What really is efficient lighting?

What really isefficient lighting?Stefan FassbinderDeutsches KupferinstitutAm Bonneshof 5D-40474 DüsseldorfTel.: +49 211 4796-323Fax: +49 211 [email protected]

We can be contacted by: post phone fax e-mail internet online database, or personally

Commercial companies The skilled trades Industry R & D institutes Universities Artists and craftsmen Students Private individuals

The German Copper Institute,DKI, is the central informationand advisory service dealing with all uses of copper and copper alloys. We offer our services to:

There are basically tho ways of generating light:The ‘wood hammer method’:heating something up until it glows bright

The ‘scientific’ approaches:exciting the electrons some other way

The efficiency of power electric devices and installations is usually given as a percentage.Only with light this does not work.The efficacy of a light source is given inlumens per watt.Theoretically, the most efficient light source has an energy efficiency of 683 lm/W. But this refers to monochromatic light with a wavelength of 555 nm. However, nobody appreciates such light (except perhaps on traffic lights).With an ideal white light source 199 lm/W would correspond to an efficiency of 100%.

5

75%75% of all light is generated by of all light is generated by fluorescent lampsfluorescent lampsThese use These use 50%50% of the share of of the share of electricity used in lightingelectricity used in lighting(whereas lighting in total uses 11% of (whereas lighting in total uses 11% of all electricity generation)all electricity generation)

Why use any ballasts at all?

Because otherwise the lamp will either not do anything at all – or it will go bang!

Behaviour of a 58 W fluorescent lamp connected to a d.c. supply

0V20V

40V60V80V

100V

120V140V160V

180V200V

0mA 400mA 800mA 1200mAI

U

MeasurementCalculationLinear component

There are two principles available:

1.1. Conventional Conventional magnetic ballastmagnetic ballast or or improved low-loss improved low-loss magnetic ballastmagnetic ballast

There are two principles available:

2. 2. Electronic ballastElectronic ballast

Along with it, a magneticballast also requires• a starter• and a compensation capacitor

whereas the capacitor provides little incentive for contentious debates...

...but as for the starter, there are ...but as for the starter, there are two alternatives again:two alternatives again:

The commonplace, generic,The commonplace, generic,widely used glow starters...widely used glow starters...

Starter

Lamp

Ballast

Light switch

Glow cathode Glow cathode

Glow discharge

pre-heating

Ignition operation

...and the less well known...and the less well knownelectronic starterselectronic starters

Electronic starter

Lamp

Ballast

Light switch

Glow cathode Glow cathode

Ballasts have an effect on three important areas:

Electronic lamp and ballast systems are usually very energy efficient

Magnetic ballasts are energy efficient if you choose a low-loss model and if you mind the operating conditions

Magnetic ballasts generate low harmonics levels

Magnetic ballasts are sensitive to voltage variances

Electronic ballasts are sensitive to spikes and surges

Electronic ballasts tend to cause HF disturbances

Magnetic ballasts generate a lot of reactive power but compensation is simple and cheap

Electronic ballasts generate ‘harmonic reactive power’ to a greater or lesser degree

Energy efficiencyEMC Reactive power

-350V

-250V

-150V

-50V

50V

150V

250V

350V

0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms

t

u

-1.0A

-0.5A

0.0A

0.5A

1.0A

i

Systems voltageLamp voltageCurrent

Are they EMC compliant?The high inductance of a magnetic ballast suppresses current harmonics in theory...

...and in practice

0V

50V

100V

150V

200V

250V

300V

350V


t

u

0A

1A

2A

3A

i

0V

50V

100V

150V

200V

250V

300V

350V


t

u

0A

1A

2A

3A

i

0V

50V

100V

150V

200V

250V

300V

350V


t

u

0A

1A

2A

3A

i

Rectifiedline voltage

Capacitorvoltage

Rectifiedline current

What effects do CFLs and what effectsdid older electronic ballasts have on the mains?

All CFLs, electronic All CFLs, electronic ballasts up to 25 W ballasts up to 25 W and older electronic and older electronic

ballasts work like thisballasts work like this

And what about electronic ballasts rated over 25 W? Introduce electronic power factor correction (PFC)

0V20V40V60V80V

100V120V140V160V180V200V220V

0° 15° 30° 45°

u

0.0A

0.3A

0.6A

0.9A

1.2A

i

How effective is power factor correction (to EN 61000-3-2)?

Loading the neutral line

-3,2A

-2,4A

-1,6A

-0,8A

0,0A

0,8A

1,6A

2,4A

3,2A

0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20mst

i

i(t) L1 i(t) L2 i(t) L3

with magnetic ballastswith CFL /

old electronic ballasts

-3,2A

-2,4A

-1,6A

-0,8A

0,0A

0,8A

1,6A

2,4A

3,2A


t i

i(t) N

-3,2A

-2,4A

-1,6A

-0,8A

0,0A

0,8A

1,6A

2,4A

3,2A


t

i

i(t) L1i(t) L2i(t) L3

-3,2A

-2,4A

-1,6A

-0,8A

0,0A

0,8A

1,6A

2,4A

3,2A

0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20mst

i

i(t) N

Summing the third harmonic

-150-100

-500

50100150

0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°

L1

-150-100-50

050

100150

0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°

L2

-150-100-50

050

100150

0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°

L3

-450-400-350-300-250-200-150-100-50

050

100150200250300350400450

0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°

f

i/î /

%

N

in the neutral wire

Physics dictates that at any moment in time the phase and neutral currents must sum to zero

HF EMC of electronic ballasts:

A spectrum analysis (according to:Bernd Steinkühler,

www.cp-institute.de)may help!


A spectrum analysis (according to:Bernd Steinkühler,

www.cp-institute.de)may help!


A spectrum analysis (according to:Martin Schauer,

www.elq.de)may help!

HF EMC ofelectronic ballasts:

Initial situation with LW transmitter

Lumilux Combi EL 18 W in operation

Old electronic ballast, 2*58 W

HF EMC ofelectronic ballasts:

New electronic ballast, 2*36 W

HF EMC ofmagnetic ballasts:

2 magnetic ballasts,

uncompensated

2 magnetic ballasts & parallel

compensation

HF EMC of compact fluorescent lamps:

CFL 15 W CFL 9 W

HF EMC in the reading hall of a library:

Light off Light on

HF EMC in the reading hall of a library:

Fundamental at≈60 kHz

Harmonics as multiples of this

EVG alter Bauart, 2*36W 0,04µTEVG neuer Bauart, 2*58W 0,04µTVVG unkompensiert, 2*58W 0,11µTVVG parallel kompensiert, 2*58W 0,11µTKompakt-Leuchtstofflampe M-LUX, 15W 0,04µTKompakt-Leuchtstofflampe P-s 830/2P, 9W 0,04µTLUMILUX COMBI EL, 18W 0,04µTAusgangssituation 0,04µT

Old-fashioned electronic ballast, 2*36 W 0,04µTRecent electronic ballast, 2*58 W 0,04µTMagnetic ballast, uncompensated, 2*58 W 0,11µT With parallel compensation, 2*58 W 0,11µTCompact fluorescent lamp M-LUX, 15 W 0,04µTCompact fluorescent lamp P-s 830/2P, 9 W 0,04µTLUMILUX COMBI EL, 18 W 0,04µTBasic situation (background noise) 0,04µT

LF EMC of MB and EB:Measured values oflow frequency magnetic fields

Currently available ballasts >25 W

Old-style ballasts >25 W, all other electronic ballasts up to 25 W & CFLs

Apart from the price, the disadvantages of electronic ballasts are:

Sensitivity to transient power disturbances (surges)

HF emission which interferes with other HF devices

Sensitivity to mechanical vibrations

Problematic disposal

HarmonicsProblematic disposal

Compensation requirements of a 58 W lamp with a low-loss magnetic ballast:

VArWWVAPSQ 146)858()160( 2222

VAAVS 16067,0*230

Reactive power compen-sation is important and relatively simple to achieve

Reactive power depends very much on the configuration!

