Warmup

What are three reasons the Mongol Khanates after Genghis Khan fell apart? 1 2 3

Essay question for a test grade: next Thursday

Compare and contrast the political and economic effects of Mongol rule on TWO of the following regions:

China

Middle East

Russia

For Thursday

P. 348-354

2 pages of notes OR

Significance of terms: Yuan Empire Khubilai Khan Beijing Mandarin Cottage industries Mathematics

OPEN NOTES QUIZZES

ARE HAPPENING

CCOTs Essays on the AP test

2008: Analyze changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian Ocean region from 650 to 1750 CE

2009: Analyze continuities and changes in patterns of interactions along the Silk Roads from 200 BCE to 1450 CE

2012: Analyze continuities and changes in trade networks between Africa and Eurasia from 300 to 1450 CE

Annotated mapTest grade

Due Monday

Should look like it is being turned in for a test grade

You may make lists of religions, goods, and empires on a separate page that is stapled to the map.

Points are awarded for map accuracy and quality of information rather than decoration.

Sample Chart

Silk Road Trans-Saharan Indian Ocean Hanseatic League

Empires controlling

Religions that spread

Goods traded

Man label = Labeling at an AP level

Growth of International Trade

1000-1500 CE

OBJECTIVES

Interconnectedness of global trade pre-1450 Trade links from Greenland to Western Europe Western and Eastern Europe to Muslim World Muslim world to Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia East Africa to India to SE Asia to East Asia Role of Central Asia in Trans-Eurasian trade Global Trade did not begin with the European maritime empires

Cultural diffusion resulted from trade Facilitated rise of Europe before 1450 Spread civilization to periphery of established cultures Spread religions and technology

Show influence of trade routes

TRADE MAP c. 100 C.E.

THE POST-CLASSICAL CENTER

Muslim World was the trade center Muslim countries linked all continents The Hajj came to link all Muslims together Trade became associated with the Hajj, Muslim cities

Quran is VERY favorable to merchants Required fair, honest business practices Trusted merchants as Muhammad had been one

Exchanges not limited to goods Ideas including religion exchanged Technology exchanged Diseases exchanged Populations exchanged

THE MUSLIM WORLD, 1500 CE

TRADE IN THE MUSLIM WORLD

ASIAN LAND TRADE ROUTES

Established during Han Dynasty by Nomads Chinese paid nomads tribute in silk, traded for horses Nomads traded silk, horses for glass, iron in West

Silk Roads Across Central Asia Terminals: Antioch (Syria) and Chang’an (China) Shorter trunk lines to India, Across Russia, to Africa

Products Silks, teas and porcelain from Guangzhou,China Woolen cloth, horses, and ivory from Central Asia Rubies, silver, pepper, and ebony from India Carpets, linen, brocade, ceramics, iron from Muslim world Wine, perfume, glass, silk, slaves, olive oil from Byzantines Furs, wood, amber, slaves, and grain from Kievan Russia

IMPORTANCE OF LAND TRADE

Spread Religions Islam to Central, Western Asia, China Buddhism to China, Korea, Japan Christianity to Russia, China, India

Technology diffused throughout Eurasia

Foodstuffs, germs, flora/fauna diffused

Mongolians kept trade routes open, working

Influenced European desire to get to China

Influence European desire to bypass Muslims

MAP OF THE SILK ROAD

AFRO-EURASIAN TRADE c. 1400 C.E.

TRADE CONNECTIONS

TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

The Camel Made trade across desert possible Could carry great loads to trade

From West Africa Gold, ivory, slaves, exotic feathers, spices Male slaves carried goods, then sold

From Muslim North Africa Cloth, glass, metalwork, books Merchants, missionaries, travelers visited

AFRICAN TRADE NETWORKS

Gold, Slaves, Ivory, Feathers

Finished Goods, Iron Weapons, Books, Horses, Spices

SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANS-SAHARAN

AND EAST AFRICAN TRADE

Spread Civilization and Rise of Powerful African States Aided in the rise of West African Empires

Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, Hausa people Swahili Culture blends Islam and Bantu elements

Swahili trading cities: Zanzibar, Pemba, Pate, Mogadishiu Zimbabwe

Central African Bantu kingdom

Links Cultures to Wider World Contact between the Mediterranean and Sahel Africa Linked East Africa to S.W. Asia and India Linked Forest West Africa to Sahel regions Linked Central Africa to East Africa

Provided most of Eurasia’s pre-Columbian gold, Islam’s slaves Spread Islam to West Africa

MARITIME TRADE ROUTES

Maritime Routes co-existed with land routes Often safer than land because fewer stops Seas nevertheless were not as forgiving as the land

Requirements to maintain Secure governments and states with agreements Merchant conventions for exchanges Elimination of piracy Good navigation technology, knowledge of the seasons Items with high profit margins to exchange Cities on coast with protected harbors link to land routes

Primary Geographic Areas North Sea, Baltic Sea, English Channel Mediterranean and its adjacent bodies of water Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf Bay of Bengal, Straits of Malucca, East China Sea

IMPORTANT OF MARITIME ROUTES

Established cross-cultural contacts Exchanged ideas Furthered development of new ideas

Opened interiors to trade with coast Coasts often most developed New ideas, products spread inland

Caused rise of trading cities Port cities and entrepots grow into key cities Many became their cultures leading cities

