DRAFT

Annual Performance Report

January – November 2011

November 2011

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The mission of ASARECA is to enhance regional collective action in agricultural research for development, extension, training, and education to promote economic growth, fight poverty, eradicate hunger and enhance sustainable use of resources in Eastern and Central Africa (ECA). ASARECA is a sub-regional organization covering ten countries in ECA, namely: Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. It supports regionally planned and implemented activities in agricultural research, advisory services, training and education.

In order to effectively steer its interventions, ASARECA has a 10-year Strategic Plan (2007-2016) and a five year Operational Plan (2009-2013). These plans detail the implementation of the strategy, including research programs, as well as the key changes to research, management and governance structures necessary for delivery.

The guiding goal of ASARECA is “Enhanced competitiveness of sub-Regional agricultural systems”. This goal feeds into the ASARECA’s strategic objective that focuses on “Increased economic growth and improved social welfare in the ECA region while enhancing the quality of the environment”. On the other hand, ASARECA is guided by the MDTF Project Development Objective (PDO) that seeks “to enhance access and utilization of agricultural research technologies and innovations in the regional agricultural systems of Eastern and Central Africa”.

This report is a summary of the progress made in all the implemented projects in 2011, thanks for the support from the MDTF, USAID and the African Development Bank through FARA.

During this period under review, ASARECA and its partner NARS reviewed, revised and re-aligned the Logframes and program strategic plans to feed into the continental agenda of CAADP Pillar IV. This also included provision of technical support and backstopping roles in two projects: the East African Agricultural Productivity Project (EAAPP), and Sustainable Intensification of Maize Legume cropping system for food security in Eastern and Southern Africa (SIMLESA). Overall, the progress on performance was satisfactory.

The key achievements registered included and not limited to the following:

1. Call for Concept Notes and Proposal development of new projects. Based on the ASARECA’s Competitive Grants System that aims at improving research efficiency by promoting innovative research and provision of incentives for research partnerships and collaboration, several Concept Notes and Proposals were issued, followed by screening and technical reviews. Through this process, up to 21 new projects are at different stages of screening and approval.

2. Programme Development. During the reporting period, ASARECA: Facilitated Planning and Priority setting workshops for the EAAPP’s Centres of Excellence. Key

meetings included: priority setting workshop for Cassava, Rice and Wheat Regional Centre of Excellence (CRCoE, RRCoE & WRCoE respectively) and Project Management Development workshops for CRCoE and Regional Rice Centre of Excellence (RRCoE). During these sub-regional planning meetings, budgets were refined, and Logframes and Performance Monitoring Plans (PMPs) reviewed. Commodity-based Results Frameworks and PMPs were also finalized in August, while baseline survey tools were not only developed, but also the studies commenced in all the four Centres of Excellence. Final Baseline Reports are expected before the end of the year.

Facilitated the development of 5 project proposals for regional collaboration under the EAAPP Regional Dairy Centre of Excellence (RDCoE). The process involved identification of topics for the first batch of regional proposals by participating countries. Selection of these topics was based on on-going projects within ASARECA’s Livestock and Fisheries Program with the potential of scaling out and having tangible spillovers. The Technical Review Teams reviewed the full proposals and submitted them to the EAAPP Coordination offices in member countries for funding. These projects will be launched before the end of 2011.

Supported the generation of 107 technologies and innovations (out of the annual target of 112). These technologies and innovations focus on the: (i) management of the natural resource base supporting agriculture (especially soil and water); (ii) improvement of the genetic profile of crops and animals; (iii) reduction of the biotic constraints (such as pests, weeds, and diseases) that decrease yields; and (iv) provision of affordable high quality seeds for the farmers. On the other

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hand, up to 104 demand-driven gender-responsive technologies and innovations (out of the annual target of 947) have been lined up for uptake by targeted stakeholders.

Provided technical support to new projects (especially on monitoring and evaluation and gender mainstreaming) during project proposal development, especially the new projects. Support focused on development of Results Frameworks, identification and selection of key performance indicators, setting of interim and end-of-project targets, as well as preparation for baseline studies. Up to 18 projects incorporated gender responsive agricultural systems.

Analyzed, reviewed, and recommended policy options for ensuring an enabling environment for agricultural sector performance in ECA. Up to 25 policies, laws, regulations and procedures were analyzed, 9 were presented for legislation and dialogue, while 5 were approved (e.g. Kenya Seed Policy, Uganda PVP Bill, and East African Standard for Seed Potato). Efforts are underway to harmonize approaches for generation, analysis and dissemination of agricultural market information by accredited institutions in the region and to build capacity in using market information to forecast trends in key food security indicators.

Participated in the national and regional planning and program steering committee meetings for the SIMLESA project. In this project, ASARECA is tasked with the implementation of Objective 4: To support the development of regional and local innovation systems. The key outputs are: (i) Functional M&E system incorporated; (ii) Mainstreaming of gender sensitivity in research activities in the five primary program countries; and (iii) Knowledge of relevant program innovations and germplasm available within the five target countries.

3. Financial Management: By 31st October 2011 (the end of the 10th month of the financial year), ASARECA received a total actual funding of US$ 18,887,157 against the budget of US$ 17,267,000 (109% funding achievement of the annual budget). This funding increase is attributed to the additional funding committed by WB-MDTF through amendment of the trust fund agreement with an incremental funding of US$ 14,054,850. So far, the total MDTF grant up to 31st December 2013 is US$ 50,033,440. With regards to budget utilization/actual expenditure, up to US$ 10,518,204 (61% budget utilization) was recorded. The ASARECA Accounts were audited by external auditors (Deloitte & Touche), and the clean and unqualified independent reports presented to the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors in May 2011.

4. Internal Audits. To ensure adherence to procedures and standards, quarterly internal audits have been carried out on all programs and projects. The key findings have been shared with the ASARECA management for adjustments.

5. Board of Directors’ Meeting. Two Executive Committee meetings of the Board of Directors were held in May (Ethiopia) and September (Entebbe), while the full Board of Directors was held in June (Madagascar). Through these meetings, strategic decisions including staff remuneration and welfare, as well as organizational performance and learning strategies were discussed.

6. Internal and Program Reviews. To enhance organizational development and growth, ASARECA hosted three reviews, namely: the 10-year Impact Assessment of USAID-funded projects, the Mid-Term Review of the ASARECA’s Operational Plan (2008-2013) by the Multi-Donor Trust Fund, as well as the ASARECA Internal Review by PriceWaterHouseCoopers. Reports of these reviews are out, while the Final Aide Memoire from MDTF is forthcoming.

7. Secretariat Systems and Procedures. In order to ensure managing for results in all its interventions, ASARECA continued to refine, not only its systems and procedures, but also those of the supported projects. These systems and procedures included: revision of the Operations Manual; review of the program Logframes; and review of project M&E tools and methodologies. This process is ongoing.

8. Capacity Development. In seeking to strengthen the capacity of individuals and institutions, the following set of activities were implemented: The Gender Mainstreaming Specialist of ASARECA facilitated 7 training workshops, not only for the

ASARECA staff, but also for selected members of the NARS. The workshops were held in Entebbe (for ASARECA staff); Ethiopia (for the EIAR staff); and Arusha and Morogoro (for the SIMLESA team). A total of 355 participants (123 females, 232 males) benefited from these gender mainstreaming trainings.

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The Partnerships and Capacity Development (PCD) Unit facilitated capacity building workshops, including training on Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) and Value Chain Development (VCD) for 20 ASARECA Program staff (14 males; 6 females), and 57 (48 males, 9 females) Principal Investigators and National Focal Persons. Three sensitization seminars on Universities, Business and research in Agricultural Innovation (UniBRAIN) initiative were also held for NARO, KARI and DRD. Similarly, the Unit coordinated two workshops in Rwanda and Sudan for the Strengthening the Capacity for Agricultural Innovations (SCAIN), which is a follow up project of Strengthening the Capacity for Agricultural Research and Development in Africa (SCARDA) Project. The two workshops involved training IPTA members on needs identification and analysis, as well as strategy development and AIS and VCD approaches. A third joint leadership and management workshop involving all three SCARDA countries was also conducted to allow lesson sharing between these three countries.

The M&E Unit, in collaboration with the Gender Specialist conducted a series of Training of Trainers (ToT) workshops on Impact Assessment, Data Quality Management, Managing for Results, Performance Reporting, Performance Monitoring Plan (PMP), and Performance Measurement Framework (PMF). During these workshops, a total of 116 participants (94 males; 22 females) were guided in the practical M&E, including the development of PMP, and the co-generation of PMF. With regards to establishment of M&E systems and structures, the Unit continued to develop appropriate structures and user-friendly systems for monitoring and evaluation at organizational, program, and project levels. For example, M&E policies and procedures have been reviewed under the Revised Operations Manual, thus ensuring streamlining and harmonization of M&E operations at various levels.

In general, through short-term training activities, a total of 14,696 persons (7,242 males; 7,454 females) benefited from short-term training programs. The training areas included: Application of technologies for drought mitigation in sorghum agro-ecologies; Integrated Striga management technologies; Management of CBSD and CMD diseases, Scientific writing, Pearl Millet breeding, Soil Fertility Management; Crop Residue Management; Marker assisted selection for Striga resistance in sorghum; Agricultural practices of climbing beans; Fodder establishment; Remote sensing; Cooking sweet potato leaves, among others.

As part of enhancing long-term support and skills acquisition on agricultural research for development, total of 70 students (14 PhD, 49 MSc, 6 BSc, and 1 Certificate) benefited or continued to benefit from ASARECA’s long term trainings on Agricultural Productivity.

Selected institutions within the ASARECA member countries received support towards strengthening their infrastructure capacity. Through this initiative, up to 111 different institutions was supported. To enhance ASARECA’s interventions in the region, up to 44 different partners either formed new or strengthened existing partnerships to address common goals. The activities of these partners were mainly carried out under Memoranda of Understandings or Letters of Agreements and/or Workplans.

Enhanced availability of information on agricultural innovation. During the year, ASARECA facilitated the production of over 350 different information packages (such as peer-reviewed journal articles (18), books (6), chapters in books (28), electronic newsletters (23), conference proceedings (27), manuals, etc). These products were made available to partners through over 50 different delivery pathways (such as websites, flyers, TV, radio, SMS, dissemination events, media events, farm trials, among others).

The following table summarizes the performance of ASARECA against the Annual and Operational Plan (OP) Targets. During the year, ASARECA achieved a minimum of 77% of its annual targets, while cumulative achievement against the OP target was above average in most of the indicators (see Table 1 for details).

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Table 1: ASARECA's Performance against Annual and OP TargetsSelected Key Performance Indicator Actual

{cumulative2009-11}

OP Target2009-

13

Performance/Target (%)

Annual OP

Purpose: Enhanced utilization of agricultural research and development innovations in Eastern and Central Africa1.  Number of stakeholders accessing the technologies and innovations 100,681

209,778

83 48.0

Output 2: Enhanced Generation of Demand Driven Agricultural Technologies and Innovations2.1. Number of demand driven technologies and innova-

tions generated 268 381 90 70.3

2.2. Number of demand driven gender responsive techno-logies made available to uptake pathway 290 431 89 67.3

Output 3: Enhanced Adoption of Policy Options by decision Makers to improve performance of the Agricultural sector in ECA3.1. Number of Policies, laws, regulations and procedures

analyzed 57 66 133 86.4

3.2. Number of Policies, laws, regulations & procedures presented for legislation or decree 34 60 106 56.7

3.3. Number of policy options approved17 34 77 50.0

Output 4: Strengthened Capacity for implementing agricultural research for development in ECA sub region4.1. Number of ASARECA projects that have incorporated

gender responsive agricultural innovation systems 55 89 102 61.8

4.2. Number of stakeholders whose capacity building needs have been addressed 45,264 85,190 89 53.1

4.3. Number of infrastructure developed316 388 97 81.4

4.4. Number of partnerships formed172 229 105 75.1

Output 5: Enhanced availability of information on agricultural technologies and innovations in ECA sub region5.1. Number of appropriate information packages pro-

duced 565 801 99 70.5

5.2. Number of appropriate information delivery pathways used 149 279 87 53.4

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ContentsEXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................................................................ i1. Background............................................................................................................................................................................ 12. Performance Progress........................................................................................................................................................2

2.1. Output 1: Gender-Responsive Governance and Management strengthened.........................................22.1.1. Pluralistic decision making process................................................................................................................................22.1.2. Compliance with organizational operational procedures and standards.......................................................42.1.3. Percent change in funding from development partners and/or private sector...........................................5

2.2. Output 2: Enhanced generation of demand driven agricultural technologies and innovations.....52.2.1. Number of demand-driven technologies and innovations generated..............................................................52.2.2. Number of demand driven gender responsive Technologies/ innovations made available to uptake pathway 12

2.3. Output 3: Enhanced adoption of policy options by decision makers to improve performance of the agricultural sector in the ECA sub-region..............................................................................................................162.4. Output 4: Strengthened Capacity for Implementing Agricultural Research for Development in ECA sub-region........................................................................................................................................................................212.5. Output 5: Enhanced availability of information on agricultural technologies and innovations in ECA sub-region........................................................................................................................................................................28

2.5.1. Number of appropriate information delivery pathways used..........................................................................293. Contribution of outputs to ASARECA higher level results....................................................................................314. Plans for the Next Reporting Period............................................................................................................................325. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................................................326. Case Study.............................................................................................................................................................................337. Annexes..................................................................................................................................................................................35

7.1.1. Electronic newsletters........................................................................................................................................................357.1.2. Journals..................................................................................................................................................................................... 357.1.3. Books & Book Chapters......................................................................................................................................................367.1.4. Manuscripts & Research Draft Papers.........................................................................................................................387.1.5. Booklets.....................................................................................................................................................................................417.1.6. Manuals & Field Guide........................................................................................................................................................417.1.7. Documentaries.......................................................................................................................................................................427.1.8. Policy Briefs.............................................................................................................................................................................427.1.9. Posters....................................................................................................................................................................................... 437.1.10. Leaflets, Flyers & Fact Sheets..........................................................................................................................................447.1.11. Pamphlets.................................................................................................................................................................................447.1.12. CD-Rom..................................................................................................................................................................................... 447.1.13. Website Designed................................................................................................................................................................. 447.1.14. Brochures................................................................................................................................................................................. 447.1.15. Monographs.............................................................................................................................................................................447.1.16. General Reports {Workshops, Annual Reports, etc}..............................................................................................457.1.17. Newspaper articles...............................................................................................................................................................45

7.1. Annex 2: ASARECA M&E information matrix – Targets and Actual Values...........................................467.2. Annex 3: Acronyms...................................................................................................................................................48

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List of TablesTable 1: ASARECA's Performance against Annual and OP Targets.........................................................................................ivTable 2: Status of ASARECA-funded projects (2011-2013)........................................................................................................2Table 3: Gender Mainstreaming Trainings.........................................................................................................................................3Table 4: Hectares of land under seed multiplication...................................................................................................................13Table 5: Tons of Quality Seed produced............................................................................................................................................14Table 6: List of Draft East African Standards for Cassava, Sweet Potatoes & Related Products..............................18Table 7: Participants of Short-term Trainings................................................................................................................................24Table 8: Students' Program supported by ASARECA Initiatives............................................................................................26Table 9: Types of Infrastructure established/strengthened....................................................................................................26Table 10: Types of Partnerships formed/strengthened............................................................................................................27Table 11: Types of Publications produced.......................................................................................................................................29Table 12: Media Coverage....................................................................................................................................................................... 30Table 13: Banana attacked by BBW....................................................................................................................................................34Table 14: List of Electronic Newsletters...........................................................................................................................................35Table 15: List of Documentaries...........................................................................................................................................................42Table 16: Cumulative Targets and Actuals (based on OP)........................................................................................................46

List of FiguresFigure 1: Genetically engineered maize in ECA.........................................................................................................6Figure 2: Striga resistant lines being multiplied for seed production, Sudan.........................................................6Figure 3: Fruit juices formulated by Sokoine University........................................................................................11Figure 4: Amaranth cream soup developed by Sokoine University.......................................................................11Figure 5: Dried Amaranth leaf packet.......................................................................................................................11Figure 6: Performance of QPM variety - Lishe K1 in farmer field, Kilindi IPTA, Tanzania..................................13Figure 7: Banana attacked by BBW...........................................................................................................................34Figure 8: Skalion (above) displays healthy banana from his recovered orchard.................................................34

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1. Background

The Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) is a non-political organization of the National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) of ten countries: Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. The Director Generals of the NARIs are also members of the Board of Directors (besides relevant representatives from other sectors). The organization supports regionally planned and implemented activities in agricultural research, advisory services, training and education. It is guided by the Mission, “To enhance regional collective action in agricultural research for development, extension, training, and education to promote economic growth, fight poverty, eradicate hunger and enhance sustainable use of resources in Eastern and Central Africa (ECA)”.

ASARECA is strategically positioned to link the East and Central Africa to other sub-Regions in the pursuit of contributing to the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), specifically Pillar IV. In order to play this role, ASARECA has developed four key documents: The 10-year Strategic Plan (2007-2016); the 5-year Operational Plan (2009-2013); The Constitution; and the Operations Manual. These plans and documents provide details of the implementation strategies of the research programs, as well as the key changes to research, management and governance structures necessary for delivery of these continental expectations.

To meet these expectations, ASARECA follows its guiding goal of “Enhanced competitiveness of sub-Regional agricultural systems”. The competitiveness focuses on how to develop and use technology with reduced national and regional cost of production over time. It also looks at strategies of improving quality, enhance innovation of new products, and provide marketing strategies under a favourable policy environment. This goal feeds into the organization’s strategic objective (super goal) that focuses on “Increased economic growth and improved social welfare in the ECA region while enhancing the quality of the environment”. These high-level results are supported by the Purpose that aims at “Enhanced utilization of agricultural research and development innovations in Eastern and Central Africa”.

To ensure continued and comparable tracking of achievements of these results, ASARECA operates under the following five Key Outputs:

1. Strengthened gender-responsive governance and management2. Enhanced generation and uptake of demand driven agricultural technologies and innova-

tions3. Enhanced adoption of policy options by decision makers to improve performance of the ag-

ricultural sector in ECA4. Strengthened capacity for implementing agricultural research for development in ECA5. Enhanced availability of information on agricultural technologies and innovations in the

ECA.

To meet these Key Outputs, ASARECA has positioned itself to conduct its research-for-development work through seven programs, namely: Staple Crops, High Value Non-Staple Crops, Livestock and Fisheries, Agro-biodiversity and Biotechnology, Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity, Policy Analysis and Advocacy, and Up-scaling and Knowledge Management. The programs are supported by four service units namely: Finance and Administration; Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation; Partnerships and Capacity Development; and Information and communication. These programs closely work with key stakeholders, such as: rural farmers and pastoralists, national research institutions, advanced research institutions, farmer organisations, government departments and ministries, the private sector, extension agencies, universities, and non-government organisations.

During this reporting period, over 50 projects were supported through the ongoing ASARECA’s Competitive Grants System. Out of these, 16 were closed, while 30 are targeted for closure by end

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of the year. A total of 16 old projects (11 in 2012 and 5 in 2013) will still receive ASARECA support. Up to 21 new projects are in the pipeline (see Table 2 for details).

Table 2: Status of ASARECA-funded projects (2011-2013)Program Old Projects ended/ending by New Projects

ending by 2013Projects in the Pipeline

TOTAL30 Sept 11 31 Dec 11 31 Dec 12 31 Dec 13

Staple Crops 8 7 - - 2 6 23High Value Non-Staple Crops - 3 - - 1 5 9Agro-Biodiversity & Biotech 3 4 4 - 4 3 18Livestock & Fisheries - 8 1 1 2 3 15Natural Resources Mgt 3 3 - 1 1 1 9Policy Analysis & Advocacy 1 4 1 2 2 1 10Knowledge Mgt & Upscaling - - 3 1 3 2 9Info & Communication - - 1 - - - 1Partnerships & Capacity Devt 1 1 1 - - - 3TOTAL 16 30 11 5 15 21 97

2. Performance ProgressIn this section, this progress report presents the key achievements and progress made by ASARECA and its partners in pushing the research for development agenda. The section illustrates the key ASARECA results, as well as an aggregation of contributions from the 7 ASARECA programs and 4 core support units.

2.1. Output 1: Gender-Responsive Governance and Management strengthened

This output captures the organizational development process. A key principle of the proposed changes in ASARECA is to expand and strengthen the governance bodies to better perform the oversight and stewardship functions. During the reporting period (as in previous periods), three Key Performance Indicators were tracked, and the results are as indicated below.

