WHAT IS WHAT IS BIOENGINEERING?BIOENGINEERING?

Bioengineering is Diverse!Bioengineering is Diverse!

Each bioengineer only knows a Each bioengineer only knows a tiny fraction of the entire tiny fraction of the entire

fieldfield

What is Bioengineering?What is Bioengineering?

Any Area of Biology Any Area of Biology

Mixed withMixed with

Any Area of Any Area of EngineeringEngineering

InIn

Any ProportionAny Proportion

BiologistsBiologists

Want to understand organisms and Want to understand organisms and living systemsliving systems

Discover underlying mechanisms Discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms workthat govern how organisms work

The knowledge is then used to The knowledge is then used to develop or improve medical, develop or improve medical, industrial or agricultural processes.industrial or agricultural processes.

Comfortable with uncertaintyComfortable with uncertainty

EngineersEngineers

See a problem and want to come up See a problem and want to come up with a practical solutionwith a practical solution

Apply mathematics and scientific Apply mathematics and scientific knowledgeknowledge

Want precision and reproducibilityWant precision and reproducibility Consider technical and economic Consider technical and economic

constraintsconstraints

Bioengineering applies engineering methods Bioengineering applies engineering methods and techniques to problems in biology and and techniques to problems in biology and medicine.medicine.

Biology

Engineering

Medicine

Tissue EngineeringNeural Implants

DNA Expression Arrays

PumpsPacemakersProsthetics

Biomechanics and Biomechanics and RehabilitationRehabilitation

Artificial limbsArtificial limbs Replacement jointsReplacement joints Cochlear implantsCochlear implants Pacemakers for Pacemakers for

heartbeat heartbeat regulationregulation

Cochlear ProsthesesCochlear Prostheses

http://www.cochlearimplant.com/

All imaging and diagnostic All imaging and diagnostic techniquestechniques

Help with medical diagnosisHelp with medical diagnosis Assist in research for better curesAssist in research for better cures EKG machinesEKG machines MRIMRI Ultrasound imagingUltrasound imaging

MRI and Functional MRIMRI and Functional MRIUIUC MRI researchers

Profs. Sutton (BioE), Liang (ECE)

Ultrasound ImagingUltrasound Imaging and Bioeffects and Bioeffects

High resolution ultrasonic imaging of liver with a microprobe

http://www.gemedicalsystems.com/rad/us/4d/thennow.html

UIUC Ultrasonics Led by Profs. Insana, O’Brien, Oelze, & Frizzell

GE Medical Systems

http://www.brl.uiuc.edu

What kind of scientists are What kind of scientists are involved with Magnetic involved with Magnetic

Resonance Imaging?Resonance Imaging?

Electrical Engineers: electromagneticsElectrical Engineers: electromagnetics Computer Engineers/Scientists: Computer Engineers/Scientists:

computationcomputation Physiologists: biological functionPhysiologists: biological function Chemists: new imaging agentsChemists: new imaging agents Psychologists: mental functionPsychologists: mental function Physicians: medical implicationsPhysicians: medical implications

Cell and Tissue Cell and Tissue EngineeringEngineering

Cell and Tissue EngineeringCell and Tissue Engineering allows us to allows us to repair or replace the function of natural repair or replace the function of natural tissue with bioengineered substitutes.tissue with bioengineered substitutes.

Principles of engineering, chemistry, and Principles of engineering, chemistry, and biology are combined to create tissue biology are combined to create tissue substitutes from living cells and synthetic substitutes from living cells and synthetic materials.materials.

Tissue Engineered SkinNew Companies: Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc.

