WATERWATERHH22OO

Earth’s WaterEarth’s Water

Global Water UsageGlobal Water Usage

Percent of Water Percent of Water ConsumptionConsumption

Surface WaterSurface Water

• Definition: Fresh water on the Earth’s land Definition: Fresh water on the Earth’s land surfacesurface– Is found in lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlandsIs found in lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands

• Types of surface waters are:Types of surface waters are:– River systemsRiver systems

• Mississippi, Amazon, NileMississippi, Amazon, Nile

– Water shedsWater sheds• Definition: area of land that is drained by a riverDefinition: area of land that is drained by a river

– Example: Mississippi WatershedExample: Mississippi Watershed

Ground WaterGround Water

• Definition: water stored beneath the Earth’s Definition: water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formationssurface in sediment and rock formations

water travels beneath the Earth’s surface water travels beneath the Earth’s surface through rocks and soil to make a level called the through rocks and soil to make a level called the WATER TABLEWATER TABLE

• Types of ground water:Types of ground water:– AqufiersAqufiers

– The Recharge ZoneThe Recharge Zone

– WellsWells

AquiferAquifer

• Definition: An underground formation Definition: An underground formation that contains ground waterthat contains ground water

• Most consist of materials such as Most consist of materials such as rock, sand, and gravelrock, sand, and gravel

• Spaces where water can accumulateSpaces where water can accumulate

Porosity and PermeabilityPorosity and Permeability

• PorosityPorosity– Definition: the amount of space between Definition: the amount of space between

the particles that make up a rockthe particles that make up a rock

• PermeabilityPermeability– Definition: the ability of rock or soil to Definition: the ability of rock or soil to

allow water to flow through itallow water to flow through it•Examples: GravelExamples: Gravel

• Impermeable: clay or graniteImpermeable: clay or granite

______________________________________________________

• Definition: the area of the Earth’s Definition: the area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates down surface where water percolates down into the aquiferinto the aquifer

• They are environmentally sensitive They are environmentally sensitive (much like myself)(much like myself)

• Can take a long time to refill aquifersCan take a long time to refill aquifers– Buildings and parking lots can act as Buildings and parking lots can act as

impermeable layersimpermeable layers

WellsWells

• Not just for wishing, but more for:Not just for wishing, but more for:

• Definition: A hole that is dug to reach Definition: A hole that is dug to reach ground waterground water

Water PollutionWater Pollution

Types of water pollutionTypes of water pollution

• ________________________________________________________________– Pollution discharged from a single sourcePollution discharged from a single source– ExamplesExamples

•Septic TanksSeptic Tanks

•Landfills Landfills

•Water Discharged by IndustryWater Discharged by Industry

•Underground Storage TanksUnderground Storage Tanks

•Active MinesActive Mines

•Waste Water Treatment PlantsWaste Water Treatment Plants

Acid MineAcid Mine Drainage: Drainage:

Biological Biological

Types of Water PollutionTypes of Water Pollution

- ________________________________________________________________- Pollution that comes from many sources and can Pollution that comes from many sources and can

be difficult to identifybe difficult to identify- 96% of all polluted water comes from non-point 96% of all polluted water comes from non-point

sourcessources- ExamplesExamples

• Water RunoffWater Runoff• PesticidesPesticides• HerbicidesHerbicides• FertilizerFertilizer• FarmlandFarmland• Construction SitesConstruction Sites• Water Crafts (like my old boat that stalled every time I Water Crafts (like my old boat that stalled every time I

went on the lake)went on the lake)

Point and Nonpoint SourcesPoint and Nonpoint Sources

NONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban development

Wastewater treatment plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINT SOURCES

__________________________________________________

- Eutrophication Eutrophication caused by humanscaused by humans

- StepsSteps- 1. Excess run-off1. Excess run-off- 2. Algal bloom2. Algal bloom- 3. Everyone is happy 3. Everyone is happy (increase oxygen)(increase oxygen)- 4. Algae dies and 4. Algae dies and

decomposedecompose- 5. Decomposers steal 5. Decomposers steal

all the oxygenall the oxygen

Pollution of LakesPollution of LakesEutrophication Eutrophication

Pollution of StreamsPollution of StreamsPollution of StreamsPollution of Streams Oxygen sag curve Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery Factors influencing recovery