2.1.1. Pluralistic decision making processPluralism refers to involvement of various stakeholders so that diverse skills and strengths of a broad range of stakeholders (e.g. NARIs, Universities, NGOs, public and the private sectors) are brought on board in the decision making processes. Under this indicator, the extent to which various stakeholders (categorized by gender) participated in the decision making processes of the Organization was tracked. The following achievements were recorded:

a) Financial Management: By end of the 10th month of the financial year on 31st October 2011, the Secretariat has received a total actual funding of US$ 18,887,157 against the planned budget funding of US$ 17,267,000 – representing 109% funding achievement of the annual budget. This funding increase was attributed to the additional funding committed by WB-MDTF through amendment of the trust fund agreement, with an incremental funding of US$ 14,054,850. This brought the total MDTF grant to US$ 50,033,440 (covering up to 31st December 2013). On the other hand, the budget utilization or actual expenditure incurred for the same period amounted to US$ 10,518,204 – representing 61% budget utilization. With regards to liquidity, the Secretariat had a cash balance of US$ 9,466,439 at the close of books on 31st October 2011, implying that the Secretariat has been liquid and healthy. At the beginning of the year, the ASARECA Accounts were audited by external auditors (Deloitte & Touche) and whose clean and unqualified independent reports were presented to the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors in May 2011.

b) RecruitmentTo ensure and enhance continuity in program stewardship, two Unit Programme Assistants (for Monitoring and Evaluation unit, and Knowledge Management and Upscaling Program) were recruited on temporary basis, pending formal recruitment for these positions that fell vacant after resignation of the staffs. In addition, short-term consultants were engaged to conduct Internal

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Reviews; Impact Evaluation of USAID-funded projects; as well as to undertake selected capacity building activities.

c) Gender Mainstreaming ASARECA’s gender mainstreaming strategy has been reviewed and is being published. It aims at developing a better understanding of gender amongst the NARS and key partners; influencing donor and government agricultural policy towards becoming more gender responsive; securing adequate and equitable allocation of resources for gender mainstreaming and its institutionalization in ASARECA NARS. This strategy guides the Programme Managers and project implementers on the incorporation of gender analysis in research for development activities. So far, key performance indicators and results statements have been engendered.

During the year, the Gender Expert facilitated Regional- and Program- level training workshops for ASARECA staff and researchers in the NARS of Burundi, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda. These trainings led to profound understanding and appreciation of gender mainstreaming approaches by the ASARECA staffs and NARI research scientists, including translating the new Gender Mainstreaming approaches into performance indicators in programs and projects. Gender Mainstreaming Action Plans for Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, and some ASARECA programs, were developed. Efforts were also made to ensure that the East African Agricultural Productivity Programme (EAAPP) and SIMLESA projects incorporated clear gender focus. The trainings have also fostered equity in participation, access to, and harnessing of the outcomes and impacts of innovation processes including technologies, practices, polices and information by a broad array of farming households and agricultural value chain actors in the region. Efforts have also been put in ensuring that the EAAPP and SIMLESA projects are started with very clear gender focus.

During the year, a total of 355 people (232 males; 123 females) benefited from gender mainstreaming training (see Table 3 for details).

Table 3: Gender Mainstreaming TrainingsGender Mainstreaming Trainings Venue Participants Total

Female MaleASARECA  staff  Entebbe (Uganda) 13 18 31SIMLESA I        Arusha (Tanzania) 9 20 29Ethiopia Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) 19 50 69SIMLESA II Morogoro (Tanzania) 14 16 30Action Planning for Kenya, Uganda and ASARECA Entebbe (Uganda) 15 14 29DRC, Rwanda, Burundi, Madagascar and SIMLESA team Bujumbura (Burundi) 28 34 62Gender mainstreaming in bye-law formulation processes PAAP

Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Entebbe (Uganda)

25 80 105

TOTAL 123 232 355

d) ASARECA BoD meetingsTwo Executive Committee meetings of the Board of Directors were held in May (Ethiopia) and September (Entebbe), while the full Board of Directors was held in June (Madagascar). Through these meetings, strategic decisions including staff remuneration and welfare, as well as organizational performance and learning strategies were discussed.

e) Internal and Program ReviewsTo enhance organizational development and growth, ASARECA hosted three reviews, namely: the 10-year Impact Assessment of USAID-funded projects, the Mid-Term Review of the ASARECA’s Operational Plan (2008-2013) by the Multi-Donor Trust Fund, as well as the ASARECA Internal Review by PriceWaterHouseCoopers. Reports of these reviews are out, while the final Aide Memoire from MDTF is anticipated in November.

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2.1.2. Compliance with organizational operational procedures and standardsThis indicator tracks the level of observance of all ASARECA standards and procedures of its operations as spelled out in its guiding documents, such as: Constitution, Governance Manual, Operations Manual, Headquarters Agreement, etc. It also focuses on the performance of ASARECA with respect to the four pillars of governance, namely: Transparency, Accountability, Predictability and Participation. During the period under review, the following achievements were registered:

a) Staff Performance Management The Performance Development Plans (PDP) for staff is in place, having been implemented for the past one year. This tool is used to record individual performance and any development gaps that require intervention. Through this tool, staff performance and rewards have been determined. For example, during the previous year (2010), all the staffs were awarded with an incremental rate of up to 4% on basis salary based on this tool.

b) Human Resource Information systemThe HR and Administration has continued to implement change in order to centralise the ASARECA data and enhance service delivery. During the reporting year, the Unit implemented a Human Resource Information System (HRIS), which incorporates a Payroll System, an Online Performance Management, Recruitment details, Human Resource Data Administration, and Real Time Leave Management. The system also has an employee self service component where staff can access their data online, thus reducing the transaction time needed to access HR-related information.

c) Host Country AgreementAn amended Host Country Agreement has been cleared by both the Ministry of Justice and Finance of the Government of Uganda. This therefore paves the way for the agreement to be signed by the Minister for Agriculture, Animal and Fisheries and ASARECA management, thus paving way for ASARECA to attain a diplomatic status as an inter-governmental organisation.

d) Programme Management Information Systems (PMIS) As part of the process of modifying the Projects Management Information System (PrMIS) and Grants Management Information System (GMIS) Modules of the PMIS, efforts were made in seeking to integrate these systems with the yet-to-be-developed M&E system. The Information and Communication Unit commissioned an onsite assessment on the readiness of the Secretariat systems to satisfy the requirements of the PMIS modification. The assessment recommended that the modification exercise be carried out in 3 phases. The first phase of the PMIS modification exercise has commenced. Results for this effort are forthcoming. In addition, the online Contacts MIS was finalised, resulting in better and more useful contacts database on the ASARECA website at http://www.asareca.org/directory/. This directory shows the details of the individuals, their institutions and the ASARECA Project on which they are working. According to the web statistics, it is one of the most frequented pages on the website.

To ensure effective internal and external communication, as well as quick Internet connectivity, ASARECA procured the Kerio Server box and gateway. This technology has enabled equal sharing of bandwidth among Secretariat Staff while utilising both the main and secondary ISPs. The Wireless terminals at ASARECA have also been upgraded. In addition the power backup for the IT Systems was upgraded to cater for the increased incidences of electricity ‘load-shedding’ in Uganda.

e) Performance-Based M&E systems and procedures The M&E Unit continued to institutionalize the M&E System. At the organizational level, the M&E strategy was finalized and development of operational guidelines for the new projects initiated. Data collection tools to be used in tracking each of the ASARECA indicators are under development and will be discussed with Program Managers for use by them and project implementers. Performance baselines and targets have been selected for all outputs and

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outcomes presented in the ASARECA Results Framework. With regards to establishment of M&E systems and structures, the Unit continued to develop appropriate structures and user-friendly systems for monitoring and evaluation at organizational, program, and project levels. For example, M&E policies and procedures have been reviewed under the Revised Operations Manual, thus ensuring streamlining and harmonization of M&E operations at various levels.

f) Outcomes and Impacts M&EASARECA pushes for managing for results as well as performance assessment. A framework for outcomes and impact monitoring and evaluation is in place, and it articulates methods and ap-proaches for tracking ASARECA outcome indicators, data and information requirements, as well as implementation modalities. As was reported in 2010, the planned impact assessments of two programmes, namely the Staple Crops and the Biodiversity and Biotechnology programs were conducted. Reports are available. Plans are underway to conduct independent reviews of the closed-out projects to enhance lesson learning and further management action. Reports on these reviews are anticipated in 1st Quarter, 2012.

g) Internal and External Audit The internal auditor carried out routine program and projects internal audits. The findings were submitted to the Executive Director and Board of Directors for information and action.

2.1.3. Percent change in funding from development partners and/or private sectorUnder this result area, ASARECA defines funding as a non-compulsory transfer of funds from De-velopment Partners and/or private sector to enable ASARECA to match its performance to its es-tablished purposes as stated in its mission. Following the restructuring in ASARECA, it was expec-ted that the levels of funding would increase substantially from donors and member governments. Similarly, Development Partners and/or private sector mean individuals and organizations with associated interest in supporting the ASARECA mission. This indicator aims to track ASARECA funding levels, measured as a percentage of the baseline. Data are collected from the Annual Fin-ancial Audits

During the reporting period, no new partner joined the ASARECA family, thus no additional resources were registered for agricultural research for development activities. However, joint planning and implementation continues for the two new projects – the East Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (EAAPP) and Sustainable Intensification of Maize Legume intercrop for improved livelihoods in Eastern and Southern Africa (SIMLESA) of partners. Implementation agreements for USD 3.2 million and USD 800,000 respectively that were signed have been undertaken. ASARECA has continued to play its role as convenor, and carried out capacity building and technical backstopping in M&E, gender mainstreaming, and knowledge management and up-scaling.

2.2. Output 2: Enhanced generation of demand driven agricultural technologies and innovations

This result focuses on facilitating the process of generating technologies, identifying appropriate pathways, methods and approaches for upscaling the identified technologies and innovations. The following section describes the key achievements realized during this reporting period.

2.2.1. Number of demand-driven technologies and innovations generated As a standard guideline, ASARECA defines technology as “as one or a combination of tools, equipment, genetic resources (genetic materials or breeds/varieties), production practices, methodologies/protocols, post-harvest/value addition products & practices, natural resources and biodiversity management practices, crop and animal management/husbandry practices, gathering practices, laboratory techniques and models, marketing practices, and the knowledge and skills needed to use them”. Innovation on the other hand is defined as the use of knowledge (indigenous and exogenous) in a place or by people in a way that it has not been used before.

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Out of the 76 technologies and innovations targeted for generation during the year period, a total of 57 were generated, representing 75% against the target. The main technologies and innovations generated fall under the following categories:

a) Crop and Livestock Genetics and BreedingAs part of ensuring sustainable food production and security, ASARECA and its partner NARS undertook research with the aim of developing new and improved varieties of crops and livestock that are tolerant to both biotic and abiotic factors. Key achievements during the period were:

1.Trials to evaluate one new technology for management of Banana Bacterial Wilt (BBW), specifically the development/identification of a BBW resistant variety were conducted. The 10 accessions with BBW escaping traits that were obtained from Belgium continued to undergo on station evaluation in 6 countries (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, DR Congo, and Burundi) and it is expected that at least one resistant genotype will be released by the end of 2012 for use by the farmers. The proportion of farmers who effectively controlled BXW using single stem removal method increased from 5% to 60% in Uganda and DR Congo. As a result, banana production has improved from a mere 2.5% previously, to 30% in Uganda.

2.Eleven cassava clones tolerant to Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) were evaluated in Uniform Yield Trials (UYT) prior to going for On-farm Participatory Variety Selection (OPVS) in Kenya. Similarly, the advancement of selected clones to National Performance Trials (NPTs) and eventual release will continue under EAAPP.

3.An assessment was completed for 1 OPV and 1 Hybrid of Quality Protein Maize in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Data has been compiled for entering the varieties into NPT for possible release later in the year or early 2012.

4.Genetic Engineering of Maize for Drought tolerance continued. So far, 5 technologies and innovations on transforming farmer-preferred tropical maize lines were advanced for uptake. Similarly, 5 lines of transformed maize lines from Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, and Tanzania were advanced in screen-house to produce seed for further trials.

5.The process of on-station and multi-location evaluation of generated Striga resistant sorghum lines – BC2S1 and BC3 have been started, and aim at boosting sorghum productivity. These lines are capable of yielding up to 3.6 t/ha. In addition, the Sudanese partners advanced more than 20 lines to near stable lines. The picture shows 30 of the 50 striga resistant lines being multiplied for seed production in Su-dan.

6. With respect to developing/acquiring and standardizing virus in-dexing tools for cassava and sweet potato culture materials, sig-nificant progress was made. A PCR based technique for con-ducting diagnostic testing on the tissue culture materials for vir-uses was developed and is being optimized. This tool developed makes use of PCR primers to detect the presence of major viruses for cassava and sweet potatoes. In addition protocols for using DNA-based tools for detection of cassava and sweet potato viruses were established. Antibody based diagnostics for CBSV is almost completed and scientists have almost pro-duced proteins required for production of antibodies. These tools were effective in diagnosing sweet potato and cassava viruses and highly sensitive than the current available protein-based tools. They have been recommended for use in quarantine and sweet potato research laborat-

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Figure 1: Genetically engineered maize in ECA

Figure 2: Striga resistant lines being multi-plied for seed production, Sudan

ories and in the certification of tissue culture planting materials. In total, four (4) primers for de-tecting potato and Sweetpotato viruses have been developed at BecA and an antigen/antibody detection method for Sweetpotato viruses developed.

7. Diagnostic and control tools and strategies for Taenia solium Cysticercosis were developed. Similarly, the vaccine for evaluating the efficacy of T. solium recombinant vaccine in pigs in ECA was also developed based on earlier evidence that immunization of sheep or cattle with antigens from live onchorespheres and onchorespheral, respectively, offers protection. Thus, homologs of these protective antigens (TSOL18 and TSOL18modified) were identified in T. solium of pigs and expressed in Escherichia coli, and is subsequently being used to demon-strate the protection induced in pigs by the recombinant vaccines. In addition, the development of user-friendly diagnostic test for T. solium cysticercosis has been completed. Results of its use are forthcoming.

b) Crop and Livestock Germplasm Conservation, Characterization and EvaluationA project on integrating biodiversity with conservation to improve livelihoods has for the first time documented abundance and diversity of key biodiversity indicators in the Serengeti Mara ecosystem. Through rigorous validation processes, a total of 25 best-bet technologies were generated for use in the Serengeti Mara ecosystems.

Useful agronomic as well as disease tolerance traits were recorded in various crop species, including identification of disease resistant and drought tolerant accessions of various crop types (e.g. sorghum, beans, banana, maize and other species). Low cost tissue culture protocols for cassava and sweet potatoes have been developed. As a result of this effort, the low cost tissue culture banana, sweet potatoes and Cassava that are free from pests and diseases have been produced in Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda. Farmers will be provided with these materials at a reduced price.

Similarly, characterization and evaluation of beans, cassava, sweet potato, sorghum, Voandezia, Vigna, Chorchorus, wild sorghum, pasture legumes and forage accessions to identify the potential genetic values of the accessions/species was done. Production and dissemination of clean banana tissue culture was strengthened. A regional genebank utilizing conservation biotechnology for conservation of cassava and sweet potatoes is undergoing rehabilitation and refurbishment at the National Genebank of Kenya.

Besides the already mentioned achievements, other milestones achieved were:

1. Core collections of cassava and sweet potato germplasm were done and are being main-tained at KARI (Muguga, Kakamega, and Mtwapa) stations in Kenya. The Mtwapa collection now has 85 materials all from coast province characterized by their local names. A parallel research activity involving development of two genetic linkage maps to identify molecular markers associated with tolerance to CBSD was initiated, and is under research. On the other hand, two F1 mapping populations of cassava were generated to identify molecular markers associated with tolerance to CBSD.

2. A total of 31 Superior Striga resistant lines of sorghum were regenerated in Sudan and Uganda for multi environmental trials in the rest of ECA. These striga resistance genes were introregressed into 3 sorghum backgrounds – Tabat, W. Ahmed and AG8 using MAS target-ing different Agro-ecological zones arid and Semi-arid zones. The generated lines are cur-rently under field testing in Sudan. Similarly, Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) for fine mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) associated with Striga resistant genes in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is also currently under research. In Rwanda, gen-eration of BC2F1 of farmer preferred sorghum varieties with Striga resistance QTLs was completed. This technology was developed through introgression of Striga resistance QTLs from N13 line into an adapted sorghum variety IS8193 in Rwanda using Marker Assisted

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backcrossing. Using related methodology, marker assisted breeding for striga resistance was advanced for Kenyan farmer-preferred Ochuti sorghum

3. Tissue Culture Certification scheme for facilitating exchange of banana tissue culture plant-ing materials was developed for buyers/importers. This process was aimed at ensuring re-duced fears that pathogens capable of causing systemic infections on their host plants can be transmitted through vegetative materials from infected mother plants to the young plants.

4. Plant germplasm collection, characterization, evaluation, conservation and regeneration were strengthened. Similarly, field genebank and in vitro conservation of sweet potato ger-mplasm was established in Rwanda for long-term conservation and sustainable utilization. Viability tests (57 accessions), germplasm characterization (370 accessions), evaluation (62 accessions) and multiplication and regeneration (338 accessions) were undertaken in EAP-GREN-wide region.

5. Regeneration and safety duplication of regionally prioritized crop collection was done for beans (790 accessions from Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda); Cowpea (49 accessions from Sudan); Faba-bean (154 accessions (some accessions belong to a different genus) from Kenya); Sorghum (202 accessions from Burundi and Rwanda); Sweet potatoes (110 acces-sion to be regenerated in vitro from Rwanda); and Bamboo (in situ conservation site main-tained in Ethiopia).

6. Up to 8 indigenous breeds of cattle (including the Nganda and Teso in Uganda, Orma and Kavirondo in Kenya, Tarime and Sukuma in Tanzania and Oursi and Sheko in Ethiopia) were characterized for their socio-economic value and phenotypic characteristics to identify production and adaptation traits for use in breeding programmes. On the other hand, com-munity-based breeding schemes were established at 5 strategic sites (Kenya – 3; Uganda – 1; Tanzania – 2).

7. A total of 822 and 663 indigenous breeds of goats and sheep respectively, were character-ized to identify their production traits and their genetic potential for improvement small ru-minant production in ECA. These animals were drawn from Eritrea (492 sheep), Kenya (199 goats; 87 sheep), Rwanda (487 goats), and Tanzania (136 goats; 84 sheep).

c) Seed MultiplicationAvailability and enhanced access to quality seed by the farmers is critical for uptake and utilization of production technologies for both staple and non-staple crops. Three technologies for quality seed potato production and use among smallholder farmers, namely small seedplot technique, positive selection and rotation were evaluated by the farmers in Burundi, Kenya and Uganda with promising results. In relation to banana, scientists in Tanzania have began on-farm evaluation of two innovative technologies that can be used for community production of banana-wilt-free materi-als, namely decapitation and macropogation. In addition, five hectares of striga resistant sorghum were planted at the research station in Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Sudan. Following this trial, a total of 1.6 tons of sorghum seed were produced. This seed will be distributed to community farmer groups for bulking to make it accessible to farmers. In addition, 56 farmer-preferred cas-sava landraces were multiplied using tissue culture. Additional achievements with respect to seed multiplication include:

Three African Indigenous Vegetable (AIV) seed models were evaluated using four para-meters: (i) volume of seed produced; (ii) number of farmers/seed enterprises selling seed; (iii) number of seed lots certified; and (iv) key success factors and constraints to the establishment and success of Farmer-Led Seed Enterprises (FLSE). The evaluation showed that only farmers under the model involving private seed company were able to produce seed. For example, in Kenya, up to 4.6 tons (2.6 ton of African nightshade; 1.4 tons of Crotalaria; and 0.6 of Sunhemp) was produced (Over 2.8 tons produced by male farmers; over 1.7 tons by female farmers). In Tanzania, up to 0.67 tons of Quality De-

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clared Seed (QDS) seed of African indigenous vegetables, mainly amaranthus and African eggplant was produced (0.59 tons by male farmers; 0.075tons by female farm-ers).

Fertilizer and seed rates, as well as spacing and cutting regimes were established for three forage species including Clitoria ternatea, Chloris gayana and Lablab purpureus.

At the Kenyatta University’s Jesse Machuka Plant Transformation Laboratory, Maize lines transformed with ASARAnxzm35, Annat1, NHX1, XvPrx2, XvSAP1, IPT, CBF 1, and silencing the PARP1 gene using amiRNA1 and amiRNA3 using the clean gene technology comprising the PMI gene as a safer alternative to herbicide tolerance selec-tion system were regenerated and the first transgenic seeds produced.

A total of 61 farmers (46 men and 15 women) sold quality and demand-driven AIV seeds. It was noted that more farmers and seed enterprises selling seed were associated with the private sector seed companies. Through this model, the farmers were organized and contracted to produce seed. For example, farmers in Kenya produced and sold seed to the Kenya Seed Company, while in Tanzania, some of the farmers operate under the private sector mediated model, even though the majority produce QDS and sell to the market informally by themselves. On the key success factors and constraints for successful Farmer-Led Seed Enterprise (FLSE), a set of progress markers (short term, medium term and long-term) for the outcome challenge for each of six bound-ary partners (regulators, Ministry of Agriculture, NGO/CBO, Researchers/Universities, Seed Com-panies and Farmers or Farmer Groups) were developed. Two training workshops were then con-ducted by CABI in Kenya (31st May - 1st May 2011) and Tanzania (19th - 20th April 2011), to com-plete the outcome journals.

d) Disease and Pest ManagementThe following achievements were registered during the reporting period;1. Fine mapping of sorghum for striga resistance is almost completed by ARC at ICRISAT. This

fine fine mapping of QTLs associated with Striga resistant genes in sorghum was achieved by producing linkage map of N13X E36-1 based RIL populations. The final product is a fine map of QTLs associated with Striga resistant genes in sorghum.