Organogenesis

The Potential Promise of The Potential Promise of Tissue EngineeringTissue Engineering

To repair or replace damaged organsTo repair or replace damaged organs Origins in the late 1980sOrigins in the late 1980s

Rapid advances in stem cell biologyRapid advances in stem cell biology The tissue engineer needs to The tissue engineer needs to

manipulate, manipulate, produce, and produce, and deliver deliver

collections of cells as building blocks of collections of cells as building blocks of tissuestissues

A Wide Spectrum of A Wide Spectrum of Knowledge is Required for Knowledge is Required for

Tissue EngineeringTissue Engineering Basic biological Basic biological

sciencessciences Cell biology and Cell biology and

histologyhistology PhysiologyPhysiology EmbryologyEmbryology Wound healingWound healing

Clinical aspectsClinical aspects Surgery and Surgery and

transplantationtransplantation ImmunologyImmunology PathologyPathology radiologyradiology

BiotechnologiesBiotechnologies Cell cultureCell culture Cell separationCell separation Gene transferGene transfer

Engineering Engineering fundamentalsfundamentals Fluid dynamicsFluid dynamics Transport phenomenaTransport phenomena Materials scienceMaterials science MechanicsMechanics Chemical kineticsChemical kinetics

Participants in Tissue Participants in Tissue EngineeringEngineering

BioengineersBioengineers Materials scientistsMaterials scientists Cell and molecular biologistsCell and molecular biologists ImmunologistsImmunologists Policy makers and ethicistsPolicy makers and ethicists Chemical engineersChemical engineers Surgeons Surgeons

Neural EngineeringNeural Engineering Neural EngineersNeural Engineers use modeling and use modeling and

analysis to understand and control the analysis to understand and control the nervous system.nervous system.

Advances in neuroscience and Advances in neuroscience and microfabrication have opened the doors to microfabrication have opened the doors to exciting applications in neuroprosthetics, exciting applications in neuroprosthetics, biosensors and hybrid biocomputers.biosensors and hybrid biocomputers.

Fluorescent Stained Myocyte

Microfabrication Surface

Designing Networks of Neurons Designing Networks of Neurons in a Petri Dishin a Petri Dish

Real Networks of Nerve Cells in Culture on Patterned Substrates

Input Output

Ideal Neuronal Networks

Prof. Wheeler, UIUC; Prof. Brewer, SIU Med School, Springfield

BiomimeticsBiomimetics Mimicking biological systems to Mimicking biological systems to

create new technologiescreate new technologies

Modeling Channels Modeling Channels Through Through

Cell Membranes andCell Membranes andProtein / Surface Protein / Surface

InteractionsInteractions

Understanding Molecular Structure Understanding Molecular Structure by Applying Engineering Principlesby Applying Engineering Principles

Computer Image of a DNA Binding ProteinBiomolecular ModelingBiomolecular Modeling

Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics and GenomicsGenomics

Bioinformatics = computer science + biomedicine Bioinformatics = computer science + biomedicine Discover genetic basis for disease (cancer, diabetes)Discover genetic basis for disease (cancer, diabetes) Develop new diagnostic devices (cDNA chip)Develop new diagnostic devices (cDNA chip)

cDNA Array

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering AnimalsAnimals

To produce a high-value therapeutic proteinTo produce a high-value therapeutic protein Pharm animalsPharm animals

Plants-GMOsPlants-GMOs Improve plant yieldsImprove plant yields Grow plants with higher nutrient valueGrow plants with higher nutrient value Plants with vaccines incorporatedPlants with vaccines incorporated

Pharmaceutical productsPharmaceutical products Manipulate cells geneticallyManipulate cells genetically Produce large quantities of vaccine, insulin, Produce large quantities of vaccine, insulin,

other useful proteins for medicineother useful proteins for medicine

Bioengineers make use of Bioengineers make use of all of these fieldsall of these fields

BiologyBiology MedicineMedicine Materials ScienceMaterials Science Electrical Electrical

EngineeringEngineering Computer ScienceComputer Science Computer Computer

EngineeringEngineering

PhysicsPhysics Chemical Chemical

EngineeringEngineering Mechanical Mechanical

EngineeringEngineering Nuclear EngineeringNuclear Engineering Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering Agricultural Agricultural

EngineeringEngineering

How is Biotechnology How is Biotechnology different from different from

Bioengineering?Bioengineering? Biotechnology: the branch of Biotechnology: the branch of

molecular biology that studies the molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processesspecific industrial processes

Biotechnology is involved in research Biotechnology is involved in research such as the study of stem cell such as the study of stem cell genetics, biological factors, receptors genetics, biological factors, receptors on the stem cells and stem cell on the stem cells and stem cell physiology etc.physiology etc.

