number doubled by 2011, and in 2014, almost every second house that was visited contained a small shop with basic goods and sweets (A. Hoeing, K. Grossmann personal observation).

Survey MethodsSampling of QuestionnairesSampling was designed as non-probability quota sampling, a technique commonly used to assess public opinion using polls. The method was chosen to ensure that perceptions from small groups were adequately represented (Kerlinger, 1986; Trochim & Donnelly, 2007). The sampling was chosen to aim for an equally distributed representation of four different categories, which were divided by: age class (20-39 years, >40 years) and gender. One further category was made for “important persons” in higher social positions (Table 1), such as the Village Head, the village representative, the village secretary and the Head of Customary Rights. Age classes were established after consultation with community members about the age-line between adults and elder person. Questionnaires represented individual opinions, they were well established and tested prior to the start of sampling in the villages. Questionnaires contained 32 questions covering several topics, including:



general information about the use of natural resources, commodities, access to markets, attitudes towards nature conservation and environmental changes, attitudes towards companies with resource extraction plans and questions about traditional beliefs. The questionnaires contained open, as well as closed questions. The Likert scale is an ordinal ranking method, that is widely used to assess attitudes, opinions and beliefs with “equal values” (Kerlinger, 1986; Orth, 2009) (Figure 2). The Likert scale was used to identify overall attitudes towards companies with forest conversion plans approaching the villages. The question following the Likert scale aimed at identifying advantages and disadvantages of companies approaching the villages, as perceived by the respondents. The questionnaires were filled in by A.H., D., E.M. and A.S. after reading out the questionnaires. The researchers who conducted interviews and questionnaires were either native speaker (A.S., D., and E.M.) or fluent in Indonesian (A.H.). Where the respondent agreed, interviews were recorded, to be able to re-check information. Interviews and questionnaires were mainly conducted in the houses of the respondents. The presence and interference of other family/community members were noted. In cases where significant interference could not be avoided, the interview/questionnaire was excluded from the analysis.

Data Analysis The data from the questionnaires were analysed using Open Office Org. 3.1.1- Calculator and SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows. Non-normal distributions, outliers and missing data were analysed and clarified by visual examination. To analyse variables which might influence the grade of acceptance, villagers had towards companies with forest conversion plans approaching the village, the backward stepwise multiple linear regression method was used. This method allowed identification of key variables that might play a significant role in influencing the dependent variable (here: acceptance of companies). Thirteen independent variables were included in the regression (Table 2). Answers from respondents on the question: "Do you believe in forest spirits", resulted in: yes, no and half-half. The answer “half-half” was defined as a belief in forest spirits to a lesser extent and/or the lack of any rejection towards the presence of forest spirits. These data were incorporated into the “yes” category for pairwise analysis of the beliefs

in presence versus absence of forest spirits. Missing values, caused by respondents who did not reply to all questions, were excluded in a pair wise manner. The model with the best fit was chosen through the adjusted coefficient of determination: R². Default settings in SPSS for probability thresholds were used which had a significance level of p <.05 to include variables and p >.10 to remove independent variables from the model. To analyse possible inter-correlations, which might weaken the model, a correlation cross table including all variables which were used in the final model, was calculated using Pearson correlation in SPSS.

rEsults

What variables influence the acceptance of companies approaching the area?Data gained from questionnaires show a tendency of neutral-to-high acceptance of companies approaching the area in both villages. Respondents from Kalasin seemed to have a higher acceptance of companies approaching the area than respondents from Tumbang Tujang (Figure 3), though the difference between the degree of acceptance did not differ significantly in the backward stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.

What variables influence the acceptance of companies approaching the area?From the thirteen independent variables, which might influence the choice of respondents on the grade of acceptance of companies, four variables were included in the final model: age class, gender, amount of advantages of companies and belief in spirits. The variable “village” was added back into the final model as it was one of the main aspects of comparisons in this study. Further, the variable “amount of disadvantages” regarding companies approaching the village was included in the final model, in order to enable a comparison to the standardised coefficients of regression with the variable “amount of advantages” regarding companies approaching the village (Table 3). The significance of the model tested with ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) for the two extra variables did not change (the model explained 42.5% of the variance without the two manually added variables: “village” and “amount of disadvantages”, instead of 41.2% when including the two extra variables). Hence, the

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model used here includes six independent variables: age, gender, belief in spirits, amount of advantages, amount of disadvantages and village. The ANOVA of the model resulted in a significance of p<0.001. Out of the six variables used in the model, four were found to be significantly correlated with the acceptance of companies approaching the area: “gender”, “age class”, “and belief in spirits” and “amount of advantages”. The PP (proportion-proportion) – plot of observed cumulative proportion plotted against the expected cumulative proportion implies a normal distribution (dependent variable: “acceptance of companies”) (Figure 4). The scatter plot (Figure 5) presents the regression of standardised residuum plotted over the regression of standardised estimated values with a 95% confidence interval (outer lines) and a linear regression line with R² 1.449E-6. Data are mainly distributed homogeneously within the 95% confidence interval except three outliers. The scatter-plot of partial regression suggests a strong linear coherence between the dependent variable: acceptance of companies with gender, age, the belief in forest spirits and the number of advantages named by the respondents. Regression lines for the dependent variable and the number of disadvantages to the village does not suggest a strong linear coherence. The inter-correlation cross table shows significant correlations in four cases (Table 4). The correlations found were: A significant, positive correlation between “village” and “number of advantages” and a significant, negative correlation between “village” and “number of disadvantages”. That means, respondents from Kalasin generally mentioned more advantages and fewer disadvantages of companies approaching the village than respondents from Tumbang Tujang. Another significant, negative correlation was found between “age class” and “number of disadvantages” with younger respondents naming more disadvantages. Further, there was a significant inter-correlation between variables “belief in spirits” and “number of disadvantages”, in a way that respondents belief in spirits would name fewer disadvantages of companies approaching the area. No other significant correlations were found.

What do villagers perceive as the advantagea and disadvantages of companies?Advantages of companies as perceived by respondents, were categorised (Figure 6). Respondents from Tumbang Tujang [32%] named rural community development as an advantage, followed by the road

from Puruk Cahu to the village and employment, which were each mentioned by 29% of the respondents. In this context, it was explained that before there was the road and engines for boats, it took several weeks to travel to Puruk Cahu. Another 29% of villagers did not perceive any benefits from companies approaching the area. The possibility to sell goods such as vegetables, fish or meat to companies was named by 21% of the respondents as an advantage, the opportunity of buying cheap goods, e.g. pans or equipment sold by companies was listed as an advantage by 7% respondents. Furthermore, one respondent found it positive to receive compensation payments for forest gardens converted by companies. In Kalasin 60% of the respondents saw the road as biggest advantage. Another advantage named was rural community development programs from companies that were named by 52% of respondents. One-third of the respondents [32%] perceived the possibility to sell goods as an advantage and the possibility to join company transportation for free to travel to Tumbang Olong or Puruk Cahu was named by 24% of respondents. The availability of cheap goods and the opportunity for being employed by companies was named by 12% of the respondents as an advantage. Some respondents [4%] found that companies did not provide any advantages. In contrast, the following disadvantages were mentioned (Figure 7). Disadvantages perceived most often by villagers from Tumbang Tujang were: destruction of their living environment and surrounding nature [43%], a decrease in resources needed for daily life [39%] such as: fish, honey, wood and polluted river water. Some villagers also stated that companies cause natural disasters such as landslides and flooding [21%], but many respondents did not see any disadvantage caused by companies [32%]. Villagers from Kalasin perceived disadvantages caused such as: loss of land - implying the loss of land needed for farming - [20%], polluted river water [20%] and a decrease in resources [16%], but many respondents did not see any disadvantages caused by companies [52%].