2. Best-bet cost-effective tick and tick borne disease management options to avoid acaricide resistance, minimizing malpractice and misuse of acaricides, as well as impact on public health and on the environment were identified and promoted in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

3. Seven new CBSD tolerant clones (08/354; 08/1189; 08/2206; 08/3291; 08/1373; 08/080; and 08/363) were planted on farms by 26 farmers in Kenya (Kilifi – 6; Kwale – 4; Kikoneni – 5; Malindi – 6; and Mpeketoni - 5). These farmers are currently involved in the evaluation of these clones. Despite the project ending in December 2011, this particular activity will be continued under EAAPP.

4. Penside lateral flow diagnostic assay for Taenia solium cysticercosis was finalised. The assay detects the presence of T. solium cysticercosis infection in pigs.. The assay is a simple lateral flow device, which uses serum from the pigs. A positive result is an easily observed red/purple line on the lateral flow strip (similar to home pregnancy tests).

5. Epidemiology and impact data analysis on cysticercosis was continued. Results indicate that the sero-prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs in Uganda stands at 15% (compared to 7% the sero-prevalence among people living with epilepsy). It was also established that T. solium neurocysticercosis is among the causes of epilepsy in Uganda, since 23 % of the sero-positive cases were found with T. solium cyts in their brains during the CT scan.

6. The vaccine against Taenia solium (TSOL18 & TSOL45) is currently under research and field testing. TSOL18 & TSOL45 are recombinant vaccines prepared in bacteria and shown to be effective in preventing natural infection of pigs with T. solium.

7. Snap beans innovations were validated and recommended for farmer use in Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Results are anticipated in the next reporting period.

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8. Developing/acquiring and standardizing virus indexing tools for cassava and sweet potato culture materials continued. In total, four primers for detecting potato and Sweetpotato viruses have been developed at BecA and an antigen/antibody detection method for Sweetpotato viruses was developed.

e) Crop/Livestock Production Technologies The following achievements were registered during the reporting period;

1. With regards to exploiting market opportunities for value added dairy and meat products, four key technologies and innovations were developed. They included: (i) improved roadside meat roasting stove that ensures hygiene, quality, and food safety; (ii) new design for plastic ghee containers for women roadside milk and local butter vendors; (iii) appropriate cutting knives for butchers, as well as ovens and milk cans (in Kenya); and (iv) new method for boiling and bulk vending of boiled milk (already tested and promoted).

2. Four Integrated climbing bean production systems (Crop-rotation (climbing bean-Maize), Inter-Cropping (Bean/maize; Bean/Banana), and Mono-Cropping (Staking Methods)) were evaluated in farmers’ fields for the last time in Rwanda, D.R. Congo and Burundi. The agronomic and economic data have been analyzed and draft write-up report ongoing.

3. Field trials for tolerance to diseases and insect pests, and cultural management practices were conducted for 26 snap bean lines in Kenya, eight lines in Uganda, and 12 released varieties in Rwanda. Results are anticipated in 2012.

4. The University of Nairobi facilitated the participatory evaluation of integrated crop protection and fertilizer regimes for commercial snap bean varieties (both bush and climbing types) on farmer fields in Mwea, Kenya.

5. A new technology on maize transplanting in Zai pits for drier areas was developed in Kenya. The technology is not only for soil and water management (SWM), but it also re-duces labour for weed management and the crop grows faster than normal grown maize. Yields with this technology average 6.7-9.4 t/ha compared to normal farmers’ practice that yields 1.2 t/ha.

6. In Sudan, one integrated technology that yields highest {cultivar + water harvesting + ap-plication of 40 kg of urea/fedan (ha) + striga management} was identified. It is anticipated that this technology will be in uptake pathway before the end of the year.

7. Efforts with regards to validation and promotion of the promising technologies of the 3 rice varieties (X265, SARO 5 and FOFIFA 160) in Madagascar that was initiated in the previous year have advanced. These varieties are in the field for the last season of validation after which a recommendation will be made to farmers on the most appropriate varieties for their agro-ecology, as well as make the selected seeds available to more farmers.

f) Post harvest handling and value additionIn Kenya, three post harvest and processing technologies for pearl millet are in testing phase. In Rwanda, an assessment of the impact of the technology for improved banana ripening compared to the traditional pit technology was done. The assessment showed that the traditional ripening method takes 5 days, while the improved method takes 3 days. This technology has been adopted by COPROVIBA, a commercial wine processor in Rwanda. Moreover the improved method results in more uniform ripening. As a result, the clarified wine has generated a higher acceptability compared to that without caramel.

With regards to value addition in selected high-value non-staple crops, a total of 7 formulations (two for mango juice – pure mango and mango + passion fruit; one for passion fruit; one for pineapple juice, and three dried products – amaranth, mango slices/chips and mango bars) and

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pineapple jam were developed by Sokoine University. On the other hand, three amaranth soup recipes were developed using dried amaranth powder. All these 11 products are being promoted for commercialization in Tanzania and Rwanda. On the other hand, snap bean recipes were validated, and a draft snap recipe booklet is ready for publishing (see pictures).

Significant research is ongoing with respect to (i) determination of nutritional qualities of Striga res-istant and drought tolerant sorghum varieties; (ii) determination of nutritional composition of differ-ent cultivars of banana, sweet potatoes and cassava; (iii) establishment of postharvest treatment for enhancement of storage time of banana, sweet potatoes and cassava using biotechnology pro-cedures; (iv) development of protocols for production of value added shelf stable products from starchy staples; and (v) assessment of market potential for developed value added products.

g) Natural Resource Management (NRM)1. With regards to natural resources management, an innovation on farming response and

down-scaling of climate forecasting was tested in the drier parts of Ethiopia, Kenya and Madagascar with the involvement of small-scale local farmers. Through the support of the Meteorological Department, Extension Agents and the Project Research Team, the technology has proven its potential for down-scaling climate variability trends to a watershed level, and hence increase the reliability of advice provided to farmers on when to plant, what to plant, how to prepare the land and how to manage the land under cropping. A preliminary benefit of this intervention is an increase in maize productivity. For example, Ethiopian farmers recorded an increase of maize production by 30-40% in both the best and worst of seasons. Similar results have been demonstrated in Kenya and Madagascar. The experiment is still on-going and conclusive results will be drawn by end of November 2011.

2. With regards to early warning and contingency plans for resource management during crisis situations in pastoral areas, Prosopis juliflora management practices (thinning, pruning, uprooting, etc) were adopted, thus controlling the invasion of the species, as well as restoring grazing areas. The extent of this intervention will be determined in the next report.

3. The project on Crop-Livestock Integration for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Building Livestock Resilience in ECA region started bearing results. For example, the fixed knife forage chopper with forage chop size regulator was installed, thereby enabling the farmers to provide forage for their livestock easily. On the other hand, an affordable gender-friendly and labour saving forage chopper was designed, tested, and promoted.

4. The introduction and utilization of high yielding forage species including Pennisetum purpureum, Lablab purpureus, Brachiaria mulato, Calliandra calothyrsus and Clitoria

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Figure 3: Fruit juices formulated by Sokoine University

Figure 4: Amaranth cream soup de-veloped by Sokoine University

Figure 5: Dried Amaranth leaf packet

ternatea and the promotion of forage management practices, such as forage grass /forage legume mixtures (Brachiaria/Centrosema mixtures and maize/lablab mixtures, etc.) led to an increase in the quantity and quality of feed resources in smallholder dairy production units. A combination of increased feed resources and water availability has so far increased milk yield by 44%.

5. The formulation and promotion of nutrient blocks made from farm wastes have been used as supplements for the dairy cattle. Impacts of this innovation will be determined in the next report.

6. Both an integrated irrigation and manuring regimes have been tested in various project sites, and are being used for vegetable production by the target farmers. The vegetable and dairy producer associations have also been organized, thus increasing the capacity of the farmers to influence vegetable and milk markets.

h) Approaches and innovations for scaling up technologiesDuring the year, testing and improving the application of AIS using Innovation Platforms and Triangles was advanced. The process included refining partnership arrangements and processes within the Innovation Platform for Technology Adoption (IPTA) approach for scaling up OFSP and QPM technologies. Ten new platforms for technology adoption were created, and are using and learning from the IPTA approach. On the other hand, 6 Innovation Triangles are being tested in Burundi, Kenya and Rwanda under farmer selected value chains (tissue culture banana, potatoes, rice, pineapples and maize).

2.2.2. Number of demand driven gender responsive Technologies/ innovations made available to uptake pathway

To enhance uniformity in data collection and indicator tracking, ASARECA defines uptake pathways as channels and processes through which the technologies and innovations reach the intended users. Uptake channels include the private and public extension system, farmer organizations, input distributors, and any other institutional arrangement available through which technology, knowledge and information can reach the end user. Making available to uptake pathways refers to the diffusion of the technologies, knowledge and information to the intended users, for example, through an extension agency, or NGO. Gender-responsive technologies are, therefore, the selected technologies that suit the needs and demands of various gender categories. During this period, a total of 70 technologies and innovations (out of the targeted 67) were made available to uptake pathways. The various technology and innovation categories are detailed below:

a) Seed MultiplicationDuring the reporting period, nine QPM varieties continued to be promoted into uptake pathways in 4 countries (i.e. Mudishi 1, Mudishi 2 and Mudishi 3 in D.R. Congo; KH500Q, Kh631Q and 104W in Kenya; TAN 611Q and Lishe K1 in Tanzania and Longe 5 in Uganda). Up to 4.7 tons of QPM seed was also produced in D.R. Congo and distributed to 2,250 people for grain production. The effect of this will be assessed in 2012.

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Figure 6: Performance of QPM variety - Lishe K1 in farmer field, Kilindi IPTA, Tanzania

During the year, the same 11 technologies of OFSP that were availed to the farmers in the previ-ous year continued to be promoted in uptake pathways in all the five participating countries - Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The promoted varieties include: Ejumala, Kaka-mega, Vita, Kabode, Cacearpedo, 97-062-(Gihingamukungu), Jewel, Carrot Dar (to be replaced by Carrot C), Kulfo, Tulla, and SPK013. However, it was noted that there is still insufficient material of Koka 12 in Ethiopia for the mass multiplication to offset the prevailing local demand.

The main innovations on seed multiplication and dissemination of clean demand driven OFSP vari-eties that were promoted and applied by the stakeholders in the five countries included: (i) rapid multiplication technique for vine multiplication; and (ii) 3-tier OFSP vine multiplication system (primary, secondary and tertiary levels). In relation to QPM, 7.3 tonnes of foundation seed were produced in Uganda and made available to seed producers to bulk for production of certified seed.

During the year, a total of 982 hectares of land was dedicated to seed multiplication (see Table 4). Seed production performance and impact of these multiplication plots will be assessed in 2012.

Table 4: Hectares of land under seed multiplicationCountry(ies) Ha CommentsEthiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda

6 Land committed to the rapid and conventional multiplication of OFSP vines at Primary Multiplication Sites (PMS). The sites included: Ethiopia – 1.8 ha; Kenya – 1.7 ha; Rwanda – 1 ha; Tanzania – 1 ha; and Uganda – 0.5 ha. At the primary multiplication level, the aim is to produce a clean high quality planting material which is then taken to the secondary stage for further multiplication to increase the quantity. Thus, at the PMS level, the area under multiplication is smaller than at the secondary and tertiary levels

Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda

52.4 The land was set aside for the establishment and management of secondary multiplica-tion sites for OFSP. They included: Kenya – 10.8 ha; Rwanda - 17.5 ha; Tanzania – 22.6; and Uganda - 1.5 ha.

Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania

22.6 The land was devoted to farmer-managed tertiary multiplication sites (TMS) for OFSP. The sites are: Kenya – 7.4 ha; Rwanda – 14.5 ha; and Tanzania - 0.7 ha.

67 The land was dedicated to OFSP vine multiplication to coincide with the major plant-ing season for sweet-potato that is expected at the end of the year.

Ethiopia 2.2 The land was dedicated to community seed production for striga resistant sorghum.Uganda 9 This land was set aside following the demand for sorghum varieties with high brewing

quality. This variety was released after a study was done by ASARECA. As a result, both NaSARRI and NASECO (a seed company), with support from 23 community farmer groups, bulked all the available seed harvested from the 9 ha (NaSARRI – 3 ha; NASERO – 6 ha) in readiness for marketing.

Uganda 7.3 In relation to QPM, 7.3 tonnes of foundation seed were produced in Uganda and made available to seed producers to bulk for production of certified seed.

ECA 15.2 These forage seeds were produced from over 10 different forage species (e.g. Chloris gayana, Cenchrus ciliaris, Sorghum spp, Avena sativa and Panicum maximum for for-age grasses; Lablab purpureus, Clitoria ternatea, Stylosanthes guianensis, Avana sativa, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Desmodium uncinatum; Desmodium intortumand Mucuna pruriens for forage legumes and Leucaena leucocephala, Cajanus cajan and Sesbania sesban for fodder trees), and distributed to users.

DRC, Tanzania 800 Over 800 acres were put into production of QPM seed and grain by farmers in Tan-

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Country(ies) Ha Commentszania and in DRC. The change in production from these farms will be assessed in 2012, given that the harvesting will be in January.

TOTAL 982

In addition to the above, mass multiplication of in-vitro tissue culture plantlets continued in Ethiopia (Kabode and Vita) and Rwanda (Cacearpedo and 97-062-Gihingamukungu). A total of 11,000 plantlets were produced in both Kabode and Vita, Ethiopia.

With regards to seed production, and bearing in mind that quality seed and planting material are essential in realizing optimum production potentials, up to 83 tons of quality seeds were produced and either sold or distributed to the farmers (see table for details).

Table 5: Tons of Quality Seed producedCountry Seed Varieties Tons CommentsEthiopia Striga-resistant

sorghum seed2.2 Distributed to 200 farmers to enhance community seed

production. Assessment of the benefits of this intervention anticipated in 2012.

Tanzania Wahi and Hakika 10.7(Wahi - 7.1;

Hakika – 3.6)

Produced by farmers groups in Singida and Iramba districts of Tanzania to increase sorghum seed availability to farmers.

Uganda IS 25403, MACIA and SRN 39

70 These were produced on station (3.6 tons), on-farm (5.5 tons) and by Nalweyo Seed Company - NASECO (65 tons).

Rwanda 9 varieties of Bush (4) and Climbing Snap (5) beans

0.72 These varieties (1214-2/2, SB273, SB328, SB286, Loiret I, II & III; Tarrot; and Pyramide) were produced in the highland station of Rwerere and lowland station at Nyagatare.

TOTAL 83.62

b) Disease and pest managementDevelopment of disease resistant cassava material that was established in 2010 continued in Tanzania. It is anticipated that at least 11 selected clones will be fast tracked under EAAPP, and suitable ones recommended for official release. In Kenya, plans are advanced for the release of 5 advanced clones (MM 96/4271, 28-TME14, 52-TME14, 67-TME 14 and 72-TME14) that were observed to be tolerant to CBSD from the screening experiments. In Madagascar, two clones (TME 14 and TMS 30572) which were reported to be tolerant to CBSD and were presented in the FOFIFA cassava germplasm due to earlier introduction by EARRNET were evaluated for tolerance to CBSD and CMD. On the other hand, two disease management technologies, namely rogueing for virus management, as well as traps for mole rats were made available to the farmers across five countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda). The proportion of farmers who effectively controlled BXW using the innovative single stem removal method increased from about 5% to 60% in Uganda and DR Congo. As a result, banana production had improved from a mere 2.5% previously, to 30% in Uganda by August 2011 and suggests the battle against the disease may be starting to be won.

Both the tissue culture protocols for Maize and the gene constructs for expression of Annexinp35, Annat1 and NHX1in plants (pCAMBIA-ASAPAnxZm35, pNOV-ASAPAnxZm35, pCAMBIA-AAnnat1, pNOV-Annat1, pCAMBIA-NHX1-PMI binary vectors) are already in uptake pathway. Similarly, the marker-free (clean vector) technologies for production of transgenic maize was acquired, optimised and are ready for uptake.

c) Crop/Livestock Production TechnologiesOne recommended integrated sorghum production technology for drought prone areas which combines cultivar, water harvesting, date of sowing, and fertilizer entered the uptake phase in Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Tanzania. 14 | P a g e

1. In relation to rice, one integrated package for the rice legumes cropping systems validated in 2010 (which includes a combination of tillage, water management, time of planting and variety) has been taken to farmers in Madagascar and Tanzania.

2. For pearl millet, the dry planting technology was recommended to farmers in Eritrea. However, the perception of the farmers with respect to the use of this technology will be assessed by November 2011 during harvest.

3. CIP distributed 4,800 mini-tubers produced using the aeroponics technology as first generation materials for multiplications to increase access to quality seed in Kenya. Prior to this, the selected farmer groups practicing the potato seed plot technology received backstopping from the project through availing of clean planting, bacterial wilt tolerant material

4. The highland maize project in Kenya recommended 3 normal hybrids and 2 synthetic nutritionally enhanced maize varieties for entry into the country’s’ National Performance Trials (NPT). The decision regarding this proposal will be made at the NPT meeting in November 2011. If entered, there will be hope that faster maturing and high yielding varieties for highland areas can become more available to farmers.

5. In Ethiopia, validation of an integrated technology for sorghum production in striga infested lands was completed validation, and went on-farm.

6. A total of three production technologies for sweet potatoes were availed. These included: rapid and conventional multiplication techniques; use of fertilizer for vine multiplication; and agronomic practices for root production.

7. Regarding managing soil fertility in the sub-region and in seeking to curb this challenge, part-ners from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania conducted an assessment to determine the rate of ad-option among farmers. The adoption approaches tested included: the Baby-Mother Approach (for rice, maize, and cassava), Farmer Field Schools, and Farmer Group. Through these ap-proaches, participating farmers were exposed to various soil fertility enhancement technolo-gies. Preliminary results show about 30% adoption rate by the participating farmers – thereby resulting in about 20-30% of farm productivity.

8. Agronomic packages for QPM production promoted included, use of mucuna as cover crop, utilization of valley fields and early planting.

d) Post harvest handling and value addition1. In Uganda, two white seeded sorghum varieties (SRN 39 and M91057) that had good lager

beer brewing properties compared to the existing variety “Epuripur” were officially released and arrangements are in place to make the seed available to farmers. In addition, a com-mercial company – SURFCODE Export Company in Mukono, has expressed interest in ex-porting sorghum composite flour produced from the ASARECA-supported products. With regards to value addition, a total of 6 protocols for fruit and vegetable processing project were availed for uptake (3 mango; 1 passion fruit; and 2 amaranthus) in Tanzania.

2. Promotion of value added processed products for juice, porridge, mandazi, chapati, bagiya, doughnuts, crackers, and cake have been initiated in various supermarkets and among traders.

3. QPM post-value addition technologies for production of bread, cakes and wine continued to be made available to stakeholders including farmers.

4. Data on biochemical analysis for the banana puree and amukete sweetpotato product col-lected.

5. Work on optimizing processing technologies for banana puree, as flavorant, and base ma-terial for weaning foods and for improving processing technology for amukeke dried sweet-potato products, an indigenous product has started.

6. Studies on nutritional and technological properties of Striga Resistant & Drought Tolerant Sorghum Varieties in the ECA has been started under the AGROBIO project on Evaluation of Striga resistant and drought tolerant farmer preferred sorghum varieties in the ECA

2.3. Output 3: Enhanced adoption of policy options by decision makers to improve performance of the agricultural sector in the ECA sub-region

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This result focuses on supporting the provision of regulatory and incentive structures that would stimulate regional agricultural development by analyzing the policy environment, facilitating policy development and advocating for policy adoption by regional economic communities and the national governments. The result looks at policies that create economic incentives and regimes that are fundamental to growth and development, including policies on market efficiency and infrastructure, international trade, physical infrastructure, among others. During the period, and based on associated key performance indicators, the following achievements were realized:

2.3.1. Number of policies, laws, regulations and procedures analyzedDuring the year, a total of 25 policies, laws, regulations, and procedures were analyzed. For example, PAAP supported the analysis of 9 policy options, in addition to initial analyses of program-specific policies, laws, regulations and procedures, as summarized below:

1. Seed potato standard: The Standardization, Quality Assurance, Metrology and Testing (SQMT) Act, (2006) provides a framework for cooperation in the development and implementation of standards, including seed standards. Section 15(1) of the SQMT Act (2006) provides that “within six months of declaration of East African Standards, partner states shall adopt without deviation from the approved text of the standard, the East African Standard as a national standard and withdraw any existing national standard with similar scope and purpose”. In addition to this provision, Section 19 empowers the Council of Ministers to declare the approved East African Standards as compulsory throughout the community to prevent among other things deceptive practices. Using this EAC mechanism, PAAP through the Eastern Africa Seed Committee (EASCOM) and under the leadership of the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) partnered with the bureaux of standards in EAC partner states to initiate the process of mainstreaming the regionally approved seed standards into the EAC with seed potato as the pilot. Through this process, the seed potato standard was developed by a technical working group and approved by the EAC partner states.