History of BiotechnologyHistory of Biotechnology

Biotechnology in B.C.Biotechnology in B.C.

500 BC:  500 BC:  The Chinese use moldy The Chinese use moldy curds as an antibiotic to treat boilscurds as an antibiotic to treat boils

250 BC: 250 BC: The Greeks practice crop The Greeks practice crop rotation to increase soil fertilityrotation to increase soil fertility

100 BC: Chinese use powdered 100 BC: Chinese use powdered chrysanthemum as an insecticidechrysanthemum as an insecticide

Pre-20Pre-20thth Century Century BiotechnologyBiotechnology

1590: 1590: Janssen invents the microscopeJanssen invents the microscope

1663:1663: Hooke discovers cells Hooke discovers cells

1675:1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and protozoaprotozoa

1797: 1797: Jenner inoculates a child with a viral Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpoxvaccine to protect him from smallpox

1802:1802: 1 1stst time the term “biology” is used time the term “biology” is used

Pre-20Pre-20thth Century Century BiotechnologyBiotechnology

1830: 1830: Proteins, the building blocks of cells, Proteins, the building blocks of cells, are discoveredare discovered

1833:1833: The nucleus of the cell is discovered The nucleus of the cell is discovered 1855: 1855: The E. coli bacterium is discovered The E. coli bacterium is discovered 1855:1855: Pasteur works with yeast, eventually Pasteur works with yeast, eventually

proving they are living organisms proving they are living organisms 1863:1863: Mendel discovers genes while Mendel discovers genes while

working with peas. He lays the groundwork working with peas. He lays the groundwork for genetics.for genetics.

Pre-20Pre-20thth Century Century BiotechnologyBiotechnology

1879:1879: Flemming discovers Flemming discovers chromatinschromatins

1883:1883: The rabies vaccine is The rabies vaccine is developeddeveloped

1888:1888: Waldyer discovers the Waldyer discovers the chromosomechromosome

Biotechnology In The First Part Biotechnology In The First Part Of The 20Of The 20thth Century Century

1902:1902: The term "immunology" first used The term "immunology" first used 1906:1906: The term "genetics" is used The term "genetics" is used 1915: 1915: Bacterial viruses, called phages, are Bacterial viruses, called phages, are

discovereddiscovered 1919: 1919: The word "biotechnology" is first The word "biotechnology" is first

usedused 1927:1927: Muller discovers that X-rays cause Muller discovers that X-rays cause

mutationmutation 1928:1928: Fleming discovers penicillin Fleming discovers penicillin 1938: 1938: The term "molecular biology" is usedThe term "molecular biology" is used 1941:1941: The term "genetic engineering" is The term "genetic engineering" is

first usedfirst used

Biotechnology In The First Part Biotechnology In The First Part Of The 20Of The 20thth Century Century

1942:1942: The electron microscope is used The electron microscope is used and characterizes viruses that infect and characterizes viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriaphagesbacteria, called bacteriaphages

11944:944: DNA is shown to be the building DNA is shown to be the building block of the geneblock of the gene

1949:1949: Pauling proves that sickle cell Pauling proves that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" caused by anemia is a "molecular disease" caused by a mutationa mutation

Biotechnology in theBiotechnology in the1950s and 1960s1950s and 1960s

1953:1953: Watson and Crick understand the Watson and Crick understand the structure of DNAstructure of DNA

1954:1954: Cell-culturing techniques are first Cell-culturing techniques are first usedused

1955:1955: An enzyme involved in the An enzyme involved in the production of a nucleic acid is isolatedproduction of a nucleic acid is isolated

1956:1956: The fermentation process is The fermentation process is perfectedperfected

1960:1960: Messenger RNA is discovered Messenger RNA is discovered 1961:1961: The genetic code is understood The genetic code is understood