0VA

5VA

10VA

15VA

20VA

25VA

30VA

35VA

40VA

TC-S

5W

TC-S

7W

TC-S

9W

TC-S

2*5

WTa

ndem

TC-S

11W

TC-S

2*7

WTa

ndem

TC-S

2*9

WTa

ndem

P; Q

Lampenleistung (Messwerte)

Blindleistung (Messwerte)

0VA

5VA

10VA

15VA

20VA

25VA

30VA

35VA

40VA

TC-S

5W

TC-S

7W

TC-S

9W

TC-S

2*5

WTa

ndem

TC-S

11W

TC-S

2*7

WTa

ndem

TC-S

2*9

WTa

ndem

P; Q

Lamp power (measured)

Reactive power (measured)

Total lamp power rating – with the same ballast in each case!

Compensation is best done right at sourceas is the case in fluorescent lamps

either in a conventional

parallel configuration

or in the so-called lead-lag configuration

Two 58 W lamps with two ballasts and one capacitor

0Ω

50Ω

100Ω

150Ω

200Ω

250Ω

300Ω

350Ω

400Ω

450Ω

500Ω

40Hz 50Hz 60Hz 70Hz 80Hz 90Hz

f

Z

X(L)

X(C)

Z(ser)

Correctly dimensioned

RCu =13.8 L =878 mHC = 5.7 µF

22RLC )

212(Z CuRfC

fL

fC21XC

F2XL

Two 58 W lamps with two ballasts and one capacitor

0Ω

50Ω

100Ω

150Ω

200Ω

250Ω

300Ω

350Ω

400Ω

450Ω

500Ω

40Hz 50Hz 60Hz 70Hz 80Hz 90Hz

f

Z

X(L)

X(C)

Z(ser)

RCu =13.8 L =878 mHC = 6.8 µF

Dimensioning is 20% in error: Reactance is 32% in

error!

fC21XC

fL2XL

22RLC )

212(Z CuRfC

fL

58 W fluorescent lamp with a class B1 magnetic ballast

-350V-300V-250V-200V-150V-100V

-50V0V

50V100V150V200V250V300V350V


t

u

-1.4A-1.2A-1.0A-0.8A-0.6A-0.4A-0.2A0.0A0.2A0.4A0.6A0.8A1.0A1.2A1.4A

i

U

I(L)

Two 58 W lamps, one in series with a 5.3 µF capacitor

-350V-300V-250V-200V-150V-100V

-50V0V

50V100V150V200V250V300V350V


t

u


i

U

I(L)

I(C=5.25µF)

Two 58 W lamps, one in series with a 5.3 µF capacitor

-350V-300V-250V-200V-150V-100V

-50V0V

50V100V150V200V250V300V350V


t

u


i

U

I(L)

I(C=5.25µF)

I(L)+I(C=5.25µF)

Two 58 W lamps, one with a reduced (4.6µF) series capacitor

-350V-300V-250V-200V-150V-100V

-50V0V

50V100V150V200V250V300V350V


t

u


i

U

I(L)

I(C=4µF)

I(L)+I(C=4µF)

0W

10W

20W

30W

40W

50W

60W

70W

110V 130V 150V 170V 190V 210V 230V 250V

U

PLa

mpe

mit VVG Klasse B1mit VVG Klasse B1 & C=5,3µF seriellmit VVG Klasse B1 & C=4,6µF seriell

0W

10W

20W

30W

40W

50W

60W

70W

110V 130V 150V 170V 190V 210V 230V 250V

U

PLa

mp

with B1 ballastwith B1 ballast & C=5.3µF series compensationwith B1 ballast & C=4.6µF series compensation

Better voltage stability can be achieved with series compensation

Risk with parallel compensation:

Higher frequencies cause capacitor to overload, as shown here for an 11 W fluorescent lamp with magnetic ballast

Lampen-Nennleistung

Maximale Leistungs-Aufnahme Lampe mit Vorschaltgerät

GB 17896-1999 (China) min.

50Hz (KVG/ VVG)

HF (EVG)

Klasse D

Klasse C

Klasse B2

Klasse B1

Klasse A3

Klasse A2

15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W

Lamp power rating Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuits GB 17896-1999

(China) min.50Hz (mag-netic)

HF (elec-tronic)

ClassD

ClassC

ClassB2

ClassB1

ClassA3

ClassA2


And how about energy efficiency?Standards from the EU Commission

Attention: Do not confuse!

≠

Efficiency label for ballasts and efficiency label for household appliances

EU‘s initial Directive 2000/55/EG:

Stated objective of the final document of September 2000:'This Directive aims at reducing energy consumption … by moving gradually away from the less efficient ballasts, and towards the more efficient ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features.'

Stated objective of April 2000 draft:'The overall aim of this Directive is to move gradually away from the less efficient magnetic ballasts, and towards the more efficient electronic ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features, such as dimming'Amendment in May 2000 document:'Any other measure judged appropriate to improve the inherent energy efficiency of ballasts and to encourage the use of energy-saving lighting control systems should be considered.'

Objective of 1999/0127 draft document in June 1999:'The present proposal would accelerate the transitionof the Community industry towards the production ofelectronic ballasts'

So why is lamp efficiency better when operated with an electronic ballast?

Is it the high frequency or rather the current waveform?

U 190.0V 230.0V 190.0V 230.0VU Lamp 136.0V 111.8V 137.2V 113.6V

I 328.0mA 622.0mA 314.0mA 596.0mAP tot 38.0W 69.0W 35.4W 61.4W

P Lamp 33.7W 54.7W 32.9W 53.4WP Ballast 4.3W 14.4W 2.4W 8.0W

Class C magnetic ballast

Class B1 magnetic ballast

Behaviour of a 58 W fluorescent lamp connected to a d.c. supply

0V20V40V60V80V

100V

120V140V160V180V200V

0mA 200mA 400mA 600mA 800mA 1000mA 1200mA

i

u

MeasurementCalculation

U 190.0V 230.0V 190.0V 230.0VU Lamp 136.0V 111.8V 137.2V 113.6V

I 328.0mA 622.0mA 314.0mA 596.0mAP tot 38.0W 69.0W 35.4W 61.4W

P Lamp 33.7W 54.7W 32.9W 53.4WP Ballast 4.3W 14.4W 2.4W 8.0W

3196.7lm 5032.7lm 3157.4lm 4951.7lm



U 82.6% 100.0% 82.6% 100.0%U Lamp 121.6% 100.0% 120.8% 100.0%

I 52.7% 100.0% 52.7% 100.0%P tot 55.1% 100.0% 57.7% 100.0%

P Lamp 61.7% 100.0% 61.7% 100.0%P Ballast 29.8% 100.0% 30.5% 100.0%

63.5% 100.0% 63.8% 100.0%



At that time, the EU Commission could not have known about ...

... the other means of improving efficiencyMetering results at full and reduced voltage

So magnetic ballasts can bemore efficient than electronic ones!