2. Regional Seed Variety List: In as much as EASCOM developed the first edition of the regional variety catalogue in April 2004 (covering regional varieties for common bean, climbing bean, maize, pigeon pea, sorghum, sunflower and wheat released in at least two countries of eastern Africa), the list had not been updated. So far, EAC and other ASARECA member countries (i.e. Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda) have updated their national variety list. Through PAAP’s support, the updated regional variety list was finalized, showing all varieties currently approved for commercial production and trade in more than one EASCOM member country, as well as the sources and suitable agro-ecological zones.

3. Regional Quarantine Pest List: During the year, an analysis was undertaken to beef up the quarantine pest list for 3 countries – Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The analysis not only included other crop pests (particularly vegetatively propagated crops), but also updated national quarantine pest lists from Burundi, Ethiopia and Rwanda. This list will be adopted by the National Plant Protection Organizations, and be incorporated into the official phytosanitary records for the six countries.

4. Plant Variety Protection (PVP) Bill for Burundi: EASCOM supported the drafting of the Burundi Plant Variety Protection (PVP) Bill, thereby enabling the innovation and generation of better performing varieties that have the potential to propel productivity increases, enhance food security, and improve livelihoods in the region. These guidelines were provided by the Tanzania Plant Breeders Rights Office with additional inputs based from the Kenya PVP Act. This draft Bill, based on UPOV (1991), was submitted to Legal Experts within the Burundi Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock for final review and editing. The outcome of this process is anticipated in the next report.

5. Bye-laws on Sustainable Land Management in ECA Highlands: During the year, 2 bye-laws were developed in two pilot watersheds in Borodo (Dendi district) and Mukenhantuta (Were Jarso district) of Ethiopia. These bye-laws, understood as rules or regulations initiated by local

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communities and passed by local governments at district or lower levels through local government council resolution, focus on improving the community’s management of natural resources. Consultations with community members in the two micro watersheds, followed by stakeholder meetings, identified 7 major NRM-related issues that required collective action (byelaws) for quick and successful resolution of conflicts emanating from control of, and access to natural resources. Through further screening, 2 out of the 7 issues were selected, namely: implementing Soil and Water Conservation practices, and mechanisms for equitable sharing of benefits from introduced crossbred cows. So far, since the implementation of the byelaws, community members in Dendi District have not only constructed 2,030 meters of soil bunds, but also treated 3 gullies with check dams and raised and planted 37,000 seedlings of various species on communal and private holdings. Similarly, in Were Jarso and Dendi districts, a total of 18 crossbred cows were distributed to households that met the set criteria in the bye-law by the Holetta Research Centre.

6. Strategies for adapting to climate change: PAAP in collaboration with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) finalized the analysis of key strategies for climate change adaptation for the ten ASARECA member countries. This was done by reviewing current data on agriculture and economic development; modelling anticipated changes in climate between now and 2050; using crop models to assess the impact on agricultural production; and global supply and demand for food in order to predict food price trends. Results indicate that, due to high dependency on rain-fed agriculture, households in the region are vulnerable to climate change impacts. It was also noted that much of the impact of climate change on agriculture is through a reduction in the Length of the Growing Period (LGP). Among the suggested key strategies for adaptation include: mainstreaming of climate change in national planning and budget processes to enable research and investments in climate smart technologies and innovations for smallholder farmers; strengthening rural infrastructure to increase access to markets; capacity building and training on modelling for climate change, crop modelling, remote sensing, and early warning systems; and reviewing and enforcement of land policy to ensure equitable land tenure..

7. Policy options for dryland areas in ECA: As a result of analysis of selected existing policies, the following options for policy reform for drylands areas in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda were proposed:

a) Review and harmonious consolidation of diverse sectoral policies with a bearing to pas-toralism, biodiversity conservation and drylands or arid and semi arid lands develop-ment. This should culminate in the establishment of a comprehensive institutional and legal framework to coordinate government and other stakeholders’ interventions in the drylands.

b) Push for more government investments in drylands development research so as to generate more knowledge on different models applicable to these ecological zones. It is recommended that governments should establish dryland research and development centres to take lead on the generation and package of knowledge with regard to dry-lands development.

c) Advocate for secure pastoral mobility within and without the borders, through demarca-tion and opening up of livestock routes. This is anticipated to facilitate conflict-free movement of livestock and people. Both wet and dry season grazing lands needs to identified, mapped and secured.

d) Speed up land use planning within the targeted countries to help secure pastoral liveli-hood and reduce conflict between competing land uses.

8. Harmonized methods and approaches for generation, analysis and dissemination of agricultural market information: PAAP through the National University of Rwanda and other partners reviewed the various methods used by the national statistical bureaus, ministries of agriculture and other accredited institutions to generate, analyse and disseminate agricultural market information in Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda. The analysis highlighted key disparities that hindered comparability of statistics on agricultural market information and regional trade

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flows and access to markets for farmer produce. Key areas proposed for harmonization include: the policy framework, data collection instruments, standards or weights of measure, sampling procedures and information pathways. The analysis also proposes a capacity building program in forecasting and remote sensing to make agricultural market information more useful to policy making and long-term planning in the region.

9. Standards for cassava, sweet potatoes and related products: PAAP in conjunction with the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) supported the drafting of an additional thirteen standards for root crops. The working drafts were prepared by an expert team and later reviewed in national stakeholder workshops held in March to develop the committee drafts. Laboratory tests are currently being conducted to ascertain compliance with proposed parameters. The committee drafts with validated parameters will be submitted to EAC partner countries for review and endorsement as draft East African Standards in July (see table for details).

Table 6: List of Draft East African Standards for Cassava, Sweet Potatoes & Related ProductsStandard Number Standard TitleCD-U-14-2011 Fresh sweet potatoes — specificationCD-U-15-2011 Dried sweet potato chips — specificationCD-U-16-2011 Sweet potato flour — specificationCD-U-17-2011 Sweet potato crisps — specificationCD-U-18-2011 Code of hygienic practice for producing and handling fresh potatoesCD-U-19-2011 Code of hygienic practice for producing and handling fresh cassavaCD-U-20-2011 Code of practice for reduction of acrylamide in potato productsCD-U-21-2011 Fresh bitter cassava — specificationCD-U-22-2011 High Quality cassava flour (HQCF) — specificationCD-U-23-2011 Fresh cassava leaves — specificationCD-U-24-2011 Biscuits ─ specificationCD-U-25-2011 Composite flour ─ specificationDEAS 43: 2011 Bread ─ specification

10. The application of incentive-based approaches has stimulated higher adoption rates of sustainable natural resource management practices by farmers in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Under this innovation, farmers have been enabled to link agricultural productivity to sustainable natural resource management upon which practising household’s incomes have increased by over 10% and there is increased forest and vegetation cover (30%) where bee-keeping activities are being implemented.

11. An analysis on policy, legislation, and procedures that may enhance mainstreaming of INRM among agricultural research and development institutions in ECA has been commenced. Report is forthcoming.

12. The demonstration on payment for environmental services particularly for carbon sequestration and watershed management has led to a formation of the sub-regional platform to promote policy related aspects on compensation for environmental services and also establishment of 2 pilot sites in DRC and Uganda to foster the payment for environmental services (PES) approaches.

13. A detailed analysis of the policy and regulatory environment along the meat and milk value chain was analysed in five countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda). The results indicated that the current policies had gaps, especially with regards to strategic regulations. This gap has given room for overlaps of mandates between different government agencies, who then charge different fees.

14. In the livestock sector, existing policies and legal framework for animal breeding were reviewed in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania and specific thematic areas for regional policy harmonization have been identified. They include (i) identification, recording and registration; (ii) animal

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breeding practices; (iii) breeding technologies; (iv) AI, MOET, IVT, etc; and (v) regional exchange of genetic material.

15. Relevant laws governing tick control in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania were reviewed and analysed. The weaknesses were identified, and recommendations to revise the laws formulated. They include inter alia the recommendation to revise the Animal Disease Rule of 1968 in Uganda to remove section 18 advocating for tick clean areas, as well as the zonation of acaricides or the management of communal dips to give more responsibility to local authorities in managing the dips.

16. Policy fora involving policy makers, farmer and manufacturing firms representatives, drug stockists, extension workers, and NGOs was organised in the participating countries to examine the different policies in relation to control of TTBDs and advocate for alternative options. The effect of this meeting is anticipated.

17. Analysis and promotion of specific policies and governance mechanisms for sustainable agri-food systems was initiated in Kenya. This analysis is anticipated to answer a critical question on why institutional and policy initiatives have failed to encourage the rural poor, women and the vulnerable to secure sustainable livelihoods, food and income security while revitalizing the natural resource base. Report of this analysis is anticipated.

18. With regards to Soil Fertility, as well as Integrated Soil and Water Management and Productivity, the following milestones were achieved:

a) A detailed analysis of policy and institutional arrangements for the adoption and diffusion of Integrated Water Management options was commissioned in Kenya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, and Rwanda.

b) The development of policy instruments to correct identified failures/distortions and to align public and private incentives (subsidies/support mechanisms) for promoting adoption of water productivity enhancing technologies at farm and catchment scales was initiated. The impact of the initiative is forthcoming.

c) An analysis of the institutional arrangements for sustainable development, governance and use of water and other resources at farm and catchment scales was initiated in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

d) Analysis of the national policy for enhanced uptake and scaling up of soil fertility management technologies was conducted in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The analysis is intended to pick out policy-related issues that need to be addressed to enhance promotion of accelerated adoption of soil fertility enhancement technologies. Report of the analysis is forthcoming.

19. Policies affecting dairy production (e.g. policies on feeds, delivery of veterinary services, animal breeding, and control of agro-chemicals, national drugs, dairy industry act and animal welfare act) were reviewed, and alternative options recommended and advocated through stakeholders feedback workshops. Once completed, the findings will be recommended for dialogue and debate by the policy makers.

2.3.2. Number of Policy options presented for legislation or decreeThis indicator tracks policy progress after the “analysis” stage (previous indicator). Presented for legislation or decree refers to policy options which are formally presented before a representative group of stakeholders. During the reporting period, 9 policies (out of the 6 targeted for the year) were presented for legislation. In addition, the following results were realized:

1. The COMESA Biosafety Guidelines were presented for review and endorsement by five additional ASARECA countries (i.e. Burundi, DRC, Eritrea, Kenya and Madagascar) during the National Consultative Workshops. These Guidelines focus on commercial planting of GMOs, trade in GMOs and transit of food aid containing GMOs. However, contrary to earlier plans, the guidelines were not presented to the Joint Meeting of the COMESA Ministers of

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Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources due to administrative changes in one of the principal partners – the Alliance for Commodity Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa (ACTESA). According to the recommendations of the Joint Meeting of COMESA Ministers of Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources in July 2011, these guidelines will be considered for approved in the next Joint Meeting in 2012

2. PAAP supported the development of the East African Standard for seed potato through the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS). The standard was debated in the respective national consultative meetings held in all partner states. In accordance with the procedures of the East African Standards Committee (EASC), these guidelines were later endorsed by stakeholders from the EAC partner states during the regional meeting. The Final Draft East African Standard for seed potato was endorsed by the 19 th Meeting of the East African Technical Sub-committee on Standards, and was approved for gazetting as an East African Standard by the EASC in its 15th meeting (held on 30th May to 3rd June) in Arusha, Tanzania.

3. The Kenya Seed Policy was approved and launched in July. The Uganda Plant Variety Protection Bill was presented to the parliamentary committee on agriculture In May and was recommended to be forwarded to parliament. The seed potato standard was approved for gazetting as an East African Standard.

Box 1Assessment of the impacts of policy reforms in Root Crops sector and SustainableAssessment of the impacts of policy reforms in Root Crops sector and Sustainable

Land Management, and synthesis of lessons in dairy policy reformsLand Management, and synthesis of lessons in dairy policy reforms

Analyses from the value chain approach shows that introduction of cassava quality standards at the farm level is expected to increase the cost of producing cassava roots after farmers adopt a high input cassava production systems. However, the rise in cost is likely to be abated if an increase in yields from the current 6-7 tons per ha to 11.5 tons per ha is achieved. The increase in costs is estimated to be 20% across the region, while the benefits are likely to increase by 15 percent points (from 43% to 58%) following improved quality. On the other hand, economic surplus is expected to increase to US$ 919 million, US$ 905 million and US$ 845 million from a base of US$ 22 million, US$ 207 million and US$ 221 million in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, respectively.

Adoption of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) practices in Uganda has been low, mainly due to lack of locally enacted byelaws and weak enforcement of penalties. A case study of Kween district attributes low adoption of SLM practices to: minimal involvement of local communities in formulation of the bylaws (60% were not informed of time and venue); domination of men (90% of participants) in formulation of byelaws; and weak enforcement of the penalties for breaking byelaws. There is inadequate capacity and empowerment of the Byelaws Implementation Committees (BLIC) to undertake their roles. With regards to enactment of byelaws, annual adoption rose to 30% for Napier grass, 22% for contours and 15% for trees. Some of the farmers indicated that the enforcement of byelaws had helped reduce soil erosion (68% farmers); reduced destruction of crops on contours (56% of farmers) and increased crop yields and sales (33% of farmers). This reinforces the need to empower the BLIC to enforce the penalties to enhance adoption of technologies.

The scenario of high but unexploited potential for growth in intra-regional trade in dairy products is changing with recent investments by private and public sectors in Uganda and Kenya. The proportion of traded dairy products originating from within the region shows an annual increasing of 1-2%. Pilot studies on commercialization of training and certification through Business Development Services (BDS) have culminated in the formation of Dairy Traders Associations in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The associations get support from the East Africa Dairy Regulatory Authorities Council (EADRAC), which then facilitates regular meetings with leaders of statutory dairy regulatory authorities, as well as share lessons and strategies of rationalizing and harmonizing policies and standards in the region

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2.4. Output 4: Strengthened Capacity for Implementing Agricultural Research for Development in ECA sub-region

During the reporting period, the capacity of ASARECA, the NARS and other project partners continued and the key results realized included;

2.4.1. Number of ASARECA projects that have incorporated gender responsive agricultural innovation systems

During the year, PAAP worked on two proposals, namely: Analysis of trends and policy options to guide strategies for enhanced food security in eastern and central Africa and Facilitating adoption of collective marketing best practices in eastern Africa. These proposals incorporate gender concerns in the research implementation methods and performance indicators.

2.4.2. Number of stakeholders who have acquired knowledge and skills in applying AIS as a result of ASARECA support

This indicator refers to the number of individuals to whom significant knowledge or skills have been imparted through formal or informal means. The trainings are categorized as either short- or long-term. Short-term training refers to trainings totalling no fewer than 8 hours and no more than 3 months in duration, while long term training refers to training lasting more than 3 months. On the other hand, capacity building in this context refers to 3 aspects of project management, namely: capacity of stakeholders (mainly local community members and farmer organisation) to implement project activities to ensure sustainability; capacity of research team partners to analyse and interpret results appropriately; and capacity of private sector and extension agencies to assist communities on issues related to value chain analysis.

During the reporting period, the following results were achieved:

a) Capacity development for ASARECA staff1. A training workshop was organized for ASARECA secretariat program teams in March 2011

on Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) and Value Chain Development (VCD) to equip them with knowledge and skills on the two approaches. The training was attended by 20 program staff (14 male; 6 female) working in the seven research programs and four ASARECA support units. This workshop was followed by a similar workshop for Principal Investigators and ASARECA National Focal persons.

2. Seven ASARECA program managers attended the Africa Lead/USAID training on leadership in April. The training targeted individuals engaged in agriculture and related development sectors from all over Africa. Through this training, participants were equipped with leadership, facilitation, lobbying, and advocacy skills necessary for supporting CAADP agenda. Similarly, two Program Assistants attended one week training on Gender disaggregation of data and tools for planning (at ALRI, Nairobi) and a two weeks training course on maize production systems in Brazil.

3. In collaboration with the World Bank, the Procurement Officer and PCD unit at ASARECA organized a procurement clinic for 30 ASARECA program staff in April. The training focused on procurement planning and procedures, contracting procedures as well as environmental impact assessment. The program staffs have since then started applying the acquired skills in developing their procurement plans. Plans are underway to roll it out to the projects.

b) Capacity development for Partner NARS1. Through the support of the ASARECA Gender Mainstreaming Specialist, strategic trainings

were conducted for NARS stakeholders on gender mainstreaming in research. A special module was developed for mainstreaming gender in the bye-law formulation process under the SLM innovations project. A total of 44 inspectors and 100 traders in Arusha and Mwanza received certificates by the Tanzania Dairy Board (TDB) after completing training

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modules on hygienic milk production, handling, milk collection, transportation, testing processing and marketing.

2. ASARECA participated in the FARA-led consultative workshop for CAADP Pillar 4 strategy development meeting in Zurich, Switzerland where the development of the proposed strategy for support to CAADP by the Pillar 4 institutions was finalized and presented to the development partners. The strategy identifies the key areas of intervention required to ensure agricultural research, advisory services, education and training aspects of technology generation, dissemination and adoption of Pillar IV are implemented. The associated guidelines developed and spelt out in the strategy will be used by ASARECA in its supportive role in pre and post compact processes at both national and regional level.

3. A two-phased training on Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS), Value Chain Development (VCD) and application of outcome mapping in tracking outcomes of uptake promotion was undertaken. This training targeted 44 NARS stakeholders (30 male; 14 female) who are directly involved in the dissemination of QPM and OFSP technologies (under DONATA). After the first phase of the training, a 2-month period was provided for the participants to apply the skills acquired. Their feedback was then incorporated in the second phase. Assessment of the impact of the training is expected by end of the year.

4. Institutional Capacity Development needs for the OFSP IPTAs was conducted through interviews on 16 (11 males, 5 females) IPTA partners in a stakeholders workshop. The assessment indicated a significant growth in partnerships since inception of the DONATA project. Based on this needs assessment, 17 IPTA partners (10 males, 7 females) were trained on AIS and VCD approaches, followed by practical sessions of value chain mapping to identify actors at the meta, micro, meso and macro levels in the OFSP value chain. An impact of this process is anticipated in 2012

5. SCARDA: The second Leadership and management workshops were conducted for 77 senior and middle level managers at ARC (28 males; 7 females) and ISAR (29 males; 13 females). The themes for the workshops included: leadership; integrating the feedback culture; sharing case studies on leadership; mentoring; coaching and delegation; examining progress of peer learning groups; managing conflict; and networking and partnerships. Following the second workshop, the Third Leadership Management workshop for 26 participants (18 males; 8 females) was held. The theme of discussion centred on facilitation as a key principle of management using practical experiences, as well as on how to manage strong research-extension linkages through agricultural innovations platforms. Following this workshop, some emerging issues were identified, such as: addressing the challenge of generation gap at ARC and ISAR, and identification of the attributes of a good leader and manager.

6. EAAPP: During the year, 39 senior level managers (27 males and 12 females) from the four EAAPP countries were trained in leadership and management. Guest and Keynote speakers were drawn from the Tanzanian Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives, as well as from Feed the Future. The main themes covered by the training were: creating a common vision, sensing needs and opportunities, stakeholder analysis, positive personal style, framework for effective communication and message development, leadership management, and emotional intelligence.

Similarly, the 3rd ASARECA EAAPP meeting was convened, where 68 participants attended. During the meeting, and through the support of the ASARECA M&E Unit, the following were achieved:

a) A template for standardized semi-annual and annual performance reports was developed, discussed and adopted by all. The submitted reports are of better quality.

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b) Relevant preparation for Baseline Survey in all the Centres of Excellence was completed, followed by the development of Baseline Tools. The Baseline Study Reports are anticipated by end of November.

c) All the key performance indicators from the 4 RCoEs were aligned to the ASARECA Performance Management Framework (PMF) as well as the Project Development Document (PAD) through an indicator integration process.

d) Support to the Dairy Regional Centre of Excellence (RCoE) in the finalization of Project Implementation Plan (PIP). During the workshop the Logframe was reviewed, while identification of standard and custom indicators, as well as the development of baseline survey instruments was finalized

e) All the 4 RCoEs have finalized detailed Performance Monitoring Plan (PMP) that is heavily informed by the ASARECA PMP. These PMPs are already undergoing updating and validation by the National Coordinators and M&E Officers.

7. UNIBRAIN: A total of 35 (28 males; 7 females) senior and middle level scientists from the Department of Research and Development, Tanzania were sensitized on the formation of UniBRAIN Agribusiness Innovation Incubator Consortia (AIIC). The AIIC – an Africa-wide DANIDA-funded initiative implemented through FARA and SROs is anticipated to provide avenues for dissemination and scaling out of research products.