Do locals perceive a necessity to conserve nature?Locals from both villages graded the importance to protect the forest as either very important or important (Figure 8). More respondents from Tumbang Tujang [75%] found it very important to protect nature compared to respondents in Kalasin [52%]. None of the respondents found it unimportant to protect the forest, one respondent in Kalasin was neutral.



discussion

Our case study presents the attitude of local villagers towards companies with forest conversion plans, variables that might influence those attitudes as well as benefits and disadvantages of companies' presence. We also present perceptions concerning the importance to conserve nature. The results from the study must be interpreted with caution, not only because of the small sample size, but also because perceptions shift over time due to changing community dynamics and external factors. For example, one of the most mentioned advantages of companies was the road. Between 2011 and 2014 the road to access the capital of the regency, Puruk Cahu, deteriorated. Companies use different roads to access the logging or mining site upstream from the village of Tumbang Tujang. Therefore, it needs a minimum of two days, instead of formerly one day, to reach the village from the capital of the regency. An interesting finding was the difference in the attitudes towards companies between the two villages. Kalasin, which is closer to the capital and which has experienced a higher number of companies operating in the area, in general, perceived companies as more positive than respondents from Tumbang Tujang. The forest in Kalasin was more degraded and biodiversity was lower than the biodiversity in the village area of Tumbang Tujang. The perception towards the need to conserve nature was perceived higher in Tumbang Tujang than in Kalasin. The analysis shows however, that the home village of the respondent did not significantly affect attitudes towards companies with forest conversion plans has shown that “village” does not significantly influence the perception of companies. Nevertheless, we found that the variable “village” intercorrelated with the variable “amount of advantages” and “disadvantages” named. Villagers in Kalasin found more advantages and fewer disadvantages with the presence of companies. While staying in the village, we found that almost half the houses in the village were provided by a logging company operating close to the village. Additionally, the road to Kalasin was in much better condition than the part of the road going to Tumbang Tujang. These two obvious benefits might have led to the more positive attitude towards companies by villagers in Kalasin. Disadvantages were more commonly expressed in Tumbang Tujang. One of the most frequently perceived disadvantage was the destruction of nature and their

living environment, as well as a decrease in resources on which the communities depend on (compare Höing et al 2015 in this issue) as well as the pollution of the river, which was often related to company presence. Another finding was that, in general, elders and women of all ages were more positive towards company presence. One reason might be that fewer older people and women go into the areas in the forest in which companies are operating. Younger people, who often search continuously for one month for eaglewood (a fungi infected heartwood that can be found in trees of the genus Aquilaria) in the forest, can see the consequences of company activities in the past. Results from semi-structured interviews have shown a perceived decrease in flora and fauna, which were often regarded as food species (BRINCC unpublished data). Respondents who believed in forest spirits were more negative about companies. Traditionally, villagers stage a ceremony to seek permissions from forest spirits to open forest gardens in primary forests. Given this, conflicting beliefs between the villages and the companies might cause a negative reaction. Meijaard et al. (2013) stresses the importance of understanding use values of the forest and other factors that influence local peoples' perceptions on the forest, to then recognise understandings in policymaking. We stress the importance of understanding perceptions towards companies with large-scale forest conversion activities before planning conservation projects. Positive impacts of companies as perceived by the respondents, such as the maintenance of the road, social corporate responsibility, including teachers and health care, should be expected to be tasks of the government. Instead, the state gains income from the companies presence, tax, infrastructure and corporate responsibility programmes. We suggest that a trans-disciplinary research approach is needed to bring together various actors with diverse interests to be able to balance economic interests from resource extraction and conservation of not only biodiversity, but also local communities. We stress that all actors should be seen as equally empowered, if the aim is a more sustainable and ethical approach. We recognise this would be a challenge in a hierarchical society such as Indonesia (Glaser et al., 2010). Another point we would like to discuss is that respondents named many benefits from companies, such as selling goods, the availability of cheap goods, free rides and housing provided by the company. A decrease

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of resources needed to fulfil daily needs also means a need to replace those resources through alternative sources, including goods that can be bought in shops. Communities therefore manage a trade-off between new sources of goods and income and the loss of environmental income (Angelsen et al. 2014). In 2014, many villagers were away working for companies, either joining exploratory mining expeditions or in a logging company which were both located upstream of the village. These findings are consistent with other studies from Kalimantan, showing many forest-based communities desire the benefits of development without forest loss (Levang et al. 2007). By 2014, perceptions towards companies might have changed and a reassessment of perceptions towards companies might give different outcomes to those in 2011. On the other hand, villagers told us in 2014 about their idea of establishing a customary forest (hutan adat) to protect the environment. The disadvantages named in 2011 were mainly related to environmental degradation, such of a decrease of resources or the destruction of their living environment. Also, The importance of conserving nature was also perceived as high - very high. During some informal discussions with the villagers, belonging to the village administration, asked for information on the impact of mining companies. According to the Indonesian government decree No. 27/2012 on Environment (Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2012 Tentang Izin Lingkungan), an Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL) is needed, which requires the provision of information on the side effects of the activity through public consultation and the announcement of the business and/or activity plans (compare Article 9, 1a, 2a and b), indicating that the community was not sufficiently consulted. Article 9 (4) of law 27/2012 on environmental policy states that the community that will be affected and environmental NGOs have the right to give suggestions, opinions and responses to the business or activity plan of a company. This free prior and informed consent (FPIC) forms part of the entire acquisition and development process, although this article does not state what will be done in case the community does not agree to the planned development. To give an indication of the lack of FPIC; notification that the AMDAL could be challenged was published in a local newspaper. The notification was in the form of an advert, giving communities only 10 days to object to proposals. Newspapers cannot be bought in the villages and none of our respondents in

the villages were aware that such an announcement had been made. We therefore stress the importance to involve communities in an ethical manner to give them the opportunity to be part of the policymaking process. Trans-disciplinary research for conservation might be a way to achieve a balance between conservation and development of the area. To build a joint understanding of problems, transdisciplinary research aims on multi-stakeholder dialogues, which bring together knowledge from different perspectives from various disciplines as well as non-academic knowledge (compare Christinck & Padmanabhan, 2013). Research for sustainability aims to be self-reflective to develop a joint learning and understanding to adapt to changing situations (compare Christinck & Padmanabhan, 2013). Situations change as do complex social systems and perceptions. What is important to a community now might not be important in the near or distant future. To avoid social conflicts, as well as to contribute to socially and environmentally sustainable land use, we urgently stress the need for a permanent dialogue between governmental agencies, local communities and other stakeholders in the area.

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introduction

Small mammals play a key role in forest ecosystems as important dispersers of seeds and mycorrhizal fungi, and predators of insects and seedlings (Wells et al., 2009). Information on the species distribution and diversity of small mammals is central to understanding ecological processes (Caro et al., 2001), by identifying areas of high biodiversity and prioritise areas for conservation.

Report on the small terrestrial mammals of the Uut Murung Region, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Michal Zrust1,7, Dominic Rowland1,2, Susan M. Cheyne1,2,3,4, Peter R. Houlihan2,5,6, Andrea Hoeing1,2,8 and Ardi M. Yunus1

1Barito River Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities (BRINCC), 11 The Avenue, Hitchin, Herts, SG4 9RJ, UK2Orang-utan Tropical Peatland Project, Jalan Semeru No. 91, Bukit Hindu, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.3Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, Oxford University, OX13 5QL, UK.4Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford , UK5Department of Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore USA6Department of Biology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville USA7The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.8Georg-August-Universität, Conservation Biology/ WG on Endangered Species, 37075 Goettingen, Germany

Corresponding author: Michael Zrust, email: [email protected]

AbstrakPengetahuan tentang distribusi mamalia kecil di Kalimantan sebagian besar menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan penelitian yang telah dilakukan lebih terpusat pada bagian daerah Sabah dan Sarawak serta dataran rendah Kalimantan yang bisa dijangkau. Pada tulisan ini kami menyampaikan hasil penelitian mamalia kecil dengan menggunakan perangkap pada dua lokasi dalam ekosistem hutan dipterocarpace yang terpencil di Kabupaten Murung Raya, Kalimantan Tengah. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk mendokumentasikan guild mamalia kecil di daerah ini. Sembilan spesies mamalia kecil dijumpai pada kedua lokasi penelitian. Penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi sebaran Tikus-pohon kelabu (Lenothrix canus), yang merupakan publikasi ke dua dari Kalimantan Tengah, dan catatan pertama keberadaan spesies ini pada bagian utara Kalimantan Tengah. Juga menambahkan catatan keberadaan Tikus-duri perut-kastanye (Maxomys ochraceiventer), yang merupakan spesies dengan kategori kurang data (Data Deficient) yang sebelumnya dikatakan tersebar luas namun hanya didapatkan dalam jumlah yang sedikit.

AbstractThe known distribution of small mammals in Borneo largely reflects surveying effort, which is concentrated in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak as well as accessible low land Kalimantan. Here we present the findings of small mammal trapping surveys in two sites in a remote dipterocarp forest ecosystems in Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan. To our knowledge, this is the first published account small mammal guild surveys in this region. Nine species of small mammals were found to be present over two study sites. The survey expands the confirmed distribution of the Grey Tree Rat (Lenothrix canus), constituting the second published record of the species in Central Kalimantan, and the first record of the species in northern Central Kalimantan. Also of note is the confirmed presence of the Chestnut-Bellied Spiny Rat (Maxomys ochraceiventer), a Data Deficient species thought to have a wide range yet captures are rare.