Lichtausbeute über Systemspannung

60lm/W

65lm/W

70lm/W

75lm/W

80lm/W

85lm/W

90lm/W

190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V

Systemspannung

Lich

t-A

usbe

ute

58W KVG Siemens Typ LZ 6561, EEI Klasse D58W KVG Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112, EEI Klasse C58W VVG Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527, EEI Klasse B258W VVG Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512, EEI Klasse B158W EVG Tridonic PC58 E011, EEI Klasse A3

Light efficiency against system voltage

60lm/W

65lm/W

70lm/W

75lm/W

80lm/W

85lm/W

90lm/W

190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V

System voltage

Ligh

t effi

cien

cy

65W conventional magnetic ballast Siemens type LZ 6561, EEI class D

58W Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112 standard magnetic ballast, EEI class C

58W Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527 low-loss magnetic ballast, EEI class B258W Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 low-loss magnetic ballast, EEI class B1

58W electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011, EEI class A3

The practice of the old Directive:

The theory of the old Directive:58 W (magnetic) = 50 W (electronic)?or (systems power):67 W (B2) = 55 W (A2)?

Deviceunder U P tot PLamp Φ h tot

test V W W lm lm/W220.0 56.24 49.70 4662 82.89

Rated voltage 230.0 61.42 53.36 4952 80.62240.0 66.40 56.72 5198 78.28

Rated power 244.0 68.53 58.00 5306 77.42220.0 54.85 4723 86.12

Rated voltage 230.0 54.80 4718 86.10240.0 54.86 4724 86.11250.0 54.72 4723 86.32

58W class A3 electronic

ballast

58W class B1 magnetic

ballast

Values measured by DIAL



HF (elec-tronic)

ClassD

ClassC

ClassB2

ClassB1

ClassA3

ClassA2


30W

40W

50W

60W

70W

190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V

U

P Syst

3000lm

4000lm

5000lm

6000lm

7000lm

Φ

Power input magnetic ballastPower input electronic ballastLight output magnetic ballastLight output electronic ballast

Practice of the old Directive:

ΔP ≈ 2.5 W

ΔΦ ≈ 4%

Φmag = Φelec

Pmag

Pelec

230V

New Directive 245/2009(implementing Directive 2005/32/EU• Separate assessment of lamp and ballast(finally also minimum efficiencies for lamps!)

• Equal limit values for magnetic and electronic ballasts, now defined by formula:

• Identical measurement procedures for both magnetic and electronic ballasts

• Measured at equal light outputs• Limit values for standby losses of dimmable ballasts

13638

36*2

LampLamp

Lamp

PP

Ph

Table of new classesTable 17 of Directive 2005/32/EC – Energy efficiency index requirements for

non-dimmable ballasts for fluorescent lampsLamp data Ballast efficiency (PLamp/P input) – non-dimmable

Lamp type

Nominal wattage

Rated / typical wattage EEI class (for stages 1 and 2) EBb FL

(for stage 3)50Hz HF B2 B1 A3 A2 A2 BAT 50Hz HF

T8 18W 18.0W 16.0W 65.8% 71.3% 76.2% 84.2% 87.7% 84.1% 83.2%T8 30W 30.0W 24.0W 75.0% 79.2% 72.7% 77.4% 82.1% 87.0% 85.8%T8 36W 36.0W 32.0W 79.5% 83.4% 84.2% 88.9% 91.4% 87.8% 87.3%T8 38W 38.5W 32.0W 80.4% 84.1% 80.0% 84.2% 87.7% 88.1% 87.3%T8 58W 58.0W 50.0W 82.2% 86.1% 84.7% 90.9% 93.0% 89.6% 89.1%T8 70W 69.5W 60.0W 83.1% 86.3% 83.3% 88.2% 90.9% 90.1% 89.7%T5-E 14W --- 13.7W --- --- 72.1% 80.6% 84.7% --- 82.1%T5-E 21W --- 20.7W --- --- 79.6% 86.3% 89.3% --- 85.0%T5-E 24W --- 22.5W --- --- 80.4% 86.5% 89.6% --- 85.5%T5-E 28W --- 27.8W --- --- 81.8% 86.9% 89.8% --- 86.6%T5-E 35W --- 34.7W --- --- 82.6% 89.0% 91.5% --- 87.6%T5-E 39W --- 38.0W --- --- 82.6% 88.4% 91.0% --- 88.0%T5-E 49W --- 49.3W --- --- 84.6% 89.2% 91.6% --- 89.0%T5-E 54W --- 53.8W --- --- 85.4% 89.7% 92.0% --- 89.3%T5-E 80W --- 80.0W --- --- 87.0% 90.9% 93.0% --- 90.5%T5-E 95W --- 95.0W --- --- 84.1% 90.5% 92.7% --- 90.9%

Table of old and new classesTable 17 of EU-Directive 245/2009 – Energy

efficiency index requirements for non-dimmable ballasts for fluorescent lamps

Lamp data Ballast efficiency (P Lamp/P input)Lamp type

Nom. power EEI class (for stages 1 and 2)

B2 B1 A3 A2 B2 B1 A3 A2T8 18W 65.8% 71.3% 76.2% 84.2% 69.2% 75.0% 76.2% 84.2%T8 30W 75.0% 79.2% 72.7% 77.4% 78.9% 83.3% 72.7% 77.4%T8 36W 79.5% 83.4% 84.2% 88.9% 83.7% 87.8% 84.2% 88.9%T8 38W 80.4% 84.1% 80.0% 84.2% 85.6% 89.5% 80.0% 84.2%T8 58W 82.2% 86.1% 84.7% 90.9% 86.6% 90.6% 84.7% 90.9%T8 70W 83.1% 86.3% 83.3% 88.2% 86.9% 90.3% 83.3% 88.2%T5-E 21W --- --- 79.6% 86.3% --- --- 79.6% 86.3%T5-E 28W --- --- 81.8% 86.9% --- --- 81.8% 86.9%T5-E 35W --- --- 82.6% 89.0% --- --- 82.6% 89.0%T5-E 39W --- --- 82.6% 88.4% --- --- 82.6% 88.4%T5-E 49W --- --- 84.6% 89.2% --- --- 85.0% 89.6%T5-E 54W --- --- 85.4% 89.7% --- --- 85.4% 89.7%T5-E 80W --- --- 87.0% 90.9% --- --- 87.0% 90.9%TC-DD 55W --- --- 84.6% 90.2%

Conversion from the old values in the Directive

2000/55/EC into efficiencies according to the new

Directive 245/2009

Plot of new classesBallast efficiencies according to 2005/32/EU

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0W 20W 40W 60W 80W 100W 120W

Rated power

η

EBbFLA2 BATA2A3B1B2

The bone of contention with the voltage reduction tech-nique: The lamps' lifetimeProducers of voltage reduction plant speak about 33% ... 50% longer lamp life. The lamp and luminaire section of the electrical industry's trade asso-ciation www.zvei.org/lampen points out, the lamp life might also be shortened because the optimal filament temperature is not reached.

http://www.zvei.org/lampen

Many ballasts are rated for operation with a variety of different lamp types.

The optimal configuration of ballast and lamp(s) takes crucial influence!

• Apply tandem connection,wherever possible!

• For different types of lamps with equal power ratings: Greater lamp voltage drop (i. e. accordingly smaller current) results in both lower active power loss and less reactive power

• Greater rated lamp power operated on the same ballast yields better efficiency

Rules of thumb for selecting optimal combinations:

The efficiency strongly depends on the configuration!

0W

2W

4W

6W

8W

10W

12WTC

-S 5

W

TC-S

7W

TC-S

9W

TC-S

2*5

WTa

ndem

TC-S

11W

TC-S

2*7

WTa

ndem

TC-S

2*9

WTa

ndem

P


Ballast power loss

Total lamp power rating – always with the same ballast!

Lousyefficiency

Theefficiency stronglydependson the configuration!