______________________________________________________

- Pollution in which the temperature of the Pollution in which the temperature of the body of water (lakes, streams) increasesbody of water (lakes, streams) increases

- This can occur when power plants or This can occur when power plants or industry discharge warm water in a industry discharge warm water in a lake/riverlake/river

- Can cause death to many fishCan cause death to many fish

- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Effects of Dissolved OxygenEffects of Dissolved OxygenEffects of Dissolved OxygenEffects of Dissolved Oxygen

____________________________________________________

- Pollutants that percolate down into the Pollutants that percolate down into the earth’s surfaceearth’s surface

- Can come from any surface water Can come from any surface water pollution or any leaking underground pollution or any leaking underground storage tanksstorage tanks

- Very difficult to decontaminate because of Very difficult to decontaminate because of large areas of rock that make up the large areas of rock that make up the aquiferaquifer

- Pollution clings to the materialsPollution clings to the materials

Groundwater Pollution: CausesGroundwater Pollution: CausesGroundwater Pollution: CausesGroundwater Pollution: Causes Low flow rates Low flow rates Few bacteria Few bacteria

Cold temperatures Cold temperatures

Coal strip mine runoff

Pumping well

Waste lagoon

Accidental spills

Groundwater flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faulty casing

Hazardous waste injection well

Pesticides

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline and solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspool septic tank

De-icing road salt

Unconfined freshwater aquifer

Confined freshwater aquifer

Water pumping well Landfill

Low oxygen Low oxygen

Fig. 22-9 p. 502

Groundwater Pollution PreventionGroundwater Pollution PreventionGroundwater Pollution PreventionGroundwater Pollution Prevention

Monitor aquifers Monitor aquifers

Leak detection systems Leak detection systems

Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

Store hazardous materials above ground Store hazardous materials above ground

Find less hazardous substitutes Find less hazardous substitutes

______________________________________________

- Ships can LEGALLY dump waste Ships can LEGALLY dump waste water and garbage overboard (i.e. water and garbage overboard (i.e. cruise ships)cruise ships)- BUT 85% of ocean pollution comes from BUT 85% of ocean pollution comes from

activities on landactivities on land• Oil SpillsOil Spills

•About 37 million gallons of oil from tankers About 37 million gallons of oil from tankers are released into the ocean each yearare released into the ocean each year

Oil SpillsOil Spills Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and

storage tanks

Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks

Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering

Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering

Significant economic impacts Significant economic impacts

Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters

Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters

Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

Ocean PollutionOcean PollutionOcean PollutionOcean Pollution

Fig. 22-11 p. 504

BiomagnificationBiomagnification

Case Study: The Great LakesCase Study: The Great Lakes

Fig. 22-8 p. 500

Case Study: Chesapeake BayCase Study: Chesapeake Bay

Largest US estuary

Largest US estuary

Relatively shallow Relatively shallow

Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic

Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic

Major problems with dissolved O2 Major problems with dissolved O2

Fig. 22-13 p. 506

Drinking Water QualityDrinking Water QualityDrinking Water QualityDrinking Water Quality

Safe Drinking Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)

Purification of urban drinking water Purification of urban drinking water

Bottled water Bottled water

Protection from terrorism Protection from terrorism

Purification of rural drinking water Purification of rural drinking water

Wastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment

Water TreatmentWater Treatment

• Water must be treated to remove elements Water must be treated to remove elements and pathogensand pathogens– Removed elementsRemoved elements

• Mercury, arsenic, & leadMercury, arsenic, & lead

• ________________________________________________– Safe to drinkSafe to drink

• ________________________________________________– Organisms that can cause illnessOrganisms that can cause illness– Ex. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic Ex. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic

wormsworms