Keywords: small mammals, distribution, Grey Tree Rat, Chestnut-Bellied Spiny Rat

In addition, different species exhibit varying levels of tolerance to changes in habitat and vegetation structure depending on their life histories and habitat utilization (Meijaard and Sheil, 2008), making small mammal surveys a relatively quick and cheap method of determining ecosystem health (Avenant, 2000), as well as an important tool in understanding the effects of logging (Wells et al., 2004) and habitat fragmentation (Cuaron, 2000) Given the grave pressures facing Borneo’s forests and the lack of knowledge of how such pressures impact its Received 12th June, 2014; revision accepted 1st February, 2015


animal inhabitants, it is imperative that more scientific research is undertaken. As a priority, inventories of species present and their abundances need to be established. This will provide baselines from which changes in species richness can be monitored in the future and any changes of concern in these populations can be caught and diagnosed early. This is highly significant, because it allows conservation bodies to provide solid evidence of species’ population declines as a direct result of habitat destruction. Once we understand the intricacies of the forest functions in this region, we can begin to direct conservation measures more efficiently, provide science-based evidence to support conservation measures, generate greater local and international awareness of the issues, and provide foundations for future work. Despite decades of biological research in Borneo, few surveys of small mammals have been conducted and published, and survey effort has been concentrated almost exclusively to Malaysian Borneo and lowland

Kalimantan (e.g. Nor, 2001; Wells et al., 2007). To our knowledge, no small mammal distribution and diversity studies from the interior of Kalimantan have been published, and no published studies exist for the upper Murung River region.

MEthods

Fieldwork was carried out by MZ, DR and AMY as part of a multi-disciplinary research expedition along the Murung River, one of three primary drainage basins of the Barito River (Figure 1). The area is characterised by rugged, hilly-to-mountainous terrain, with altitude ranging between 200 to 1600m from valley bottom to the top of the mountain. In most years, drier conditions occur from July to September, with a wet season between October and January (McConkey et al., 2003). Small mammal trappings were undertaken at two sites during July and August 2011: Site A (GPS N0 17.943

Figure 1. The location of study sites.

Zrust et al.


E114 25.935) at an altitude of ~150 m a.s.l. consisted of semi-disturbed community forest, situated close to a village and used by the communities for hunting, drinking water collection and low level extraction of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs); Site B (GPS N0 15.144 E114 38.981) between ~150 m and ~300 m a.s.l., consisted of primary forest, largely undisturbed but occasionally frequented by local communities for hunting of large mammals. For further information on the habitat at each site, see Cheyne et al. (2015) in this volume. Trapping grid systems using standard methodologies were employed (e.g. August, 1983; McCain, 2004) due to their ease of use and potential for future statistical analysis of resulting data (Efford, 2004; Royle, A. pers. comm.). Locally made live-capture wire mesh traps were used, as these have been shown to perform better than other kinds of live traps in catching small mammals in Borneo (Lee, 1997; Nor, 2001; Wells, K. pers. comm.; Nakagawa et al., 2007). Trapping was undertaken using two sets of 40 m x 40 m trap grids, separated by approximately 100-150 m. Each grid consisted of 16 ground traps (a total 64 traps per transect) separated by 10 m as recommended by Hammond and Anthony (2006). At each site, two grids were placed on a ridge and two grids were placed in a river valley within 10-20 m of a flowing stream. At Site A, two grids (one on the ridge and another in the valley) were baited with dried fish and two grids were baited with fresh coconut suspended above the floor of each trap on the trigger mechanism. Traps baited with coconut received zero captures during the entire trapping duration at site A, therefore all traps at Site B

were baited with fresh coconut to maximise the number of potential captures. The traps that had previously been baited with fish were cleaned with water before being used with coconut bait in Site B. A total of 18 days of trapping was conducted at each site, providing 2304 trap nights in total. Each trap was checked twice daily; once in the morning and once in the evening, and re-baited after each successful capture, if bait was found to be missing or if bait remained after 3 days. Identification of individuals was based on Payne et al. (1985). All individuals were weighed, measured (head-body length; ear length; tail length; and hind foot (left) length) (Caro et al., 2001) unless the situation required quick release (e.g. following treatment, if animal was found to have been injured). Capture locations were recorded and all individuals were uniquely marked using Monel (http://www.nationalband.com) ear tags for recapture purposes.

rEsults

Species presence, location, abundances and richnessOverall a total of 267 captures were made of 91 individuals. Nine species of small mammals were identified, with a further unknown species undergoing identification. The unidentified individual has been excluded from the following analysis. Of the nine species, eight were found at site A and 7 at site B. Simpson’s Diversity Index was 0.36 and 0.25 at sites A and B respectively (Hill, 1973). Overall, 38 individuals were caught during the trapping period at Site A (across

SpeciesNumber of individuals

caught

Number of captures IUCN status Distribution

extension*

Maxomys rajah 16 70 Vulnerable NoNiviventer cremoriventer 4 22 Vulnerable NoMaxomys whiteheadi 7 18 Vulnerable NoMaxomys surifer 5 6 Least Concern NoMaxomys ochraceiventer 2 5 Data Deficient NoLeopoldamys sabanus 2 4 Least Concern NoLenothrix canus 1 1 Least Concern YesSundamys muelleri 1 1 Least Concern No

Table 1. Small mammal species captured at Site A

* When compared to IUCN range maps

Small mammals of Uut Murung


127 captures) with 24 individuals caught in the valley and 14 on the ridge. M. ochraceiventer, L. canus, S. muelleri and N. cremoriventer were only caught within valleys near rivers, however, with the exceptions of N. cremoriventer (4 individuals captured 22 times) and M. ochraceiventer (2 individuals captured 5 times), L. canus and S. muelleri were only caught once. As with Site A, M. ochraceiventer (4 individuals captured 17 times) was only found in valley trapping grids. M. surifer was also found in valley trapping grids, however, this result is not consistent within Site A where it was found in both the valley and on the ridge sites.

Movement Only M. whiteheadi was captured across different grids at the same site. Out of the 11 individuals caught at

Site B, two individuals were repeatedly caught in grids other than those at which they were originally caught. One individual caught on a ridge trap was caught approximately 450 m away in a valley trap 10 days later. However, out of the 11 individuals, 5 were only caught in their original grids and 4 were only caught once.

Capture rateTotal number of captures was 127 captures and 140 captures at Site A and Site B respectively, including both new captures and recaptures. However, as traps baited with fish did not succeed at catching any individuals in Site A, this comparison can only be made between coconut-baited traps at Site A and traps which had coconut bait at Site B, but had previously not had any catches in Site A (to also avoid bias due to presence of

SpeciesNumber of individuals

caught

Number of captures IUCN status Distribution

extension*

Maxomys rajah 20 48 Vulnerable NoMaxomys whiteheadi 11 38 Vulnerable NoLeopoldamys sabanus 13 30 Least Concern NoMaxomys ochraceiventer 4 17 Data Deficient NoMaxomys surifer 2 3 Least Concern NoSundamys muelleri 1 1 Least Concern NoTupaia Tana 1 1 Least Concern NoUnknown (unidentified) 1 1 N/A N/A

* When compared to IUCN range maps

Table 2. Small mammal species captured at Site B

Figure 2. Total individual catches per day at Borah (Site A) and Tujang (Site B)

Zrust et al.


animal smell). With this adjustment, Site B is seen to be less productive, trapping only 56 individuals compared to the 127 at Site A. Table 3 summarises measurement ranges of the caught adult species. In general, a wide range of sizes was identified.

conclusion

Small mammal surveys are very time-consuming, and the inference from the data must be carefully presented given small sample sizes and area covered. Conclusions on aspects such as small mammal assemblage, composition and completeness of inventories require data sets of a minimum of 500 individuals (Wells et al., 2004). Some attention should be drawn to the absence of a number of relatively common lowland forest species, found elsewhere in Borneo, that have not been recorded here. Of particular note is extension of the known distribution range of the Grey Tree Rat Lenothrix canus, into the northern regions of Central Kalimantan (Ruedas et al., 2008). Previous records suggest presence of L. canus in the Sabangau Peat-Swamp Forest in southern Central Kalimantan (Page, 1997), as well as in Southwest Kalimantan and Malaysian Borneo. This range extension, confirms the suspicion that the limited known distribution reflects lack of survey effort rather than the true population distribution. Also of note is the capture of data deficient Chestnut-Bellied Spiny Rat Maxomys ochraceiventer, which supports the predicted distribution. In addition, one as yet unidentified species may be of interest; the individual was small (approximately 6-7cm in body length), almost completely dark grey in colour, but with a distinctly pink-coloured underside. The pink underside did not graduate from the dark grey, instead, starting abruptly

on the stomach area almost reaching the underside of the neck. The dark grey colour ran around the inside of the legs. The results presented here form an overview of species presence/absence in the region. This kind of survey can add important information, as the distributions and full range of habitats and forest types used by a large range of small mammals are, to date, unknown. Our results demonstrate the continued need for small mammal surveys in the region, using a wide range of survey methods. Given the highly probable exploitation of the Uut Murung’s forests for logging and mining in the near future, further surveys should attempt to examine the importance of small mammals in the maintenance of ecological functions and regeneration of forest fragments, as well as establish their use as a habitat quality indicator species for environmental impact monitoring of industrial activities. Practical difficulties of working in this remote environment, however, limit the number of traps, the type of bait, and the duration of surveys. As a result, methods themselves also require further testing to ensure their viable use in remote settings.