8. New partnerships for capacity building between ASARECA, RUFORUM and the Food Security Centre (FSC) of the University of Hohenheim was established during the workshop organized in September at the South East Asia Centre for Post graduate studies and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) in the Philippines. FSC and partners are interested in working with ASARECA specifically on capacity building in relation to Food Security issues in Eastern and Central Africa. Similarly, ASARECA plans to work with RUFORUM and the FSC to host training two main courses, namely: communicating science to non-science audiences, and Research Management and Leadership.

9. ASTI and NARIs: During the reporting period, ASARECA continued to collaborate with the respective NARIs and the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) program of IFPRI to compile data on the current capacity of the NARIs. The data presented in 2010 when compilation started was updated in early 2011. The data shows a wide range of human resource capacities between the ASARECA member countries. Meanwhile, a task force at ASARECA was constituted to develop strategies to involve weaker NARIs in ASARECA’s research programmes through its competitive grants system. The main action points suggested included: ensuring translation of key materials such as reports, calls for proposals and other critical information posted on the ASARECA website; introducing a requirement that every program allocates a certain amount of budget say 20-25 % to the weaker NARIs specifically, creating a capacity building budget for post-graduate degree training available only to the weaker NARIs; and including a clause in the criteria for selection of concept notes, stating that participation of a weak NARI in the research team is an added advantage. Finalization of these recommendations is forthcoming, followed by onward submission to the Board of Directors for approval.

c) Capacity development to generate and utilize research outputs.During the reporting period, a total of 14,696 persons (7,242 males; 7,454 females) benefited from short-term training programs. The training areas included: Application of technologies for drought mitigation in sorghum agro-ecologies; Integrated Striga management technologies; Soil Fertility Management; Crop Residue Management; Marker assisted selection for Striga resistance in sorghum; Agricultural practices of climbing beans; Fodder establishment; Remote sensing; feeds analysis using the Near Infrared Spectroscopy Technology (NIRS); tick ecology, tick survey methods and practical tick collection, preservation, identification and tick control practices; Cooking sweet potato leaves, agricultural innovation systems, value chain development among others (see table below for details).

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Table 7: Participants of Short-term Trainings

Program Training area No. of Participants

Male Female Total

Staples

TOT for identifying CBSD and CMD symptoms and management of the diseases 10 8 18Application of technologies for drought mitigation in sorghum agro-ecologies 69 33 102Integrated striga management technologies (Uganda & Ethiopia). 199 152 351Utilization of QPM for feeding and making of cookies in Hai District and QPM production technologies.

39 23 62

Business in Agricultural Farming; Improved Production Techniques of haricot bean and pigeon pea; and Building strong association of farmers and water management for water use association in Madagascar

61 32 93

Identification of CBSD, its symptoms and management 10 5 15CBSD management using improved materials (Kenya) 347 232 579ToTs on principles of SWM and drought tolerant maize varieties in Muranga South, Kigumo and Kieni East districts of Kenya

350 237 587

Evaluating Markets of Banana and its Products for Ethiopia 60 21 81Pearl millet breeding course for breeders and technicians 30 5 35Scientific Material writing for publication researchers 69 20 89Sub-TOTAL 1,244 768 2,012

NRM&B

Soil Fertility Management; Crop Residue Management; Management of Water Resources; and Natural Resource-based Enterprise Development and Management for farmers and local community members

600 400 1,000

Sub-TOTAL 600 400 1,000

Agrobio

Marker assisted selection for striga resistance in sorghum for sorghum breeders and technicians

10 6 16

Best-bet Land Use Practices in the savannah ecosystems for institutional leaders 59 57 116Teania solium cystercosis control options in pigs and humans 34 16 50Small holder farmers trained and private sector supported private sector to produce and distribute tissue culture bananas (18 new demonstration gardens established)

720 880 1,600

Training on Teania cysticercosis diagnostic kit, pig value chains in East Africa, epi-demiology, etc

9 7 16

Conservation for Sustainable Availability of Cassava and Sweetpotato Germplasm through Biotechnology Applications

2 0 2

Writeshop to produce project publications and communication materials 52 8 60Training and planning workshop on Genetic Engineering of Maize 30 4 34Scientific proposal writing and development 27 10 37Planning and inception workshop on evaluation of striga resistant farmer preferred sorghum varieties in the ECA

15 11 26

Certification of tissue culture plantlets 42 12 54Sensitization workshop on evaluation of striga resistant farmer preferred sorghum varieties in the ECA

20 8 28

Development of Project Monitoring Plans 6 4 10Sub-TOTAL 1,026 1,023 2,049

M&E Unit

ToT on M&E Principles and Concepts; Impact Assessment; Data Quality Assessment; PMP; PMF; and Performance Reporting

29 10 39

Training of EAAPP partners on Impact Assessment, PMP, PMF, Data Quality Management, and Performance Reporting

42 5 47

Training of SIMLESA partners on PMP, PMF, Data Quality Management, and Performance Reporting

23 7 30

Sub-TOTAL 94 22 116

PCD

Training staff, NFPs and PIs in Agricultural Innovation Systems and Value Chain Development

62 15 77

Training DONATA IPTA in AIS, VCD, strategy development and communication 10 7 17SCAIN Training DONATA IPTA in institutional needs identification and analysis 11 5 16SCAIN Training of ARC researchers in case study documentation 22 8 302nd Leadership and Management Workshop for ARC and ISAR senior and middle level managers

57 20 77

Proposal writing for SCARDA MSc students (first and second round of training) 26 19 453rd Leadership Management Workshop on key principle of management through using practical experiences

18 8 26

3rd ASARECA-EAAPP meeting (+ M&E Training) 40 28 68EAAPP leadership and management training 27 12 39UniBRAIN sensitisation/ training on commercialisation of research products 28 7 35Sub-TOTAL 301 129 430

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Program Training area No. of Participants

Male Female Total

Finance & Procurement

Procurement planning & Procedures; Contracting Procedures; Environmental Impact Assessment for ASARECA staff

21 9 30

Sub-TOTAL 21 9 30

HVNSC

Processing of mango/passion fruit juices, solar drying of mango and amaranthus by SUA

4 6 10

Agricultural practices through Farmer Field Schools (by ISAR scientists) 55 60 115Socioeconomic and agronomic data collection (for trials supervisors) 5 1 6Agricultural practices through Farmer Field Schools (by INERA scientists) 350 1,450 1,800Market Access and Management (for farmers, extension staff, and local authorities) 26 30 56Best Agricultural Practices of Climbing Beans by ISABU scientists (for technicians, scientists, extension agents and farmers)

44 51 95

Sub-TOTAL 484 1,598 2,082

LFP

Fodder Establishment for smallholder dairy farmers 121 44 165Dairy Feeding in Kenya 13 17 30Establishment of livestock gene banks for the region 3 0 3Blood sample collection for veterinary staff 22 8 30Tick ecology, tick survey methods, practical tick collection, preservation, identifica-tion and tick control practices

18 6 24

Variety of technologies for enhancing crop-livestock integration 20 30 50Forage seed production (farmers, scientists, technicians) 505 351 856Dairy cattle feeding, hay making, use of hay box baler 120 39 159M&E, scientific writing and proposal development 8 4 12Dairy management, vegetable and poultry production 120 66 186Production of early warning bulletins 12 1 13Sub-TOTAL 962 566 1,528

PAAP

Forecasting 5 25 30Remote sensing 13 17 30Key elements of a PVP System 12 - 12Regional Seed Database training 6 1 7Training and certification of informal milk traders 90 54 144Gender mainstreaming for ASARECA staff, NARS in Ethiopia and Kenya, and SIMLESA team

123 232 355

Influencing policy reform in biodiversity conservation in drylands 65 8 73Sub-TOTAL 314 337 651

KMUS

Agricultural Innovation System & Outcome Mapping for NARS partners in DONATA

21 19 40

Seed (vine) Multiplication – OFSP 1,155 574 1,749Agricultural Innovation Systems at local platform level actors 3 4 7Processing (making various OFSP products 33 66 99Cooking sweet potato leaves 338 1,192 1,530OFSP production technologies 336 456 792Business/enterprise development & marketing under OFSP 22 63 85Record keeping and assessment of germination of AIV seeds 5 4 9QPM quality seed production 34 28 62Harvesting of crotalaria and amaranth seed 2 7 9Outcome Mapping 2 12 14AIV Seed production business 211 154 365ToT training on mainstreaming gender by KARI-Kisii 12 2 14ToT training on facilitation of innovation triangles (drawn from KENFAP) 11 15 26Sub-TOTAL 2,185 2,596 4,781

ICUUse of eRAILS platform for 8 ASARECA countries – Burundi, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.

11 6 17

Sub-TOTAL 11 6 17Total 7,242 7,454 14,696

d) Long term training on agricultural productivityIn addition to the short courses in the initiative to improve the quality of research at the target institutions, ASARECA supported Certificate, BSc, MSc and PHD students’ programmes in various Universities. A total of 70 students benefited from long-term training programs (see table 8 below:

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Table 8: Students' Program supported by ASARECA InitiativesProgram Training area Number of Students

PhD MSc BSc Cert TOTAL

Staples Banana bacterial wilt management in ECA 1 - - 1 2NRM&B ISFM, Governance of natural resources 1 8 - - 9HVNS Snap beans project - Agronomy - 2 - - 2

Post-harvest processing of fruits and vegetables project 1 - 2 - 3

Agrobio

Diagnostic and control tools and strategies for Taenia solium Cysticercosis

3 4 1 - 8

Genetic Linkage Mapping of Field Resistance to Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD)

1 - - - 1

Genetic Engineering of Maize for Drought tolerance in Eastern and Central Africa

4 1 - - 5

Fighting Striga: Resistance Genes Deployed to Boost Sorghum Productivity

1 4 - - 5

LFP

Market appraisals and consumer characterization for dairy and meat products

- 7 1 - 8

Dairy and meat safety 4 4Farm feeding packages and sero-prevalence of brucellosis 4 1 5Feed resource database 2 1 3Ruminant breeding 2 2Testing and validation of breed survey methodology, so-cioeconomic survey

4 4

KMUS DONATA QPM and OFSP projects - 7 - - 7

PAAPGoing to Scale: enhancing the adaptive management capacities of rural communities for sustainable land management in the highlands of eastern and central Africa

1 - - - 1

Resource economics 1 - - - 1Total 14 49 6 1 70

2.4.3. Number of infrastructure developedTo ensure that intended technologies, innovations and management practices are generated and disseminated, ASARECA supports infrastructure development. In order to ensure uniform and comparable tracking, infrastructure has been defined as facilities, structures, systems, equipment, services, hardware and software, installations, building, procedures and institutional arrangements that facilitate the flow of agricultural goods, services, and ideas. The indicator is aimed at tracking research infrastructure – especially singular large-scale research installations, collections, special habitats, libraries, databases, websites, integrated arrays of small research installations, as well as infrastructural centres of competence which provide a service to the wider research community based on an assembly of techniques and know-how.

During this reporting period, ASARECA continued to support different institutions within the region in strengthening their infrastructure capacity. During the year, up to 111 different types of infrastructures were funded, and ranged from acquisition of relevant equipment to establishment of Farmer Field Schools and delivery of soft- and hard-ware (see table for details).

Table 9: Types of Infrastructure established/strengthenedNo. Type of Infrastructure Country Total1. ELISA Test Kits for BW and virus detection

ELISA Virus Detection Kits for PVX, PVY, PLRV, PVA, PVS and PVM ELISA NCM for the detection of R. solanacearum (the casual agent of

BW) in plants ELISA DAS for the detection of R. solanacearum in soil and water

Burundi (ISABU) Uganda (KAZARDI) Kenya (KARI-NARL)

14

2. Farmer nurseries for banana tissue culture Uganda Eritrea {to be delivered}

2

3. Laboratories for research on fighting striga in sorghum Kenya 24. Construction of screen house at KARI Katumani to be used in research to

develop improved cassava materialsKenya 3

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No. Type of Infrastructure Country Total5. Farmer field schools established to train farmers in the climbing bean

project. Some of the farmers not directly involved in the project are already exchanging their landraces with those in the project. The impacts of these FFS (including changes in yields and practices among participants and non-participants) are anticipated.

Rwanda – 24 Burundi – 28 DRC – 12

64

6. Modern food processing equipment (e.g. blenders, seed removers, autoclave, and cup sealing machines) for Sokoine University’s food science laboratory and Centre for Food Processing and Training Centre (CFPTC)

Tanzania (Morogoro) 2

7. Equipment for monitoring biodiversity in savannah ecosystems (comprising 21 pieces)

Kenya Tanzania

1

8. Equipment and capacity to develop a diagnostic kit for Teania solium cystercosis supplied, leading to development of the first ever pen-side diagnostic kit for the sub-region

Kenya Uganda

2

9. Tissue culture lab provided with tissue culture materials to undertake in vitro conservation of sweet potatoes germplasm

Kenya 1

10. National Plant Genetic Resources units provided with seed drying equipment and sealing machines

Sudan 2

11. Field genebank established and in situ conservation site maintained Sudan 212. Demo gardens established to support awareness creation on the importance

of using tissue culture banana in improving agricultural production and also to support agronomic practices

Burundi Uganda

18

13. EAAPP nurseries for wheat RCOE established Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda

10

14. Laptop computers purchased and distributed to ASARECA projects. The PIs are expected to purchase information and communication accessories to ease communication.

NRM to complete 32

15. Ripening house constructed for Cooperative de Production du Vin de Banane (COPROVIBA) at Mutendeli sector (Rwanda), leading to increased banana ripening capacity (from 2.5 tons to 6 tons per week)

Rwanda 1

16. Equipment for in vitro and cryopreservation Kenya 117. Equipment of ISAR of the Near Infrared Spectroscopy Machine Rwanda 1

TOTAL 158

2.4.4. Number of partnerships formedASARECA encourages formation and/or strengthening of partnerships of like-minded institutions, organization, and groups, among others. To ensure comparable data tracking, partnership has been described as any type of formal or informal arrangement or relationship between public- and private-sector entity in one or more countries, regions, organizations, institutions, companies, or foundations around an activity or set of activities in which there are well-defined common objectives and shared benefits, where each partner makes continuing contributions in one or more strategic areas. ASARECA regards a partnership as formed when there is a clear, written agreement or memorandum of understanding to work together to achieve a common objective while sharing the costs, risks, and benefits incurred in the process. It specifies that a public-private partnership (PPP) must include at least one public and at least one private party.

During this period, a total of 44 different types of partnerships were either established or strengthened for specific purposes (see Table 10 for summary). The impacts of these partnerships will be determined in the next reporting period.

Table 10: Types of Partnerships formed/strengthenedPartnerships formed Purpose for the Partnerships

1. ASARECA with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

To translate the CBSD Resource Kit into several local Uganda languages (e.g. Samia, Acholi, Ateso, Luganda, Lugbara and Runyoro) for wider use in Uganda.

2. ASARECA with the Kenya Land Care Network, JKUAT, KENDAT and PAC

To scale out the Soil and Water Management project to partner organizations dealing with SWM technologies

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Partnerships formed Purpose for the Partnerships3. Farmer group with SURFCODE Export

Company in MukonoTo enhance export of sorghum composite flour produced by one of the beneficiaries of the ASARECA funded project.

4. ARC and private seed companies (Arab Seed Company, Damazine Company, Sennar and Damazine ARC stations, Kurdofan)

To enhance sorghum breeding and development.

5. ASARECA with 7 key stakeholder groups in ECA

To enhance best bet land use practices in the savannah ecosystems.

6. ASARECA with CVL, Makerere, UoN, DSA, SUA, ILRI, Astel diagnostics LTD, University of Edinburgh, University of Melbourne

To optimize Teania solium cystercosis control strategies in ECA.

7. ASARECA with AGT, VEDCO, Kawanda To promote transfer of banana tissue culture in ECA.8. ASARECA with 17 Partners To enhance drought tolerance for selected maize varieties

though genetic engineering of maize. These partnerships have enabled the generation of seven lines of maize with drought tolerance conferring genes in them

9. ASARECA - IITA – the Plant Genetic Resources unit of ARC

To safely duplicate the germplasm regenerated through the Trust support.

10. ASARECA with Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway

To enhance the deposition of cowpea accessions. This vault is part of an effort to protect the planet’s rapidly diminishing biodiversity, and in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change

11. ASARECA with Steering Committee {comprising Heads of Bureaus of Statistics in Burundi, Rwanda & Uganda, FIT Uganda, ISABU, and Rwanda Agricultural Board

To foresee the implementation of outputs generated from agricultural inputs and output markets in the region. To be assessed in 2012

12. ASARECA with CIRAD for attachment of an Aquaculture expert to the LFP PMU

Implementation of the Aquaculture project

13. ASARECA with World Fish Centre Implementation of the LFP aquaculture project14. ASARECA with SON Fish Implementation of the LFP aquaculture project15. ASARECA with Mwanza Fish Farm Implementation of the LFP aquaculture project

2.5. Output 5: Enhanced availability of information on agricultural technologies and innovations in ECA sub-region

This result focuses on generating and compiling data of sub-regional importance, consisting of relevant, high quality, timely and appropriate scientific knowledge, technologies, and policy-relevant research evidence. It also tracks routine packaging of information, thus facilitating knowledge exchange amongst ASARECA’s stakeholders. Under this result area, ASARECA tracks three key indicators, namely:

2.5.1. Number of information packages producedUnder this indicator, packaged information (or knowledge products) means information put together in different formats depending on the target audience. Together with the Calls for Concept Notes and Full Proposals, the ASARECA issues special information packages with all documents and information necessary to prepare Concept Notes, Proposals, information for scientific journals, policy briefs, farmer guiding leaflets, etc. Various projects also have their own information packages they wish to share with other stakeholders.

During this period, ASARECA revised its communication and knowledge strategy and implementation plan. The revised strategy re-commits ASARECA to having a strong communications pillar. That is, ensuring that the outputs of her research are communicated effectively, and enhancing ASARECA credibility and visibility as an authoritative voice in agricultural research and development in the sub-region.

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During the reporting period, nearly 350 different information packages were produced (out of the annual target of 218). This included an assortment of publications comprising 18 peer-reviewed journal articles, 101 manuscripts, 6 books, 28 book chapters, 27 conference proceedings, 23 electronic newsletters, 23 documentaries, and 136 other publications were produced. Most of these publications were developed in consultation with various stakeholders. The table below shows a summary of key publications produced, while the complete listings of these publications are shown in the Appendix.

Table 11: Types of Publications producedProgram Peer-reviewed Journal

articlesChapter in books

Conference proceedings

Books Electronic Newsletters

Documentaries

Other publications*

Published Manuscripts

Staple Crops 2 50 1 2 4 28High Value Non-Staple - 16 - 1 - - - 4Agro-Biodiversity & Biotechnology

2 20 - 4 - - 2 16

Livestock & Fisheries - - - - - - 6 20Natural Resources Management

13 10 10 1 1 - - 20

Policy Analysis & Advocacy

- 4 18 3 3 22 - 24

Knowledge Mgt & Upscaling

1 1 - - - 2 3 7

Information & Communication

- - - - - - - 1

Partnerships and Capacity Development

- - - 17 - - - 6

TOTAL 18 101 28 27 6 23 15 126* Policy Briefs, Brochures, Manuals, Leaflets, Flyers, and factsheets

Besides the publications, 1. A supplement on quality protein maize was published in a regional paper, the East African. 2. The ASARECA’s Information and Communications Unit supported the Agrobio programme as

they participated in a debate on GMOs in the Ugandan dailies, the New Vision and the Mon-itor.

3. The May 2011 issue of the ASARECA Newsletter the Agriforum was published and distrib-uted. The November 2011 is now being compiled and edited.

4. Compilation of relevant documents and sections for the ASARECA’s 2010 Annual Report is advanced. The final report will be printed in July.

5. Three livestock-related articles on “Feeding animals to enhance yields”; “Animal manure and crop production” and “Teaching rural farmers about vegetable production” were published in the Daily Monitor Newspaper in Uganda. These articles were based on the activities of the “Crop-livestock integration” project supported by the ASARECA’s LFP.

2.5.1. Number of appropriate information delivery pathways usedGiven the varied composition of the target audiences, information should also ordinarily be packaged in different formats to meet their expectations. ASARECA has noted this, and thus designs its delivery pathway to include the location of the information material as well as the media used to convey or deliver the information to the target audience. This indicator therefore tracks the number of appropriate delivery pathways, such as: websites, fliers, TV, SMS, journals, books, newspapers, and dissemination events (e.g. field days, open days, farm trials, exhibitions, media events, workshops and seminars).

During this period, a total of 51 different information delivery pathways were used to reach the various stakeholders. For example:1. The inclusion of the ‘Google translate’ on the ASARECA website to cater for non-English

speakers was completed. The ASARECA website was updated to accommodate a universal translation tool that translates all readable content on the website into 52 internationally recognised languages including SWAHILI. This has seen the website get attention from ASIA, Sudan, and Anglophone partners, to mention but a few.