Limitedefficiency


Fairefficiency


Excellentefficiency


Is a tandem more efficient?

9 W

9 W9 W3.2 W

5.1 W

Measured:8.2 W 560 lm

Measured:13.5 W 930 lm

Yes, this one is!

The efficiency strongly depends on the configuration!

0W3W6W9W

12W15W18W21W24W27W30W33W

TC-S

2*9

WTa

ndem

T8, 1

8W,

Kl.

C

T8, 1

8W,

Kl.

B1

TC-D

, 18W

,K

l. B

1

T8, 2

*18W

Tand

em,

Kl.

C

T8, 2

*18W

Tand

em,

Kl.

B2

T8, 2

*18W

Tand

em,

Kl.

B1

P


Ballast power loss (measured)

Total lamp power rating – with different ballasts

Type(device con- U P tot PBall PLamp I UBall U Lamp Φ h Lamp h tot S tot Q tot PLoss

under test) ditions V W W W mA V V lm lm/W lm/W VA Var P tot

207.2 3.43 --- --- 29.7 --- --- 159.1 --- 46.39 6.2 5.1 ---Rated voltage 230.0 3.86 --- --- 30.6 --- --- 172.9 --- 44.79 7.0 5.9 ---

253.1 4.30 --- --- 31.5 --- --- 183.8 --- 42.75 8.0 6.7 ---207.1 9.59 --- --- 98.7 --- --- 479.6 --- 50.01 20.4 18.1 ---

Rated voltage 230.0 10.82 --- --- 102.6 --- --- 504.8 --- 46.66 23.6 21.0 ---252.9 12.04 --- --- 106.5 --- --- 529.0 --- 43.93 26.9 24.1 ---207.4 10.52 --- --- 78.0 --- --- 593.3 --- 56.40 16.2 12.3 ---

Rated voltage 230.3 11.80 --- --- 80.1 --- --- 657.9 --- 55.75 18.4 14.2 ---253.3 13.02 --- --- 81.9 --- --- 706.4 --- 54.26 20.7 16.2 ---207.0 11.05 3.70 7.40 150.0 190.8 58.5 509.0 68.79 46.07 31.1 29.0 33.5%

Rated voltage 230.0 13.29 5.10 8.20 176.0 215.3 56.4 559.9 68.28 42.13 40.5 38.2 38.4%253.0 16.47 7.30 9.20 212.0 239.2 53.9 612.6 66.59 37.20 53.6 51.0 44.3%

2*Dulux S Rated voltage 230.0 16.64 3.20 13.50 136.6 182.6 119.2 928.4 68.77 55.79 31.4 26.6 19.2%

Metering Calculated valuesMeasurements DIAL

CFL Megaman

4W

CFL Action Sunlight 11W

CFL Osram Dulux EL

11W

Osram Dulux S 9W

Results in detail:Measurements of electrical and light data of some small fluorescent lamps, done by www.dial.de

Single mode with mediocre magnetic ballast places 12% overload on 5 W TC-S lamp and turns out very poor:50% electrical losses!

Essence out of this:

Single mode with same ballast places only 91% of rated power on 9 W TC-S lamp and is 90% as efficient as cheap CFL, only 75% as efficient as high-end CFL

Tandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps with same mediocre magnetic ballast turns out equivalent to a high-end electronic CFL and 25% more efficient than cheap CFL!

Tandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps turns out 50% more efficient than single modeTandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps places only 75% of rated electrical load on the lamp

Type(device con- U P tot PBall PLamp I U Ball U Lamp Φ h Lamp h tot S tot Q tot PLoss

under test) ditions V W W W mA V V lm lm/W lm/W VA Var P tot

207.0 19.10 98.4 1382 72.34 20.4 7.1Rated voltage 230.0 19.13 90.6 1381 72.19 20.8 8.3

253.0 19.10 85.0 1383 72.41 21.5 9.9

207.0 20.96 4.70 16.23 304.7 186.6 62.7 1195 73.65 57.03 63.1 59.5 22.4%Rated voltage 230.0 24.47 6.24 18.21 354.6 211.2 60.6 1320 72.50 53.95 81.6 77.8 25.5%

Φ mag=Φ elec 241.7 26.18 7.21 18.94 382.2 223.8 59.0 1381 72.91 52.75 92.4 88.6 27.5%

253.0 28.19 8.22 19.94 410.6 235.5 58.2 1438 72.13 51.02 103.9 100.0 29.2%

207.0 36.59 181.0 2816 76.96 37.5 8.1Rated voltage 230.0 36.58 164.2 2817 77.00 37.8 9.4

253.0 36.53 149.7 2815 77.07 37.9 10.0

207.0 33.70 3.33 30.37 296.0 146.9 62.2 2330 76.72 69.14 61.3 51.2 9.9%Rated voltage 230.0 42.24 5.34 36.90 379.0 179.2 58.6 2809 76.12 66.50 87.2 76.3 12.6%

Φ mag=Φ elec 230.8 42.70 5.58 37.12 387.0 180.9 57.9 2817 75.90 65.98 89.3 78.5 13.1%

253.0 50.48 8.20 42.28 473.0 208.7 54.5 3169 74.95 62.77 119.7 108.5 16.2%

207.0 16.09 78.5 1064 66.13 16.2 2.3Rated voltage 230.0 17.75 78.2 1173 66.11 18.0 2.9

253.0 19.84 79.8 1276 64.34 20.2 3.7

207.0 17.71 3.33 14.40 165.7 165.6 107.4 982 68.19 55.44 34.3 29.4 18.8%Rated voltage 230.0 21.69 4.96 16.70 204.7 195.1 101.7 1117 66.87 51.48 47.1 41.8 22.9%

Φ mag=Φ elec 241.4 23.86 6.01 17.80 225.7 208.9 99.0 1173 65.93 49.18 54.5 49.0 25.2%

253.0 26.53 7.48 19.05 250.5 222.4 96.5 1229 64.51 46.32 63.4 57.6 28.2%

Metering Calculated valuesMeasurements DIAL

18W TC-D lampelectronic ballast

Osram QT-T/E, EEI=A2

18W TC-D lampmagnetic ballast

VS 508922, EEI=A2

18W T8 lampelectronic ballast

VS 188314, EEI=A2

18W T8 lampmagnetic ballast

VS 164572, EEI=B1

2*18W T8 lampselectronic ballast

VS 188316, EEI=A2

2*18W T8 lampsmagnetic ballast

Helvar L36, EEI=B1

Results in detail:18 W lamps, single and tandem modes

Is a tandem more efficient?

36 W

18 W18 W5.34 W

5.87 W

3200 lm

2*1400 lm

This one is not

At 230 V operating voltage each:18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 24.47 W18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast 19.13 W18 W TC-D lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 21.69 W18 W TC-D lamp with electronic A2 ballast 17.75 W

Essence out of this – single mode:

At adjusted voltage to yield equal light outputs (241.5 V):18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 26.18 W18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast 19.13 W18 W TC-D lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 23.86 W18 W TC-D lamp with electronic A2 ballast 17.75 WNote: Both the magnetic and the electronic T8 ballasts fail to comply with alleged classes B1 and A2, respectively!Both of the TC-D ballasts, however, do very well comply.



