Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit

7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit

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WATER TREATMENT

A. TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER AND

B. TREATMENT OF DRINKING WATER

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OBJECTIVES - STUDENTS SHOULD:

List and describe treatment methods for wastewater.

List and describe treatment methods for drinking

water.

Compare and contrast treatment methods and goals

of wastewater and drinking water.

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JUSTIFICATION FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT:

Pollution from sewage is a primary environmental health

hazard (wastewater effluent).

The purpose of municipal wastewater treatment is to limit

pollution of the receiving watercourse.

The receiving watercourse may also be a source of

drinking water .

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GOALS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT:

Reduction of organic load of the

wastewater euent to limiteutrophication (BO! "Olimits#!

Reduction of micro$iological

contamination that ma%transmit infectious disease.

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&re'treatment

&reliminar% treatment &rimar% treatment econdar% treatment

ludge ($iosolids#disposal

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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Wastewater Treatment SchemeWastewater Treatment Scheme

Preliminary Secondary

WW

influent

WW effluent

sludge

Primary Tertiary

Disinfectant

Sludge Treatmentand Disposal

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WASTEWATER TREATMENTPROCESSES:

Pre-treatment

- Occurs in business or industry prior to discharge

- Prevention of toxic chemicals or excess nutrientsbeing discharged in wastewater

Preliminary treatment is a physical process thatremoves large contaminants.

Primary treatment involves physical sedimentation of

particulates.

Secondary treatment involves physical and biologicaltreatment to reduce organic load of wastewater.

Tertiary or advanced treatments.

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TERTIARY OR ADVANCED TREATMENT

Nitri)cation'denitri)cation process to

remo*e N and &

+iltration

"ar$on Adsorption

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Bar Scree

ca!c"e# $ar%e

&'(ec!# !"a! "a)e %&!!e*!& #e+er #,#!e #c"a# 'r*c/#0 '&!!$e#0 1*ece#&2 +&&30 e!c.




Gr*! C"a'er

- re&)e# r&c/#0 %ra)e$0 'r&/e

%$a##0 e!c.Me#" Scree

- re&)e# 3*a1er#0 c&'#0 !&+e$#0

1$a#!*c 'a%#0 #,r*%e#0 e!c.

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&reliminar% Treatment




&rimar% Treatment

'' a ph%sical process

'' wastewater ,ow isslowed down and suspendedsolids settle to the $ottom $%

gra*it%'' the material that settles

is called sludge or $iosolids

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PRIMARY TREATMENT

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&rimar% Treatment

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C O A G

U L A T I O N A N

D

F L O C

C U L A T I O N

I N W A T E R

T R E A T M

E N T

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COAGULATION &FLOCCULATION



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WHAT IS COAGULATION4

Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids byaddition of

chemicals that neutralize the negative charges

The chemicals are known as coagulants, usuallyhigher valence

cationic salts (Al3+, Fe3+ etc.

!oagulation is essentially a chemical "rocess



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COAGULATION AIM

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WHAT IS FLOCCULATION4 Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized"articles into

a large size "articles known as #ocs which can bee$ectively removed

by sedimentation or #otation.



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Why coagulation and flocculation?Various sizes of particles in raw water

Particle diameter (mm) Type Settling velocity

1 Pe!!le "#$ m%s

1 &ourse sand "'$ m%s

"1 ine sand " m%min

"1 Silt *" m%d

"1"1

(1 micron)(1 micron)

+arge colloids+arge colloids

"$ m%y "$ m%y

"1 (1 nano)"1 (1 nano) Small colloidsSmall colloids $ m%million y $ m%million y

Colloids – so small: gravity settling not possible

G r a v I t y s

e t t l I n g



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&olloid Sta!ility

-----

- -----

- Repulsion

Colloid - A Colloid - B

!olloids have a net negative surface charge

%lectrostatic force "revents them from agglomeration

&rownian motion kee"s the colloids in sus"ension

H 2 O Colloid

'm"ossible to remove colloids by gravitysettling



COLLOIDAL INTERACTION

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CHARGE REDUCTION

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"olloids can $e desta$ili-ed $%charge neutrali-ation

&ositi*el% charges ions (Na! Mg/!Al0! +e0 etc.# neutrali-e thecolloidal negati*e charges and thusdesta$ili-e them.