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Species (adults) Weight (g) Tail (mm) Head-Body (mm)

No. of individuals measured

Lenothrix canus No measurements takenLeopoldamys sabanus 260-530 11Maxomys ochraceiventer 65-103 124-179 122-154 6Maxomys rajah 95-181 101-212 94-201 27Maxomys surifer Only juveniles caught Maxomys whiteheadii 37-64 96-118 102-127 11

Table 3. Measurement ranges of the caught adult individuals.



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introduction

The island of Borneo covers less than 0.2% of the earth’s land surface (743,330km2), yet houses a wealth of biodiversity. Borneo is home to 4% of the world’s plant species and 5% of birds and mammals (MacKinnon et al., 1996) including up to 15,000 species of flowering plants (as many as the whole African continent), 3,000

species of tree, 222 species of mammal and 420 species of resident birds (MacKinnon et al., 1996). It is also home to 13 non-human primate species, eight of which are endemic (i.e., are found nowhere else on earth), and the large majority (54,000; 89%) of the world’s remaining Bornean orang-utans (Pongo spp., Wich et al., 2008). In Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan) alone, almost 3 million ha of forest have been lost between 1996 and 2002, and it is estimated that this loss continues at around 2% each year (Fuller et al., 2004; Meittinen et al., 2012;

Report on the large mammals of the Uut Murung Region, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Susan M. Cheyne1,2,3,4, Andrea Höing1,7, Peter R. Houlihan2,5,6, Kursani2, Dominic Rowland2 and Michal Zrust2

1 Barito River Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities (BRINCC) Flat 2, 11 The Avenue, Hitchin, SG4 9RJ, UK2 Orang-utan Tropical Peatland Project, Jalan Semeru No. 91, Bukit Hindu, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.3 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney, OX13 5QL, UK.4 Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford , UK5 Department of Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore USA6 Department of Biology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville USA7 Department of South-East Asia Studies, University of Passau, Germany

Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

AbstrakDengan menggunakan perangkap kamera dan survei transek standar kami mengkaji keberadaan mamalia besar di hutan bagian hulu sungai Murung. Sebanyak 10 perangkap kamera ditempatkan terpisah dalam kisaran 2 km2 dan 10 km jalur transek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah ini memiliki keanekaragaman fauna yang tinggi; secara keseluruhan 20 jenis mamalia besar, termasuk sembilan jenis primata dan dua jenis Kucing dicatat pada daerah ini. Jumlah ini mungkin merupakan taksiran rendah terhadap keanekaragaman hayati yang sebenarnya di daerah ini, mengingat terbatasnya waktu penelitian, sumber daya dan luasan area penelitian. Dua dari 20 spesies yang dijumpai dikategorikan sebagai genting (endangered), dan sepuluh dikategorikan sebagai rentan (vulnerable) oleh IUCN, termasuk Owa kalaweit dan Owa kalimantan (Hylobates albibarbis dan H. Muelleri), macan dahan (Neofelis diardii) dan bekantan (Nasalis larvatus). Mengingat luasnya wilayah tutupan hutan dan belum lengkapnya daftar spesies yang disajikan dalam tulisan ini, hutan bagian hulu Sungai Murung sepertinya akan sangat penting bagi konservasi keanekaragaman hayati.

AbstractUsing camera traps and standard transect surveys, we surveyed the forests of the upper Murung River region for presence of large mammals. A total of 10 camera traps were placed singly covering 2km2 and 10km of trails were walked. Our results confirm that this region supports a high diversity of fauna: a total of 20 large mammals including 9 primates and 2 felids were recorded in the area. These numbers may actually underestimate the true diversity of this region, due to our limited survey period, resources and size of study area. Of the 21 species recorded, 2 are classified as endangered and 10 are classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, including the Bornean southern gibbon and Müllers gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis and H. muelleri), Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardii) and proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Thus, considering the large size of intact forest and the fact that the species list presented in this report may be incomplete, the forests of the upper Murung River region are likely to be an important area for biodiversity conservation.

Keywords: mammals, Murung Raya, camera traps, biodiversity

Received 12th May, 2015; revision accepted 1st July, 2015


Hansen et al., 2013). After several decades of over-exploitation, the economic role of the forest industry is declining in the country (Meijaard et al., 2005), but the threat remains, due to the expansion of mining, timber and oil-palm plantations and land clearing for development (Fuller et al., 2004; Meijaard et al., 2005). Whilst upland forests have been partly protected in the past due to the difficulty of access, the majority of Borneo’s remaining forests (over 100,000km2) are classified as timber concessions. Additionally, data show that forest cover is in fact declining more rapidly in protected areas, than in unprotected areas (Meijaard et al., 2005). High rates of deforestation have led to an unprecedented loss in biodiversity in the humid tropics (Barlow and Peres, 2006) and habitat destruction and fragmentation are the root cause of many conservation issues (Meijaard et al., 2005). Within Kalimantan, fires resulting from deforestation have also made Indonesia one of the world’s largest CO2 emitters in 2000-012 and the thick smoke released has caused a wide array of health problems within the local populations (Cheyne, 2007; Harrison et al., 2009). The continuing rapid expansion of large-scale agro-industry and resource

extraction is a particularly severe threat, especially to large mammals, including primates and cats. Primates are particularly vulnerable to population declines and extinction, because their slow reproduction rate means that even very low increases in the natural mortality rate due to hunting or other disturbances can have catastrophic effects on populations (Husson et al., 2009). The spectacular primates, including the gibbon (Hylobates spp) and slow loris (Nycticebus spp), have long been the target of hunters for medicines and the pet trade (Nijman, 2005a, b; Cheyne, 2009). Bornean tropical forests contains a guild of five felid species: Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), bay cat (Pardofelis badia), marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps), and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). The bay cat and the flat-headed cat are classed as IUCN Red List Endangered and the marbled cat and clouded leopard as Vulnerable and their presumed primary habitat is rapidly being lost and/or altered throughout Kalimantan (Cheyne et al., 2013). The behavioural ecology of these cats is not well known, and the impact of forest destruction and management on each of these species is obscure (Cheyne and Macdonald,

Large mammals of Uut Murung

Figure 1. The two survey sites are located in the central part of Kalimantan.


2010, 2011; Cheyne et al., 2010, 2013). The perceived decline of cat populations is predominantly accredited to the usual human disturbances: habitat degradation, fragmentation and hunting (direct and indirect). Cats are widely hunted for their pelts, which are often considered as status symbols (Rabinowitz et al., 1987; Nowell and Jackson, 1996; Povey et al., 2009). Their teeth are also highly prized and their bones and organs are sometimes used in traditional medicine (Shepherd & Nijman, 2008). In addition, some restaurants serve clouded leopard, reputedly catering for wealthy Asian tourists (Rabinowitz et al., 1987). Clouded leopards are also killed as by-catch of hunting for pigs, deer and monkeys (Rabinowitz et al., 1987; Wilting et al., 2006; Cheyne et al., 2013). Very little is known about the hill forests of Central Borneo (Bodmer et al., 1991) and the few studies that have taken place since 1991 have been concentrated further downstream along the Barito River (e.g. McConkey and Chivers, 2004). However, the upstream region along the Murung River (Figure 1) has received little attention from conservationists and is increasingly threatened by large-scale resource extraction for coal and timber. The Barito River Initiative for Conservation and Communities (BRINCC) aims to increase knowledge and conservation in this region by documenting its biodiversity involving a broad range of taxa including birds, primates, invertebrates and small mammals in this remote and unstudied region (Cheyne et al., 2012). The important studies undertaken as part of this expedition, and the results, knowledge and awareness generated, are a fundamental and necessary step towards protecting this biologically-invaluable region.

