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WATERPROOF WATERPROOF CONCRETECONCRETE
““ MYTH, MYSTERY and OPPORTUNITYMYTH, MYSTERY and OPPORTUNITY””
2005 BETTER CONCRETE CONFERENCE2005 BETTER CONCRETE CONFERENCEIOWA STATE UNIVERSITYIOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
NOVEMBER 3NOVEMBER 3AMES, IOWAAMES, IOWA
PERVIOUS CONCRETEPERVIOUS CONCRETE
INSULATED FORMSINSULATED FORMS
RECREATIONAL CONCRETE TRAILS RECREATIONAL CONCRETE TRAILS KGB STATE PARK KGB STATE PARK -- MOSCOWMOSCOW
MYTHMYTH
Why do we have to Why do we have to waterproof concrete, its waterproof concrete, its
solid right?solid right?
WRONGWRONG
Capillary voids are essentially the residue of the Capillary voids are essentially the residue of the originally filled water filled spaces originally filled water filled spaces -- this is the this is the primary path by which water and other aggressive primary path by which water and other aggressive ions can penetrate into the concrete matrix,ions can penetrate into the concrete matrix, and and cause durability problems (i.e. rebar corrosion)cause durability problems (i.e. rebar corrosion)
MacroMacro Cracks are caused by structural, Cracks are caused by structural, thermal, drying and plastic shrinkagethermal, drying and plastic shrinkage
100 µm to 3000 µmCrack
Micro CracksMicro Cracks
Naturally occur from restraint Naturally occur from restraint shrinkage forces around aggregateshrinkage forces around aggregate
Increases with increasing loadIncreases with increasing load
Influence leakage and durabilityInfluence leakage and durability
MYSTERYMYSTERYHow do we waterproof concrete?How do we waterproof concrete?
Barrier SystemsBarrier SystemsMembranesMembranesBentoniteBentonite
Integral Concrete WaterproofingIntegral Concrete WaterproofingHydrophobic Water RepellentHydrophobic Water RepellentCrystallineCrystalline
Conventional WaterproofingConventional Waterproofing
INTEGRAL WATERPROOF INTEGRAL WATERPROOF CONCRETECONCRETE
Minimum cement content Minimum cement content –– 595 lb/cubic yard595 lb/cubic yardMaximum water/cement ratio Maximum water/cement ratio -- .45.45
Hydrophobic component changes surface tension of cement Hydrophobic component changes surface tension of cement hydrates and capillary tracts.hydrates and capillary tracts.Polymer globules collect in bleed water tract and form a plug unPolymer globules collect in bleed water tract and form a plug under der pressurepressure
CrystallizationCrystallizationReactive chemicals diffuse through the concrete using water as the migrating mediumBy-products of cement hydration, water and proprietary chemicals are available to each otherThe crystalline reaction can begin
Crystallization continues to developCrystallization continues to developAs the crystalline structure matures and develops, it will begin to fill the capillary tracts
Waterproof Concrete Waterproof Concrete &&
PermeabilityPermeability
EPOXYANULUS
2x4”BUSHING
1/8” SWAGELOK
TESTSAMPLE
4” API LINECOUPLING
2” PLUG WITH1/8” PORT
1/8” PTFEWATERSUPPLY LINE
WATER PERMEABILITY CELL
Numerous tests have confirmed the Numerous tests have confirmed the ability of waterproof concrete to ability of waterproof concrete to prevent the flow or penetration of water prevent the flow or penetration of water under considerable hydrostatic pressure under considerable hydrostatic pressure
Permeability Coefficient( x 10-8 m/s)
Sample Type SampleI.D.