With desta$ili-ation! colloidsaggregate in si-e and start to settle

COLLOID DESTABILI5ATION



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Force analysis on colloids

The integral ofthe combinedforces is theenergy barrier



FLOCCULATION AIDS

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FLOC FORMATION WITH POLYMERS

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Jar Tests

Determination of optimum

pH

The ar test ) a laboratory "rocedure to determine theo"timum "*

and the o"timum coagulant dose

A ar test simulates the coagulation and #occulation "rocesses

Fill the ars with raw water sam"le( or - m ) usually / ars

Adust "* of the ars while mi0ingusing *124 or NaOH/lime

("*5 .6 .6 /.6 /.6 7.6 7.

Add same dose of the selected coagulant (alum or iron to each ar

(!oagulant dose5 or - mg8 Jar Test



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Jar Test set-

up

Rapid mix each jar at 100 to 150 rpm for 1 minute. The rapid mixhep! to di!per!e the coa"uant throu"hout each container

Reduce the !tirrin" !peed to 25 to 30 rpm

and continue mixin" for 15 to 20 min!

Thi! !o#er mixin" !peed hep!

promote foc formation $%enhancin" partice coi!ion!&

#hich ead to ar"er foc!

Turn off the mixer! and ao#

foc! to !ette for 30 to 45 min!

'ea!ure the fina re!idua

tur$idit% in each jar

(ot re!idua tur$idit% a"ain!t p)

Jar Tests – determining optimum



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Optimum pH: 6.3

Jar Tests – optimum pH



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Optimum coagulant dose 9e"eat all the "revious ste"s

This time adust "* of all ars ato"timum (/.3 found from :rst testwhile mi0ing using *124 or

NaOH/lime

Add di$erent doses of the selected coagulant (alum or iron to each ar

(!oagulant dose5 6 76 -6 -16 -6 1 mg8

9a"id mi0 each ar at - to - r"m for -

minute. The ra"idmi0 hel"s to dis"erse the coagulant throughout

each container

9educe the stirring s"eed to 1 to 3 r"m for -

to 1 mins

O ti l t



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Turn o$ the mi0ers and allow #ocs to settle for 3 to

4 mins

Then measure the :nal residual turbidity in each ar

;lot residual turbidity

against coagulant dose

Coagulant Dose mg/L

Optimum coagulant dose:12.5 mg!

The coagulant dose

withthe lowest residualturbidity will be theo"timum coagulant

dose

Optimum coagulantdose



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• Hydraulic Jump: Hydraulic Jump creates turbulence and

thus help better miing!

• "echanical miing

• In-line #lash miing

In#lo$

Chemical

#eeding

Chemical

#eeding

In#lo$

%ac& mi impeller #lat-blade impeller

*oa"uant

http://www.math.rug.nl/~veldman/menger/uz.mpg



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http://www.math.rug.nl/~veldman/menger/uz.mpg



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Inflow

Chemical

feeding

Inflow

Chemical

feeding



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"elati#e coagulating po$er

<a+ = -6 >g1+ = 3 Al3+ ? -6 Fe3+ ? -

Typical coagulants

Aluminum sulfate5 Al1(243.-4 *1

'ron salt@ Ferric sulfate5 Fe1(243

'ron salt@ Ferric chloride5 Fe1!l3 ;olyaluminum chloride (;A!5 Al1(*3!l3



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,luminum &hemistry

1 mole of alum consumes moles of bicarbonate ! )*+3, -

2 /+4-3.14 ) 2 + 6)*+3, ⇔ 2/+)-3↓ 6*+2 14) 2 + 3+4

,2

f aainit% i! not enou"h& p) #i reduce "reat%

ime or !odium car$onate ma% $e needed to neutraie the acid.