HF (elec-tronic)

ClassD

ClassC

ClassB2

ClassB1

ClassA3

ClassA2

5W 4.5W >14W 14W 12W 10W 8W 7W7W 6.5W >16W 16W 14W 12W 10W 9W9W 8.0W >18W 18W 16W 14W 12W 11W

11W 11.0W >20W 20W 18W 16W 14W 14W18W 16.5W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W36W 32.0W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W

Essence out of this – tandem mode:

At 230 V operating voltage each:2*18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 42.24 W2*18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast 36.39 W

At adjusted voltage to yield equal light output (230.8 V):2*18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 42.70 W2*18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast 36.39 W

Note: Both the magnetic tandem and the electronic twin ballast by far comply with labelled classes B1 and A2, respectively!

ordinary magnetic magnetic low loss electronic (warm start)

D C B2 B1 A3 A2 A1

Relco (2002) 4.54€ 24.78€ 60.73€

Vossloh-Schwabe (2003) 8.50€ 13.50€ 55.50€ 106.50€

Vossloh-Schwabe (2008) 13.94€ 14.56€ 33.00€ 50.00€ 106.50€

Vossloh-Schwabe twin electronic ballast (2008) 37.00€

Payback periods (based on above Vossloh-Schwabe prices)Intensity of use 3000 h/a Rated Measurement at

Electricity price 0.12 €/kWh values U =U N Φ M=Φ E

2.31a 1.84a 1.87a

0.57a 0.87a 0.87a

4.54a 4.80a 9.06a

5.69a 7.74a 35.14a

7.69a

10.94a

Replacing a class C magnetic with a class B1 magnetic ballast

Catalogue prices for a230 V, 50 Hz, 58 W ballast

Replacing a class B2 magnetic with a class B1 magnetic ballast

Replacing a class C magnetic with a class A2 electronic ballast

Replacing a class B1 magnetic with a class A2 electronic ballast

Replacing a class C magnetic with a class A3 electronic ballast

Replacing a class B1 magnetic with a class A3 electronic ballast

Reservation to be made here:

Be careful with catalogue prices!

A realistic approach, however, might look like this:

76

What pays off, what doesn‘t?

Electricity price

5c/kWh 10c/kWh 20c/kWh

With equal line voltage:Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W T8 lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 3745h 1873h 936hReplacing tandem magnetic B1 ballast for 2*18W T8 lampswith electronic A2 twin ballast saves 1€ in 3534h 1767h 883hReplacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W TC-D lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 5076h 2538h 1269hReplacing magnetic B1 ballast for 58W T8 lampwith electronic A3 ballast saves 1€ in 3021h 1511h 755h

With equal light output:Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W T8 lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 2837h 1418h 709hReplacing tandem magnetic B1 ballast for 2*18W T8 lampswith electronic A2 twin ballast saves 1€ in 3268h 1634h 817hReplacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W TC-D lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 3273h 1637h 818hReplacing magnetic B1 ballast for 58W T8 lampwith electronic A3 ballast saves 1€ in 9418h 4709h 2355h

How long does it take to save 1€ of electricity costs?

But looking at the old Directive 2000/55/EUyou find the following:

T8 lamp with a class B1 MB:Systems power rating 64 WLamp power rating 58 WBallast power loss 6 Wwhich makes 9.4%

T5 lamp with class A3 EB:Systems power rating 63 WLamp power rating 54 WBallast power loss 9 Wwhich makes 16.7%

78

10 trumps of electronic ballasts1.Electronic ballasts have lower losses than magnetic ballasts

0W

25W

50W

75W

D C B2 B1 A3 A2 A1

Pmax

T8 lamp 58W according to 2000/55/ECLamp powerBallast loss

2.The luminaire performs a better overall efficiency – not solely because of the lower ballast losses also due to the better lamp efficiency with high frequency operation (about 20 kHz to 60 kHz). Accordingly, the lamp is fed with a lower electric power.

But unfortunatelythe old Directive only gave the absolute electrical values, irrespective of the real brightness of the lamp, which, after all, is 4% lower with an electronic ballast.And:The actual practical design of all classes of magnetic ballasts today deviates substantially from the ratings.

10 trumps of electronic ballasts

Nominallamp power

Maximum input power of ballast and lamp circuits(ratings according to 2000/55/EU)

Max. catalogue data found

50Hz (mag-netic)

HF (elec-tronic)

ClassD

ClassC

ClassB2

ClassB1

ClassA3

ClassA2

15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W

18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W

30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W

36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W

38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W

58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W

70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W

10 trumps of electronic ballasts3.The 100-Hz light flicker is abandoned with this high lamp operating frequency.

However:There would be no mention of the flicker if ZVEI did not intend to abolish the well-proven lead-lag com-pensation of reactive power with fluorescent lamps. The arguments are not based on the principle but on an excessive rating of the compensation capacitance.?

Oh, by the way:Don't they praise the 100 Hz technique as a flicker free progress with TV sets?


4.Most electronic ballasts perform warm start capability (cathode pre-heating before firing), reducing lamp wear.

However:Beware of overaged news!The warm start capability may come as an extra with extra price premium to the electronic ballast; with magnetic ballasts it has always come indispensably by default, ever since fluorescent lighting has been around. There is no other way!


5.Modern electronic ballasts usually provide the so-called cut-off technology (switching off the cathode heating after firing), which reduces lamp wear and saves even more energy.

However:Beware of even more over-aged news!The cut-off capability may come as an extra with extra price premium to the electronic ballast; with magnetic ballasts it has always come indispensably by default, ever since fluorescent lighting has been around. There is no other way!

10 trumps of electronic ballasts6.The lifetime expectancy of the fluorescent lamps is about 30% longer – provided the electronic ballasts perform the so-called warm start.

However:Lifetime tests on fluorescent lamps are carried out with common glow starters instead of the advanced electronic starters when magnetic ballasts are applied. This way, one starting process is replaced with several starting attempts, while the number of starts is mentioned as a crucial ageing factor.

10 trumps of electronic ballasts7.Electronic ballasts are also available with instant start feature.

However:When electronic ballasts are praised as providing ‘imme-diate start capability’, this means that the extra cost for the warm start capability has been omitted. Fortunately this is impossible with magnetic ballasts! The lamps will be grateful for this. As a compromise there are very fast acting electronic starters available, firing within 0.5s.

85

10 trumps of electronic ballasts read like:

• It is equipped with spark plugs

• It is equipped with a carburetor

• Does not require any spark plugs

• Does not require a carburetor

The advantages of the diesel engine:

The advantages of the petrol engine:

Whereas the carburetor is coming very much of age.This is why the comparison fits all too well!

10 trumps of electronic ballasts8.Defective lamps are shut off automatically instead of harassing employees by permanent flashing of vain restart attempts (and even driving the ballast losses up above normal level on top of that, doing so).

However:With magnetic ballasts together with electronic starters there are not any vain restart attempts of defective lamps either.

10 trumps of electronic ballasts9.Electronic ballasts facilitate the use of the even more efficient T5 lamps, working with electronic ballasts only.

So what is this then?

?


Oh well,there are T5 lamps and T5 lamps. Depends on whether they are labelled HE or HO.

Comparison of T5 and T8 fluorescent lampsLamp T5 »HE« T8 (measured values) T5 »HO« (catalog values)Length 1449mm 1500mm 1449mm

Power rating 35W 58W 49W 80Woperated with El. ball. (HF) Magnetic ballast (50Hz) Electronic ballast (HF)Rated system

power42W (A3)39W (A2)

--- 67W (B2)64W (B1)

--- 58W (A3)55W (A2)

92W (A3)88W (A2)

Measured lamp power

--- 49W 53W 58W --- ---

Measured system power

--- 55W 61W 69W --- ---

System voltage 207V...253V 217V 230V 244V 207V...253V 207V...253VLight flux 3300lm 4596lm 4951lm 5305lm 4300lm 6150lm

System light efficacy

79lm/W (A3)85lm/W (A2)

84lm/W (B1, measured)



74lm/W (A3)78lm/W (A2)

67lm/W (A3)70lm/W (A2)

Consequently it now says in the new Directive:


Inconsequently, though, it now also gives some strange

“Second stage requirements“ in the new Directive:“The requirements applicable to double capped fluorescent

lamps 26mm in diameter (T8) during the first stage shall apply to all double capped fluorescent lamps of other dia-meters than those covered in the first stage” (16mm, 26mm).

