Water and Sanitation

MICS3 Data Analysis and Report Writing

Background

• Access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation are fundamental rights.

• Access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation also have considerable health and economic benefits to households and individuals. Lack of access contributes to death and illness, especially among children under five.

International Goals & Targets

Reduction in the proportion of households

without access to hygienic sanitation

facilities and affordable and safe drinking water

by at least one-third

Reduce by half, between 1990 and 2015,

the proportion of people without

sustainable access to safe drinking water and

basic sanitation

List of Indicators

Water

• Use of improved drinking water sources

• Use of adequate water treatment method

• Time to source of drinking water

• Person collecting drinking water

Sanitation • Use of sanitary means of excreta disposal • Sanitary disposal of child’s feces

Background

Official body reporting on progress toward MDG on water and sanitation

• JMP Technical Advisory Group– Coordinate/harmonize between agencies – Provide technical advice on measurement issues

• Task Force on HH Survey Harmonization

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation

(JMP)

Background

JMP methodology shift

• 1980-1997: Provider/utility data(e.g., MOH, Water Depts.)

• Since 1997:Consumer/household surveys(e.g., MICS, DHS, census)

Background

• Consumer-based data (not provider-based data)

• Lack of comparability with respect to definition

• Lack of comparability with respect to methods used to calculate the indicator

• Problem applies within countries over time, as well as across countries

BackgroundCôte d'Ivoire - rural -

Access to improved sanitation

JMP93

DHS94

JMP96

WHO88

WHO90

DHS99

JMP99

EMP86

EMP85 MICS00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Year

% C

overa

ge

BackgroundCôte d'Ivoire - rural -

Access to improved sanitation

JMP93

DHS94

JMP96

WHO88

WHO90

DHS99

JMP99

EMP86

EMP85 MICS00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Year

% C

overa

ge

Survey data Reported data

BackgroundCôte d'Ivoire - rural -

Access to improved sanitation

JMP93

DHS94

JMP96

WHO88

WHO90

DHS99

JMP99

EMP86

EMP85 MICS00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Year

% C

overa

ge

Survey data Reported data estimates

Definition of Indicator

Use of Improved Drinking Water SourcesPercentage of population using improved

drinking water sources

Numerator: Number of household members living in households using improved drinking water sources

Denominator: Number of household members in households surveyed

Definition of Indicator

• household water connection• public standpipe• borehole• protected dug well• protected spring• rainwater collection• bottled water (if secondary source is also improved)

Does NOT include unprotected well, unprotected spring, vendor provided water, tanker truck-provided water and bottled water (if secondary source is not an improved source)

Improved Drinking Water Sources

Methodological Issues

• Convert household data to population

• Use “improved” facilities as a proxy for safe or hygienic sources of drinking water and sanitation facilities

• Bottled water considered improved if secondary source is also improved.

Tabulation PlanTable EN.1: Use of Improved Water Sources

Regional Water Coverage

Use of Improved Drinking Water Sources

56

58

78

84

87

89

91

79

0 20 40 60 80 100

East/Southern Africa

West/Central Africa

East Asia/Pacific

South Asia

Middle East/North Africa

Latin America/Caribbean

CEE/CIS

Developing countries

% population using improved drinking water sources

Use of Improved Drinking Water Sources

87

95

94

78

92

95

98

92

43

77

80

45

68

69

79

70

0 20 40 60 80 100

East/Southern Africa

Middle East/North Africa

South Asia

West/Central Africa

East Asia/Pacific

Latin America/Caribbean

CEE/CIS

Developing countries

% population using improved drinking water sources

rural

urban

Drinking Water – Urban/Rural

Drinking Water Coverage (CEE/CIS)

91

57

58

71

76

76

77

86

89

92

92

93

93

96

97

98

98

100

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

CEE/CIS

Romania

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Georgia

Kyrgyzstan

Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

Moldova, Rep of

Armenia

Turkey

Serbia/Montenegro

Russian Federation

Albania

Bosnia/Herzegovina

Ukraine

Belarus

Bulgaria

% population using improved drinking water sources

Drinking Water Coverage (ROSA)

Use of Improved Drinking Water Sources

84

13

62

75

78

84

84

86

90

0 20 40 60 80 100

South Asia

Afghanistan

Bhutan

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Maldives

Nepal

India

Pakistan

% population using improved drinking water sources

Drinking Water Coverage (TACRO)

89

71818182838383

8586

899091919191919192929393

959595

979797989899100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Latin America/Caribbean

HaitiNicaragua

PeruEl Salvador

GuyanaParaguay

VenezuelaBolivia

EcuadorBrazil

HondurasAntigua/Barbuda

BelizeCuba

MexicoPanama

Trinidad/TobagoColombiaSuriname

DRJamaica

ChileGrenada

GuatemalaBahamas

Costa RicaDominica

Saint LuciaUruguay

Saint Kitts/NevisBarbados

% population using improved drinking water sources

Drinking Water Coverage (CEE/CIS)