!Optimum pH: "#" – #"$

%it& alum addition' (&at &appens to (ater

pH)

2 /+4-3.14 ) 2 + ⇔ 2/+)-3↓ 8) 2 + 3) 2 +4,2



AL67 SPECIES AS A FUNCTION OF PH

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-ron &hemistry

e* 3 3)*+3, ⇔ e/+)-3↓ 3*+2 3* ,

%it& iron salt addition' (&at &appens to (ater pH)

!%ider pH range of: * – +, est pH range of *#" – "#"$

1 mole of .eCl / consumes / moles of bicarbonate ! )*+3, -

f aainit% i! not enou"h& p) #i reduce "reat% due to

h%drochoric acid formation. ime or !odium car$onate ma% $e

needed to neutraie the acid. ime i! the cheape!t.



FE SPECIES AS A FUNCTION OF PH

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CO0304T 05D6

Other substances thancoagulants used:- Clay minerals

- Silicates

- Polymers

Polymers are often

either anionic or

cationic to aidcoagulation.

Polymers also

reinforce flocs



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F!OCC%!&T'O(

Flocculation ) agglomeration o* colloids +y collisions to *orm

separa+le ,ocs

-amples ) mil/0 +lood0 sea$ater

ecanisms ) peri/inetic0 collisions *rom ro$nian motion

) orto/inetic0 induced collisions troug stirring

Orto/inetic ,occulation 4elocity gradient0 relati#e mo#ement +et$een colloids in a ,ui

+ody " #elocity gradient

Camp (o. t Typical 2 17 8 ) 175



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Cross #lo$ 'locculator (sectional vie$)

*lan (top vie$)

T r a n

s v e r s

e p a d

d l e

L

H

+

7ec&anical .locculator



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Hydraulic Flocculation

• Hori,ontally ba##led tan&

*lan vie$ (hori,ontal #lo$)

• ertically ba##led tan&

L Isometric ie$ (vertical #lo$)

L

+

H

The water flows horizontally.

The baffle walls help to create

turbulence and thus facilitate mixing

The water flows vertically. The baffle

walls help to create turbulence and thusfacilitate mixing



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http://$$$!environmental-center!com/maga,ine/i$a/.$s/art!pd#

Hydraulic Flocculation



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HYDRAULIC FLOCCULATORS



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Hydraulic ,occulators:

simple tecnology



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Hydraulic Flocculation: Pipe



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Hydraulic Flocculation: Pipe



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Hydraulic Flocculation:Large stirrers



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ecanical,occulators

http://www.myersequipment.com/_vti_bin/shtml.exe/horizontal.html/map

http://www.myersequipment.com/_vti_bin/shtml.exe/horizontal.html/map



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ecanical,occulators

http://www.myersequipment.com/_vti_bin/shtml.exe/vertical.html/map

http://www.myersequipment.com/_vti_bin/shtml.exe/vertical.html/map



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ecanical

,occulators

http://www.myersequipment.com/_vti_bin/shtml.exe/walking.html/map

http://www.myersequipment.com/_vti_bin/shtml.exe/walking.html/map



ANOTHER MECHANICAL FLOCCULATOR

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Flocculators integrated

$it settling



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Flocculators integrated $itsettling



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Flocculators +ot sides o*settling



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Flocculator per*orated $all 9in+ac/ground



WASTEWATER

TREATMENTecondar% Treatment

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WASTEWATER

TREATMENTecondar% Treatment

0econdary treatment is a biological

process

1tili,es bacteria and algae to metaboli,e

organic matter in the $aste$ater In Cape Girardeau secondary treatment

occurs on the tric&ling #ilter 1 2 / 1

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WASTEWATER

TREATMENT+rom secondar% treatment on the

tric1ling )lter water ,ows to the)nal clari)ers for further remo*alof sludge.

The )nal clari)ers are another setof primar% sedimentation tan1s.

+rom the )nal clari)ers the water isdischarged $ac1 to the Ri*er.

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ON 2TE WATEWATER TREATMENT



ON'2TE WATEWATER TREATMENT

More than /34 of all households in the

2ndonesia are ser*ed $% on'sitetreatment s%stems.

A$out 0 $illion gallons of wastewater isdischarged each da% to on'site

wastewater treatment s%stems.&otential disease transmission ris1s

through wastewater should $e limited.

