1245ANATOMICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The PRESIDENT trusted that in a year’s time the furtherraistory of the case would be put on record, and anyobservation as to cutaneous pigmentation or arsenicalparalysis made. It was evidently important to pushthe remedy very considerably.-Dr. BRADFORD said thatthey had carried out this method of treatment forseveral years at University College. In leucoeytbsemiaib was observed that the arsenic had little effect on

the red corpuscles, whereas in pernicious ansemia and inlymphadenoma under similar treatment they largelyincreased in number. The drug evidently checked thedestruction of red corpuscles, for the amount of iron in theurine observed in cases of pernicious ansemia diminishedconsiderably under arsenic.-Mr. DREW, in reply, said thatneither pigmentation nor paralysis had developed. Theonly symptoms of intoxication by the drug were pain in theabdomen and diarrhoea, controlled to some extent by opium.The following living specimens were shown :-Dr. PERCY KIDD : A case of Angeioma of Larynx.Dr. C. W. CHAPMAN : A case of Myxcedema.Mr. JOHN MORGAN: (1) A case of Lymphanglectasis

(2) a case of Multiple Exosbosis.The annual general meeting was then held. The report

of the Council was taken as read and adopted. Thetreasurer’s report revealed a favourable financial condition,of the Society. The usual votes of thanks having been putand adopted, the meeting proceeded to the election ofofficers, with the following result :-Plesident: Sir DyceDnekworbh. Vice-Presidents : Charlton Bastian, Sir GeorgeBuchanan, Alfred B. Duffin, J. G. Glover, H. G. Howse,and John Langton. Treasurer: William Miller Ord.Council: John Abercrombie, Thomas Barlow, W. H. Day,E. Diver, Donald William Charles Hood, T. Ridge Jones,Percy Kidd, A. T. Myers, Andrew S. Myrtle, WilliamPasteur, P. H. Pye-Smith, Frederick Roberts, W. H. A.Jacobson, William Anderson, William Henry Bennett,Anthony A. Bowlbv, George Buckston Browne, G. H.Makins, Malcolm Morris, and Robert William Parker.Honorary Secretaries: W. B. Hadden and A. PearceGonld.

ANATOMICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAINAND IRELAND.

THE third quarterly meeting of the Society was held onMay 23rd at King’s College, London, Professor Sir W.Turner, F.R.S. Presidenb, in the chair.Messrs. T. H. Openshaw, M.S., E. CotterelJ, F.R.C.S.,

and A. A. Kanthack, M.B., were elected members of theSociety.

It was resolved that the next meeting of the Society beheld in Edinburgh on Tuesday, Aug. 2nd, one day prior tothe meeting of the British Association for the Advance-ment of Science, in that city.The following specimens were shown :-Mr. J. E. Lane :

A Right Subclavian Artery passing with the Vein anteriorto the Scalenus Anticus. Mr. J. Bland Sutton : Sections ofthe Velvet from Stag’s Antlers showing Sebaceous Glands;and a specimen of an Articulation between the Astragalus’and Cuboid Bones. Dr. A. W. Hughes: A specimen ofAbnormal Obturator and Deep Epigastric Arteries arising’from the Profunda Femoris. Mr. A. S. Graubaum : Speci-mens illustrative of the Embryonic Relations of the Femur:and Fibula.

Professor W. ANDERSON read a paper entitled "A Pleafor Uniformity in the Delimitation of the Regions of theAbdomen," which evoked considerable discussion. Thematter was referred to a committee consisting of ProfessorAnderson, Professor Macalister, Professor Cunningham,Dr. Symington, Professor Shane, and the Honorary Secre-tary, to report to the Society as to the best method forgeneral adoption.

Dr. SYMINGTON read a paper on the Relations of thePeritoneum to the Descending Colon in the Human Subject.An exhaustive consideration of published views on thissubject was made, and Dr. Symington then gave the resultsof his own investigations on sections of foetuses and adults,which tended to show that the frequency of occurrence of adescending meso-colon has been greatly exaggerated. Inhis opinion the method adopted for the investigation of theperitoneal relations of the gut have been unsatisfactory,and in some cases have tended " to develop " a mesenterywhere it did not exist naturally. These views were con-

curred in during a discussion, in which the President, Pro-fessor Anderson, and Professor Shane took part, the im-portance of the degree of distension of the gut at the timeof examination being especially dwelt upon.

Dr. ROLLESTON communicated a paper on Some Points inthe Anatomy of the Suprarenal Capsules, illustrating hisviews by preparations and sections for the microscope.Mr. A. EICHHOLZ communicated a paper on a Racial

Variation in the Length of the Palate Process of theMaxilla. The results of measurement show that the lengthin the so-called "higher races " is less than that in the"lower races," the variation being gradational. Variationsin width, on the other hand, are rather to be regardedas minor flactuations of a common mean value. It is found,however, that the relative measurements of height andwidth in the higher races are somewhat the more constant.It is also noted that the higher the race the less steep is thetypical palate curve.Mr. R. M. MICHELL communicated a note on the Topo-

graphy of the Rectum, in which he put forward as theresult of the examination of 116 bodies the views that thecompleteness of a meso rectum to the first part of the gutvaried with the amount of distension, as also does theextent to which the bowel crosses to the right side of thepelvis.A full report of the proceedings and the original papers

will be found in the forthcoming number of the Journal ofAnatomy and Physiology.