So all lamps are equal! – All of them? No! If its diameter equals 16 mm a lamp need not be efficient; to all other lamps strict limits (those for T8 lamps) apply!

Table 1 of EU-Directive 245/2009 – minimum rated luminous lamp efficacies, 100 h initial values for T8 and T5 lamps

T5 (16 mm Ø)HE (High Efficiency) HO (High Output)

Nominal wattage

Luminous efficacy

Nominal wattage

Luminous efficacy

Nominal wattage

Luminous efficacy

15W 63lm/W 14W 86lm/W 24W 73lm/W18W 75lm/W 21W 90lm/W 39W 79lm/W25W 76lm/W 28W 93lm/W 49W 88lm/W30W 80lm/W 35W 94lm/W 54W 82lm/W36W 93lm/W 80W 77lm/W38W 87lm/W58W 90lm/W70W 89lm/W

T8 (26 mm Ø)


10.By means of dimmability and eventual electronic lighting controls, say daylight adaptability, electronic ballasts may lead to additional energy savings.

However:Only 9% of all electronic ballast are dimmable. Rather, dimmbability doubles the price again, and dimmable electronic ballasts require a control cable on top of the power cable. The power cable has to remain permanently energized, so that the electronics is able to receive signals.


No. 11 out of 10:

Electronic ballasts have a lobby, magnetic ones have none.

But why is this?

All producers of magnetic ballasts also produce electronic ones at some other site.

Catalogue price

Lifetime expectancy

Turnover per duty time

electronic 50.00 € ≤ 50,000 h 1.00€/1000hmagnetic 15.00 € > 300,000 h 0.05€/1000h

92

Strange developmentof lamp prices:Cross subsidies on account of business policies?

Osram PhilipsGermany Italy Austria

Type / rating 2003 2009 2008 2009 2009T8 basic 58W 2.62 € 3.65 € 6.05 € 6.66 € 0.00 €T8 tri-phosphor 36W 4.17 € 10.07 € 6.07 € 5.04 €T8 tri-phosphor 58W 4.78 € 10.95 € 6.09 € 8.09 € 5.68 €T5 HO 49W 8.88 € 6.17 € 14.03 € 14.03 € 5.22 €T5 HO 54W 8.06 € 5.68 € 13.98 € 14.40 € 5.22 €T5 HO 80W 9.78 € 6.60 € 14.89 € 15.61 € 6.66 €

Lamp

No talk at all of the disadvantages:Frequent reliability problems

Electronic ballast failures at Electronic ballast failures at Paderborn-Lippstadt airportPaderborn-Lippstadt airport

Electronic ballast failuresElectronic ballast failures

in just one yearin just one year

Electronic ballast failures at ETH ZürichElectronic ballast failures at ETH Zürich

96

Electronic ballast failures with E.ONElectronic ballast failures with E.ONin Düsseldorfin Düsseldorf

1100 pieces installed – after half a year already 400 pieces 1100 pieces installed – after half a year already 400 pieces had failed. Each and every time it was the filter capacitor.had failed. Each and every time it was the filter capacitor.

HF superimposition from other ballasts on the mains (?)HF superimposition from other ballasts on the mains (?)

Howsoever – they have now all been replaced by magneticsHowsoever – they have now all been replaced by magnetics

that it is not thethat it is not thelamps which are defectivelamps which are defectivebut rather their commom but rather their commom electronic twin ballast has failedelectronic twin ballast has failed

Each time 2 lamps located Each time 2 lamps located side by side fail youside by side fail you

may assumemay assume

Electronic ballast failures atElectronic ballast failures atBiberachBiberach University of Applied Sciences University of Applied Sciences

on a baker‘s shopon a baker‘s shop

Electronic ballast failuresat Dortmund principal railway stationat Dortmund principal railway station

Repairing the electronic ballast failures

Back to magnetic ballasts!Back to magnetic ballasts!at Dortmund principal railway station:at Dortmund principal railway station:

Whenever two adjacent lamps... – see aboveWhenever two adjacent lamps... – see above

Electronic ballast failuresat Boisheim railway station:

200720072008200820092009

Electronic ballast failuresat Rummenohl railway station:at Rummenohl railway station:

Here you can even see them:Here you can even see them:4 twin ballasts for a total of 8 lamps4 twin ballasts for a total of 8 lamps

Electronic ballast failures at Brügge Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station:railway station:

Electronic ballast failures at Brügge Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station are continuing...railway station are continuing...

16 days of closure over Easter 2010 on 16 days of closure over Easter 2010 on account of major railway works including account of major railway works including lighting – but only two weeks later it starts lighting – but only two weeks later it starts again!again!

To be continued...To be continued...

Electronic ballast failures at Brügge Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station:railway station:

Electronic ballast failures at...

Statements heard in the market include:

• Magnetic ballasts are going to be phased out

• The use of magnetic ballasts is prohibited

• Magnetic ballasts don't exist any more at all

• Magnetic ballasts – what's that?

Hans Rudolf Ris,former editor in chief with Schweizer Zeitschrift für angewandte Elektro-technik:

“The Iron Age is over, the Copper Age is over, the Silicon Age has begun!”

“Dear Mr. Ris, then it amazes me why iron and copper appear to be more coveted than ever in the global marketplaces!”

Stefan Fassbinder, contemporary consultant for electrical applications with Deutsches Kupferinstitut:

0 Mio.

20 Mio.

40 Mio.

60 Mio.

80 Mio.

100 Mio.

2000 2002 2004 2005

KVGVVGEVG

0 Mio.

20 Mio.

40 Mio.

60 Mio.

80 Mio.

100 Mio.

2000 2002 2004 2005

D, CBA

The truth in figures:

www.topmagnetic.com www.celma.orgwww.vito.be

AllAll published case studies, however, published case studies, however, read like this one published in read like this one published in Germany by www.dena.de:Germany by www.dena.de:

110

• 152*700W mercury vapour lampswere replaced with: 72*400W sodium vapour lamps+72*250W sodium vapour lamps

• Replacing magnetic with dimmable electronic ballasts

• Introducing automatic daylight dependent dimming

68% of energy savings is claimedthrough the renovation of the lighting in a factory hall. Albeit, the renovation included:

111

56%savings

}

12%savings

Quite apart from the excellent PR ThyssenKrupp achieved here, promoting a technique not using any magnetic steel at all against one which uses quite a lot of magnetic steel! Congratulations!

By the way, with dimming, care has to be taken not to replace losses with losses!Remember:Dimmable electronic ballasts are permanently live!Let us make some assumptions:• An average office is used for 3000h/a.• A conventional office lighting is operated for

2000h/a.• During half of this time, say 1000h/a,• half the power would suffice, so this yields 500h/a

savings potential calculated for full load – but:• Standby power intake remains busy for 8760h/a!

Original fabricator's slide

BLMK 13030F395 E

ELECTRONIC CONTROL GEAR

1 %13 % 100 %

20 %

50 %

80 %

100 %lu

min

ous

flux

system wattage

QUICKTRONIC® DE LUXE DIMMABLE

energy consumption in relation to luminous flux

Now let us do some calculations:With assumed savings of 55.8 W for a 58 W fluorescent lamp being dimmed to 0, the gross energy saving would be:

akWhW

ahW 288.55*500

With assumed 3.2 W of stand-by the no-load consumption is:

akWhW

ahW 282.3*87600

No savings left, since dimmed operation is always permanent filament heating operation. Who makes sure the filament heating is turned off at night and on weekends? This would reduce stand-by power intake to <1 W.Otherwise 1/3 of the day’s saving will still get lost at night!