Spread religions

Spread diseases

TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE

Danish-Norwegian Empire Settled Faroes and Shetland Islands,Iceland, Greenland

Conquered parts Scotland, Ireland, England Created new states in Normandy, S. Italy, S.W. Asia

Products Furs, fish, and walrus ivory from Greenland Iron, wood, glass, and grain from Norway Wheat, wool, jewelry, leather from England, Ireland

Swedish state ruled Sweden, Finland Products

Iron, copper, wood, fish, grain from Sweden Wax, honey, skins, slaves, amber from Russia, Finland, Baltic

Established state in Russia Spread Christianity to Periphery lands Both later established ties to Hanseatic League

MAP OF THE VIKING WORLD

LONGSHIP

KNÓRR

EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTES

European Revival around 1000 CE Cities began to rebuild, expand Church was a major supporter of this revival, expansion Many cities on pilgrimage routes Manufacturing arose again as did guilds Giant Fairs arose as merchants moved goods between cities

North Sea/Baltic Trade Routes Hanseatic League: Northern German cities Maintained factories, trading depots in neighboring lands Cloth, wines, fish, timber, salt, iron, amber, copper

Flanders and Low Countries: Brugges, Ghent Cities prospered under supportive nobles Came to specialize in woolens, wines, fine manufactures

Both Hansa and Venice had trading agreements with Flanders

HANSEATIC TRADE ROUTES

COG

MEDITERRANEAN TRADE

Cities: Constantinople, Alexandria and VeniceByzantine Empire Major terminus on the Silk Roads until 1206 Stole technology to raise silk from Chinese Provided a large market and stable currency for whole region

Venice Fine glass, woolens, cloth, wines from Europe Naval fleet (mude) was a middleman to transport goods Spices, silks, and other Asian goods to Europe from Muslim regions

Egypt The commercial centers between three continents Linked Europe, Africa, Middle East, Indian Ocean regions

Long distance trade handled by middlemen Jews between Europe and Muslim world Armenians, Nestorians between Muslim world and Asia

EUROPEAN & MEDITERRANEAN TRADE ROUTES

INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK

Not a united network but a series of routes Parts

Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabia Bay of Bengal to Straits of Malucca Malucca to South China Sea

One ethnic group dominated each zone Arabs in Western Indians in Central Chinese in Eastern

The largest peaceful zone of exchange of period Groups had no formal agreements but cooperated States kept piracy down to minimum Groups met at key entrepot cities to exchange items

Linked to Mediterranean and Silk Road by land routes

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE ROUTES

COFFEESLAVESIVORYHORSESSILKSGOLDSTEEL

CLOTHYARNSILKSINDIGOPEPPERGEMS

ANIMALSDRUGS

SILVERLACQUERSILK

PORCELAINSUGARLUXERIESTEA

TRAVELERS COMPAREDMarco Polo and Ibn Battuta

EAST ASIA

China was central to East Asia China was economically self-sufficient During periods, trade in the nature of tribute

Ambassadors brought goods to Emperor Emperor sent out gifts

Trade arose with increased contacts Central Asian nomads demanded silk tribute Chinese demanded horses as tribute Nomads traded silk for finished goods in S. W. Asia Buddhist missionaries to China from India traded Spread of civilization to Vietnam, Korea, Japan, SE Asia Religious artifacts, luxuries often largest part of trade

SONG CHINA

Greatest period of Chinese trade Cities often based on trade Great interest in Chinese goods Coins, bank notes, banking Merchants obtain great influence

Hangchow was built on tradeChinese merchants active in Asia Porcelain, lacquer, paper Guns and gunpowder Silk

MONGOL EMPIRE

Mongol Empire united Central Eurasia Most lands of the Silk Road within empire Linked distant trading partners for first time in history

Mongols tolerated, trusted merchants Used foreign merchants for official business

Used as emissaries Often used to govern lands ruled by Mongols

Merchants protected by order of Khan Merchants could travel freely with permission

Exchanges Ideas Diseases especially the Black Death Technology especially gunpowder and fire arms

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

CHANGES & DISRUPTIONS

Challenges Mongol Empire destroyed most existing states

Constant warfare turned friends into enemies Newer technologies made war more disruptive

Black Death disrupted trading patterns Merchants spread disease, died first Cities, the basis of trade threatened, weakened

Rise of Gunpowder states in 15th century Guns formed great power; ships very different Destroyed nomads (Mongols), ended Silk Road Ottoman Turks monopolize SW Asian trade Portugal looks to end Venetian, Turk monopoly

TRADE ROUTES SPREADS BLACK DEATH

MING CHINAMING CHINA

Ming Overthrew Mongols in China Reestablished traditional belief systems

Neo-Confucianism becomes state philosophy Merchants relegated to lower status Foreign contacts distrusted

Trade is limited as China is economically autarkic

Ming reestablish tributary status Tributary exchange of goods, gifts Sends out navy to reestablish system, search

Foreign trade limited to one port: Guangzhou

MING CHINA

PORTUGUESE ATLANTIC TRADE

Early Portuguese exploration Establishes navigation school, trains sailors Seeks to break Muslim-Italian monopoly Establishes colonies at Maderia, Azores, Canaries

Create sugar plantation systems Eliminates natives Plants sugar Uses African slaves – precursor to New World acquisitions Begins switch of slaves to Middle East to slaves to Atlantic

Raids and contacts along West African coast Establishes contacts with Africans, trades for gold, slaves Strengthens resolve for water route to Asia

Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut

THE PORTUGUESE WORLD