Western Western ExpansioExpansio

n:n:Cattle Industry, Barbed WireCattle Industry, Barbed Wire

&&

Closure of the FrontierClosure of the Frontier

Origins of the Cattle IndustryOrigins of the Cattle Industry

• CattleCattle brought to America by the brought to America by the Spaniards.Spaniards.

• Spaniards & Mexicans established large Spaniards & Mexicans established large ranchesranches in Northern Mexico & in Northern Mexico & TexasTexas..

• 11stst ‘cowboy’ was the ‘cowboy’ was the Spanish vaqueroSpanish vaquero..

• CultureCulture taught to taught to AnglosAnglos that settled in area. that settled in area.

“Cowboys” of Texas

• 2/3 were African-American (ex-slaves), TejanosTejanos, and womenwomen.

Maria del Carmen Cavillo• Born 1765 near San AntonioSan Antonio• Father murdered on his ranch.• María preserved title to the land

through 4 different political administrations: Spain, Mexico, Republic of Texas, and the U.S.

• She had 2,000 head of livestocklivestock.• Through efforts of women like María

del Carmen, Spanish laws protecting women’s rights to inheritinherit and manage propertyproperty became part of Texas lawTexas law.

Bose IkardBose Ikard

• Born a slaveslave in1843.

• Learned to farm & ranch farm & ranch while working on a Texas Ranch.

• After the Civil War he worked for Oliver Loving & Charles Goodnight on their trail.

• Reputation of being brave & a good fighter. He was loyal to his employer and trusted by others.

• Fights QuanahQuanah Parker’s Comanche’s during the IndianIndian raids.

Elizabeth “Lizzie” Johnson Williams

• Born 1840

• Became a teacher in Austin.

• Invested moneymoney in cattle & propertyproperty.

• Traveled & bought expensive jewels & became known as the ‘cattle queencattle queen’

• 1st woman to ride the Chisholm TrailChisholm Trail.

Daniel Webster “80 John” WallaceDaniel Webster “80 John” Wallace• Born September 15, 18601860 in

Victoria County.• Ran away at 1717 to work with cattle.• Doesn’t learn to read & write until

he is 25.• Gets nickname from branding ‘80’ branding ‘80’

so fast into cattle.• Saves money & buys cattlecattle &

propertyproperty.• Dies March 1939 with an estate of

more than a $1 million$1 million.

• According to the biographies above, what did the cattle industry do to improve their lives?

King King RanchRanch

•Established by Established by Richard King Richard King in in 1853.1853.

•1 million 1 million acres of acres of land (size of land (size of Rhode Island)Rhode Island)

•1869-1884 sent 1869-1884 sent 100,000+100,000+ cattle cattle on trailson trails

• Own unique type of cattle- Santa Gertrudis- mixed Indian Brahman with British

Shorthorns = Santa Gertrudis

XIT RanchXIT Ranch LargestLargest ranch in TX. Located in the

PanhandlePanhandle. 3 million acres of

land. Almost the size of

ConnecticutConnecticut. Land given for building

the state capitolcapitol in AustinAustin.

Chisholm Chisholm TrailTrail Named after Named after

Jesse ChisholmJesse Chisholm.. Trail went Trail went

through through Indian Indian TerritoryTerritory to to Abilene, KansasAbilene, Kansas..

Ideal route for Ideal route for cattle drive = far cattle drive = far away from farmsaway from farms

Goodnight - Goodnight - Loving TrailLoving Trail

Started by Started by

Charles Goodnight Charles Goodnight & & Oliver LovingOliver Loving

Trail went into Trail went into NM & into NM & into ColoradoColorado & WY. & WY.

Became the Became the most most traveled route in traveled route in SouthwestSouthwest..

Barbed WireBarbed Wire Invented by Invented by Joseph Glidden.Joseph Glidden. Inexpensive to make & Inexpensive to make &

inexpensive to buy = inexpensive to buy = everyone is going to use it.everyone is going to use it.

By 1880 Texas ranchers By 1880 Texas ranchers were closing off their were closing off their property- ending the property- ending the open open rangerange of the of the Texas PlainsTexas Plains

LonghornLonghorn- mixture of - mixture of Spanish & English Spanish & English

cattle.cattle.

LonghornsLonghorns• Very important breed of Very important breed of cattle in TX.cattle in TX.

• Could Could survivesurvive on on little little water.water.

• ResistantResistant to cattle disease to cattle disease called called Texas FeverTexas Fever..

*Texas Fever*Texas Fever An infectious disease of cattle first An infectious disease of cattle first

identified in Texas, characterized by identified in Texas, characterized by high fever, anemia, and emaciation high fever, anemia, and emaciation and caused by a parasitic protozoan and caused by a parasitic protozoan (Babesia bigemina)(Babesia bigemina) that is that is transmitted by cattle ticks.transmitted by cattle ticks.

What was the need for all the What was the need for all the ranches, trails, & cattle ranches, trails, & cattle

drives?drives? Cattle supply had gone down since Cattle supply had gone down since

the Civil War. Northerners wanted the Civil War. Northerners wanted beef.beef.

Cattle selling Cattle selling $$3-6.003-6.00 in in TXTX were selling were selling for for $$30-40.0030-40.00 in in KansasKansas

$$80.0080.00 in in NYNY

The Cattle The Cattle Industry starts Industry starts doing poorly. doing poorly.

How & Why?How & Why?

Sheep RanchingSheep Ranching RanchersRanchers found that they could make found that they could make

more more moneymoney $$$ raising sheep $$$ raising sheep.. Wool from sheep could be shaved off Wool from sheep could be shaved off

& & replaced replaced when it grows back.when it grows back. Cattle once they’re sold- sent to their Cattle once they’re sold- sent to their

death never to return.death never to return.

WindmillWindmillss Invented to Invented to pump pump

water water from from underground to underground to irrigateirrigate (water) crops (water) crops that are not near that are not near rivers or lakes. rivers or lakes.

This invention allowed This invention allowed the the expansionexpansion of of farming on the plains.farming on the plains.

Many Many ranchesranches were were sold sold off as off as farmlandfarmland

More RailroadsMore Railroads Railroads began to use Railroads began to use refrigerated refrigerated

carscars.. This meant that This meant that beefbeef no longer had no longer had

to be shipped to be shipped alivealive..

OvergrazingOvergrazing Large numbers Large numbers of cattle were of cattle were being raised with being raised with limited limited amounts amounts of grass. of grass.

Cattle Cattle overgrazedovergrazed the land the land eliminates the grass and eliminates the grass and destroys the soil.destroys the soil.

1. What trail would 1. What trail would you use to take you use to take cattle directly to cattle directly to Abilene, Kansas?Abilene, Kansas?

2. What trail goes 2. What trail goes through New Mexico through New Mexico & into Colorado?& into Colorado?

3. What trail would 3. What trail would you use to take you use to take cattle directly to cattle directly to Dodge City, Kansas?Dodge City, Kansas?

4. What was the 4. What was the purpose of these purpose of these cattle trails being cattle trails being established in Texas?established in Texas?