115

A1=A3? – Or: When does an electronic ballast match class A1?

• It shall be dimmable at least down to 10% of the full light output.

•When set to full power it shall comply with the requirements of class A3.

•When dimmed down to 25% of full light output it shall use no more than 50% of its rated power (i. e. that of class A3).

This 50% also represents the power rating!

This is logical, since e. g. also a car is ‘dimmable’: The engine provides60 kW, but in urban traffic the demand is usually only 10 kW, so the engine power is rated as 30 kW. Isn‘t it?

Or take a modernelectric locomotive:

Power for ac-celerating:6000kW.

Power during braking:-6000kW.

Power rating:0kW.

Logical, isn‘t it?

Oh yes, it isn‘t!

Light output against absolute systems power input

0lm

1200lm

2400lm

3600lm

4800lm

6000lm

0W 15W 30W 45W 60W 75W

P System

Ligh

t out

put

58W T8 lamp with ancient 220 V magnetic ballast, EEI=D58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=C58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B258W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B151W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B12*35W T5 lamps with twin electronic ballast EEI=A1 at 25°C2*35W T5 lamps with twin electronic ballast EEI=A1 at 35°Cη= 80lm/W

116

Efficacy against measured relative systems power requirement at rated voltage

0lm/W

10lm/W

20lm/W

30lm/W

40lm/W

50lm/W

60lm/W

70lm/W

80lm/W

90lm/W

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%P Syst/P Syst(U N)

Ligh

ting

effic

acy

T8 lamp 58W with magnetic ballast EEI=DT8 lamp 58W with standard magnetic ballast EEI=CT8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B2T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1T8 lamp 51W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1T5 lamps 2*35W with twin el. ballast EEI=A1 at 25°CEEI class A1 limit to standard (25°C)

0lm/W

10lm/W

20lm/W

30lm/W

40lm/W

50lm/W

60lm/W

70lm/W

80lm/W

90lm/W

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%P Syst/P Syst(U N)

Ligh

ting

effic

acy

T8 lamp 58W with magnetic ballast EEI=DT8 lamp 58W with standard magnetic ballast EEI=CT8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B2T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1T8 lamp 51W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1T5 lamps 2*35W with twin el. ballast EEI=A1 at 35°CEEI class A1 limit at 35°C

117

Alternative 1:Of course you save most if you turn off the light while it is not really needed. But if you turn off the light completely (possibly groupwise), then you save more than you would when ‘dimmed down to 0’. Therefore:

A ‘semi automatic’ which also shuts off the electronic control gear and has to be turned on again manually.

Alternative 2:Or wireless sensors which do not require any stand-by supply!

See: www.enocean-alliance.org

120

Conclusions so far:Dimmable electronic ballasts offer excellent opportunities for optimal lighting in conference rooms and the like. There they are a useful investment. There have been various dimming techniques for magnetic ballasts around, but they all had their drawbacks and do no longer match today‘s requirements.The energy savings argument is better covered by low-loss magnetic ballasts with electronic starters and, where adequate, a voltage reduction technique (but which cannot be seen as dimming, since the regulation is only ≈35%).

Karl Böhmer from www.eckerle.com, an electronic ballast producer, says:

‘It is very, very hard for an electronic ballast to compete with the efficiency of a very good B1 magnetic ballast.

This is not the reason, after all, why we care for electronic ballasts, but rather...’

122

Now what can dimmable Now what can dimmable ballasts offer us?ballasts offer us?

Create adaptable lighting scenarios for Create adaptable lighting scenarios for dedicated purposes, such as in dedicated purposes, such as in conference rooms or inconference rooms or in

www.miwula.dewww.miwula.de

123

And what are the non-dimmable electronic ballasts good for?

•For low mains voltage(e. g. USA: 120 V)

•In emergency lighting (DC)

•In vehicles(DC or e. g. 162/3 Hz)

124

And in compact fluorescent lamps!

In the receptacle of a CFL you usually...

... find a plain little electronic ballast...

...even if there have been some others...

...as a...as aview into the view into the

interior of thisinterior of thissub-optimal sub-optimal

solution showssolution shows

The concept of a replaceable lamp was convincing

The efficiency was nothing worse than that of a The efficiency was nothing worse than that of a cheap electronic CFL from the DIY marketcheap electronic CFL from the DIY market

but could have been a lot better!but could have been a lot better!

127

Do compact fluorescent lamps pay off?By principle they always do, yes!Just calculate!Rated voltage for all types: 230V Elect. price: 0.1625 €/kWh Operating time: 4.0 h/d = 1461 h/a Payback period

Ratings: Calculated values: Incandescent lamp replaced herebyPrice Power Life- Efficiency Operating Price Power Life- Efficiency Operating

P 1 P 2 time techn. econom. costs P 1 P 2 time techn. econom. costs

Maxi-Lux E14 4.95€ 3W 125lm 10000h 41.7lm/W 25lm/€ 0.098c/h 1.29€ 15W 90lm 1000h 6.0lm/W 70lm/€ 0.373c/h 0.913a 1333h 27.45€ 6.844aMegaman E14 8.45€ 4W 180lm 15000h 45.0lm/W 21lm/€ 0.121c/h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 1.289a 1883h 58.79€ 10.267aMaxi-Lux E14 4.95€ 5W 150lm 10000h 30.0lm/W 30lm/€ 0.131c/h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 0.694a 1014h 38.25€ 6.844aMegaman E14 8.95€ 6W 280lm 15000h 46.7lm/W 31lm/€ 0.157c/h 1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h 0.899a 1314h 89.98€ 10.267aMaxi-Lux E14 4.95€ 7W 320lm 10000h 45.7lm/W 65lm/€ 0.163c/h 1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h 0.447a 653h 59.38€ 6.844a

2.95€ 25W 155lm 13000h 6.2lm/W 53lm/€ 0.429c/h 2.619a 3826h 39.20€ 10.267a1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 2.352a 3437h 51.85€ 10.267a1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h 1.460a 2133h 83.54€ 10.267a3.45€ 40W 290lm 13000h 7.3lm/W 84lm/€ 0.677c/h 1.365a 1994h 71.47€ 10.267a

Osram Dulux EL Longlife E27 9.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h 57.1lm/W 40lm/€ 0.180c/h 0.83€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 482lm/€ 0.733c/h 1.129a 1649h 82.94€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E14 12.95€ 11W 600lm 15000h 54.5lm/W 46lm/€ 0.265c/h 1.07€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 617lm/€ 1.082c/h 0.995a 1454h 122.54€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E27 9.95€ 11W 600lm 15000h 54.5lm/W 60lm/€ 0.245c/h 0.83€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 795lm/€ 1.058c/h 0.768a 1122h 121.94€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E27 10.95€ 15W 900lm 15000h 60.0lm/W 82lm/€ 0.317c/h 0.99€ 75W 940lm 1000h 12.5lm/W 949lm/€ 1.318c/h 0.681a 995h 150.15€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E27 10.95€ 20W 1200lm 15000h 60.0lm/W 110lm/€ 0.398c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 0.529a 773h 196.50€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E27 11.95€ 23W 1500lm 15000h 65.2lm/W 126lm/€ 0.453c/h 2.75€ 150W 2200lm 1000h 14.7lm/W 800lm/€ 2.713c/h 0.279a 407h 338.86€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Globe Economy 9.95€ 21W 1000lm 8000h 47.6lm/W 101lm/€ 0.466c/h 0.83€ 100W 2200lm 1000h 22.0lm/W 2651lm/€ 1.708c/h 0.502a 734h 99.39€ 5.476a