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A three-day regional Training of Trainers workshop was held for 17 members (11 men; 6 women) of the ASARECA RAILS and DONATA Projects on use of the eRAILS platform. The participants were anticipated to serve as eRAILS trainers in their own countries. The workshop drew representatives from 8 ASARECA countries – Burundi, DR. Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. By the end of the workshop, each participant had created a website on the platform (see Appendix 7.1.7 for details). In addition, a national eRAILS training workshop was held in Kenya.

2. To establish links for harnessing synergy with wider sweetpotato initiatives, DONATA participants in OFSP in Uganda participated in a sweetpotato support platform where they shared their experiences and learned from other initiatives. The DONATA OFSP project section is also available on the sweetpotato knowledge web-based portal (www.SweetPotatoKnowledge.org), thus allowing sharing of information, training and resource materials on sweetpotato within Africa and globally.

3. With regards to the use of media channels, especially radio and television, five countries (Burundi, DRC, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania) prepared and aired their products to the public (see table for details.

Table 12: Media CoverageCountry Channel Program and Project

Burundi Television 2 programs to sensitize farmersDRC Television Farmer sensitization program on climbing beansRwanda Radio Climbing beanTanzania Radio & TV 3 months’ program on CBSD and CMD and Tick

and Tick-Borne diseases controlUganda Radio DONATA QPM and OFSP

2.5.2. Level of satisfaction of stakeholders accessing disseminated informationOnce the information package has been disseminated to the intended users through the appropriate delivery pathways, ASARECA still tracks the usability and level of satisfaction of all/some of the packaged information. This indicator is therefore set to track the level of satisfaction by the beneficiaries.

During the period under review, the following results were realized:1. As a result of information dissemination, a great demand for integrated technologies that

enhance rice productivity (through use of improved varieties, fertilizer application and water harvesting using excavated ponds called majaruba) was realized in Tanzania and Madagascar. For example, in Madagascar, the number of farmers accessing this technology increased from 22 to 60, while in Tanzania, an increase from 128 to 150 was noted.

2. In Kenya, more than 90% of the targeted farmers became aware of the highland maize technologies. Thus, they have been involved in demonstrations of the Ambo varieties.

3. In relation to the SWM technologies, over 800 farmers in Kenya that attended field days were sensitized on these technologies.

4. In Ethiopia, access to information on ISM technologies led to 200 new farmers accessing a striga resistant sorghum variety.

5. In Uganda, marketable value added Sorghum food products (Sorghum Composite flour, Popped Sorghum and Cakes) were exhibited and sold during the Mukono Trade show, Entebbe trade show and UGMA trade in Kampala in Nov 2010. Feedback from consumers is forthcoming.

6. In Tanzania similar exhibition of the processed products (Biscuits, bread, pop sorghum, and sorghum crackers) were exhibited at the agricultural shows called Nane-Nane.

7. In Madagascar, four local authorities have adopted the rice legumes production system in their programs, an indication of satisfaction with the information and technologies.

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3. Contribution of outputs to ASARECA higher level resultsTo ensure attainment of ASARECA’s high-level results (purpose- and goal-level), the following were undertaken:1. All the projects’ Logframes have been aligned to the ASARECA Logframe. 2. Most of the projects supported by the program units have contributed to technology generation

through validation and commercial production of new demand-driven varieties. The technology generation have been supported by end-user participatory validation and commercial production of crop varieties, as well as production of pre-basic, basic and quality declared seeds.

3. The successful adoption of the generated technologies (e.g. drought tolerant maize) will lead to increase in maize production in ECA. Similarly, the agronomic and disease-tolerant traits that have been observed through characterization/evaluation in the local germplasm are anti-cipated to contribute to crop improvement programs of the selected species.

4. The successful regeneration of cowpea, sorghum, sweet potatoes, and beans serve as sources of breeding material for national crop improvement programs and beyond. Similarly, the successful regeneration and safety duplication of 49 cowpeas accessions at IITA gene-bank and a duplicate lot in the Svalbard permafrost “doomsday vault” is a guarantee for per-petual conservation and utilization of the unique germplasm material which have been threatened by genetic erosion.

5. The sweet potato field genebank established in Rwanda serves as long-term conservation site as well as source of material for propagation and research.

6. A number of policy options proposed through ASARECA research are currently being implemented and have enhanced agricultural sector performance in the region to various levels. Some of the immediate outcomes of the enactment and launch of the Kenya Seed Policy on 20th April 2011 by the Minister of agriculture at KEPHIS headquarters is that through the policy document, the ministry as communicated by the Agriculture Permanent Secretary Dr Romano Kiome intends to make Kenya Seed Company which accounts for over 80% of national seed supplies intensify production under irrigation systems to stem recurrent shortages by ensuring national seed reserves. This would mean a target production of 36 million kilograms of seeds each year against an annual demand of 18 million kilograms.

7. The other option approved this year is the Uganda PVP law which is expected to enhance investment in new varieties by breeders in the country and the inflow of high yielding foreign varieties as breeders and multinational seed companies gain confidence in the safety of their rights to innovation. This is anticipated to foster higher agricultural productivity in the country.

8. Enhanced adoption of QPM and OFSP. Preliminary assessments by the ASARECA’s Knowledge Management and Up-Scaling Program indicate that QPM and OFSP projects are significantly contributing to the rural people’s food security and income levels. During the year, a total of 25 members (13 male, 12 female) of the Siwonko Farmer Group in Busia District, Kenya, supplied a monthly average of 2 tons of OFSP flour to Azuri Supermarket, and 4 tons of OFSP chips to Kirinyaga Millers in Nairobi on contractual basis. Given that the demand for OFSP dried chips and flour is expanding because of public interest in fortified grain flour, farmers are very likely to increase production as well as set more land to the crops.

4. Plans for the Next Reporting Period1. Commissioning new projects under MDTF: Plans are underway to commission more

new projects under the MDTF support.

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2. Technology Validation: Plans are underway to ensure that all the technologies and innovation generated are validated, and recommendations made on scaling them out.

3. Continued capacity strengthening of NARS and program management units in M&E, Gender Mainstreaming, and other identified capacity gaps.

4. End of project meetings and write-shops to review the data and outputs and complete the write up of publications.

5. Final season of field testing of technologies and validation of technologies among the consumers.

6. Dissemination of information and training of technology end-users and Publication of project results.

7. Perception and attitudinal studies of stakeholders to gauge the level of utilization and acceptance of project outputs by the stakeholders.

5. Conclusion During the reporting period, ASARECA was generally on track towards achievement of most of its targets. This is an indication of renewed commitment by staff and partner NARS to deliver quality results. Procedures and standards as set out in operational manual were also adhered to. Both M&E and Gender Mainstreaming have also been embraced by most of the partners – evidenced by an improvement in the quality of the periodic reports.

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6. Case Study

Genetic Engineering of Maize for Drought toleranceBy Dr. Charles Mugoya & Clet Wandui Masiga

The Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa (ASARECA) and Kenyatta University (KU) entered into and signed a Sub-Grant Agreement of the project entitled “Genetic Engineering of Maize for Drought tolerance in Eastern and Central Africa” on 6th October 2008 worth USD 358,000. This project is funded by USAID and managed by Agro biodiversity and Biotechnology Programme of ASARECA.

Maize is the most important staple food for more than 300 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. It is affected by drought which is a single most important abiotic stress responsible for reduced maize productivity in arid and semi-arid areas, leading up to 70% crop loss. ASARECA and its partners led by Professor Jesse Machuka at Kenyatta University are introgressing drought tolerance conferring genes into the Maize genome in order to develop farmer preferred tropical maize varieties that are tolerant to drought. This work is done by PhD and MSc students from Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia.

By end of 2010, we reported a number of technological break through including the Twenty four farmer preferred tropical maize lines being transformed with seven (7) different drought conferring genes. This time round we report that nine (9) maize lines have successfully been transformed with drought conferring genes and are being multiplied in the screen house before confined field trials. They include two Ethiopian lines, three Kenyan lines, two Sudanese lines and two Tanzanian lines. They have been transformed with eight genes that have been confirmed to offer drought tolerance in plants. These genes are ASARAnxzm35, Annat1, NHX1, XvPrx2, XvSAP1, IPT, and CBF 1. One technology has focused on silencing the PARP1 gene using amiRNA1 and amiRNA3 using the clean gene technology comprising the PMI gene as a safer alternative to herbicide tolerance selection system. To achieve this progress, up to 17 partners (e.g. Kenyatta University and KARI, Kenya; ARC, Sudan; MARI, Tanzania; EIAR, Ethiopia; University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PAS Pawinskiego, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno; Syngenta Biotechnology Inc, North Carolina; Dr Eduardo Blumwald’s laboratory at the Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis; Plant Transformation Facility at Iowa State University (ISU); Ghent University; CIMMYT; Plant Transformation Core Facility, University of Missouri, USA; North Carolina State University and Glasgow University, UK) are involved.

This first phase project come to an end on 30 th September 2011 with the first phase of seeds for on farm confined trials produced at least for the nine (9) farmer preferred tropical lines. A second phase of 5 years will be required to advance these materials for commercial release. Once commercially released and adapted by farmers, there will be a 70% increase in maize production in ECA, hence improving food security, reducing hunger and promoting economic development.

Kenyan maize Line transformed with CBF1 gene

Ethiopian maize line transformed with IPT gene

Stably transformed fertile transgenic plants containing the

amiRNA gene constructs

Transgenic maize lines transformed with ASARAnxzm35

gene

Miccah Songelael Seth in a glass house studying the performance of Maize he transformed with XvPrx2 and XvSAP1 gene isolated from a desert plant XEROPHYTA VISCOSA

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THE THREAT OF “BANANA BACTERIAL WILT PANDEMIC”

Banana Xanthomonas wilt (popularly known as Banana bacterial wilt or BBW) has been known in Ethiopia since 1960 as a disease of Ensete. It was simultaneously reported in central Uganda and North Kivu (D.R. Congo) in 2001 mainly on indigenous and dominant highland cooking bananas. It has since spread to Rwanda, Tanzania, and Kenya and more recently in Burundi. The disease damages at least 80% of the crop, and in severe cases, it destroys the whole banana fields. It causes marked reduction in plant growth and overall bunch size and weight, besides causing premature ripening, rotting and eventual wilting of the plant. When the infected plant or fruit is cut, yellow fluid (containing the bacteria causing the disease) oozes from the cut end. With the financial support from USAID and through MDTF, ASARECA collaborated with 6 NARIs, namely: the National Agricultural Research Institutes of Burundi (ISABU), D.R. Congo (INERA), Kenya (KARI), Rwanda (ISAR), Uganda (NARO), Directorate of Research and development (DRD) of Tanzania, as well as Bioversity international, IITA, and University of Nairobi to implement a project entitled “Enhanced management of banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) for sustainable banana productivity in East and Central Africa”.

The project focused on mobilizing, sensitizing and training farmers, extensionists, policy makers, traders and other researchers on the disease identification, and management. Targeted trainings were conducted to help the farmers reduce and/or eradicate the disease spread through cutting knives. Several control methods were also identified, viz., uprooting diseased plants; debudding (removing the male buds); using disease free planting materials, single stem removal; cutting all the affected mats and suspending the pruning for up to six months; and disinfection of tools (used in pruning) with fire. Single stem removal is aimed at stopping the spread of BXW infection that mainly starts from the upper parts of the banana plant. Through ASARECA’s support, several farmers have benefited (see Success Story from a farmer in Bukoba, Tanzania).

Drastic measures to ensure sustainable banana productionMr. Skalion Geras is a banana farmer residing in Ijumbi Ward in Muleba district in Bukoba Tanzania. He produces banana for both home consumption and sale and always harvested close to 300 bunches/month. Two years ago, Skalion observed a strange disease affecting banana. He didn’t have any information about the disease then but he could see that the pathogen was wiping out his plantation. However, he had an idea of how diseases spread and how severe they can be and knew some agronomy about control of diseases of perennial plants.

At the height of the disease, Skalion was harvesting only 10-15 bunches/month. In late 2010 scientists from DRD (ARDI) visited the area and educated the farmers on the disease, how it spreads and how it can be managed. He therefore took a bold decision of uprooting all plants that exhibited attack and replanted with new ones from a mat that was not infected. Since then, he hasn’t had the disease on his farm except in August 2011 when he saw two infected plants and cut the mats down. Skalion only practices uproot and burn and male bud removal using the forked stick. However he has since obtained more information from ARDI and extension personnel on the various options and is pleased that single stem removal can work instead of destroying the entire mat.

Through the various trainings, Skalion can identify the disease symptoms both on the leaves and bunches. He is aware of the yellowing of leaves and premature ripening of the bunch. Through the practice of replacing infected banana with young seedlings, the plants will reach production in 2012 and Skalion hopes he can return to the original yield levels. The current production has indicated an upward trend, reaching a monthly yield of 25 bunches.

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Figure 7: Skalion (above) displays healthy banana from his recovered orchard

Table 13: Banana attacked by BBWFigure 7: Banana attacked by BBW

7. Annexes

7.1.1. Electronic newsletters

Date Issue Title

1. 21 January 1 Trends of staple food and input prices: a global and regional overview2. 4 February 2 From food aid to food assistance: issues, lessons and implications3. 18 February 3 Gender perspective in adaptation to climate change-induced water stress4. 4 March 4 Mitigating effects of volatile food prices on low- and middle-income countries5. 18 March 5 Lessons learned: World Bank’s new strategy in Africa6. 1 April 6 Regional integration in Africa: implications for food security7. 15 April 7 The urgent actions needed to prevent recurring food crises8. 29 April 8 Enhancing the impact of policy research in eastern and central Africa9. 13 May 9 Out grower schemes: why big multinationals link up with African smallholders10. 27 May 10 Food price shocks: food security implications and the opportunities in Africa11. 10 June 11 2011-2012 national budgets: measures by east African countries to tackle

food prices, food security and other issues in agriculture12. 24 June 12 Volatility of agricultural markets: causes and options for policy solutions13. 8 July 13 Agricultural investment: business models and opportunities for smallholders14. 22 July 14 Influencing change: mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural

research and development15. 5 August 15 Agricultural research investment trends in eastern and central Africa16. 19 August 16 Sustainable land management: bye law development and implementation17. 2 September 17 Formulating a national framework for biotechnology and Biosafety policy18. 16 September 18 The new harvest: agricultural innovation in Africa19. 30 September 19 Achieving gender equality in development: so much done, so much to do20. 14 October 20 Emerging trends: a case for reconsidering policy action and priorities21. 28 October 21 How international price volatility affects domestic economies and food security22. April Issue 2 The AgriForum Newsletter23. October Issue 3 The AgriForum Newsletter

Table 14: List of Electronic Newsletters

7.1.2. Journals1. Abdalla H.M., Gamar Y.A. 2011. Climate change: selection of sorghum genotype with wide

adaptation, AG-17, for rain-fed areas of Sudan. International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 1(3): 144-155. ISSN: 2228-6322 © International Academic Journals.

2. Cooper, P. J. M., et al., (2011). Adding value to field-based agronomic research through climate risk assessment: A case study of maize production in Kitale, Kenya. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp317-338. Cambridge University Press 2011

3. Dawoud, D. A., Ahmed, E. A. and Babiker, A.G.T. (2011). Performance of Striga resistant African Cultivars under Sudan conditions. Sudan Agricultural Research Journal, 17: 65-72

4. Donatha Damian Tibuhwa. 2011. Morphology and taxonomy of Sarcoscypha ololosokwaniensis sp. nov.: A new Ascomycota species from Serengeti National Park-Tanzania. Journal of Yeast and Fungal Research Vol. 2(1), pp. 1 - 6, January 2011. ISSN 2141-2413 ©2011 Academic Journals.

5. Farrow, A. et al., (2011). Assessing the risk of root rots in common beans in East Africa using simulated, estimated and observed daily rainfall data. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp357-373. Cambridge University Press 2011

6. Gathenya, M., et al., (2011). Climate- and land use-induced risks to watershed services in the Nyando river basin, Kenya. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp339-356. Cambridge University Press 2011

7. Hansen, J., et al., (2011). Review of seasonal climate forecasting for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp 205 - 240. Cambridge University Press 2011

8. Jarvis, A. et al., (2011). An integrated adaptation and mitigation framework for developing agricultural research: Synergies and trade-offs. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp185 - 203. Cambridge University Press 2011

9. K. Mbuya, K.K Nkongolo and A. Kalonji-Mbuyi. 2011. Nutritional analysis of quality protein maize (QPM) varieties selected for agronomic characteristics in a breeding program. International

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Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 5(4): 317-327, 2011. ISSN 1819-3595/DOI: 10.3923/ijbg.2011.317.327

10. Kipkoech, A., Okeyo-Owour, J.P & Mogaka, H eds. (2011). Towards implementation of Payment for Environmental Services (PES): A collection of findings linked to the ASARECA funded research activities. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller GmbH & Co. KG - Germany 

11. Ogero Kwame, Gitonga N.M, Omwoyo Ombori, and Michael Ngugi. 2010. Cassava Production and limitation of propagation through tissue culture. In: Contributions of agricultural sciences to-wards achieving the Millenium Development Goals, Mwangi M. 2010 (editor). Nairobi, Kenya: FaCT Publishing. 160 pp. http://www.m.elewa.org.

12. Osbahr, H. et al., (2011). Supporting agricultural innovation in Uganda to respond to climate risk: Linking climate change and variability with farmer perceptions. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp293-316. Cambridge University Press 2011

13. Ouma, R., Mude, A., & Van de Steeg, J. (2011). Dealing with climate-related risks: Some pioneering ideas for enhanced pastoral risk management in Africa. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp375-393. Cambridge University Press 2011

14. Rao, K.P.C et al., (2011). Climate variability and change: farmer perceptions and understanding of intra-seasonal variability in rainfall and associated risk in semi-arid Kenya. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp267 - 291. Cambridge University Press 2011

15. Stern, R.D & Coe, R. (2011). Assessing and addressing climate-induced risk in sub-Saharan Africa rained agriculture" Lessons learnt. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp395-410. Cambridge University Press 2011

16. Stern, R.D & Copper P. J. M (2011). Assessing climate risk and climate change using rainfall data - A case study from Zambia. In Experimental Agriculture (2011), volume 47(2), pp241 - 266. Cambridge University Press 2011

17. Tinzaara, W., E. Karamura, J. Kubiriba, M. Byabachwezi, W. Tushemereirwe and F. Opio, 2010. The Integrated Approach for the Management of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt in East and Central Africa. Proceedings of the African Crop Science conferences, Cape Town, South Africa, 27 September to 2 October 2009, Vol. 9. pp. 691 – 696

18. van de Steeg., et al., (2009). The influence of current and future climate-induced risk on the agricultural sector in East and Central Africa. International Livestock Research Institute Research report no. 22. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), & International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

7.1.3. Books & Book Chapters1. Admassu, H., Getinet, M., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M., Kyotalimye, M. 2011. Assessing the

Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Ethiopia. Country chapter in IFPRI-ASARECA research monograph forthcoming

2. ASARECA, 2011. “ASARECA Gender Mainstreaming strategic Plan 2010-2013: Together we can find solutions for improved livelihood and sustainable agriculture

3. ASARECA 2011. PAAP Advocacy strategy4. Baramburiye, J., Kyotalimye, M., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of

Agriculture to Climate Change in Burundi. Country chapter in IFPRI-ASARECA research monograph forthcoming

5. Barun G. 2011. Introduction: Engaging with the challenges for mainstreaming gender in agricultural research and development. In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

6. Barun G., Ssendiwala, E., Waithaka, M (Eds). 2011. Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line]. Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. -- (CIAT Publication No. 373)

7. Bashaasha, B., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M., Kyotalimye, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Uganda. Country chapter in IFPRI-ASARECA research monograph forthcoming

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8. Bissrat Ghebru, B., Araia, W., Ogbazghi, W., Gebreselassie, M., Thomas, T. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Eritrea. Country chapter in IFPRI-ASARECA research monograph forthcoming

9. Chiche, Y., Tesfaye, A. 2011. Towards gender mainstreaming in an agricultural research system: Organizational assessment of gender aspects in Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

10. Draft book on Management and Utilisation of Prosopis spp. in arid and semi-arid areas drafted.11. Draft paper to be a chapter in a book on: “Agricultural Innovation Triangles”12. Dusengemungu, L., Rucibigango, M., Mukakalisa, S., Badege, P., Mukankubana, D., Nyiraneza,

C., Mbanda, J. 2011. Influencing change in the Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR) through gender analysis in participatory research. In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line], edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

13. El-Dukheri, I., Abdalla, I. 2011. Promoting participatory research and gender analysis within the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Sudan: ‘Influencing change. In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

14. Kabanyoro, R., Turyamureeba, G. 2011. Mainstreaming participatory research and gender analysis in National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), Uganda. In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

15. Kanyeka,. E.K., Lwezaura, D., Lema, N. 2011. Influencing change: Gender mainstreaming in national agricultural research system in Tanzania. In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

16. Kinkela, S. S., Bahandi, C.A. 2011. Gender issues and perspectives in agricultural research and development projects in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

17. Makokha, O., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M., Kyotalimye, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Kenya. Country chapter in IFPRI-ASARECA research monograph forthcoming.

