SUBMITTED BY –ASHISH KUMAR SAHOO-114030

DIVAKAR -114052

Water Logging:Water logging is the natural flooding and over-irrigation that brings water at underground levels to the surface. As a consequence, displacement of the air occurs in the soil with corresponding changes in soil processes and an accumulation of toxic substances that impede plant growth

1) Water logging due to permanent submersion of land. Such as ponds, rivers, etc.

2) Water logging from periodical submersion such as coastal &land inundation by soil water or runoff of freshwater over lands etc.

3) Temporary water logging by stagnation of water as a result of heavy rainfall.

4)Another cause of water logging is swampy areas in valleys.

5) Water logging from artificial irrigation of agricultural lands in polders areas.

Inadequate surface Drainage Seepage from canal system Over irrigation of fields Impermeable clay layer below the

soil. Construction of a water reservoir Natural obstruction to the flow of

ground water

Inhabiting activity of soil bacteria.

Decrease in available capillary water

Fall in soil temperature Defective air circulation     Rise of salt   

Delay in cultivation operations     Growth of flora(unwanted plants species)

Adverse effects on community health

Less availability of oxygen 

Providing efficient surface Drainage. Reducing percolation(the slow passage

of a liquid through a filtering medium) from canals.

Restriction of unwanted irrigation. Adoption of sprinkler method for

irrigation Removing obstructions in natural

drainage.

If the concentration of harmful salts in the root zone of a plant increases to such on extent that plant growth is effected, this situation is called Salinity.Salinity.

The factors contributing towards the problem of salinity are almost same as that of water logging.

Every agricultural soil has certain mineral salt is also called alkali salts in it like NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2 SO4 etc.

When these soluble alkali salts are excess in soil these salts get mixed with ground water and with upward movement of   water not only accumulated in first 3~4ft of soil layer below ground surface but also form a tin 2”~3” crust on surface.

Corrosive Action to Plants.

Formation of Alkali Soil.

Controlled Irrigation. Providing adequate surface

drainage. Allowing lower intensity of

irrigation. Reducing surface evaporation. Not using alkaline water for

irrigation purpose.

https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2905

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlogging_(agriculture)

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/water/waterlogging/waterlogging-definition-causes-effects-with-statistics