Biotechnology in the 1970sBiotechnology in the 1970s

1972:1972: The DNA composition of humans is The DNA composition of humans is shown to be 99% similar to that of chimps shown to be 99% similar to that of chimps and gorillasand gorillas

1977:1977: Genetically-engineered bacteria are Genetically-engineered bacteria are used to make human growth proteinused to make human growth protein

1978:1978: North Carolina scientists, Hutchinson North Carolina scientists, Hutchinson and Edgell, prove it is possible to introduce and Edgell, prove it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA moleculemolecule

1979:1979: The first monoclonal antibodies are The first monoclonal antibodies are synthesizedsynthesized

Biotechnology in the 1980sBiotechnology in the 1980s

1980:1980: The U.S. Supreme Court approves the The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting of genetically-engineered life formspatenting of genetically-engineered life forms

1980:1980: The U.S. patent for gene cloning is The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Boyer and Cohen.awarded to Boyer and Cohen.

1981: 1981: The North Carolina Biotechnology Center The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created—the 1is created—the 1stst state-sponsored research state-sponsored research center for biotechnologycenter for biotechnology

1981:1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is The first genetically-engineered plant is reportedreported

1981:1981: 1 1stst mice to be successfully cloned mice to be successfully cloned 1982:1982: Humulin, human insulin drug, produced by Humulin, human insulin drug, produced by

genetically-engineered bacteria (first biotech genetically-engineered bacteria (first biotech drug approved by the FDA)drug approved by the FDA)

Biotechnology in the 1980sBiotechnology in the 1980s

1983: The first artificial chromosome is made1983: The first artificial chromosome is made 1983: The first genetic markers for specific 1983: The first genetic markers for specific

inherited diseases are foundinherited diseases are found 1984: The DNA fingerprinting technique is 1984: The DNA fingerprinting technique is

developed.developed. 1984: The first genetically-engineered vaccine is 1984: The first genetically-engineered vaccine is

developed.developed.1986: The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for 1986: The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer are synthesizedthe treatment of cancer are synthesized

1988: Congress funds the Human Genome Project1988: Congress funds the Human Genome Project 1989: Microorganisms are used to clean up the 1989: Microorganisms are used to clean up the

Exxon Valdez oil spillExxon Valdez oil spill

Biotechnology in the 1990sBiotechnology in the 1990s

1990:1990: The first federally-approved gene The first federally-approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully therapy treatment is performed successfully

1992:1992: The structure of HIV RT is elucidated The structure of HIV RT is elucidated 1993:1993:The FDA declares that genetically The FDA declares that genetically

engineered foods are "not inherently engineered foods are "not inherently dangerous" dangerous"

1994:1994: The first breast cancer gene is The first breast cancer gene is discovered discovered

1996:1996: Scientists clone identical lambs from Scientists clone identical lambs from early embryonic sheepearly embryonic sheep

Biotechnology in the 1990sBiotechnology in the 1990s

1998:1998: Scientists clone three generations Scientists clone three generations of mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cells of mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cells

1998:1998: Embryonic stem cells are used to Embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate tissue and create disorders regenerate tissue and create disorders that mimic diseasesthat mimic diseases

1998:1998: The Biotechnology Institute is The Biotechnology Institute is founded by BIO as an independent, founded by BIO as an independent, national, 501(c)(3) education organization national, 501(c)(3) education organization

1999:1999: The genetic code of the human The genetic code of the human chromosome is decipheredchromosome is deciphered

Biotechnology 2000 and Biotechnology 2000 and BeyondBeyond

2000: 2000: A rough draft of the human genome is A rough draft of the human genome is completed completed

2000:2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers to help produce organs for human transplantto help produce organs for human transplant

2001:2001: The sequence of the human genome is The sequence of the human genome is published in published in Science and NatureScience and Nature

2002: 2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the Scientists complete the sequence of the pathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to pathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to feed 60 million people annuallyfeed 60 million people annually

2003: 2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is euthanized euthanized

Resources Resources

http://www.biotechinstitute.orghttp://www.biotechinstitute.org