What are the functions of the skeletal system? 10/8 What does bone do in our bodies? What are the classes of bone? Where is blood produced? What structural arrangements occur inside bone? What are the structural arrangements of “flat” bone? What are the structural arrangements of “long” bone? Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast activity: How is this a struggle for strength and density vs light weight and weakness? What are three ways to create bone within a human?
Transcript
What are the functions of the skeletal system? 10/8
What does bone do in our bodies?What are the classes of bone?Where is blood produced?What structural arrangements occur inside bone?What are the structural arrangements of “flat” bone?What are the structural arrangements of “long” bone?Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast activity: How is this a struggle for
strength and density vs light weight and weakness?What are three ways to create bone within a human?
Editing and Writing for the paper• Try to find folks who are “critical” when they read what you write. Pride is a terrible
thing if it prevents us from taking advice on improving our writing.• References…how many? If you have one or two per paragraph you will be fine. A
couple students said there are “limits” in their English class. This does not apply to science. Often times a paper will have one or two references per sentence, though you need not be so strict here.
Consider this sentence, how can we improve it?Original: One reputable researcher from Germany recently observed that “…high
dietary sodium intake increases the risk of high blood pressure and heart disease in otherwise healthy humans” (Luft, Ada, Hark and Doe, 2003, pg 1089).
Better to tell who the researcher is and put their quote into your own words. Also assume that if the person is being used in your paper they are “reputable”.Paraphrase and change to you your own words and cite source:Improved: When persons consume more sodium, their risk of hypertension and heart
disease increase (Luft et al 2003, pg 1089).
Personal Communications: These are great and should be cited, but do not count towards the six references. For instance your Aunt Mary a respected Pediatric Surgeon at Mayo Clinic.
Paper Content:
• Title (include your name as author)• Introduction (a paragraph or two that discusses what
the paper is about ¼ -1/2 pages)• Body of paper (1-1 ½ pages)• Conclusions Section (review major points of paper
that is ¼-1/2 pages)• Literature Cited list this will be in addition to the 1 ½ -
2 pages of text Single Spaced.• 12 pitch New times Roma font, single spaced 1
inch margins top/sides. • No wiggling out of this one ok? :o)• See grade sheet for distribution of points.
Why do we need bones?Bones provide the following:• Support-• Protection-• pH/Electolyte Balance-• Hemopoeisis-• Detoxification-Bones are formed via:• Intramembranous Ossification-• Endochondral Ossification-Bone consist of:-Collagen as a structural frame work
Problem: weak bone and osteogenesis imperfecta-Hydroxyapatite: Calcium phosphate + Calcium carbonate
Problem: vitamin D deficiency, ricketts and soft bones
Bones differ with respect to shape and length!There are four classes based on shape/length:
Two Types of Bone andMarrow: Both reduce bodyweight and muscle work!
Flat and “Spongy” Bones: • Red Marrow-• Blood formation-• Trabeculae-Long and “Hollow” Bones:• Storage• Yellow marrow• Gelatinous marrow• Trabecular stress angle
The locations of hemopoeisis change with age! V.I.P.
How do we make bones very strong yet keep them light enough for us to stay mobile? _______+_____=strength
Flat Bone is a laminate of two layers of compact bone (no lamellae rings) with spongy bone (trabeculae) that forms a shock absorber between the two layers (red marrow “reticular CT” is found here too!).
Long bone-compact bone has many osteons, a hollow medullary cavity, and trabeculae at the ends. Other features include the diaphysis (shaft), epiphyseal plate, and widened epiphyseal ends for articulation.
What are the parts of a long bone called? What do they do?
Epiphyseal Plate: (hyalin cartilage?) Growth is initiated here!
Spongy bone/Trabeculae:Compact (Cortical) Bone:
Epiphysis vs. DiaphysisEnd/Joint vs. Center/Shaft
Medullary Cavity
Periosteum vs. Endosteum
Nutrient Foramina/Foramen:
Bones differ with respect to the organization of their interior.Bones can have many well organized or very few osteons and lamellae.
What cells inhabit bone and what do they do? Which cells do we want to manipulate and why?
Classic fibroblast/migrating Fibroblast:Osteogenic cells develop from fibroblasts and become
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblast Mature Osteocyte in lacunaeDeposition of boneLacunae and cannaliculi:
Osteoclast More often on surface of boneResoprtion of bonePits called Resorption Bays or “Howships Lacunae”
Bone Density (strength) is determined by a balance of the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which constantly work in opposition to each other.
What is the proper chemical content of bone? Bone Matrix = Inorganic Contents + Organic ContentsHydroxyapatite + Calcium Phosphate + Calcium Carbonate + Collagen:
Effects of pH on matrix?How emphysema effect bone strength?
Fibroblasts and Collagen formation: Why does Osteogenesis Imperfecta cause brittle bones?
Why does radiation toxicity occur?Radium and Cadmium are both divalent cations that look like Ca++
Osteoblast activity is stimulated along lines of tension/stress in bone! Why may astronauts break bones when they get back to earth? Why do the bed ridden break bones when they leave the bed?
How is bone formed in our bodies?You Looked Like This!• This is a twelve week old fetus.
• Why is it dangerous for the bones to be “too” hard at birth?
• Note the sharp demarcations at the ends of the femur (epiphyseal plates)
• Note the spaces between the frontal, parietal and occipital bones (fontanels).
Ossification is the formation of bone. There are three methods to get this done.
Osteoblasts, fibroblasts and collagen are critical for making bone!• 1) Endochondral Ossification: Hyalin
Compact bone deposition-• 3) Ectopic Ossification (soft tissue calculi):
Usually pathologicalMay indicate hormonal imbalance
Chronic Infection/irritationAtherosclerosis
Epiphysis: end of bone Diaphysis: Shaft of boneMetaphysis: place where epiphysis and diaphysis convergeEpiphyseal Plate: Place where bone elongation occurs, this
plate disappears when bone growth (elongation) stops.
How are Long Bones formed? Endochondral Ossification!“Bone matrix is deposited into the former hyalin cartilage at the diaphyseal end of the epiphyseal plate (metaphysis). Blood vessels inside medullary cavity provide nutrients to red marrow that becomes yellow marrow with age.
Why would a fracture across an epiphyseal plate create problems for bone elongation during growth? Why is this not a problem in adults?
