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WEB 3.0

WEB 3.0SEMANTIC WEB (An Introduction)

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Major obstacles

Most information on the Web is designed for human consumption.

Humans can

find the Finnish word for "car, reserve a train or airplane ticket,

search for the cheapest DVD and buy it.

However, a computer cant without human direction.

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The Semantic Web is a vision of information that is understandableby computers, so that they can perform more of the tedious works

involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the web.

It is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the

semantics of information and services on the web is defined,

making it possible for the web to understand and satisfy therequests of people and machines to use the Web content.

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SEMANTIC = MEANING

Semantic Web is a group of methods and technologies to allow

machines to understand the meaning - or "semantics" - of

information on the World Wide Web.

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How Did We Get To Web 3.0?

WEB 1.0

WEB 2.0

WEB 3.0

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WEB 1.0

On 25 December 1990, Robert Cailliau and Tim Berners-Lee

implemented the first successful communication between an HTTPclient and server via the Internet.

Web 1.0 primarily gave information.

Web 1.0 is THE READABLE PHASE of the World Wide Web.

The information was is in a static manner.

Hyper-linking the web-pages and bookmarking were two of the most

important aspect of Web1.0 world.

Even today more than 70% users are only familiar with Web 1.0.

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Sad Facts about WEB 1.0

The user was a passive spectator since it was a read only web.

Limited user interaction via email, guestbooks and forums.

There was keyword based search.

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Tim OReilly : Web 2.0 is a platform that gives users the

possibility (liberty) to control their data.

High Importance is given to usability and sharing of information.

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Web 2.0 is the WRITABLE PHASE of the World Wide Web.

Web 2.0 has less clutter coupled with easy retrieval of

precise information and furthermore building upon that

information and sharing it further.

Widgets and Tagging are two important features of Web 2.0.

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Main Components of Web 2.0

RIA (Rich Internet Application): SILVERLIGHT, FLASH and AJAX.

SOA (Service Oriented Architecture): FEEDS, RSS and WEB

SERVICES.

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Social Web: Tagging, Contributing to Wiki, Podcasts and

Blogging.

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Realities

Same old keyword based search.

Computers orMACHINES do not understand anything.

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To deliver the answers, we need a search tool intelligent enough to

understand the context of content in relation to the question.

We need to move from present WEB (i.e. WEB 2.0) towards the WEB

of DATA.

We need to attachMETADATA to the web resources specifying

Vocabularies describing things, properties, domains and persons. Relations between resources.

Managing knowledge about things.

Implicit knowledge explicitly.

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WEB 3.0 (Semantic WEB)

Common formats for integration and combination of data drawn

from diverse sources.

It is also about language for recording how the data relates to real

world objects.

That allows a person, or a machine, to start off in one database, and

then move through an unending set of databases which are

connected not by wires but by being about the same thing.

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WEB 3.0 is the EXECUTABLE PHASE of World Wide Web or

WEB of DATA.

Machines can interact with each other without human

direction.

Search results are absolutely relevant to the query.

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COMPONENTS OF SEMANTIC WEB

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Example URIs

ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txt

http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt

ldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?one

mailto:John.Doe@example.com

news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix

tel:+1-816-555-1212

telnet://192.0.2.16:80/

urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2

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XML

XML stands for eXtensibleMarkup Language.

XML is designed to transport and store data.

XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags.

Markup is understood by machines.

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I just got a new pet

dog

Example

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I

just got a new pet

dog

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RDF

RDF stands for Resource Description Framework.

RDF is a framework for describing resources on the web.

RDF is designed to be read and understood by computers.

RDF is not designed for being displayed to people.

RDF is written in XML.

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RDF identifies things using Web identifiers (URIs), and describes

resources with properties and property values.

Jan Egil Refsnes

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RDF Statements

The combination ofa Resource, a Property, and a Property value forms a

Statement (known as the subject, predicate and object ofaS

tatement).

Statement: "The author of http://www.w3schools.com/rdf is Jan Egil Refsnes".

The subject of the statement above is:

http://www.w3schools.com/rdf

The predicate is: author

The object is: Jan Egil Refsnes

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RDF Schemas

A "schema" (plural "schemata") is simply a document or piece of

code that controls a set of terms in another document or piece ofcode.

