WADP System Protection

Zainoren B. Shukri

Blackout Prevention Task Force

Tenaga Nasional Berhad

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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Content

• Previous Blackouts

• Reliability Standards Requirements

• Technology R&D

• Implementation Road Map

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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TNB Blackout Experiences

• TNB had 4 major blackouts over last 16 years (1996 - 2012)

– 03-Aug-1996 - National blackout

– 18-Nov-1998 - System split

– 01-Sept-2003 - Northern area system collapse

– 13-Jan-2005 - Southern-Central area system collapse

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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TNB Blackout Experiences (continue)

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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Conditions 3 Aug 1996 18 Nov 1998 1 Sep 2003 13 Jan 2005

Total load loss 5,760 MW (99% of initial load)

2,168 MW (29% of initial load)

1,900 MW (28% of initial load)

6,230 MW (54% of initial load)

Total no. of customers affected

Almost 100% customers

1.345 million customers

(information not available)

3.5 million customers

Initial event & contingency level

Flashover during opening of line isolator on stuck breaker pole

Flashover to vegetation and did not trip due to stuck breaker

Flashover to vegetation and trip; (n-1)

Sectionalising of busbar due to faulty circuit breaker

Response to the initial event

Mal-tripping of interconnection to an IPP

Stuck breaker lead to (n-7) contingencies.

Remaining circuit tripped.

Had series of tripping of transmission lines due to overloading.

Subsequent contingencies

Tripping of gas turbines (GT) due to control system

System split. Problems of GT tripping persisted.

Generator units did not start in time. Followed by tripping of other circuits (n-5).

System split. Generator units tripped inadvertently

Fault Extension Protection / System Integrity Protection Scheme

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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A single fault

(a circuit fault)

Failure in high

speed fault

clearance

A su

dd

en p

ow

er flow

chan

ge

and

large po

wer sw

ings

cau

sed

by fau

lt

Out-of-step

Pow

er System

Black-o

ut

A su

dd

en sh

ortage

or exce

ss of p

ow

er

generatio

n An interrupted

fault of a major

trunk line

A fault in both

Circuit on the

same tower

(double-circuit fault)

Overload

Abnormal voltage

Abnormal

frequency

Primary protection

+ 3.5 cycles

+ Multi-phase AR

Backup protection

+ Local Backup

+ Remote Backup

Multi-phase AR

+Dead time 0.8 to 1 sec

Load shedding

scheme

Voltage instability

prevention relaying

system

Under/Over

frequency prevention

relaying system

Out-of-step

relaying system

Overload

relaying system

Refn: Cigre WG B5.19 Protection Relay Coordination

Generator shedding

scheme

Reliability Standard’s Requirement

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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Paragraph 3.2.3.3 of the Transmission System Reliability Standard (TSRS) mandated that:

“….. the grid system is and shall continue to be planned and developed such that special protective measures and defense mechanisms are included not only to prevent a total system shutdown but also to facilitate rapid recovery to normal system operation….. “

Planned Security & Planned Robustness

Level of Designed Operational & Protective

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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Source: TSRS, Version2, Edition 1, TNB January 2006

WADP System Protection

• Wide Area Defense Plan is a Blackout Prevention Scheme

• A “Planned Security” scheme – design and operational measures put in place to ensure that the

power System continues to operate normally after the occurrence of the specific pre-defined sudden disturbances such as electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of System facilities designated in the Security Criteria

• A “Planned Robustness” scheme – design and operational measures put in place to ensure that the

power System quickly recovers from disturbances developing to beyond those specified in the Security Criteria, the performance benchmark being the avoidance of total blackout

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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WADP 4-Layer Defense Strategy

Equipment & Substation Protection

• Fault Clearing System

Prevent Cascade Outages

• Event-based Sys. Integrity Prot. & Overload

Minimize Impact of Extreme Contingency

• UFLS, UVLS, Out-of-Steps, Controlled Islanding

Self Preservation

• Generator UF & Unit Protection

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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Existing SIPS

Risk Assessment of Present System Protection Scheme

• The risk assessment on the existing TNB’s Special Protection Scheme (SPS) reveals the following: – There are a few control schemes in TNB which function as the Second

Defense Line but they do not cover all defined contingencies as stipulated in TSRS.

– For the Third Defense Line, TNB does not have a dedicated OOS separation scheme.