18. Nelson, G (ed). 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Eastern and Central Africa. IFPRI-ASARECA research compendium forthcoming

19. Ngugi, J.N., Nyongesa, D.J.W., Gathaara, V. 2011. Experiences and lessons learned in the mainstreaming of gender analysis and participatory research in national agricultural research systems: The case of Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda:

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Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

20. Ramiaramanana, D., Randriambolanoro, L., Bodovololona, R., Razafimandimby, S. 2011. Challenges for gender mainstreaming in Centre National de Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (FOFIFA), Madagascar. In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

21. Ssendiwala, E., Waithaka, M. 2011. Influencing change: Project evaluation. In Influencing change: Mainstreaming gender perspectives in agricultural research and development in Eastern and Central Africa [on line] / edited by Barun Gurung, Elizabeth Ssendiwala and Michael Waithaka. -- Cali, Columbia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); Entebbe, Uganda: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), 2011. 162 p. (CIAT Publication No. 373)

22. Taha, A., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Sudan. Country chapter in IFPRI-ASARECA research monograph forthcoming

23. Tenge, N., Mutabazi, A., Thomas, T. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Rwanda. Country chapter in IFPRI-ASARECA research monograph forthcoming

24. Waithaka, M., Thomas, T., Kyotalimye, M., Nelson, G. 2011. Overview in Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Eastern and Central Africa. IFPRI-ASARECA research monograph forthcoming

7.1.4. Manuscripts & Research Draft Papers1. Adikini, S. L. Tripathi, F. Beed, G. Tusiime, E.M. Magembe and D.J. Kim. Development of sensit-

ive and specific molecular tool for detecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. Musacearum. Plant Pathology

2. Agnes G. Mwakaje Emmanuel Manyasa, Nelson Wawire, David Ongare, Muchane Muchai, Clet Wandui Masiga, Alfeo Nikundiwe, Charles Mugoya. Socio-economic mapping and livelihood study in Tanzania with a Focus on Serengeti Mara Ecosystem

3. Agnes G. Mwakaje Emmanuel Manyasa, Nelson Wawire, David Ongare, Muchane Muchai, Clet Wandui Masiga, Alfeo Nikundiwe, Charles Mugoya: Income generation and governance challenges by local Communities in Protected Areas: The Case of Serengeti Mara Ecosystem (SME)

4. Ambonesigwe Mbwaga, Juma Kayeke, Johnnie Ebiyau, Joseph Okalebo, Mekonnen Sime, Alemu Tirfesa, Dafalla Ahmed, And Elfaith Abdel. Integrated Striga Management Options for Increased Sorghum Productivity in Striga Infested Areas of Eastern and Central African (ECA) Countries

5. Amutete, G, Wambugu, G.M., Mwangi, J. M, Masiga, C.W., Mugoya, C. and Muchane: Implications of Land use Systems on Avifaunal Diversity in the Masai-Mara Ecosystem

6. ARIM, Economics of rice-legumes spatial planting methods7. ASARECA, 2011. Natural resource management and biodiversity conservation in the dry lands of

eastern and central Africa8. Barungi, M., Ng’ong’ola, D.H., Edriss, A., Mugisha, J., Waithaka, M.,. Tukahirwa, J. 2011. Enhan-

cing adoption of soil erosion control technologies through enactment of land care byelaws: evid-ence from Mt. Elgon highlands in eastern Uganda. Research report.

9. Bernard Ngoru & Sospeter Kiambi: Conflicts and community perceptions on wildlife in different zonations of Masai Mara National reserve and adjacent group ranches

10.Bernard Ngoru*1, Charles Musyoki1, Sospeter Kiambi1, Geoffrey Mwangi3, Charles Mugoya2, Clet W. Masiga2, Muchane Muchai: Spatial distribution, abundance and diversity of small mammals (rodents and shrews) in relation to land use practices in Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya

11.Bernard Ngoru, Charles Musyoki, Sospeter Kiambi, Charles Mugoya, Clet W. Masiga, Muchane Muchai: Influence of land use abundance, diversity, and distribution of large mammals in Maasai Mara Ecosystem, Kenya.

12.Charles M. Warui: Two new species of spiders Araneae (family Oonopidae & Papimanidae) from Eastern Africa.

13.Charles Warui1*, Bruno Nyundo2, Muchai Muchane1, Charles Musyoki3, Charles Mugoya4, & Clet Wandui Masiga: Effect of land-use types on the diversity of spiders and other invertebrates in the Mara Ecosystem, Kenya

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14.Dawit, A and Asmare, D. 2008. Banana Markets in Ethiopia: Constraints and Opportunities15.Ebiyau, J. 2011. Preferred Sorghum grain attributes, food types, level of commercial utilisation

and markets at both rural and urban levels16.Emmanuel Mayasa, Agnes Mwakaje, Nelson Wawire, Clet Wandui Masiga, Charles Mugoya,

Alfeo Nikundiwe, Muchane Muchai: An Empirical analysis of livelihoods’ sustainability in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem

17.Fikadu, G. 2011. Climate change impact on sorghum production in Melkassa, Ethiopia18.Fikadu, G; Andualem S; Yohanes F., Degefie T.Gizachew L. Girma M. 2011. Sorghum simulation

modeling using DSSAT for Meisso, Kobo and Fedis19.Flora John Magige, Clet Wandui Masiga, Charles Mugoya, Muchane Muchai, Agnes Mwakaje,

Alfeo Nikundiwe: Human-wildlife interaction in Serengeti and Ngorongoro districts of Tanzania: A case study on small mammals

20.Fridah M. Mgonja, Hottensiah W.Mwangi , Habtamu Admassu, Jesse K.Karau, Peter Matowo, Bashir Makoko, Paul Kahiga, Dagne Wagary Gissa, Fina Opio, Ivan Rwomushana and Elias Thur-anira. 2011. Soil and Water Management Technologies and Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties available for use in ECA Countries

21.Habtamu A., Dagne W and Abebe Kirub. 2011. Investing on scaling out best-bet production tech-nologies: a critical factor for food security in the semi-arid agricultural systems of ECA

22.J. Ebiyau, J.P. Hella, J., Okalebo, A.M Mbwaga, I. Rwomushana and D. Oyena Opportunities for Commercialization and Utilization of Sorghum in Uganda and Tanzania.

23.James Wakibara, Rehema Kaitila, Charles Mugoya, Clet W. Masiga, Muchane Muchai: Effect Of Land Use To The Abundance And Distribution Of Large Mammals; Case Study Of Serengeti National Park

24.Kangara J. 2011. Growth and laying performance of chickens fed QPM diets. Kim D J Compar-ison of NCM-ELISA and RT-PCR Techniques for the Diagnostics of Sweetpotato Viruses

25.Karugia, J., Wanjiku, J., Waithaka, M. 2011. The impact of non-tariff barriers on maize and beef trade in East Africa. Submitted to African Development Review Journal.

26.Karugia, J., Wanjiku, J., Waithaka, M., Babu, S. 2011. Persistence of high food prices in Eastern Africa: What role for policy? Submitted to Special issue of Food Policy Journal

27.Kasina et al. 2011. Evaluation of neoniconinoid seed dressing formulations for control of bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) in snap beans at Mwea, Central Kenya. Paper presented at the National Council of Science Conference, Nairobi. 3 – 6 May 2011.

28.Kayeke J, Mkoga Z., Kiranga E., Mwalyego and Mghogho R., Kayeke, S., Urio, P. Sakalani, A., and Kapiteni M. 2011. Rice Production technologies for improving productivity in lowland rainfed rice in Tanzania

29.Kayeke, J et al. 2011. Performance of Wahi and Hakika Sorghum varieties in semi arid of Tan-zania

30.Kayeke, J et al. 2011. Proceeding of Sorghum Research in Tanzania31.Kayeke, J et al. 2011. Striga management in sorghum production32.Kayeke, J et al. 2011. The effect of herbicide (oxdazion) on the growth and development of rice 33.Kayeke, J et al. 2011. Water productivity in Sorghum growing34.Kinyua, Z.M., Kashaija, I., Bararyenya, A., Schulte-Geldermann, E., Tindimuboona, S. Comparat-

ive Efficiency of Seed Potato Quality Improvement Techniques 35.Kinyua, Z.M., Kashaija, I., Baryarenya, A., Schulte-Geldermann, E., Tindimuboona, S. The Status

of Seed Potato Production and Utilization in Burundi, Kenya and Uganda 36.Kinyua, ZM., Kashaija, I., Bararyenya, A., Schulte-Geldermann, E., Tindimuboona, S. Factors In-

fluencing the Performance of Seed Plot Technique in Seed Potato Quality Improvement among Small Scale Farmers

37.Kubiriba J., J. W. Muthomi, V. Ndungo, J. K. Kwach, M. A. Onyango: Rehabilitation of fields af-fected by Banana Xanthomonas Wilt in East and Central Africa

38.Laike, K. 2011. Improved Conservation Tillage Implements for Mitigating Drought and Improving Sorghum Productivity in Ethiopia

39.Lekule, F. P., J. Malole. 2011. Effect of substituting Quality Protein Maize in broiler diets40.Ley G et al. 2011. Crop, Soil-water and Nutrient Management Options for Sustainable Lowland

Rice-Legumes Cropping System41.Ley G et al. 2011. Economics of Rice Legumes Spatial Planting Methods: A case study of Moro-

goro Rural District42.Ley G et al. 2011. Potentials for adoption of integrated lowland rice-legume technologies for small

scale farmers in Morogoro, Tanzania43.Ley G et al. 2011. Rodent Situation in the Rice Growing Areas of Mvomero District, Tanzania

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44.Mary Nyawira Muchane, Muchai Muchane, Charles Mugoya, Clet Wandui Masiga: Rhizobia diversity across in different land use systems in Serengeti-Mara ecosystem

45.Mary Nyawira Muchane., Charles Mugoya, Clet Wandui Masiga, Muchai Muchane: Effect of land use system on Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem, Kenya

46.Matowo, P.R., Fridah Mgonja, L. C. Mushi and Charles Makalanga. 2011. The use of mother baby approach to scale up Soil/Water Management Technologies and Drought Tolerant Maize Variet-ies in Northern Tanzania

47.Mischeck, D. 2011. Use of Neocotinoid Insecticides and Varietal Resistance to Manage Bean Fly (Ophiomya Spp) and Other Arthropod Pests of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) MSc Thesis submitted to the University of Nairobi.

48.Mohammed Yesuf (2011). Major Fungal Pathogens Associated with Banana Fruits as Causes of postharvest rot in Ethiopia

49.Mohammed, Y. 2011. Major Fungal Pathogens Associated with Banana Fruits as Causes of postharvest rot in Ethiopia

50.Muchai Muchane1, Emmanuel Mayasa6, Alfeo Nikundiwe2, Charles Musyoki5, Charles Warui1, Nelson Wawire6, Agnes Mwakaje2, Mary Nyawira Muchane1, Donatha Tibuhwa2, David Ongare7, Bernard Ngoru5, Peter Hongo5, Charles Warui1, Rehema Kaitila4, Bruno Nyundo2, George Amutete1, Geoffrey Mwangi1, Ayub Macharia7, Chacha Werema2, Cosmas Mlingo2, Clet Wandui Masiga3, Charles Mugoya3, James Wakibara: Best-bet sustainable land management practices in wet and semi-arid Savannah of Serengeti Mara Ecosystem.

51.Muchane M.N ., WambuguG.M., Mwangi J.M., Masiga C. W2., and Mugoya C., and Muchai S.M: Land use Practices And Their Implications On Soil Macro-Fauna In Maasai Mara Ecosystem

52.Mukantwali, C., J.B. Shingiro, L. Dusengemungu, H. Vasanthakaalam, G. Mukamurezi, D. Nkeza-bahizi, E. Gatera and J.M. Wagacha: Small scale production of quality banana wine in Rwanda

53.Mukantwali, C., J.B. Shingiro, L. Dusengemungu, H. Vasanthakaalam, G. Mukamurezi, D. Nkeza-bahizi, E. Gatera and J.M. Wagacha: Assessment of banana processing technologies in Rwanda

54.Mulwa, R.M. 2011. Ex-ante impact assessment of adopting Bt-Maize and Bt-Cotton in selected COMESA member countries. Draft report

55.Mutetikka D., R. Mwesigwa D. Opio and G. Asea. 2011. Substituting Fish with Cottonseed Cake in Quality Protein Maize (QPM) Diets for Growing Pigs

56.Mwangi, H. 2011. Technologies for increasing productivity of maize in drought prone areas of Kenya

57.Nakato, V and F. Beed: Evaluation of potential spread of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum through common trade routes across Uganda

58.Nakato, V., I. Ramathani and F. Beed: Characterisation of orange bacterium associated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, the causal agent of BXW: banana Xanthomonas wilt

59.NARI. 2010. Socio-Economic baseline study in pearl millet growing areas of Zoba Ansba60.Ngoru B., C. Musyoki, S. Kiambi, R. Kaitila, M. Muchai, A. Nikundiwe, C. Mugoya, C. W. Masiga

Spatial variations in tree species composition in relation to land use in Maasai Mara National reserve and adjacent group ranches

61.Niko, N., P. Ndayihanzamaso, P. Lepoint, E. Sakayoya and I. Ramathani: First report on the oc-currence of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt in Burundi

62.Notenbaert, A., Davies, J., De Leeuw, J., Said, M., Herrero, M., Manzano, P., Waithaka, M., Aboud, A., Omondi, S. 2011. Investment needs and policy options to support the complementari-ties between pastoralism and biodiversity in Eastern Africa. Submitted to: Journal of pastoralism: research, policy and practice

63.Onyango, M et al. 2011. Farmers’ perspective of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt disease manage-ment in East and Central Africa

64.Onyango, M., Johnson Kwach, James Muthomi and Michael Odongo. 2011. Effects of replanting time after destruction of BXW infected fields

65.Onyango, M., R. Erima, V. Ndungo, J. M. Nkuba, G. Night, W.Tinzaara, J. Kubiriba, J. Kwach1, E. Karamura, W K. Tushemereirwe, M. Odongo and K. Mailu: Farmers perspective of BXW dis-ease management in East and Central Africa: Banana production practices of East and Central Africa farmers with reference to BXW disease management

66.Ouma et al. 2011. Dissemination and adoption of QPM in East Africa67.Ouma.J.O, Asea, G. and F. Opio. 2011. Market access and opportunities for Quality Protein

Maize products68.Rasha, J. Matheka, M S. Runo, Abdelbagi and J. Machuka: Effect of auxin and explants on callus

induction from Sudanesse maize lines

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69.Regional project team, Integrated Management Options for Sustainable Lowland Rice-Legumes cropping system: Proceedings of the Regional Inception Workshop

70.Seth M., L. Tulu, R. Oduor, E. Mneney and J. Machuka: Invitro regeneration of selected commercial Tanzanian open pollinated maize variety. AJB

71.Sylvester A, A. Mugutu, A. Rasha, J. Machuka: Progress in transformation and regeneration of tropical inbred maize lines in Kenya. Newsletter Article

72.Theodora S. H, Stella E. Adur and Godfrey Asea. 2011. Market Analysis of Quality Protein Maize in Uganda

73.Tibuhwa D.D., M.N, Muchane , C. W, Masiga, C. Mugoya, M, Muchai: An Inventory of Macro-fungi and their Diversity in the Serengeti-Masai Mara ecosystem, Tanzania and Kenya.

74.Tinzaara, W., E. Karamura, J. Kubiriba, M. Byabachwezi, W. Tushemereirwe and F. Opio, 2010. The Integrated Approach for the Management of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt in East and Central Africa. Proceedings of the African Crop Science conferences, Cape Town, South Africa, 27 September to 2 October 2009 (in press)

75.Tinzaara, W., J. Kubiriba, Idd Ramathani, G. Night, J. Nkuba, M. Onyango, V. Ndungo, E. Kara-mura, J. Kwach, F. Opio, W. Tush: Current status of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt in East and Central Africa

76.Tulu L, M. Seth, S. Runo, W. Teffera, J. Machuka (2011): Regenerability of elite tropical maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines using immature embryo explants. AJB

77.Wafula, D., Waithaka, M., Komen, J., Karembu, M., 2011. Biosafety legislation and biotechnology development gains momentum in Africa. Submitted to: Journal of GM crops-special issue on biosafety regulation.

78.Wagacha, J., Innocent Ndyetabula, William Tinzaara, Jerome Kubiriba, Ndungo Vigheri and James Muthomi: Approaches for the management of banana Xanthomonas wilt in East and Cent-ral Africa

79.Wanyama J. M, G. A. Ombakho, M. W. Wanyonyi, S. C. Rono, E. Sikinyi and C. Onyango. 2010. Challenges and opportunities of disseminating Quality Protein Maize along Agricultural Productiv-ity Value Chain in Kenya. In the 3rd National council for Science and Technology conference pro-ceedings 3rd to7th May 2010

7.1.5. Booklets1. Mgonja, F., T. Mmbaga, C. Yangole, B. Makoko and M. Semlow, Teknologia za kuhifadhi udongo

na maji na mbegu za zinazostahimili ukame2. Mukantwali, C and Mukandahiro I.B. June 2010. Booklet on banana production, banana ripening,

wine processing and good manufacturing 3. Onyango, M et al. 2011. Success stories on BXW management in Kenya

7.1.6. Manuals & Field Guide1. A CBSD resource kit translated into Samia, Acholi, Ateso, Luganda, Lugbara and Runyoro for

wider use in Uganda {Four materials adopted from the kit (leaflet, manual, flyer and factsheet) were translated into French and Malagasy for use in Madagascar}

2. A field guide on the management of bacterial wilt on banana, Ethiopia. 3. ARIM, Guidelines for irrigated rice production (in Kiswahili) - Manual4. ARIM, Guidelines for the production of rice Quality Declared Seed (QDS)5. Cherono, P., Kurwijila, L., Omore, A. 2011. Commercialized Supply of Training and Certification in

Milk Quality Assurance in Eastern Africa. A Guide for Practitioners. ASARECA manual.6. Dieudonné Harahagazwe, Astère Bararyenya, Bernadette Hakizimana, Micheline Inamahoro, Nic-

olas Niko, Damien Niyongabo. Uburyo Umurimyi Muto Yokoresha Mu Kugwiza Imbuto Z’ibiraya Nziza, Igitabo C’inyigisho, Canditswe Na (Manual in Kirundi)

7. FOFIFA, Guidelines for irrigated rice production (in French)8. FOFIFA, Guidelines for irrigated rice production (in Malagasy)9. Habtamu A, Dagne Wegary and Abebe Kirub. 2011. Technologies for Maize Production in Semi-

Arid Areas of Ethiopia10. Karamura, E. B., W. Tinzaara, F, Sssekiwoko, F. L. Turyagyenda, G. Blomme and S. Eden-

Green. 2010. Xanthomonas Wilt of Bananas in East and Central Africa (Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum): Diagnostic and Management Guide, Bioversity, Uganda, Revised edition (in press)

11. Kayeke, J et al. 2011. Integrated diseases management

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12. Kayeke, J et al. 2011. Integrated weed management13. Kayeke, J et al. 2011. Training need assessment and situation analysis for lowland rainfed rice

farmers in Southern Tanzania: Lesson learned14. Mohammed Yesuf (2011). Field guide on the management of bacterial wilt of banana and enset

(using local language) (Manual)15. Mohammed Yesuf. 2011. Field guide on the management of bacterial wilt of banana and enset

(using local language16. Mwalyego F. Shao, Kayeke J and R.M. Mghogho. 2011. Magonjwa Muhimu Katika Kilimo Cha

Mpunga: Dalili, Madhara na Udhibiti17. Onyango, M et al. 2010. Symptoms used in identification of common banana diseases in Kenya 18. Solar drying of fruits and vegetables training manual: Principles, GMPs/GHPs and HACCP plan

development. Sokoine University of Agriculture.19. Trainers’ Manual and Picture Book for extension officers and farmers groups 20. Training Manual for management of ticks and tick borne diseases.21. Z.M. Kinyua, M.J., J. Kinoti, B.C. Langat, M.W. Wakahiu, S.K. Nderitu, P.M. Kinyae, D. Kipkoech,

N.G. Miruci, Edward Mwamba. Enhancing the Quality and Availability of Seed Potatoes to Small-Scale Farmers (Field Manual).