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TYPICAL SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN



TYPICAL SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN:

eptic systems t%picall% consist of5

A se"tic tank 8c&cre!e0 +*!" *$e! a3 &!$e!0 'a9e#0 a3 re&)a'$e!&1 2&r c$ea*%0 +"*c" c&$$ec!# a3 "&$3# +a#!e0

A drain :eld &r tile :eld 81$a#!*c &r !*$e 1*1e +*!" &!$e!# +"*c" a$$&+#

+a#!e+a!er e9e! !& *;$!ra!e #$&+$, *!& #&*$#. ;lumbing connections.

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PERIODIC SUMMERY



PERIODIC SUMMERY

Treatment of wastewater is necessar% toprotect the en*ironment and preser*e

the 6ualit% of water for drin1ing.Treatment of municipal wastewater

t%picall% includes preliminar%! primar%treatment! secondar% treatment! and

tertiar% treatment.On'site wastewater treatment is

facilitated $% septic tan1 s%stems.

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B. DRINKING WATER TREATMENT:

"lari)cation ' primaril% a ph%sical process! $ut ma% $e aided$% addition of chemicals.

+iltration ' also primaril% ph%sical! $ut chemicals ma% aid the

process.isinfection ' t%picall% a chemical process that reduces

pathogenic microorganisms.

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B<. CLARIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER:

"lari)cation remo*es particulates that contri$ute to tur$idit%and contamination of water.

"lari)cation is aided $% chemicals which cause particulates toaggregate! precipitate! and form sediment (sludge#.

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B=. FILTRATION:

eparate nonsettlea$le solids from water.

"om$ined with coagulation7clari)cation! )ltration can remo*e894':;4 tur$idit%! coliform $acteria :<'::.:34! and =::4>iardia.

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TYPE OF FILTRATION



TYPE OF FILTRATION

Rapid )ltration ' uses gra*it% (faster ,ow#.

low )ltration ' uses gra*it% ?slower ,ow@.

&ressure sand )lters'use water pressure.

iatomaceous earth (E# )ltration

Microstraining ' uses )ne steel fa$ric (sometimes used prior toother )ltrations#.

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FILTER MEDIA

+ilter media should $e5 c&ar#e e&%" !& re!a* $ar%e >a!*!*e# &2 ?&c

#@c*e!$, ;e !& 1re)e! 1a##a%e &2 ##1e3e3#&$*3#

3ee1 e&%" !& a$$&+ re$a!*)e $&% ;$!er r#

>ranular'medium )lters (Rapidand +ilters@

A!"rac*!e & !"e )er, !&1 8$ea#! 3e#e0

;e #a3 & !&1 &2 #11&r!*% c&ar#e #a38$e##

3e#e0 +"*c" $a,# & !&1 &2 %ra)e$ $a,er 8"*%"e#! 3e#*!,.

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CLEANING 8BACKWASHING FILTERS



CLEANING 8BACKWASHING FILTERS

etermination of how often to $ac1'wash can $e made on the$asis of5

Hea3 $&## 81re##re $&##0

L&## &2 +a!er >a$*!, 8e.%.0 *crea#e3 !r'*3*!,0 &r

T*e #*ce $a#! 'ac/+a#".

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BACKWASHING PROCESS



BACKWASHING PROCESS

Water ,ow is re*ersed through the )lter $ed.

T"e ra!e &2 'ac/+a#" *# 3e#*%e3 !& 1ar!*a$$, e1a3 8?*3*e !"e

;$!er 'e3. S#1e3e3 a!!er *# re&)e3 ', #"ear 2&rce# a# !"e +a!er &)e#

!"r&%" !"e ?*3*e3 'e3.

A33*!*&a$ c$ea*% &ccr# +"e 1ar!*c$e# &2 !"e 'e3 a'ra3e a%a*#!eac" &!"er.

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FLOW CONTROL THROUGH FILTERS



FLOW CONTROL THROUGH FILTERS

"onstant'rate )ltration

F$&+ ra!e *# c&!r&$$e3 ', $**!*% !"e 3*#c"ar%e ra!e0 $**!*% !"e ra!e&2 *?&+ ', a +e*r0 &r

', 11*% &r #e &2 *?e! ?&+-#1$*!!*% +e*r.

eclining'rate )ltration Ra!e &2 ?&+ 3ec$*e# a# !"e ra!e &2 "ea3 $&## '*$3# 8*?e!- &r

e9e!-c&!r&$$e3.