MEthods

Surveys were conducted during the dry season, from July-September 2014. The survey area was a region of the Murung River and surveys were conducted at two sites. Survey elevations varied from 50 – 400m a.s.l. The study sites are located in dipterocarp forest, virtually at the geographical heart of Borneo. Site A (Tumbang Tujang, GPS N0 17.943 E114 25.935) consisted of semi-disturbed community forest, situated close to a village and used by the communities for hunting, drinking water collection and low level extraction of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Site B (Borah

River, GPS N0 15.144 E114 38.981) at an altitude of (~150 meters) and (~300 meters) consisted of primary forest, largely undisturbed but occasionally frequented by local communities for hunting of large mammals. Both sites lie along the Murung River which joins the Barito River downstream to flow into the Java Sea. The area has a rugged, hilly-to-mountainous terrain, with altitude ranging between 200 to 1,600m from valley bottom to mountain top. In most years, drier conditions occur from July to September, with a wet season between October and January (McConkey et al., 2003). Surveys were conducted using two methods: camera traps covering ~2km2 and 10km of trails were walked at each site. Single Cuddeback Capture IR® (Cuddeback Digital, Non-Typical http:// cuddeback.com/index.html) cameras were placed on animal trails, ridges and at stream crossings to evaluate the presence of elusive species in both sites located so as to maximise the success rate of photographic ‘detections’ (Wilting et al., 2006; Gordon and Stewart, 2007; Cheyne et al., 2013). Cameras were placed singly with a separation of ±500m. Due to time limitations, a total of 10 cameras were used and placed for 24 days in Site A and for 16 days in Site B. Trails (1km minimum) were also walked along ridges, valleys and along shallow rivers with a minimum of two observers at a speed of no more than 1km/h. Information was obtained through direct and indirect sightings (marks on trees, nests and tracks). Tracks were photographed for ID later, either at camp or after the expedition. Tracks which could not be identified by the team were emailed to relevant experts. The total number of photos taken by all cameras at each site was determined by including all photos of humans (research team), animals and any blank images. The number of mammal species for each site was determined at the end of the survey period. Total trap nights is calculated by number of cameras x number of nights each camera is active. No cameras broke during the study. The % of animal captures is the % of animal photos based on the total number of photos taken.

Detection ProbabilityFollowing O’Brien (2011) we used the following equation to calculate detection probability of each species at each grid.

p̂ =

Following (Brodie et al., 2014) we used two covariates

Cheyne et al.


for estimating the detection probability of species at camera traps: number of camera hours per sampling period (i.e., how many hours cameras were operational at each grid) and sampling period (to account for time-varying detection as each grid had a different full sampling period), both of which were standardized.

rEsults

A total of 20 species of mammals were identified: 10 by camera trap and 10 species were confirmed through non-camera trap methods (Table 1). All species found using camera traps are listed on the IUCN Red List and two of these species are listed as Enadangered (Table 1). The largest deer, the Sambar deer, was not captured on camera in the primary forest of Site B and no cats were captured on camera. Despite the cameras being in place for less trapping

time in Site B (primary forest site), the capture rate was higher, % of total photos with an animal was higher and more species were captured (7 v.s. 5: Table 2). The encounter rate was higher in Site A, perhaps due to the more disturbed nature of the forest making sightings of terrestrial mammals easier (Table 3). Detection probability was calculated for all species based on camera trap data. Pig-tailed macaques and bearded pigs we the most commonly detected species (Table 4).

discussion

This study was impacted by the short survey times in each site (24 and 16 days, respectively) and small areas of forest covered (~10km of transects and ~2km2 of camera trap survey area). For most surveys of mammals, a minimum of 100km of trails and/or a


Species Latin Name IUCN Detection Method

Site(confirmed)

Site(suspected)

Bornean muntjac Muntiacus atherodes LC Camera Trap A A and B

Common porcupine Hystrix brachyura LC Camera Trap B A and B

Greater mouse deer Tragulus napu LC Camera Trap B A and B

Lesser mouse deer Tragulus kanchil LC Camera Trap B A and B

Plantain squirrel Callosciurus notatus LC Camera Trap A A and B

Short-tailed mongoose Herpestes brachyurus LC Camera Trap B A and B

Bearded pig Sus barbatus Vu Camera Trap A A and B

Sambar deer Rusa unicolor Vu Camera Trap A A and B

Red langur Presbytis rubicunda LC Camera Trap, VS A and B A and B

Pig-tailed macaque Macaca nemestrina Vu Camera Trap, VS A and B A and B

Sun bear Helarctos malayanus Vu Claw marks on tree A and B A and B

Asian small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea Vu Footprint (Fig. 2) A A and B

Müllers gibbon Hylobates muelleri En Visual sighting A and B A and B

Proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus En Visual sighting A and B A and B

Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis LC Visual sighting A A and B

Long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis LC Visual sighting A and B A and B

Hybrid gibbon Hylobates muelleri x H. albibarbis NL Visual sighting A and B A and B

Banded palm Civet Hemigalus derbyanus Vu Visual sighting A A and B

Clouded leopard Neofelis diardi Vu Visual sighting A A and B

White-fronted langur Presbytis frontata Vu Visual sighting A A and B

Table 1. A summary of all species identified, detection method and IUCN-status. LC = least concern, Vu = vulnerable, En = endangered. VS = visual detection. NL = not listed.


Cheyne et al.

Location # cameras # trap nights # photos # species Capture rate % photos with an animal

Total number of species

Site A 10 240 465 5 0.33 1.72 5Site B 10 160 124 7 0.56 7.26 6

Location Distance walked

# of individual mammals species

sighted

Encounter rate (species/km2)

Site A 10.4 13 1.25Site B 10.5 8 0.76

Scientific Name Species % of total photos Site A

Detection Probability Site A

% of total photos Site B

Detection Probability Site B

Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque 0.2 47.65 1 20.35Sus barbatus Bearded pig 0.2 20.14 0 NATragulus kanchil / napu Mouse deer (combined) 0 NA 3 10.57Muntiacus atherodes Muntjac (combined) 0.2 8.47 0 NARusa unicolor Sambar deer 0.6 5.4 0 NACallosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel 0.2 4.47 0 NAHystrix brachyura Common porcupine 0 NA 1 2.24Herpestes brachyurus Short-tailed mongoose 0 NA 1 2.24Presbytis rubicunda Red langur 0 NA 1 2.24

Belantikan Kutai NP Berau PF Murung Raya*No. trap nights 114 101 195 40Total area surveyed 140 124 110 2Total species confirmed 22 19 15 13% 67 58 45 39

Table 5. Comparison of this study to other forests areas in Kalimantan. NP = national park, PF = protected forest.

Table 4. Detection probability and total photo captures of all mammal species.

Table 3. Summary data for the direct sightings and sign sightings in each location.

Table 2. Summary data for the cameras in each location.

Figure 2. Small-clawed otter print

* this study


minimum of 30km2 for camera traps is recommended (Ehlers-Smith and Ehlers Smith; Cheyne et al., 2013). In terms of variety of species detected by both camera traps and direct sightings/signs, the number of species detected by each method was the same (10). In terms of survey effort, we would advise that camera traps will provide more information as they can be active for 24h however, the expense of this equipment often renders them unsuitable for many projects. Despite the limitations of this survey, the preliminary results have identified the presence of 20 large mammals (including 9 primates and 2 felids), indicating that the area has a high biodiversity of mammals. All these species were expected to be resident in this area. Without comprehensive data collection of about 6 months and at least 80 cameras, it is hard to obtain accurate density estimates from camera-trap data, particularly for clouded leopards, but for a rapid biodiversity assessment to confirm the presence of 20 species of mammal, including the clouded leopard, it is excellent. Due to the short survey period at each site, we suspect these data can only be considered as the tip of the iceberg. Many of the species we encountered are targeted for hunting, so more work is needed to protect this habitat. Comparing the results of this survey to other similar sites where SMC has carried out camera trapping, despite the significantly smaller survey time and area, 39% of possible species were detected. The number of 33 mammal species come from these longer studies (Table 5). Two important conclusions emerged from our research. Firstly, although based on a relatively small survey duration and sample sizes, it would appear that the forests of the upper Murung River region have very high biodiversity conservation potential. It not only supports a large number of species of large mammal, but it also supports populations of a number of globally-threatened, legally-protected and Borneo-endemic species. Under the High Conservation Value (HCV) forests concept, this area could qualify for both HCV1.2 (Threatened and endangered species) and HCV5: Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities (see Hoeing et al. in this edition). One of the most important aspects of biodiversity value is the presence of threatened or endangered species. Forests that contain populations of threatened or endangered species are clearly more important for maintaining biodiversity values than those that do not, simply because these species are more vulnerable to continued

habitat loss, hunting and disease (Jennings et al., 2003). In total, we confirmed the presence of 12 globally-threatened vertebrate species (classified as Endangered or Vulnerable by the IUCN), 14 species protected under Indonesian law and four species endemic to Borneo. Thus, considering the large size of the forest, we conclude that the upper Murung River region is an important area for biodiversity conservation in Kalimantan. Key species for conservation in the area are discussed below. While cats were not captured on the cameras, they were sighted and confirmed to be present. Secondly, it is also clear that more research is needed to provide a clearer understanding of (i) the value of the forest for biodiversity conservation and to local communities; (ii) the threats the forest and its biodiversity faces; and (iii) the most effective strategies to mitigate these threats and conserve the forest’s biodiversity, while at the same time ensuring continued provision of valued forest-ecosystem services, and economic and social prosperity for the local community. In addition to filling these important information gaps, a longer-term research presence in the area could be beneficial. Potential positive outcomes include helping to afford extra protection to the forest; raising the profile of the area both locally and internationally; supporting local conservation efforts; and providing alternative employment and economic opportunities to local villagers. The following species are locally or globally threatened and present in the upper Murung River region, which is therefore particularly likely to be important for their conservation. Note that this list of species is not complete, and is likely to be expanded or revised as more research is performed in the area and a more complete understanding of these and other species’ populations emerges.