7.1.7. Documentaries

Documentary Theme Number Countries

DVD (+ CD)

Consumer characterization 3 Rwanda, UgandaThreatened Survival 1 KenyaSorghum Value Addition 1 KenyaIntegrated Striga Management 1 UgandaManagement of Banana Bacterial Wilt 1 BurundiFodder establishment, management and conservation 1 TanzaniaTaenia solium cysticercosis 1 BurundiCrop-livestock integration technologies and methods 1 UgandaValue chain of climbing beans (Burundi – Kirundi; DRC - French) 2 Burundi, DRCDramatized songs on extension of climbing bean technologies (in local language and Swahili) {1 DVD + 1 CD}

2 DRC

Training brochures on intercropping methods between beans and cassava, and beans and bananas in various languages {CD}

1 DRC

Genetic engineering of maize for drought tolerance 3 Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sudan

Farmer training and forage seed distribution 1 Sudan

Radio Spot Messages & Television

Soils and water management technologies 2 Kenya, TanzaniaSorghum value addition technologies and products 29 UgandaFarmer sensitization on Climbing Beans 3 Burundi, DRCRadio program on Climbing Beans 1 RwandaTargeting the youth (Mkulima Soko) 3 Uganda

TOTAL 48

Table 15: List of Documentaries

7.1.8. Policy Briefs1. ABCD Policy Brief 1. 2011. Synopsis of policy status on drylands development, Pastoralism and

Conservation in the Horn and East Africa. Draft2. ABCD Policy Brief 2. 2011. Pastoralism and Biodiversity in Eastern Africa: Valuation of Current

and Potential Land Use. Draft3. ABCD Policy Brief 3. 2011. Policy Change, Biodiversity Conservation and Dryland development in

Ethiopia. Draft4. ABCD Policy Brief 4. 2011. Synopsis of policy status on Pastoralism and Conservation in Kenya.

Draft5. ABCD Policy Brief 5. 2011Tanzania: Wildlife and Livestock need each other for prosperity. Draft6. Admassu, H., Getinet, M., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M., Kyotalimye, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulner-

ability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Ethiopia. Fact sheet presented for use by Ethiopia gov-ernment officials as background material for Africa – A Call to Action: An African Ministerial Con-ference on Climate-Smart Agriculture, September 13-14, 2011. Johannesburg, South Africa.

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7. Baramburiye, J., Kyotalimye, M., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Burundi. Fact sheet presented for use by Burundi government officials as background material for Africa – A Call to Action: An African Ministerial Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture, September 13-14, 2011. Johannesburg, South Africa.

8. Bashaasha, B., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M., Kyotalimye, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Uganda. Fact sheet presented for use by Uganda government officials as background material for Africa – A Call to Action: An African Ministerial Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture, September 13-14, 2011. Johannesburg, South Africa.

9. Bissrat Ghebru, B., Araia, W., Ogbazghi, W., Gebreselassie, M., Thomas, T. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Eritrea. Fact sheet presented for use by Eritrea government officials as background material for Africa – A Call to Action: An African Ministerial Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture, September 13-14, 2011. Johannesburg, South Africa

10. Makokha, O., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M., Kyotalimye, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agri-culture to Climate Change in Kenya. Fact sheet presented for use by Kenya government officials as background material for Africa – A Call to Action: An African Ministerial Conference on Cli-mate-Smart Agriculture, September 13-14, 2011. Johannesburg, South Africa.

11. Nienke Beintema, April, 2011. Benchmark of agricultural research investment and capacity trends across ASARECA countries

12. Taha, A., Thomas, T., Waithaka, M. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Sudan. Fact sheet presented for use by Sudan government officials as background material for Africa – A Call to Action: An African Ministerial Conference on Climate-Smart Agricul-ture, September 13-14, 2011. Johannesburg, South Africa.

13. Tenge, N., Mutabazi, A., Thomas, T. 2011. Assessing the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Rwanda. Fact sheet presented for use by Rwanda government officials as background material for Africa – A Call to Action: An African Ministerial Conference on Climate-Smart Agricul-ture, September 13-14, 2011. Johannesburg, South Africa.

14. Wafula, D. 2011. Policy Statements and guidelines for commercial planting of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), trade in GMOS, and emergency food aid with GM Content. COMESA Minis-terial Brief, forthcoming.

15. Wafula, D., Karembu, M., Waithaka, M., Belay, G. 2011. Highlights of Key Contributions from AS-ARECA Countries on Draft COMESA Biosafety Policies and Guidelines. RABESA Policy Brief Sept 2011.

16. Wafula, D., Karembu, M., Waithaka, M., Belay, G. 2011.Modern biotechnology in the European Union: Achievements and challenges. RABESA Policy Brief .September 2011.

17. Yirga, C. 2011. Facilitating Policy Reforms in NRM: Experiences of Participatory Action Research from the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. G2S Policy Brief. September 2011.

7.1.9. Posters1. Best-bet land use practices in savannah ecosystems.2. Ebiyau, J. 2010. Progress on value addition of sorghum (CD-ROM)3. Ebiyau, J. 2010. Value added sorghum products 4. Fine Mapping of QTLs associated with striga resistance in sorghum5. FOFIFA, Guidelines for irrigated rice production (in Malagasy)6. FOFIFA, Irrigation rice production (in French & Malagasy)7. FOFIFA. 2011. Fantaro ny aretina vaovao mety mahazo ny mangahazo (CBSD) (In Malagasy)8. Genetic engineering of maize for drought tolerance. 9. Kuria E., M S. Runo, and J. Machuka: bioengineering maize with c-repeat binding factor s a

strategy towards drought tolerance10. Mgonja, F and C. Yangole, Teknologia za kuhifadhi udongo na maji na mbegu za zinazostahimili

ukame11. Mgonja, F., T. Mmbaga, C. Yangole, B. Makoko and M. Semlow, Teknologia za kuhifadhi udongo

na maji na mbegu za zinazostahimili ukame12. Mukantwali, C and Mukandahiro I.B. June 2010. Booklet on banana production, banana ripening,

wine processing and good manufacturing13. Onyango, M et al. 2010. Update of identification and control of important banana pests and dis-

eases14. Poster on BXW for farmers and extension workers (4,700 copies produced in English, Swahili,

French, Kirundi, Luganda and Runyankore).15. Posters on Teania

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16. Seth M, R. Oduor, E. Mneney, R. Iyer, J. A. Thomson and J. Machuka: A transgenic approach to develop drought tolerant maize using genes isolated from xerophyta viscose. Presented in the 10th African Crop Science Society Conference, 10-13 Oct, 2011, Maputo-Mozambique.

7.1.10. Leaflets, Flyers & Fact Sheets1. FOFIFA, Irrigation rice production (in French)2. FOFIFA, Irrigation rice production (in Malagasy)3. FOFIFA. 2011. Fantaro ny aretina vaovao mety mahazo ny mangahazo (CBSD) (In Malagasy)

7.1.11. Pamphlets1. Ebiyau, J. 2010. Value added sorghum products

7.1.12. CD-Rom1. Ebiyau, J. 2010. Progress on value addition of sorghum

7.1.13. Website Designed1. Kenya: http://www.erails.net/KE/; and http://www.erails.net/KE/donata-ofsp/donata-project/Home/;2. Uganda: http://www.erails.net/UG/iptagulu/donata-ofsp-project/Home/;3. Ethiopia: http://www.erails.net/ET/eiar/ias-management/project-goal/the-ethiopian-case-/;4. Burundi: http://www.erails.net/BI/esperancehabindavyi/isabu/projects-at-isabu/;5. Rwanda: http://www.erails.net/RW/isaradmin/banana-program/about-us/;6. Sudan: http://www.erails.net/SD/ ; and http://www.erails.net/SD/khliel/gis/about-gis-unit/7. DRC: http://www.erails.net/CD/jocelin-makoko/rails-en-rdc/ ; and http://www.erails.net/CD/donata-

rdc/qpm-en-rd-congo//

7.1.14. Brochures1. Combating hunger: enhancing effectiveness of agricultural input and output markets in ECA2. Early warning approaches in arid and semi arid areas3. Facilitating collective marketing best practices in Kenya and Uganda: Project Profile4. Facilitating collective marketing best practices: stakeholders’ directory5. Onyango, M et al. 2010. Update of identification and control of important banana pests and dis-

eases6. Six brochures on drip irrigation (2), lablab (1), Calliandra (1), farmers associations (1), and fixed

knife forage chopper (1)7. Summary of the milk and meat consumer survey results8. Two brochures on ticks and management of ticks and tick borne diseases.9. Two information brochures summarizing the results of the milk consumer surveys

7.1.15. Monographs1. ASARECA. 2011. Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity Conservation in the Drylands

of Eastern and Central Africa. A report for Association for the Strengthening of Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA).

2. Gelan, A., Omore, A. 2011. Impacts of changing tariff and non-tariff barriers on dairy trade in east Africa. PAAP Monograph forthcoming

3. Kasente, D. 2011. Gender mainstreaming and research in ASARECA: paper prepared for the training on gender mainstreaming in agricultural research for ASARECA Secretariat staff at Imperial Botanical Beach Hotel, 8-11th February 2011

4. Kasente, D. 2011. Gender mainstreaming and value chains in agriculture: paper prepared for the training on gender mainstreaming in agricultural research for ASARECA Secretariat staff at Imperial Botanical Beach Hotel, 8-11th February 2011

5. Mulwa, R.M. Waithaka, M., Kyotalimye, M., Warinda, E. 2011. Assessment of potential impacts of adoption of cassava standards. PAAP Discussion Paper

6. Mulwa, R.M., Karembu, M., Wafula, D. Waithaka, M. 2011. Assessment of potential impacts of adopting Bt-Maize and Bt-Cotton in selected COMESA countries. PAAP Discussion Paper

7. Nelson, G., Waithaka, M., Kinyangi, J. (Eds) 2011. Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in eastern and central Africa. IFPRI monograph. Forthcoming

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8. Omore, A., Waithaka, M. 2011. Synthesis of lessons and impacts of an improved dairy policy environment in eastern Africa: 2004 – 2010

7.1.16. General Reports {Workshops, Annual Reports, etc}1. Equal opportunity for a just and sustainable agriculture development: proceedings of a training

workshop on gender mainstreaming in agricultural research for ASARECA Secretariat staff; Imperial Botanical Beach Hotel, Entebbe, Uganda

2. Equal opportunity for a just and sustainable agriculture development: proceedings of a training workshop on gender mainstreaming in agricultural research for Ethiopia NARS staff; Intercontinental Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

3. Improving the capacity of agricultural research in the ASARECA sub region through the SCARDA project, April 2010.

4. Influence of relief on livestock pricing and marketing5. January – December quarterly report, July 20116. January- March progress report on SCARDA, April 20107. Kiambi Dan, Charles Mugoya and clet Wandui Masiga: proceeding of training in Marker assisted

selection for striga resistance in sorghum for sorghum breeders and technicians8. Kyotalimye, M., Waithaka, M. 2011. Proceedings of the annual general meeting of the eastern

Africa Seed Committee (EASCOM) held at Imperial Resort Beach Hotel, Entebbe, 23 - 25 th

February 2011.9. Progress report on EAAPP, April 201110. Report on the second learning workshop in ARC, April 201111. Report on the second learning workshop in ISAR, April 201112. Report on the second SCARDA resource mobilization workshop, April 201113. Report on the third learning workshop, May 201114. Report on the training of ASARECA programme management team in AIS and VCA, April 201115. Report on Sensitization workshop: evaluation of drought and Striga resistance16. Report on the Training and planning workshop on Genetic Engineering of Maize17. Report on the Writeshop to produce project publications and communication materials18. Report on the development of the certification of tissue culture plantlets19. SCARDA first quarterly report, April 201120. Success stories of application of agricultural biotechnology in ECA21. The ASARECA 2009 Annual report.22. The May 2011 issue of the ASARECA Newsletter the Agriforum.23. Toye Phil, Charles Mugoya and Clet Masiga: Proceeding of the training on on Teania cysticer-

cosis diagnostic kit, pig value chains in East Africa, epidemiology24. Workshop report on the third EAAPP-ASARECA convened meeting

7.1.17. Newspaper articles1. Daily Monitor Friday July 8, 2011.EAC dairy regulators seek channels to grow industry2. Daily Nation Thursday, July 7, 2011. EAC officials seek transformation of regional dairy sector.

http://www.nation.co.ke/business/news/EAC+official+seeks+transformation+of+regional+dairy+sector/-/1006/1196178/-/hu0jv5/-/index.html

3. Six articles on Plant Genetic Resources.4. Three newspaper articles on crop-livestock integration (Daily Monitor – Jan 26, Feb 16, and

March 9 2011)5. Two newspaper articles on African Indigenous vegetable seed production6. One newspaper article on nutrient feeding blocks for dairy cattle7. Twenty five articles being drafted for publication in peer reviewed referenced journal for the best

bet land use practices for savannah ecosystems8. Thirteen news paper articles on evaluation of striga resistant and drought tolerant sorghum

varieties

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7.1.Annex 2: ASARECA M&E information matrix – Targets and Actual Values

Project Development Objective: To enhance access and utilization of agricultural research technologies and innovations in the regional agricultural systems of Eastern & Central Africa.

Purpose: Enhanced Access and Utilization of Agricultural Research Technologies and Innovations in the Regional Agricultural Systems of Eastern and Central Africa

Table 16: Cumulative Targets and Actuals (based on OP)

Project Outcome Indicators Unit of Measure

Baseline2008

Target and (Actual) Cumulative Values

YR 12009

YR 22010

YR32011

YR 42012

YR52013

Indicator 1: Number of stakehold-ers accessing the technologies and innovations Number 2,014 9,384

(9,134)

33,578(32,04

9)

121,078(100,681

)

160,078 209,778

Indicator 2. Percentage of stakeholders adopting new technologies and management practices in selected development domains (desegregated by gender)

Percent 8.3 18(20.6)

27.4(25)

41.8(41.5) 50 63

Indicator 3: Number of reform of policies, laws, regulations and procedures approved Number 6 6

(6)14

(12)22

(17) 30 34

Indicator 4: Level of satisfaction with technologies and innovations Percent 60% 30.3

(11.5)33.3(24)

56.7(58) 67.5 75

Indicator 5: Number of direct beneficiaries reached through ASARECA support (disaggregated by gender) {New}

Number

INTERMEDIATE RESULTS

Output 1: Strengthened gender responsive governance and management systems in ASARECAIndicator 1: Pluralistic decision making processes 10 NARIs

in BoardOn

courseOn

courseOn

course

Indicator 2: Compliance with orga-nizational operational procedures and standards Percent No OM &

GMOn

course

Indicator 3: Percentage growth in research funding Percent 5.70 15

(14.98)30

(30.56)50

(48.36) 65 75

Indicator 4: Rate of implementation of the new ASARECA Constitution Initiated

Output 2: Enhanced generation and uptake of demand driven agricultural technologies and innovationsIndicator 1: Number of demand-driven technologies/ innovations generated Number 57 97

(92)186

(161)298

(268) 343 381

Indicator 2: Number of demand driven technologies available for uptake Number 15 117

(101)232

(186)326

(290) 331 431

Output 3: Enhanced adoption of policy options by decision makers to improve performance of the agricul-tural sector in ECAIndicator 1: Number of policies, laws, regulations and procedures analyzed Number 6 9

(21)22

(32)43

(57) 58 66

Indicator 2: Number of policies, laws, regulations and procedures presented for legislation or decree Number 6 8

(17)18

(25)32

(34) 48 60

Output 4: Strengthened capacity for implementing agricultural research for development in ECA sub-region

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Project Outcome Indicators Unit of Measure

Baseline2008

Target and (Actual) Cumulative Values

YR 12009

YR 22010

YR32011

YR 42012

YR52013

Indicator1: Number of ASARECA projects that have incorporated gender responsive agricultural inno-vation systems

Number 3 6(8)

33(35)

54(55) 77 89

Indicator 2: Number of stakehold-ers whose capacity building needs have been addressed Number 200 711

(4,072)

27,352(30,97

7)

50,982(45,264) 68,436 85,190

Indicator 3: Number of partner in-stitutions with infrastructure capa-city strengthened Number 66 91

(89)206

(205)327

(316)366 388

Indicator 4: Number of partner-ships formed Number 32 75

(79)118

(123)164

(172) 199 229

Output 5: Enhanced availability of information on agricultural innovation in ECAIndicator 1: Number of information packages produced Number 82 181

(130)350

(286)568

(563) 670 801

Indicator 2: Number of appropri-ate information delivery pathways used Number 22 62

(38)114(90)

172(149) 224 279

Indicator 3: Number of people reached with information packages through different pathways {New} Number TBD

Indicator 4: Level of satisfaction of stakeholders accessing disseminated information Percent 35%

65%(69.3%

)

68%(73.3%

)

70%(65.2%) 75% 75%

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7.2.Annex 3: Acronyms

ACTESA Alliance for Common Trade in Eastern and southern AfricaAFSTA African Seed Traders AssociationAIS Agricultural Innovation SystemsAIV African indigenous vegetablesAPA Austro Project AssociationARC Agricultural Research Cooperation, SudanARDI Agricultural Research and Development Institute – TanzaniaASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central AfricaAUC African Union CommissionAYT Advanced Yield TrialBBW Banana Bacterial WiltBUDLACC Bukwo Land Care ChapterBXW Banana Xanthomonas Wilt CAADP Comprehensive African Agricultural Development ProgramCBOs Community based organizationsCBSD cassava brown streak diseaseCBSV Cassava brown streak virusCGIAR Consultative group for international agricultural researchCGS Competitive Grants SystemsCIMMYT The International Maize and Wheat Improvement CentreCKMS Communication and knowledge management strategyCMD Cassava Mosaic DiseaseCMIS Contracts Management Information SystemCOMESA Common Markets for Eastern and Southern AfricaDAP Di-ammonium phosphateDBDS dairy business development serviceDONATA Dissemination for New Agricultural Technologies in AfricaDRC Democratic Republic of CongoDRD Department for Research and Development, TanzaniaEAC East Africa communityEAGC East African Grain CouncilEASCOM Eastern Africa Seed CommitteeECA Eastern and Central AfricaEIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural ResearchEPRC Economic and Policy Research centreESA Eastern and Southern AfricaESASA Eastern and Southern Africa Seed AllianceESRF Economic and Social Research FoundationEST Expressed Sequence TagFAAP Framework for African Agricultural ProductivityFARA Forum for Agricultural Research in AfricaFFS Farmer Field SchoolFOFIFA Centre National de la Recherche Apliquė au Dėveloppment RuralFYM Farm yard manureGMIS Grants Management SystemGMOs Genetically modified organismsGTL Genetic Technologies LtdHVNSC High Value Non-Staple CropsIAR4D Integrated Agricultural Research for DevelopmentICU Information and CommunicationILRI International Livestock Research InstituteINERA Institut National pour l”Etude et la Rechaerche AgronomiquesINRM Integrated Natural Resources ManagementIPTA Innovation platforms for technology adoptionISAAA International Service for Acquisition of Agro-biotech ApplicationsISABU Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du BurundiISAR Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du RwandaISFM Integrated soil fertility managementIUCN International Union for Conservation of NatureJKUAT Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyKADLACC Kapchorwa Land Care ChapterKARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

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KIPPRA Kenya Institute of Public Policy Research and AnalysisKMUS Knowledge Management and Up-ScalingKU Kenyatta UniversityLFP Livestock and Fisheries Program – ASARECAM&E Monitoring and EvaluationMAF Mutual Accountability FrameworkMARI Mikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteMDGs Millennium Development GoalsMUK Makerere UniversityNaCRRI National Crops Resources Research InstituteNARIs National Agricultural Research InstitutesNARO National Agricultural Research OrganizationNARS National Agricultural Research SystemsNEPAD New Partnerships for African development NGOs Non Government OrganizationNPT National Performance TrialNRM&B Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity program – ASARECANUR National University of RwandaOFSP Orange fleshed sweet potatoOP Operational PlanOPVs Open pollinated varietiesPAAP’s Policy Analysis and Advocacy Program – ASARECAPBS Programme for Biosafety SystemsPCD Partnerships and Capacity DevelopmentPDP Performance Development PlansPER Public Expenditure ReviewPES Payments for Ecosystem ServicesPGR Plant Genetic ResourcesPM&E Planning, Monitoring and EvaluationPMF Performance Measurement FrameworkPMIS Programme Management Information SystemPMP Performance monitoring planPrMIS Projects Management SystemPTL Plant transformation LaboratoryPYT Preliminary Yield TrialQDS Quality declared systemQPM Quality Protein MaizeRABESA Regional Approach to Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy in Eastern and Southern AfricaRAILS Regional Agricultural Information and Learning SystemReSAKSS Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge support SystemRUFORUM Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in AgricultureSCARDA Strengthening Capacity for Agricultural Research and Development in AfricaSIMLESA Sustainable intensification of maize-legume cropping systems for food security in eastern and

southern AfricaSLM Sustainable Land ManagementSPCFV Sweetpotato chlorotic fleck virusSPCSV Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virusSPFMV Sweetpotato feathery mottle virusSPMMV Sweetpotato mild mottle virusSSPT Small seed plot techniqueSSR Simple Sequence RepeatSUA Sokoine University of AgricultureT&C Training and certificationTAMPA Tanzania Milk Processors AssociationTDA Tanzania Drug AuthorityTDB Tanzania Dairy BoardTLU Tropical Livestock UnitsTTBDs Tick and Tick-Borne diseasesVVT Variety Verification Trial

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