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PERIODIC SUMMARY:

rin1ing water treatment t%picall% include clari)cation!)ltration and disinfection.

rin1ing water treatment should ma1e water $oth pota$le

and palata$le.Wastewater and drin1ing water treatment processes are

similar in se*eral wa%s.

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VII. WATER TREATMENT

B6. DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER

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e)ne and gi*e eamples of t%pes of disinfection techni6uesfor drin1ing water.

istinguish $etween ph%sical and chemical disinfectiontechni6ues.

E*aluate the safet%! cost! eecti*eness! and popularit% of*arious disinfection techni6ues.

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TYPES OF DISINFECTION:



TYPES OF DISINFECTION:

&h%sical disinfection techni6ues include $oiling and irradiationwith ultra*iolet light.

"hemical disinfection techni6ues include adding chlorine!$romine! iodine! and o-one to water.

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PHYSICAL DISINFECTION 8BOILING



PHYSICAL DISINFECTION 8BOILING:

Boiling 1ills *egetati*e $acterial cells! $ut spores! *iruses! and someproto-oa ma% sur*i*e long periods of $oiling.

Boiling ma% also *olatili-e CO"Ds.

Boiling is an eecti*e method for small $atches of water during

water emergencies.

Boiling is prohi$iti*el% epensi*e for large 6uantities of water.

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PHYSICAL DISINFECTION



PHYSICAL DISINFECTION8UV RADIATION:ltra*iolet radiation is an eecti*e and relati*el% safe

disinfection method! $ut is relati*el% epensi*e and not

widel% used.

C light disrupts NA of micro$ial cells! pre*entingreproduction.

peci)c wa*elengths! intensities! distances! ,ow rates! andretention times are re6uired.

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CHEMICAL DISINFECTION:



CHEMICAL DISINFECTION:

"hemicals added to water for disinfection include chlorine!$romine! and iodine.

Bromine is not recommended for drin1ing water disinfection!$ut ma% $e used for pool water.

2odine is sometimes used for drin1ing water disinfection! $utcauses a $ad aftertaste.

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CHLORINE DISINFECTION:



CHLORINE DISINFECTION:

"hlorination is a cheap! eecti*e! relati*el% harmless (andtherefore most popular# disinfection method.

"hlorine is added as a gas or h%pochlorite solution.

F%pochlorous acid and h%pochlorite ions form in solution!which are strong chemical oidants! and 1ill micro$es.

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CHLORINE DISINFECTION 8CONT :



CHLORINE DISINFECTION 8CONT.:

"om$ined chlorine is the proportion that com$ines with organicmatter.

+ree chlorine is the amount that remains to 1ill micro$es in the

distri$ution s%stem (G.3 ppm! HG min.#Total chlorine is the com$ined concen'tration of com$ined and

free chlorine.

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DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS 8DBPS



DISINFECTION BY PRODUCTS 8DBPS

"hlorine (or $romine or iodine# IprecursorsJ (organic compounds# KTFM(Trihalomethanes#

e%. C"$&r&2&r 8CHC$60 Br&&2&r 8CHBr60 I&3&2&r

8CHI60 c"$&r&'r&&2&r 8CHBrC$=0 Br&&c"$&r&2&r

8CHBr=C$0 Br&&*3&32&r 8CHBr=I0 e!c.

TFMs are carcinogenic

"horoamine disinfection reduce TFMsproduction due to preferential reactionof chlorine with ammonia

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O5ONATION:



O5ONATION:

O-one (O0# is an eecti*e! relati*el% harmless disinfection

method! $ut is epensi*e (and therefore less popular than

chlorine#.

O-one is a strong oidant! that produces h%dro%l free radicalsthat react with organic and inorganic molecules in water to1ill micro$es.

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SUMMARY:



SUMMARY:

isinfection is the destruction of microorganisms in drin1ingwater to safe le*els.

isinfection techni6ues include ph%sical ($oiling! ultra*ioletlight# and chemical methods (chlorine! $romine! iodine! ando-one#.

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