91

57

58

71

76

76

77

86

89

92

92

93

93

96

97

98

98

100

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

CEE/CIS

Romania

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Georgia

Kyrgyzstan

Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

Moldova, Rep of

Armenia

Turkey

Serbia/Montenegro

Russian Federation

Albania

Bosnia/Herzegovina

Ukraine

Belarus

Bulgaria

% population using improved drinking water sources

Drinking Water Coverage (MENA)

87

69

69

72

79

79

80

80

81

82

87

91

93

94

98

100

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Middle East/North Africa

Yemen

Sudan

Libya

Oman

Syria

Djibouti

Morocco

Iraq

Tunisia

Algeria

Jordan

Iran

OPT

Egypt

Lebanon

Qatar

% population using improved drinking water sources

78

3439

4352

6062

6470

737778

8084858585

889293949595

100100100

0 20 40 60 80 100

East Asia/Pacific

Cambodia

PNG

Lao PDR

Timor-Leste

Vanuatu

Mongolia

Kiribati

Solomon Islands

Viet Nam

China

Indonesia

Myanmar

Palau

Marshall Islands

Philippines

Thailand

Samoa

Korea, Rep of

Tuvalu

Micronesia

Cook Islands

Malaysia

Korea, Dem Rep of

Niue

Tonga

% population using improved drinking water sources

Drinking Water Coverage (EAPRO)

56

2229

4245

5052

555657

6267

7373

767980

838787

9495

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

East/Southern Africa

Ethiopia

Somalia

Mozambique

Madagascar

Angola

Swaziland

Zambia

Uganda

Eritrea

Kenya

Malawi

Rwanda

Tanzania

Lesotho

Burundi

Namibia

Zimbabwe

Seychelles

South Africa

Comoros

Botswana

Mauritius

% population using improved drinking water sources

Drinking Water Coverage (ESARO)

Drinking Water Coverage (WCARO)

58

3444464646

48515151

56575960

6263

6872

757979808284

87

0 20 40 60 80 100

West/Central Africa

Chad

Eq. Guinea

Congo

Congo, Dem Rep

Niger

Mali

Burkina Faso

Guinea

Togo

Mauritania

Sierra Leone

Guinea-Bissau

Nigeria

Liberia

Cameroon

Benin

Senegal

CAR

Ghana

Sao Tome/Principe

Cape Verde

Gambia

Côte d'Ivoire

Gabon

% population using improved drinking water sources

Definition of Indicator

Household Water TreatmentPercentage of population using water that

has been treated

Numerator:Number of household members using water that has been treated

Denominator:Total number of household members in households surveyed

Methodological Issues

Adequate Methods of Treatment

• Boiling• Adding bleach or chlorine• Using a water filter• Solar disinfection

Note that multiple response categories may be used and responses may total to more than 100%.

Tabulation PlanTable EN.2: Household Water Treatment

Definition of Indicator

Time to Source of Water

Percent distribution of households according to time to go to source of drinking water, get water and return, and mean time to source of drinking water.

- water on premises- less than 15 minutes- 15 minutes to less than 30 minutes- 30 minutes to less than 1 hour- 1 hour or more

Note that the mean time to source of drinking water is calculated based on those households who do not have water on the premises.

Tabulation PlanTable EN.3: Time to Source of Water

Definition of Indicator

Person Collecting Water

Percent distribution of households according to the person collecting drinking water used in the household

- adult woman- adult man- female child under age 15- male child under age 15

Tabulation PlanTable EN.4: Person Collecting Water

Definition of Indicator

Use of Improved Sanitation FacilitiesPercentage of population using improved

sanitation facilities

Numerator: Number of household members living in households using improved sanitation facilities

Denominator: Number of household members in households surveyed

Definition of Indicator

• flush to piped sewer system• flush to septic tank• flush/pour flush to pit• flush/pour flush elsewhere• composting toilet• ventilated improved pit latrine with slab

Does NOT include pit latrine without slab, open pit, bucket, hanging toilet, no facilities

Improved Sanitation Facilities

Methodological Issues

• Convert household data to population

• Use “improved” facilities as a proxy for safe or hygienic sources of drinking water and sanitation facilities

• Some category changes since MICS2, particularly with respect to latrines

• Shared sanitation facilities not counted

• Working table on number of households sharing

Tabulation PlanTable EN.5: Use of Sanitary Means of Excreta Disposal

Tabulation PlanTable EN.5W: Shared Use of Facilities (Working Table)

Tabulation PlanTable EN.7: Use of Improved Water Sources & Sanitation

Definition of Indicator

Disposal of Child’s FecesPercentage of children under age three

whose stools are disposed of safely

Numerator:Number of children under age three whose (last) stools were disposed of safely