– Additional defense plan to cover for these risks, hence, the blackout prevention scheme

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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Technology R&D

• The followings are technologies assessed and some under-development

• Others will be under Request for Proposals

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WIDE AREA INTELLIGENT INFRASTRUCTURE

PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU

W A M S

L T M

G D P M

3rd

P A R T Y

Applications

Infrastructure

PMU Network

P O M

F U T U R E

H I T O R I C A L

Phase I – Wide Area Monitoring System

** PMU – Phasor Measurement Unit

Real Time Situational Awareness

Advance Overload Protection System For Central Pahang

Ethernet on E1 channel

(2 Mbps)

RTAP

(Central Processor)

Synchrophasor

SynchrophasorRTAP

(SS Processor)

I/O Unit

JNKA

RTAP

(SS Processor)

I/O Unit

JTUT

RTAP

(SS Processor)

I/O Unit

KLIP

SynchrophasorRTAP

(SS Processor)

I/O Unit

BNTG

RTAP

(SS Processor)

I/O Unit

RBDR

RTAP

(SS Processor)

I/O Unit

BNTA

Synchrophasor

KAWA

Intelligent system that sense overload situation and

automatically take control action (load shedding, generator shedding) to control

the power flow

Status – Tender for equipment on going

40% completion as of December 2011

Trip Signal

Circuit Breaker

Determination Logic

CB statuses

TKLG

KAWA PAKA KNYR

Definite Time

Overcurrent

Sum

mation o

f B

oth

Lin

e C

urr

ents

GT1A

GT1B

GT2A

GT2B

GT3A

GT3B

GT4A

GT4B

PA

KA

GA

S T

UR

BIN

ES

OR

Manual FGTS

Arming

Switches

Based on

Operators

Instructions

KTNN

Out Of Step Protection

Intelligent system that perform

generator tripping to prevent wide spread blackout

Status – Tender for equipment on going

40% completion as of December 2011

PAKA – KAWA Angle

6-line Trip

5-line Trip

4-line Trip

2-line Trip

Acceleration vs Slip Frequency

Adaptive Undervoltage Load Shedding

RTAP

UVLS UVLS

UVLS

RTVSM Applications

Trip Signal Trip Signal

Trip Signal

VT LS VT LS

VT LS

V < Vset

ARM Signal & LS

Intelligent system that continuously calculates

voltage stability margin and provide arming signal to

local undervoltage relays to shed optimal amount of load to prevent voltage

collapse

Status – Tender for equipment on going

40% completion as of December 2011

Real Time Voltage Stability Margin

P+jQ

Y=G+jBaE E d|| VV

Load Area

Source line

Source line

Power transfer limit

Operating

point

P

Q

Pmargin

Qm

arg

in

Qmax < Q < 0

Qmax > Q > 0

Pmax

Operating

point

|Qm

ax|

Qm

arg

in

Pmargin

Pmax

|Qm

ax|

Power transfer limit

critical

2

max

2

max

1

2 1 cos( )

cos

2 1 cos( )

sin

2 1 cos( )

V E

P E Y

Q E Y

Real Time Application Platform (RTAP)

• Formerly known as Phasor Data Processor (PDP)

• Objective

– To provide robust real time platform to build WAIS applications

• Scope

– Development of RTAP software engine

– Development of various communication interfaces to sensors and actuators

– Specification for suitable hardware

Real Time Application Platform (RTAP) formerly known as Phasor Data Processor (PDP)

RTDB

IEC61850 Synchrophasor

Network Control Center

RTU

Math

Logic

RTAP

IEEE C37.118 MMS & GOOSE IEC 101 or IEC 104 or Modbus TCP

Clock

IRIG-B000 & IEEE1588 IEC 101 or WISP+

Inter RTAP for distributed application

Synchrophasor Client

IEEE C37.118

PDC

Micro Historian

RTDB

C37.118 Int.

Math Sync

Logic IEC

61131-3

IEC 61850 •MMS Client

•GOOSE IEC 61850

To Archiving Server &

Application LAN

Data from PMU

Network

Data from Relay

Network

RTAP Architecture

WIDE AREA INTELLIGENT SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE

Sensors Sensors Sensors Sensors

Out of Step Protection

Adaptive Under

Voltage Load

Shedding

Coordinated

Voltage Control

F U T U R E

Advance Overload

Sensors – Synchrophasor, IEC61850 devices, RTU, Remote I/O, Power plant Distributed Control System, SCADA/EMS, HVDC control system etc

Actuators Actuators Actuators

Actuators –IEC61850 devices, RTU, Remote I/O, Loads, Power plant Distributed Control System, HVDC control system etc

Control

Islanding (Blackout

Prevention System)

APPLICATIONS

2011 2012 2013 2015

2011 SYSTEM

Implementation Road Map

Summary

• TNB is adopting 4-level Defense Strategy

• Enabling Blackout Prevention System utilizing Wide-area Phasor-Measurement and IEC61850 technologies

• Preparing High Level Functional Specifications, Request for Proposals & Pre-Qualification

• Future works on Integrated Situational Awareness and Blackout Prevention System (Wide Area Intelligent System - WAIS)

AORC CIGRE – Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia 2-4 May 2012

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