WEST KENT MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY.FRIDAY, MAY 6TH.

H. W. ROBERTS, Esq., President, in the chair.

Influenza.DR. MOON read a short paper on Nervous Sequeloe and

Complications of Influenza. He said that the high tem-perature was of a nervous origin. He drew specialattention to the very marked character of the great de-spondency. The appetite was very capricious. He hadseen cases where there was a most inordinate cravingfor food. He also drew attention to the rapid emaciationwhich often ensued, and the length of time taken by thepatient to get fat again. He mentioned sciatica, colic, andpleurodynia as symptoms he had often seen.

Dr. ERNEST CLARKE read a paper on Ocular Manifesta-tions in Epidemic Influenza. He said, with the exceptionof the ordinary catarrhal ophthalmia accompanying theattack in many cases, the ocular troubles were mostly thosedue to a lowering of the vitality of the system, and hencemight be classed as neurotic. The three commonest eyecomplications have been: (1) Conjunctivitis, generallyappearing during the attack; (2) corneal ulcers, generallyappearing at the end of the attack; (3) asthenopia,manifesting itself mostly during the convalescent stage.The conjuncbivitis was accompanied by a good dealof photophobia, but not, as a rule, with much dis-charge. Phlyctenular and simple keratitis, keratonitis,and herpes of the cornea have all occurred, but simpleulcer has been the commonest affection of the cornea.He had seen, only a few weeks previously, a very badcase of iritis and cyclitis following influenza. Affec-tions of the more important regions of the eye, such as opticneuritis, optic atrophy, retinitis, glaucoma, &c., had alloccurred, and had been chronicled, but were rare. Paralysisof the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the eye occurred,and reminded one of the similar trouble seen in diph-theria ; it pointed to the presence of some poison in theblood. Asthenopia was the commonest complication. Itsometimes showed itself during the attack, when theslightest attempt to use the eye, say for reading, broughton headache and ocular pain, and necessitated the abandon-ment of the effort. But it chiefly manifested itself duringconvalescence, or even later. He had seen a large numberof patients complaining of eye strain for the first time afteran attack of influenza. They were mostly cases of pre-mature presbyopia; others had no refraction defect, andtheir asthenopia was of the neuropathic class, allied to theneurasthenic asthenopia, and often manifesting itself in thoserecovering from a long illness. The lowered nerve forcewhich is such a characteristic symptom of influenza causesthe ciliary muscle to be less able to stand fatigue, and to avoid

1246 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

the asthenopia many persons have been compelled to take toconvex glasses earlier than usual. Muscular asthenopia dueto convergence strain figures prominently as a sequel of in-fluenza, and retinal asthenopia, diagnosed by the concentriccontraction of the field of vieion, has often been seen. Theprognosis is good. Almost all the cases have in time madegood recoveries, the exception of course being those inwhom the more important structures have been attacked.There is no connexion between the seveiiby of the attack ofinfluenza and the ocular trouble. The treatment is chieflyrest and tonics, the local trouble being treated by the usualremedies. For the asthenopia weak convex glasses have tobe ordered.Dr. HORROCKS then read his paper on Influenza. during

Pregnancy and the Puerperal State. 1. Influenza duringpregnancy : The phenomena of pregnancy generally are inno way altered or modified by influenza, although some ofthe symptoms, such as retching, vomiting, and coughing,may cause rupture of the membranes and so cause mis-carriage. 2. Influenza during the puerperium : Influenza.may attack a patient after child-birth, and its symptomsare apt to be confounded with those of puerperal fever. Thedifferential diagnosis is that the influenza does not affectany of the natural processes taking place during thepuerperium. The milk is not lessened ; the lochia are

unaltered ; the uterus involutes ; vice versd pregnancy andthe puerperium only slightly modify influenza,. Advancedpregnancy intensifies the dyspnoea, if present, and perhapsthe blood changes of the puerperium may intensify thefever.Mr. HARTT, medical officer of health for Greenwich, read

a paper on Statistics of Mortality during the last ThreeEpidemics with reference to the Parish of Greenwich.The duration of each epidemic-viz., 1889, 1890, 1891, and1892-was about six weeks, and in that respect resembledthe epidemic of 1847. During the first epidemic, 1889-90,four deaths only were registered from influenza, butthe number of deaths from diseases of the chest-viz.,bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy-were much largerthan the average, and it was only fair to assume thatthe cause must be traced to the influence of a some-thing which has the power of producing or, at avy rate,making these diseases much more fatal than at ordinary

’ times. During the first epidemic the deaths from influenzawere 4, but the death-rate, which averages 26, rose to42-2 per 1000. During the second epidemic the deathsfrom influenza were 41, and the death-rate from allcauses was 30’5. The last epidemic was the most severe,and proved to be the most fatal. The death-rate rose to46’8j and thirty-one persons lost their lives from influenzaas a first cause. Influenza is a dangerous and infectiousdisease, and the only preventive treatment is isolation.-The President, Dr. H. Tavler, Dr. Forsyth, Mr. Thos.More, Mr. MacGavin, Mr. Harbt, Dr. Horrocks, Dr. Moon,and Dr. Ernest Clarke took parb in the discussionswhich followed the papers.