- child used toilet- put/rinsed into toilet or latrine

Denominator:Total number of children under age three surveyed

Tabulation PlanTable EN.6: Disposal of Child’s Feces

Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities

35

35

37

50

72

75

81

49

0 20 40 60 80 100

South Asia

West/Central Africa

East/Southern Africa

East Asia/Pacific

Middle East/North Africa

Latin America/Caribbean

CEE/CIS

Developing countries

% population using improved sanitation facilities

Regional Sanitation Coverage

Sanitation – Urban/Rural Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities

52

60

64

72

84

88

92

73

24

27

23

35

44

52

62

31

0 20 40 60 80 100

West/Central Africa

East/Southern Africa

South Asia

East Asia/Pacific

Latin America/Caribbean

Middle East/North Africa

CEE/CIS

Developing countries

% population using improved sanitation facilities

rural

urban

81

51

53

55

57

60

62

68

72

83

83

84

87

87

89

93

99

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

CEE/CIS

Romania

Tajikistan

Azerbaijan

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Turkmenistan

Moldova, Rep of

Kazakhstan

Georgia

Turkey

Armenia

Serbia/Montenegro

Russian Federation

Albania

Bosnia/Herzegovina

Ukraine

Bulgaria

% population using improved sanitation facilities

Sanitation Coverage (CEE/CIS)

Sanitation Coverage (ROSA)

Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities

35

8

27

30

48

54

58

70

91

0 20 40 60 80 100

South Asia

Afghanistan

Nepal

India

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Maldives

Bhutan

Sri Lanka

% population using improved sanitation facilities

Sanitation Coverage (TACRO)

75

3445

4757

616263

666868

707272

757778

8083

8689

929293949596979899100100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Latin America/Caribbean

HaitiBoliviaBelize

DRGuatemala

PeruEl Salvador

NicaraguaVenezuelaHonduras

GuyanaEcuadorPanama

BrazilMexico

ParaguayJamaica

DominicaColombia

Saint LuciaChile

Costa RicaSurinameUruguay

Antigua/BarbudaSaint Kitts/Nevis

GrenadaCuba

BarbadosTrinidad/Tobago

Bahamas

% population using improved sanitation facilities

81

51

53

55

57

60

62

68

72

83

83

84

87

87

89

93

99

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

CEE/CIS

Romania

Tajikistan

Azerbaijan

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Turkmenistan

Moldova, Rep of

Kazakhstan

Georgia

Turkey

Armenia

Serbia/Montenegro

Russian Federation

Albania

Bosnia/Herzegovina

Ukraine

Bulgaria

% population using improved sanitation facilities

Sanitation Coverage (CEE/CIS)

72

30

34

50

61

68

76

77

80

80

84

89

92

93

97

98

100

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Middle East/North Africa

Yemen

Sudan

Djibouti

Morocco

Egypt

OPT

Syria

Iraq

Tunisia

Iran

Oman

Algeria

Jordan

Libya

Lebanon

Qatar

UAE

% population using improved sanitation facilities

Sanitation Coverage (MENA)

Sanitation Coverage (EAPRO)

50

1624

283133

3941

4445

5052

5959

7373

8283

88979899100100100

0 20 40 60 80 100

East Asia/Pacific

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Micronesia

Solomon Islands

Timor-Leste

Kiribati

Viet Nam

China

PNG

Vanuatu

Indonesia

Mongolia

Korea, Dem Rep of

Myanmar

Philippines

Marshall Islands

Palau

Tuvalu

Tonga

Fiji

Thailand

Samoa

Cook Islands

Niue

% population using improved sanitation facilities

37

6

9

23

25

27

30

30

33

36

37

41

41

41

45

46

46

48

52

57

67

99

0 20 40 60 80 100

East/Southern Africa

Ethiopia

Eritrea

Comoros

Somalia

Mozambique

Angola

Namibia

Madagascar

Burundi

Lesotho

Uganda

Rwanda

Botswana

Zambia

Malawi

Tanzania

Kenya

Swaziland

Zimbabwe

South Africa

Mauritius

% population using improved sanitation facilities

Sanitation Coverage (ESARO)

Sanitation Coverage (WCARO)

35

8

9

12

12

13

24

26

27

29

32

34

34

36

38

39

40

42

42

45

48

52

53

53

58

0 20 40 60 80 100

West/Central Africa

Chad

Congo

Niger

Burkina Faso

Guinea

Sao Tome/Principe

Liberia

CAR

Congo, Dem Rep

Benin

Togo

Guinea-Bissau

Gabon

Nigeria

Sierra Leone

Côte d'Ivoire

Mauritania

Cape Verde

Mali

Cameroon

Senegal

Eq. Guinea

Gambia

Ghana

% population using improved sanitation facilities