It's like a master checklist, or definition grammar.

We can also create properties and classes as well as doing some

slightly more "advanced" stuff such as creating ranges and domains

for properties.

Using RDF Schema, we can say that "Fido" is a type of "Dog", and

that "Dog" is a sub class ofanimal.

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OWL (Web Ontology Language)

OWL stands for Web Ontology Language.

OWL is built on top of RDF and written in XML.

OWL is for processing information on the web.

OWL was designed to be interpreted by computers and not forhumans.

OWL has three sublanguages.

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Ontology defines the terms used to describe and represent an

area of knowledge.

Ontologies are used by people, databases, and applications

that need to share domain information (a domain is just a

specific subject area or area of knowledge, like medicine, toolmanufacturing, real estate, automobile repair, financial

management, etc.).

Ontologies include computer-usable definitions of basicconcepts in the domain and the relationships among .

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The Semantic Web needs ontologies with a significant degree of

structure.

These need to specify descriptions for the following kinds of concepts:

Classes (general things) in the many domains of interest.

The relationships that can exist among things.

The properties (or attributes) those things may have.

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WhyOWL when we have XML, RDF and RDF Schema?

Ontologies are critical for applications that want to search across

or merge information from diverse communities.

XML is sufficient for exchanging data between parties who have

agreed to definitions beforehand.

But lack of semantics in case ofXML prevent machines from

reliably performing this task.

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RDF and RDF Schema begin to approach this problem by

allowing simple semantics to be associated with identifiers.

With RDF Schema, one can define classes that may have

multiple subclasses and super classes, and can define

properties, which may have sub properties, domains, and

ranges.

In this sense, RDF Schema is a simple ontology language.

However, in order to achieve interoperation between

numerous, autonomously developed and managed schemas,

richer semantics are needed.

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SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language)

SPARQL is an RDF query language.

Its name is a recursive acronym that stands for SPARQL Protocol and

RDF Query Language.

SPARQL allows users to write globally unambiguous queries.

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Unifying Logic and Proof layers are undergoing active research.

However in Proof Layer, some explanation can be given:

In Semantic Web, our machine could follow the Semantic "links" to

construct proofs.

Example:

Corporate sales records show that Jane has sold 55 widgets and 66

sprockets. The inventory system states that widgets and sprockets

are both different company products. The built-in math rules state

that 55 + 66 = 121 and that 121 is more than 100. And, as we know,someone who sells more than 100 products is a member of the

Super Salesman club. The computer puts all these logical rules

together into a proof that Jane is a Super Salesman.

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Who would trust such as system where information from different

sources is mixed and integrated and then served?

That's where Digital Signature come in.

We can simply tell our program whose signatures to trust and

whose not to.

Each can set their own levels or trust and the computer can

decide how much of what it reads to believe.

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PROJECTS

FO

AF (Friend ofa Friend)

FOAF project is about creating a Web of machine-readable

homepages describing people, the links between them and the

things they create and do.

SIOC (Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities)

Provides a vocabulary of terms and relationships that model web

data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include, among

others: discussion forums, weblogs, blogrolls / feed

subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks, image galleries.

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SIMILE (Semantic Interoperability ofMetadata and Information in

unLike Environments)

SIMILE is a joint project, conducted by the MIT Libraries andMIT CSALE which seeks to enhance interoperability among

digital assets, schemata/vocabularies/ontologies, metadata,

and services.

Linking Open Data

The Linking Open Data Project is a community lead effort to

create openly accessible, and interlinked, RDF Data on the

Web.

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BROWSERS

A semantic web Browser is a form of Web User Agent that expressly

requests RDF data from Web and then provide a user interface that

enables data-link oriented navigation of RDF data by dereferencing thedata links (URIs) in the RDF Data Sets returned by Web Servers.

Examples : Tabulator, DISCO, Open Link DF Browser, Onto Wiki Browser

and Crowbar - SIMILE

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CONCLUSION

Semantic Web will be

the ease with which our PDA, our laptop, our desktop, our server,

and our car will communicate with each other.

the automation of corporate decisions that previously had to be

laboriously hand-processed.

the ability to assess the trustworthiness of documents on the Web.

the remarkable ease with which we'll be able to find the answers to

our questions -- a process that is currently fraught with frustration.

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Thank YouThank You