Müllers gibbonThis species is considered Endangered and is experiencing wide-range population declines. Gibbon density in upper the Murung River region appears high (see Cheyne et al. in review) and, considering the large size of the forest, it is therefore likely that the upper Murung River region is home to a globally-significant population of this species.

Red langurAlthough listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, the red langur is endemic to Borneo and inhabits many of the same forests as orang-utans and gibbons, which are



known to be experiencing severe population declines. It is therefore likely that red langurs are more threatened than is currently realised, and we expect that the IUCN classification of this species will be revised soon in recognition of this (Ehlers-Smith, 2014). Consequently, we consider the presence of this species in the area to be of conservation importance.

Bearded pigListed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, owing to hunting and habitat loss throughout its range, the presence of bearded pigs is also of conservation significance. In particular, studies of hunting impact on this species are required, in order to determine sustainable hunting rates. The impact of human hunting of bearded pigs on clouded leopards, is also important to study, as bearded pigs are important prey for these cats.

Sunda clouded leopardAs a result of habitat conversion and degradation, and hunting for skin and body parts in home areas, the distribution of cats in Borneo is very patchy, with vast swathes of the island unsuitable for them (Wilting et al., 2006, 2010; Cheyne et al., 2013). As top predators in the forest, cats naturally occur at low density (e.g. Cheyne et al., 2013), but the high abundance of deer, other mammals and birds in the area (based on both detection probability and % of photos of mammalian prey caught on camera traps within the study period) may indicate that this forest supports healthy cat populations.

All species encountered were expected to be present according to IUCN distribution data (IUCN Red List http://www.iucnredlist.org/), but the confirmed presence of a wide range of species from short surveys highlights the diversity of the mammal community in this region and warrants further research.

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The butterflies of Borneo’s Upper Barito Watershed: A preliminary checklist and remarks on the importance of community managed forests in sustaining diversityPeter R. Houlihan1,2,3,a, Junaidi Shalot1,4,§, Kursani1, Pak Bani1, Djunijanti Peggie5, Rosichon Ubaidillah5, Susan M. Cheyne6, Dominic Rowland1, Michal Zrust1,8, Andrea Hoeing1 and Gregory F. Ball3,7

1Barito River Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities, Puruk Cahu, Murung Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia2Department of Biology & McGuire Center for Lepidoptera & Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA3Former Address: Department of Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA4Department of Forestry, Puruk Cahu, Murung Raya, Indonesia5Department of Entomology, Museo Zoologicum Bogoriensis, Bogor, Indonesia6The Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project (OuTrop), Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia7College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA8The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.9Deceased

Corresponding author: Peter R. Houlihan, email: [email protected]

AbstrakHutan hujan tropis di daerah perbukitan dan pegunungan Kalimantan Tengah merupakan tempat yang didiami oleh keanekeragaman hayati dengan tingkat yang sangat tinggi, diantaranya bahkan merupakan spesies endemik dan terancam punah. Akan tetapi daerah ini lebih banyak dieksplorasi oleh industri ekstraktif dibandingkan oleh ilmuwan. Untuk membangun suatu sistem pangkalan data keanekaragaman hayati di wilayah Murung Raya, Kalimantan tengah, Indonesia, dilakukanlah survei terhadap keanekaragaman kupu-kupu pada musim kemarau 2011. Daftar jenis yang ditampilkan dalam tulisan ini merupakan yang pertama untuk daerah sungai Murung. Penelitian lebih jauh perlu dilakukan pada musim-musim dan daerah lainnya untuk bisa memahami secara menyeluruh daerah sebaran kupu-kupu. Tidak hanya itu, sehubungan dengan perubahan lansekap secara besar-besaran pada daerah ini, hasil sementara penelitian ini mengindikasikan pentingnya hutan-hutan yang dikelola masyarakat lokal sebagai refugium untuk kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati

AbstractThe hill and montane rainforests of central Borneo harbour high levels of biodiversity, including many threatened and endemic species. However, this region has been explored far more by extractive industry than scientists. To establish a baseline for biodiversity in the Murung Raya region of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, butterflies were surveyed during the dry season of 2011. Species lists presented here are the first of their kind for the upper reaches of the Murung River. Further study is necessary from additional seasons and localities to form a comprehensive understanding of the region’s butterfly fauna. Nevertheless, amidst ongoing landscape-wide change to this region, our preliminary results indicate the value of community-managed forests as refugia for sustaining biodiversity.

Keywords: Borneo, butterflies, biodiversity, conservation, ecology, Kalimantan

introduction

Situated within the Sundaland Biodiversity Hotspot (Myers et al., 2000), the island of Borneo was long recognised for its vast swaths of jungles teeming with a rich diversity of life. At the core of the island, hill and montane rainforests rise up from the surrounding lowlands, which support high levels of endemism, particularly amongst insects (Beck and Chey, 2008).

Borneo is home to approximately 1,000 known species of butterflies (Otsuka, 1988); as with much of the island’s biodiversity, the foundation of our knowledge regarding the ecology of these species was generated from a wealth of studies conducted in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak (i.e. Beck et al., 1997; Beck & Schulze, 2000; Benedick et al., 2006; Cleary, 2004; Cleary & Mooers, 2004; Hamer et al., 2003; Hamer et al., 2005; Hamer et al., 2006; Häuser et al., 1997; Hill et al., 2001; Schulze et al., 2001; Tangah et al., 2004; Wilott et al., 2000). However, in recent Received and accepted 29th April, 2015


years, Lepidoptera studies have started to become more prevalent in parts of Kalimantan (Houlihan et al., 2012; Houlihan et al, 2013; Purwanto et al., 2015; Marchant et al., 2015). Nevertheless, many remote highland regions across Kalimantan, likely to harbour a multitude of new arthropod taxa, remain scientifically unexplored. The Upper Barito watershed in the northern Murung Raya district of Central Kalimantan remains minimally studied, especially in terms of arthropod diversity; to the best of our knowledge, a butterfly survey conducted by Walpole & Sheldon at Project Barito Ulu in 1992 is the only previous butterfly assessment conducted within this region (1993, 1999). On the first expedition of the Barito River Initiative for Nature Conservation & Communities (BRINCC) in 2011, surveys were conducted to investigate butterfly diversity in undisturbed tropical rainforest and community managed forest [Bahasa Indonesia: “hutan desa”] (Cheyne et al., 2012). Species lists presented here represent the first documentation of butterfly diversity along the upper Murung River and its Burak River tributary.

The aims of this study were to:

• Conduct a preliminary assessment of the butterfly diversity along the Murung River, a tributary to the Barito;

• Investigate the species richness of butterflies within hutan desa (community forest), compared to undisturbed dipterocarp forest;

• Develop baselines for future research concerning the utility of biodiversity monitoring programmes led by Indonesian researchers within Central Kalimantan.

MEthods

Butterfly TrappingSampling was conducted at two sites during the dry season months of July and August, 2011 – one community forest (hutan desa) adjacent to Tumbang Tujang on the Murung River (Hoeing et al., 2015 - this issue) and one forest site on the Burak River, a tributary of the Murung, which was undisturbed in 2011 (exact location to remain undisclosed as coal exploration and mining operations increase in the area). Butterflies were sampled systematically using fruit-baited traps, and opportunistically with hand-nets outside of these sampling areas, so as to supplement species lists while avoiding interference with analyses of trap data. A total

of 18 traps were baited with fermenting bananas, which were replenished daily between 0800-1200hrs when traps were monitored. Traps were placed 1.5m above ground in the understory and greater than 100m apart at each site, with half (n=9) distributed along a prominent ridge (250-400m a.s.l.) and half along a stream in the ridge’s adjacent valley (225-300m a.s.l.). Fruit-baited traps and other entomological collecting equipment for the 2011 BRINCC Expedition were sponsored to PRH from BioQuip Products, Inc., which were later donated to the Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project (OuTrop) for the establishment of a long-term butterfly monitoring programme in Central Kalimantan (Purwanto et al., 2015; Marchant et al., 2015). Butterflies were identified according to D’Abrera (1982; 1985; 1986) and Otsuka (1988).