Reviews and Notices of Books..1’l-u,hing or Morbid l3lushing; their Pathology and Treat-

ment. By HARRY CAMPBELL, M.D., B.S., M.R.C.P.,Senior Assistant Physician and Pathologist to theNorth-Wesb London Hospital. Pp. 257. London :H. K. Lewis.

DR. CAMPBELL’S book deals with a symptom which, ashe puts it, is a widespread nerve storm. He is not the

only author who has deemed the matter worthy of minuteattention, as Burgess produced a monograph in 1824,treating it from the side of physiology. Possibly he thoughtthe pathology and treatment would fall more appropriatelyunder the heads of the various nervous and visceral

dyscrasiae with which morbid flushing is associated. In thefirst part Dr. Campbell introduces the physiological aspectof his thesis. Flushing is considered at greater length inthe second part, and is somewhat minutely analysed,according as (1) it is associated with dilatation of thecutaneous vessels, (2) their contraction, (3) excitation ofsweat glands. Thus hot and cold flushes, shivering,

perspiration, clammy sweat, are all taken as evidences ofa central nerve storm. These dermic phenomena are themcarefully traced, and cases cited in which they showed them.selves in a varied sequence. The whole matter is workedout with the most laborious care. "Pathological blushing’°occupies Part III., and is dealt with in detail and with ascareful a hand as Part II. Very many of the cases are thoseof "shy persons," who doubtless-for their name is legion-will be glad to learn that their troublesome complaint hasat length been thoroughly investigated, and a specialsystem of treatment introduced. Ib is somewhat sur-

prising to find a "champion athlete" who "alwaysblushes when he thinks he will ’make a fool of him-self."’ Having accepted the glowing cheek of this man ofprowess, one is more prepared to find a "mason and builder"who is "timid and despondent," and who "blushes whenhe is looked at, but not otherwise." There is muchof interest in the chapters dealing with blushing, and theone concerned with the question of its causation well repaysperusal. The various forms of blush are well depicted.The reader becomes more than ever impressed as he passesthrough Dr. Campbell’s pages that blushing, flashing, andthe nerve storms which he associates with these vaso-

motor disturbances are, afber all, symptoms of either apoorly nourished or hereditarily feeble nervous system, orsome morbid change attacking a healthy individual; andgranting this, the treatment of such cases must resolveitself into the therapeusis of the general malady ratherthan of the symptom or group of symptoms. However, forthose who wish to enter more minutely into the matter oftreatment Dr. Campbell has written his fourth part, con-sisting of seven chapters. A copious index completes thiscarefully prepared contribution to the laborious literatureof the medicine of to day.

Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. ByEDWARD WHYMPER. With Maps and Illustrations.Two vols. London : John Murray. 1892.

THIS work belongs to a very select class of books of travel-to such works as 11 Belts’ Travels in Nicaragua," "Bates’Travels in the Amazons," and " Humboldt’s Travels." Thereare many writers who go deeper into science than the author,but few who are better representatives of the shrewd

observer, gentleman, and scholar, who has withal a toucbof humour. Mr. Whymper is perhaps the most practisedmountain climber in Europe, and stimulated by the know-ledge that equally high or higher summits than those hehad successfully attacked in his own quarter of the globeremained unsealed in America, he determined to ascertainwhether they could be ascended, and whether life can besustained at elevations considerably above 14,000 feet. It

probably occurs to everyone that Glaisher and others havereached heights shown by the barometer to be much morethan 25,000 feet, and have descended in safety, but a ballooaascent is a very different affair from the ascent of amountain. In the one case the body is entirely passive, inthe other the muscular exertion involved is severe and pro-longed, the only point in its favour being that the systemhas time to accommodate itself to the changed conditions.Circumstances preventing the author from selecting the

Himalayas or the highest of the Andes in Chili, Peru, andBolivia, he turned his attention to the Republic of Ecuador.He took with him two well-tried Swiss guides, a set ofaneroid barometers, and the usual outfit of a mountaineer.The book begins with a curious and highly interestingcriticism of the statements made by Humboldt and byBoussingaulb in regard to their ascent of Chimborazo.Either these gentlemen made grave errors, or, and thisis possible, the physical features of the mountain have

changed; but Mr. Whymper shows that, as things are