Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Southern Ocean

Oceans - areas

Pacific Ocean – 155 557 000 sq.km

Atlantic Ocean – 76 762 000 sq. km

Indian Ocean - 68 556 000 sq. km

Southern ocean – 20 327 000 sq. km

Arctic Ocean – 14 056 000 sq. km

sq.km % total ocean area

land area 148647000 29.1%

pacific ocean area 155557000 30.5%

atlantic ocean area 76762000 15.0%

indian ocean area 68556000 13.4%

arctic ocean area 14056000 2.8%

southern ocean area 20327000 4.0% 335258000

other salt water areas 15318000 3.0%

fresh water are 11042700 2.2%

Total surface area 510265700 100.0%

land areapacific ocean areaatlantic ocean areaindian ocean areaarctic ocean areasouthern ocean areaother salt water areasfresh water are

Longitudinal Distribution of Water

Deepest Point in the Ocean

Pacific – Marianas Trench – 35827 ft

Atlantic – Puerto Rico Trench – 30246 ft

Indian – Java Trench – 24460 ft

Arctic – 18456 ft

Southern – 23737 ft

Deepest Point at Sea

Bay of Bengal

Arabian sea

Waterways in India

India has a vast coast line of about 5423 km in peninsular India and 2094 km around the 1256 islands in the Andaman and Nicobar group and the Lakshadweep and Minicoy group of islands, giving a total coast line length of 7517 km.

Of these, 43% is sandy, 11% is rocky and 46% is mudflats, tidal streams and marshy land with mangoves, eg, Sunderbans and Rann of Kutch

As per UNLOS the territorial waters of a country is upto 12 nm, giving an area more than100,000 sq.km of coastal area

Further, the UNLOS convention gives the right to economic exploitation in the area upto 200 nm from the coast as Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Waterways in India (contd.)

India has an abundance of waterways inland, coast in territorial waters and as well as seas

It is estimated that the navigable river length for the most part of the year is 14500 km

IWAI was formed in the year 1986 through an act of parliament for development and maintenance of Inland waterways infrastructure.

Today Govt. has declared NW 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 covering total distance of 4436 km.

The National Waterways

National Waterways

There are 5 National Waterways

NW-1: Ganga (1620km)NW-2:Brahmaputra(891km)NW-3: West Coast Canal

(205km)NW-4: Kakinada-Puducherry canals with Godavari & Krishna rivers (1095km)NW-5: East Coast Canal with Brahmani river (623km)

Total Length of 4434 km. declared National water ways

National waterway No.1

National Waterway No.2

National Waterway No.3

Distance •205 km West Coast Canal (Kottapuram –Kollam) Udyogamandal & Champakkara canals

Fairway Least available depth (LAD)

•1.5 m Kottapuram -Kochi•2 m Kochi -Alappuzha •1.5 m Alappuzha -Kollam •2 m Champakara Canal•2 m Udyogamandal canal With completion of capital dredging, 2 m LAD would become available in entire stretch

Navigational Aids Night navigation aids available on entire stretch

River barak

GOA Rivers

River Name distance

Mandovi 77 kmZuari 34 km

Distribution of inland cargo transport in India

54.4 %

34.4 %

7 % 4 % 0.2 %

Road Rail Coastal Pipeline IWT

Scenario of cargo transport in India

In India only 0.2% of the total cargo is transported through inland waterways whereas in Germany it is 20 % and in Bangladesh, 32 %.

In 2006-07, 55.82 mt (3.38 btkm) were moved IWT No significant growth in cargo transportation in NW 1 and 2 In contrast the Goa river systems alone contribute to the 80%

of the total cargo transported through inland waters. Can business opportunities be developed along other river

systems, particularly the National Waterways Hurdles faced by the builder and operator in this regulatory

regime is the multiplicity of rules, ambiguity in interpretation of rules and inadequacy of rules, particularly in the inland and coastal sectors which are labour intensive and comparatively low cost.

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Growth of Iron Ore Export in Goa

Regulations and Regulatory Authorities

Central Govt IV Act 1917 IV acts of different states Model Rules recommended by IWAI,

IRS and NSDRC for inland vessels 2004

Regulation of various ports for registration/licensing

Merchant Shipping Act 1958

Coastal Vessel Act 1838

River Sea vessels notification 2010

Limits of the Waterways

Inland water limits include any canal, river lake or other navigable water within a state including

Any area of any tidal water

Smooth and Partially smooth waters

All major ports have their port limits defined.

Territorial waters upto 12 nautical miles from shore. Is this the limit of coastal waters?

Vessel Types

Inland vessels that operate in inland waters

Coastal vessels are exclusively employed in trading between any port or place in india.

River-Sea Vessels have their operational limits from ports of india within 12nm of the coast

Sea-going vessel is vessel proceeding beyond smooth and partially smooth waters

Spheres of Operation of various Water Zones

• Traditional wooden boats – non-powered• Traditional wooden boats – powered with diesel engines• Dumb steel cargo barges of different sizes • Powered steel cargo barges of different sizes• Vessels for support services –• Steel survey launches• Steel tugs• Steel launches for passenger transport – tourist and non-tourist• Steel Accommodation barges and Floating hotels• Dredgers of various types• FRP boats of low speed for tourism• FRP boats of high speed for fast movement• Aluminium Boats, catamaran vessels of high performance

TYPES OF BOATS IN IWT SECTOR

• Hydrographic survey, preparation of bathymetric charts and identification of navigation channels on a continuous basis

• Study of soil conditions, monitoring the same and identification of anchoring and mooring requirement

• Study of floods and cyclones and their effect on IWT in the particular sector

• Development infrastructure such as jetties, piers, dolphins and navigational buoys

Knowledge Areas in IWT sector

Knowledge Areas in IWT sector (contd.)

• Design of boats

• Manufacture and repair of boats and dry-docking facilities

• Dredging and channel maintenance

• Safety, pollution control, inspection and survey

• Financial aspects of IWT system

• Integration with sea ports and development of integrated system

• Operation and navigation of boats in the river

Indian Wetlands

Wetlands are areas having sufficient water long enough to support vegetation in water

Marshes, swamps, jheels, lagoons, mangroves,

estuaries, ponds, lakes and reservoirs can be wetlands

Fresh water wetlands exist all over the country from cold and arid regions of Ladakh to warm and tropical peninsular India

Maritime wetlands exist in saline waters

Most of Indian wetlands are linked to river systems and form a part of Global Eco-system

Indian Wetlands (contd.)

Most prominent maritime wetlands are the mangrove forests which exist in

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Sunderbans (World heritage Site)

Gulf of Kutch

Deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna Certain regions of States of Maharastra, Karnataka and Kerala