Community DiversityDue to the different abundances in each assemblage, expected species accumulation curves were constructed using the Mao Tau estimator of sample-based rarefaction and rescaled by individuals to provide a direct comparison of species richness (Randomizations=50; Bootstrapped 200 times) (Magurran, 2004; Barlow et al., 2007; Colwell, 2011). These statistics were calculated using EstimateS (Version 8.2.0).

rEsults

Butterflies were surveyed for a total of 20 (hutan desa) and 15 (undisturbed) consecutive days (15 July - 3 August & 11-25 August, 2011 respectively), recording a total of 77 taxa. Species accumulation curves constructed from bait-trap data did not reach asymptotes during sampling periods (Fig. 1), suggesting that continued sampling was necessary to accurately extrapolate species richness. The list presented here (Table 1) is tentative and additions will be made when specimens from the Lycaenidae and Hesperidae families are identified at the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera & Biodiversity of the Florida Museum of Natural History.

discussion

In regions of rapid habitat loss and degradation, comprehensive long-term surveys are often unrealistic. Indonesia is currently the world leader in annual deforestation (Gaveau et al., 2014), and Murung Raya

Butterflies of Borneo’s Upper Barito watershed


is one of the country’s final frontiers for extracting coal, gold, diamonds, rubies, timber, and more recently, gaharu trees for perfume. Preliminary surveys here highlight the impressive diversity within community-managed forests and consequently, their importance in harbouring butterfly diversity. In larger datasets that still experience undersampling for certain assemblages, Shannon’s entropy (eHbc) can be calculated to provide a bias-controlled comparison of the effective number of species (Beck & Schwanghart, 2010; Beck et al., 2011; Houlihan et al., 2013). From additional work in Central Kalimantan, we have learned how drastically butterfly communities can fluctuate within a year, with respect to seasonality (Marchant et al., 2015). Thus, here we simply present a preliminary list of butterflies that will be informative for future biodiversity surveys in the hill forests of central Borneo. These results serve as baseline data for an area that is on the verge of imminent and permanent environmental change. More research investigating the life histories of these Bornean butterflies is critical to understanding how converted landscapes will impact host plant relationships, and which plant species are of highest conservation priority with respect to sustaining butterfly diversity. Our results suggest that community managed forests are capable of supporting high levels of

biodiversity. Legal recognition of customary land tenure and community owned forest is increasing in Indonesia following rulings by the constitutional court (Bettinger et al. 2014). Protection of community forests could potentially become crucial as havens of biodiversity and support the livelihoods of numerous communities along the Murung River (Colchester, 1994; Curran et al., 2004; Dixon and Sherman, 1990; Porter-Bolland et al., 2012; Wilkie et al., 2006). Generalist butterflies may fare better than less mobile organisms during the course of fragmentation (Houlihan et al., 2013), but connectivity between forested islands managed by local communities is critical to prevent a widespread biodiversity collapse.

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Figure 1. Butterfly species accumulation curves for fruit-baited traps in undisturbed forest and community forest.

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Beck, J. and C.H. Schulze (2000). Diversity of fruit-feeding butterflies (Nymphalidae) along a gradient of tropical rainforest succession in Borneo with some remarks on the problem of ‘pseudoreplicates’. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 51(2): 89-98.

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TT SB TT SB TT SB

Nymphalidae Morphinae LycaenidaeAmathuxidia amythaon X Drupadia ravindra X

Apaturinae Faunis kirata X Eooxylides tharis XEuripus nyctelius X F. stomphax X Pycnophallium (Caleta) elna X

Thaumantis noureddin XCharaxinae Zeuxidia amethystus X X PapilionidaeAgatasa calydonia X X Z. aurelius X X Graphium agamemnon X XCharaxes (Polyura) athamas X Z. doubledayi X X G. antiphates X XC. bernardus X X G. bathycles X XC. borneensis X Nymphalinae G. codrus XC. distanti X X Kallima buxtoni X X G. doson XC. durnfordi X X Kallima spiridiva X G. evemon X XC. fervens? X Lexias dirtea X G. sarpedon XC. (Polyura) delphis X Lexias pardalis X Papilio demolio XC. solon X X Rhinopalpa polynice X X Troides brookiana* X XProthoe franck X X

Pseudergolinae PieridaeDanainae Amnosia decora buluana X X Pierinae

Eoploea diocletanus X Dichoraggia nesimachus X X Appias lyncida XIdea stolli X Cepora iudith X

Satyrinae Pareronia valeria XHeliconiinae Coelites epiminthia X Prioneris cornelIa XCirrochroa satellite X Coelites e. euptychioides X XTerinos clarissa X Cupha arias X X Coliadinae

Terinos terpander X Elymnias sp. X Eurema tominia XMelanitis leda X X

Limenitidinae Mycalesis amoena X X RiodinidaeAthyma asura X M. anapita X XAthyma pravara pravara X M. maianeas X Paralaxita haquinus XAthyma reta X M. mnasicles mnasicles X P. orphna XBassarona dunya X X M. oroatis X P. telesia XDophla evelina X X M. orseis borneensis X X Taxila haquinus XModuza procris X M. patiana X Zemeros sp. X XM. p. agnate X M. thyateira X XNeptis magadha X Neorina lowii X XTanaecia clathrata clathrata X Ragadia makuta X X

Ypthima sp. X

Table 1. Species list from Murung Raya. TT = Tumbang Tujang (hutan desa: community forest); SB = Sungai Burak (undisturbed forest).

Houlihan et al.


Porter-Bolland, L., Ellis, E. A., Guariguata, M. R., Ruiz-Mallén, I., Negrete-Yankelevich, S. and V. Reyes-García (2012). Community managed forests and forest protected areas: An assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics. Forest Ecology and Management 268: 6-17.

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General Acknowledgements for all BRINCC work

This project would not have been possible without the collaboration of many individuals, organizations and universities. We thank Balai Linkungan Hidup in Purak Cahu for permissions to enter the Murung Raya region. We gratefully acknowledge the invaluable contribution of all the researchers and staff that assisted with the project: Juli Setiawan, M. Yunnus Adrian Saputra, Suparjan T Uring, Junaidi Shalat, Leni and Godwin Limberg. We gratefully thank Dr Suwido H. Limin at the Centre for the International Cooperation in Management of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya for sponsoring the overall research project and providing invaluable logistical support. We thank the Indonesian Ministry of Science and Technology (RISTEK) and Director General of Nature Conservation (PHKA) and Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) for permission to carry out research in Indonesia. Funding for different stages of this work was kindly provided by FFI Indonesia, American Zoo Association Ape TAG Conservation Initiative, and Lewin Education, Singapore, Clouded Leopard Project, Royal Geographical Society, Zoological Society of London, Orangutan Land Trust, LedLenser, Heightec, Nature Society Singapore, Nocturnal Primate Research Group Oxford Brookes University and Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. Individual donations from our supporters were processed online via the website of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford. All entomological equipment was generously sponsored by BioQuip Products, Inc. PRH was supported by the David S. Olton Award in Behavioral Biology and Neuroscience, and the Provost’s Undergraduate Research Award (PURA) from The Johns Hopkins University. SMC was supported by the ADM Capital Foundation, Hong Kong.

Furthermore, we would like to thank the "German Academic Exchange Service" - DAAD for supporting AH with a scholarship and Garmin Germany for providing a free one year ArcGIS license for thesis writing. We would also like to gratefully acknowledge all participators and helpers with the charity run "Run forest Run", especially Marcus Sanden and his family, Madlen Baumert, Irendra Radjawali and all participants and sponsors, Christian Oekermann, Claudia Garcia, Sven Krafft, Ludwig Thoma, Tabea Seitz, Merlin Schaefer, Paul Bomke and Emeline. A special thank you to all the school children and teachers, especially Joachim Lange from Waldhofschule in Templin, Germany, who financially supported our research by carrying out a charity run.

We wish to thank the following people for providing help, advice and reviews during the writing of these papers. Thank you for your willingness to share your experience and knowledge: Dr David Chivers, Dr Konstans Wells, Dr Erik Meijaard, Professor Shukor Md. Nor, Andy Royle, Dr Jay Malcolm, Dr Robert Anthony, Dr Robert Parmenter, and Dr Eric Rexstad, Professor Dankmar Bӧhning, Dr Murray Efford, Dr David Borchers, Professor Steve Buckland, Dr Francis Brearley, Dr Stephanie Spehar, Dr Sunny Sanderson, Dr John Payne, Dr Jan Beck and Dr Paul M. Lukacs.

Further information about BRINCC can be found:www.brinccborneo.orgTwitter: @BRINCCFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/BRINCCborneo?ref=hl


Guidelines for AuthorsThe Journal of Indonesian Natural History will publish original work by:

• Indonesian or foreign scientists on any aspect of Indonesian natural history, including fauna, flora, habitats, management policy and use of natural resources

• Indonesian or foreign scientists on any aspect of regional natural history, including fauna, flora and habitats

Preference is given to material that has the potential to;

• Improve conservation intervention and management in Indonesia

• Enhances understanding of conservation needs in Indonesia• Enhances the understanding of Indonesia's natural history

The Journal language will be in English with abstracts in Bahasa Indonesia as well as English. Authors of full papers are encouraged to provide a Bahasa Indonesia/English translation of their abstract. Submissions in Bahasa Indonesia will be accepted and translated into English only if accepted for publication.

