What is a Mutation?

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information.

Mutation:Mutation:

mutationmutation::

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

Frameshift Mutation – mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting of deleting a nucleotide.

Frameshift Frameshift mutation:mutation:

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1 2 3 4

Point Mutation – mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another.

Point mutation:Point mutation:

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1 2 3 4

Chromosomal Mutation

– involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.

– Below are examples of Chromosomal Mutations.

• Deletion Mutation• Insertion Mutation• Inversion Mutation• Translocation Mutation

Chromosomal Chromosomal mutation:mutation:

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1 2 3 4

Deletion Mutation – involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome.

Deletion mutation:Deletion mutation:

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1 2 3 4

Insertion Mutation – addition of DNA bases.

Insertion mutation:Insertion mutation:

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

Inversion Mutation – reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.

Inversion mutation:Inversion mutation:

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1 2 3 4

Translocation Mutation – occur when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

Translocation Translocation mutation:mutation:

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

Phenotype – physical characteristics of an organism.

phenotype:phenotype:

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1 2 3 4

Nucleotide – monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

nucleotide:nucleotide:

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1 2 3 4

Polyploidy – condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.

Polyploidy:Polyploidy:

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Understanding Level

1 2 3 4

Mutate a Sentence Mutate a Sentence

Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat.

Mutate a Sentence Mutate a Sentence

The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.

The sentence represents a gene. Each letter corresponds to a nucleotide base, and each word represents a codon.

GENE – NUCLEOTIDE BASE - CODON

Mutate a Sentence: Frameshift Mutate a Sentence: Frameshift

T hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg eth ish at.

Frameshift

Th esu nwa sho tbu tth eol dma ndi dno tge thi sha t.

or

The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.

Mutate a Sentence: DeletionMutate a Sentence: Deletion

Mutate the reading frame of this sentence by deleting letters within the sentence.

Deletion

The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.

Mutate a Sentence: InsertionMutate a Sentence: Insertion

Mutate the reading frame of this sentence by inserting letters within the sentence.

Insertion

The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.

Which of these best explains how mutation can be beneficial to an organism? Apr'06 11th -7

 A. Phenotypic change may create an advantage over other organisms.B. Recombined genetic material improves genotype stability.C. Mitosis becomes a favored means of reproduction.D. Deoxyribose sugars develop into additional nucleotides.

A

Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder resulting from a mutation that leads to the production of an abnormal protein. Which component of the DNA molecule provides instructions for the production of the protein? Apr'06 11th -31 A. The phosphate groupsB. The sugar moleculesC. The sequence of nitrogen basesD. The bonds that hold the sugars to the bases

C

A deletion of a DNA base from a gene affects an organism by _____. Jul'06 11th -32

 A. causing future gametes to have additional chromosomes B. changing the sequence of amino acids in a proteinC. causing chromosome fragments to form long chainsD. changing the structure of ribose sugar in nucleic acids

B

Which of the following is a change that could be passed on to an organism’s offspring? Jul'06 11th -52

 A. Damage to the DNA of gamete cellsB. Damage to skin cells from exposure to sunlightC. Damage to DNA in the cytoplasm of cheek cellsD. Damage to hair pigment cells with permanent dyes

A

The diagram shows three generations of cells produced by a single cell through mitosis. In the process, a single mutation occurred at the point indicated. The mutation caused changes within a dominant allele. How many of the 15 cells contain the mutation? Apr'06 10th -20

A. 5B. 7C. 14D. 15

B

If one nucleotide is omitted or accidentally repeated in the process of DNA duplication, which of the following is most likely to occur? Jul'06 11th -10

 

A. Gene deletionB. Gene mutationC. Gene insertionD. Gene segregation

B

This illustration is an example of a normal DNA sequence. Which of the following represents a single base change in the sequence? Apr'06 10th -39

A.

B.

C.

D.

D

The model shows a demonstration a student prepared using black and white marbles to show how populations of organisms can change. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated by this demonstration? Feb'06 11th -30

 A. Evolution of a predatory speciesB. Genetic drift accompanying natural selectionC. Environmentally induced genetic mutationsD. Immunity from virulent microorganisms

B