First Test Second TestControl 237
238Ave
77.574.676.1
56.833.645.2
3% AdmixC1000
235236Ave
1.12.61.9
1.41.21.3
3% AdmixC1000(with sand)
235236Ave
1.12.61.9
1.41.21.3
James Neill & Associates, Vancouver, Canada
Chemical
Waterproof ConcreteWaterproof Concrete& &
Chemical ResistanceChemical Resistance
The typical means of evaluating the ability of The typical means of evaluating the ability of concrete to provide chemical resistance includes, concrete to provide chemical resistance includes, measuring amount of mass loss, length change or measuring amount of mass loss, length change or relative dynamic modulus of elasticityrelative dynamic modulus of elasticity
Chemical Durability, Iwate University, Tokyo, Japan
Before Soaking 10 Weeks5 Weeks
Sulfuric Acid ExposureSulfuric Acid Exposure
7% H7% H22(SO(SO44))
Control, 3%, 5% and 7% Waterproofing AdmixControl, 3%, 5% and 7% Waterproofing Admix
Curing periods were varied to determine effectsCuring periods were varied to determine effects
Aviles Engineering, Texas
Ammonium Sulfate Exposure Ammonium Sulfate Exposure 1 molar 1 molar -- 132 g/l132 g/lSix mixes: control, low slag cement, silica fume, Six mixes: control, low slag cement, silica fume, high slag cement, silica fume cement, Xypex high slag cement, silica fume cement, Xypex AdmixAdmixResistance to Ammonium Sulphate, Taywood Engineering, Sydney, Australia
Waterproof Waterproof ConcreteConcrete
&&Chloride Chloride Diffusion Diffusion
ResistanceResistance
Exposure to Exposure to NaClNaCl solution (1.75% chloride ion solution (1.75% chloride ion content) content) Three mixes: control, pore blocker, crystalline admixThree mixes: control, pore blocker, crystalline admix24 hour wet and dry cycles for 90 days24 hour wet and dry cycles for 90 days
Waterproof Waterproof ConcreteConcrete
& & Compressive Compressive
StrengthStrength
Numerous tests have demonstrated that the Numerous tests have demonstrated that the addition of admixtures for waterproofing concrete addition of admixtures for waterproofing concrete can increases compressive strengthcan increases compressive strength
REF
1%Admix
2%Admix
REF
2%Admix
3%Admix
4%Admix
REF
2.5%Admix
5%Admix
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140C
ompr
essi
ve S
tren
gth
As
%
Construction Company In-House Report, Houston, Texas
Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3
WATERPROOF CONCRETE WATERPROOF CONCRETE ADMIX SYSTEMADMIX SYSTEM
WHERE IS IT USED?WHERE IS IT USED?
new constructionnew constructioncastcast--inin--placeplaceprepre--castcastshotcreteshotcrete
PouredPoured--in placein place
Maybank Foundation Slab, Malaysia
PRE CAST STRUCTURESPRE CAST STRUCTURES
ShotcreteShotcrete ApplicationApplication
Bronx Zoo Tunnel, New York, USA
OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITYValue Added Concrete Value Added Concrete
ContractorContractorLower Cost Per Square FootLower Cost Per Square FootReduced SubReduced Sub--TradeTradeAccelerates Construction ScheduleAccelerates Construction Schedule
Concrete ProducerConcrete ProducerMore ProfitMore ProfitCustomer SatisfactionCustomer SatisfactionProblem SolverProblem Solver
Esplanade Theatres on the Bay, Singapore
Use of waterproof concrete instead of Use of waterproof concrete instead of traditional membrane reduced construction traditional membrane reduced construction by three months and saved $500,000by three months and saved $500,000
Esplanade Arts Center Esplanade Arts Center SingaporeSingapore
Hollywood Casino, Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A.
70,000 square feet
Lower cost than traffic deck coating
Faster scheduling
PrecastPrecast ManholesManholesWaterproof, Acid ResistantWaterproof, Acid Resistant
No Coatings = Lower Cost & ConvenienceNo Coatings = Lower Cost & Convenienceworker compensation issuesworker compensation issues
Waterproof & Acid Resistant PipeWaterproof & Acid Resistant PipeLower Infiltration & Lower Infiltration & ExfiltrationExfiltration RatesRates
JACKSONVILLE ELECTRICJACKSONVILLE ELECTRICCOAL UNLOADING FACILITYCOAL UNLOADING FACILITY
Precast Piles and BeamsPrecast Piles and Beams
JACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC JACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC COAL UNLOADING FACILITYCOAL UNLOADING FACILITY
micro fracture protection micro fracture protection
St. Clair County Administration AnnexSt. Clair County Administration AnnexMichiganMichiganBasement located13 feet below river level, waterproof Basement located13 feet below river level, waterproof concrete used to replace membraneconcrete used to replace membrane
PoochiesPoochies & Mutts Pet Resort& Mutts Pet ResortGreen Bay, WisconsinGreen Bay, Wisconsin
Replaced Epoxy Flooring MaterialReplaced Epoxy Flooring Material
CastCast--inin--Place Parapet WallsPlace Parapet WallsMadison, WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin
Parapet Walls, Madison, WisconsinParapet Walls, Madison, Wisconsin--waterproof concrete used to waterproof concrete used to protect architectural concreteprotect architectural concrete
SOMERSET STATE CORRECTION INSTITUTESOMERSET STATE CORRECTION INSTITUTESOMERSET, PASOMERSET, PA1500 CUBIC YARDS1500 CUBIC YARDSREPLACED COATING MATERIALS ALLOWING FOR WINTER REPLACED COATING MATERIALS ALLOWING FOR WINTER PLACEMENT AND FAST TRACKING THE CONSTRUCTION PLACEMENT AND FAST TRACKING THE CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULESCHEDULE
High End HomesHigh End Homes88”” thick wall thick wall $1.25 sq. ft.$1.25 sq. ft.
New HorizonsNew Horizons
New ApplicationsNew Applications