Papers and Short CommunicationsFull Research Papers (2,000-7,000 words) and Short Communications (200-2,000 words) are invited on topics relevant to the Journal’s focus, including:

• The conservation status, ecology or behaviour of wild species• Status or ecology of habitats• Prehistoric and extinct species and new findings• Checklists of species, nationally or for a specific area• Discoveries of new species records or range extensions.• Biodiversity value associated with land use change, plantation

development and forestry• Biodiversity in High Conservation Value areas• Reviews of conservation policy and legislation• Conservation management plans for species, habitats or areas• The nature and results of conservation initiatives, including

case studies• Sustainable use of wild species• Community use and management of natural resources• Abstracts of unpublished student theses (Short

Communications only)

The Journal will not accept descriptions of new species, subspecies or other taxa.

How to Submit a ManuscriptManuscripts should be submitted by e-mail to the Editor at:

[email protected]

In the covering e-mail, the Lead Author must confirm that:

• The submitted manuscript has not been published elsewhere, • All of the authors have read the submitted manuscript and

agreed to its submission,• All research was conducted with the necessary approval and

permits from the appropriate authorities

Review and editing All contributors in English are strongly advised to ensure that their spelling and grammar is checked by a native English speaker before the manuscript is submitted to the Journal. The Editorial Team reserves the right to reject manuscripts that are poorly written.

Submission in Bahasa Indonesia is also accepted and the Journal secretariat will undertake a preliminary review of all manuscripts for suitability of content and format. Manuscripts that are rejected at this stage will not be sent for peer review and translation.

Manuscripts that pass through the preliminary review will be sent for translation and peer review by a minimum of two reviewers. Authors are welcome to suggest appropriate reviewers.

Proofs will be sent to authors as a portable document format (PDF) file attached to an e-mail note. PDF-readers can be downloaded free of charge from http://www.adobe.com and http://www.nitropdf.com for viewing PDF files. Corrected proofs should be returned to the Editor within 3 days of receipt. Minor corrections can be communicated by e-mail.

The Editorial Team also welcomes contributions to the other sections of the journal:

NewsConcise reports (<300 words) on news of general interest to the study and conservation of Indonesia's natural history. News reports may include,• Announcements of new initiatives; for example, the launch of

new projects, conferences or funding opportunities. • Announcements of important new reports or other

publications related to Indonesian natural history.• Summaries of important news from an authoritative published

source; for example, new Indonesian species described in other journals, a new research technique, or a recent development in conservation.

• Summaries and analysis of new policies, decrees and laws relevant to the conservation of Indonesian natural history.

Letters to the EditorInformative contributions (<650 words) in response to material published in the Journal.

Preparation of manuscripts Full papers follow the style and format of papers published in the journal Conservation Biology. Authors should consult examples in Conservation Biology for guidance on general style.

Contributions should be in Bahasa Indonesia and/or UK English, double-spaced and in ‘doc, ‘rtf’ or ‘wpd’ format, preferably as one file attached to one covering e-mail.

The cover page should contain;The title and full mailing address, e-mail address and address of the Lead Author and all additional authors.

Contributing Papers should contain the following sections and be arranged in the following order: Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments, Literature Cited. Tables,


Figures and Plates (including legends), if included, should follow the Literature Cited.

All pages should be numbered consecutively. Do not number section headings or subheadings.

Title: This should be a succinct description of the work, in no more than 20 words.

Abstract: Abstracts should only be submitted for Full Papers. This should describe, in 100-300 words, the aims, methods, major findings and conclusions. It should be informative and intelligible without reference to the text, and should not contain any references or undefined abbreviations. Authors are encouraged to submit an English translation of Indonesian text and an Indonesian translation of an English text.

Keywords: From five to eight pertinent words, in alphabetical order.

Literature cited in text: Enclose citations in text in parentheses e.g. “Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal (Campos-Arceiz et al., 2011).” Use an ampersand (&) between author surnames when the citation is parenthetical: (Traeholt & Idris, 2011).

When a citation is not parenthetical, use "and": “Our results agree with the predictions of Wolf and Rhymer (2001).”

For citations with more than two authors, use et al.: (Campos-Arceiz et al., 2011). Do not italicize et al.

List parenthetical citations in alphabetical order and chronologically from oldest to most recent and separate entries with a semicolon: (Campos-Arceiz et al., 2011; Geissman, 2009, 2010). Separate the years with commas when citing multiple papers by the same author: (Corlett, 2007, 2010; Geissman, 1984, 1995, 1999, 2000).

“In press” means the cited paper has been accepted unconditionally for publication. Provide the year of publication in the text (Bird, 2010) and in Literature Cited section provide the volume number, and substitute “in press” for page numbers (Bird, I.M. 2010. Nesting success in arid lands. Conservation Biology 24: in press.).

Papers in review must be cited as unpublished and should not appear in the Literature Cited section.

Use an initial for the first (given) name and spell out the last name (surname) for other sources of unpublished data or information: (R. Fowler, unpublished data; M.E. Soulé, personal communication).

Software: capitalize the first letter only if the name of the program is a word (e.g., Vortex, ArcGIS). If the name of the program is not a word, use all capital letters (e.g., SAS).

The following are examples of Literature Cited house style:Campos-Arceiz, A. and R.T. Corlett (2011). Big animals in a shrinking world—studying the ecological role of Asian megafauna as agents of seed dispersal. Innovation 10: 50–53.

Campos-Arciez, A., Larringa, A.R., Weerasinghe, U.R., Takatsuki, S.,

Pastorini, J., Leimgruber, P., Fernando, P. and L. Santamaria (2008). Behavior rather than diet mediates seasonal differences in seed dispersal by Asian elephants. Ecology 89: 2684–2691.

MacArthur, R.H. & Wilson, E.O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.

Sutherland, W.J. (ed.) (1998). Conservation Science and Action. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

Beck, B.B., Rapaport, L.G. & Stanley Price, M.R. (1994). Reintroduction of captive-born animals. In Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals (eds P.J.S. Olney, G.M. Mace & A.T.C. Feistner), pp. 265-286. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

Traeholt, C., Bonthoeun, R., Rawson, B., Samuth, M., Virak, C. and Sok Vuthin (2005). Status review of pileated gibbon, Hylobates pileatus and yellow-cheeked crested gibbon, Nomascus gabriellae, in Cambodia. Fauna & Flora International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Sun H. (2000). Status of the tiger and its conservation in Cambodia. MSc thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.

IUCN (2010). 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Http://www.redlist.org [accessed 1 February 2011].

Biography: This should describe the main research interests of all authors (<150 words total), apart from what is obvious from the subject of the manuscript and the authors’ affiliations.

Tables, figures and plates: These should be self-explanatory, each on a separate page and with an appropriate caption. Figures can be submitted in colour as well as in black and white. The Editorial Team may decide to convert coloured figures into black and white should it be necessary due to printing cost and without diluting the message. Plates (black and white only) will only be included in an article if they form part of evidence that is integral to the subject studied (e.g., a photograph of a rare species), if they are of good quality, and if they do not need to be printed in colour.

Appendices: Lengthy tables, and questionnaires are discouraged. In special circumstances these may be made available for viewing online.

Species names: The first time a species is mentioned, its scientific name should follow in parenthesis and in italics: e.g., Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). English names should be in lower case throughout except where they incorporate a proper name (e.g., Asian elephant, Cookson's wildebeest, long-billed vulture).

Abbreviations: Full expansion should be given at first mention in the text.

Units of measurement: Use metric units only for measurements of area, mass, height, etc.

Contents3 Editorial5 News and Notes

Contributing papers7 The biodiversity of Murung Jaya

Godwin Limberg

8 How nature is used and valued by villagers in two villages in Uut MurungAndrea Hoeing et al.

19 Perceptions towards companies and forest conservation in two villages of Uut Murung, Central Kalimantan, IndonesiaAndrea Hoeing et al.

31 Report on the small terrestrial mammals of the Uut Murung region, Central Kalimantan, IndonesiaMichael Zrust et al

38 Report on the large mammals of the Uut Murung region, Central Kalimantan, IndonesiaSusan M. Cheyne et al.

46 The butterflies of Borneo’s Upper Barito Watershed: A preliminary checklist and remarks on the importance of community managed forests in sustaining diversityPeter R. Houlihan et al.

52 Guidelines for authors

ISSN: 2338 865x

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Volumen 3 (1) – July 2015

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