23W 1371lm 10000h 59.6lm/W 60lm/€ 0.604c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 1.374a 2008h 110.43€ 6.844a905lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h452lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h69lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h

23W 1500lm 15000h 65.2lm/W 86lm/€ 0.490c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 0.937a 1369h 182.64€ 10.267a8W 750lm 15000h 93.8lm/W 0.83€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 795lm/€ 1.058c/h 10.267a

20W 1230lm 15000h 61.5lm/W 59lm/€ 0.465c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 1.108a 1618h 186.50€ 10.267a185lm 15000h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 10.267a

Osram Dulux EL Vario

Osram Dulux EL Dim

17.50€

20.95€

19lm/€ 0.168c/h

in years and operating hours

Savings and lifetime at given

duty cycle

31lm/€ 0.200c/hOsram Dulux EL Longlife E14 12.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h

Payback periodsof compact fluorescent

lamps

Megaman DorS 23.00€

57.1lm/W

15000h 48.0lm/WOsram Dulux EL Longlife E14 12.95€ 5W 240lm

230V Elect. price: 0.1625 €/kWh Operating time: 4.0 h/d = 1461 h/a Payback periodRatings: Calculated values: Incandescent lamp replaced hereby

Price Power Life- Efficiency Operating Price Power Life- Efficiency Operating

P 1 P 2 time techn. econom. costs P 1 P 2 time techn. econom. costs

4.95€ 3W 125lm 10000h 41.7lm/W 25lm/€ 0.098c/h 1.29€ 15W 90lm 1000h 6.0lm/W 70lm/€ 0.373c/h8.45€ 4W 180lm 15000h 45.0lm/W 21lm/€ 0.121c/h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h4.95€ 5W 150lm 10000h 30.0lm/W 30lm/€ 0.131c/h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h8.95€ 6W 280lm 15000h 46.7lm/W 31lm/€ 0.157c/h 1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h4.95€ 7W 320lm 10000h 45.7lm/W 65lm/€ 0.163c/h 1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h

2.95€ 25W 155lm 13000h 6.2lm/W 53lm/€ 0.429c/h1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h3.45€ 40W 290lm 13000h 7.3lm/W 84lm/€ 0.677c/h

9.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h 57.1lm/W 40lm/€ 0.180c/h 0.83€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 482lm/€ 0.733c/h12.95€ 11W 600lm 15000h 54.5lm/W 46lm/€ 0.265c/h 1.07€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 617lm/€ 1.082c/h9.95€ 11W 600lm 15000h 54.5lm/W 60lm/€ 0.245c/h 0.83€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 795lm/€ 1.058c/h

10.95€ 15W 900lm 15000h 60.0lm/W 82lm/€ 0.317c/h 0.99€ 75W 940lm 1000h 12.5lm/W 949lm/€ 1.318c/h10.95€ 20W 1200lm 15000h 60.0lm/W 110lm/€ 0.398c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h11.95€ 23W 1500lm 15000h 65.2lm/W 126lm/€ 0.453c/h 2.75€ 150W 2200lm 1000h 14.7lm/W 800lm/€ 2.713c/h9.95€ 21W 1000lm 8000h 47.6lm/W 101lm/€ 0.466c/h 0.83€ 100W 2200lm 1000h 22.0lm/W 2651lm/€ 1.708c/h

23W 1371lm 10000h 59.6lm/W 60lm/€ 0.604c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h905lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h452lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h69lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h

19lm/€ 0.168c/h

31lm/€ 0.200c/h12.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h

23.00€

57.1lm/W

15000h 48.0lm/W12.95€ 5W 240lm

Payback period

0.913a 1333h 27.45€ 6.844a1.289a 1883h 58.79€ 10.267a0.694a 1014h 38.25€ 6.844a0.899a 1314h 89.98€ 10.267a0.447a 653h 59.38€ 6.844a2.619a 3826h 39.20€ 10.267a2.352a 3437h 51.85€ 10.267a1.460a 2133h 83.54€ 10.267a

in years and operating hours

Savings and lifetime at given

duty cycle

128

If only they were compact! But:Which lamp is less compact than a

‘compact’ fluorescent lamp?

129

Is a compact fluorescent lamp dimmable?By principle no – unless it is dimmable!

Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)

Step 1: 100% brightness (at 100% of rated power)







134

0lm/W

10lm/W

20lm/W

30lm/W

40lm/W

50lm/W

60lm/W

70lm/W

80lm/W

90lm/W

190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V

System voltage

Lighting efficacy

58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast Siemens LZ 6561 for a 65W T12 lamp EEI=D58W T8 lamp with standard magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112 EEI=C58W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527 EEI=B258W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 EEI=B158W T8 lamp with electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011 EEI=A358W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 EEI=B158W T8 lamp with electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011 EEI=A3Halogen lamps 3*35W with 105VA toroidal core transformer

So shall we continue usingincandescent lamps in the living room?

Seems we better don‘t!

135

Attention! Camouflage!T12-fluorescent lamp 20 W: 1200 lmT12-fluorescent lamp 20 W: 1200 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class CC......BB

T8 fluorescent lamp 18 W: 1350 lmT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W: 1350 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class BB......AA

T5-fluorescent lamp 13 W: 1000 lmT5-fluorescent lamp 13 W: 1000 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class BB......AA

Linestra tube 60 W: 420 lmLinestra tube 60 W: 420 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class GG

Linestra tube 35 W: 270 lmLinestra tube 35 W: 270 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class GG

At least such incandescent lamps should be forbidden

But frighteningly enough:• fluorescent lamps contain mercury!• fluorescent lamps dissipate

‘electrosmog’!• fluorescent lamps cause harmonics!www.buergerwelle-schweiz.orghave found out the truth!

Just a moment, please!1. Mercury:Industry reports a usage of about 1...4 mg/lamp.Bürgerwelle Schweiz calculates an additional annual need of 600 kg in case of an incandescent lamp prohibition.If, in the worst case, this dissipates evenly across Europe‘s soils, this amounts to the tremendous quantity of several hundred milligrams per square kilometre!While nearly all of us may have the equivalent of a few 1000 fluorescent lamps in our mouths...

Just a moment, please!2. Electrosmog:Bürgerwelle Schweiz and many others report about countless individual experiences but no statistics, no medical evidence.Who is electro-sensitive enough to perceive 20 nT should really be killed immediately at 20 mT.A salt-sensitive person capable of tasting 20 mg of salt in a litre of soup will also get killed by eating 20 kg of sodium salt in one go.But everyone else also will.

Just a moment, please!3. Harmonics:We‘ve had this before:• 11% of all electricity goes for light,• half of this 11% feeds fluorescent lamps,• subtracting the discharge lamps,• then there is only ≈2% of all generated power

left to go for incandescent lamps.• If we replace these with compact fluorescent

lamps it‘s only more ≈0.5% of all power consumption, since CFLs save 75% energy.

Everything is relative, and this is relatively little!

Incandescent lamps are of good nature – but: The incandescent lamp is a

glutton (electricity guzzler).

The CFL is a waveform distorter.

However: Everything is relative.

This CFL replaces an

incandescent lamp of 40 Wpower rating, so this means:

more neutral current, but:

less phase conductor current!

The CFL does save energy – also in the distrubution mains!

But by all means this mains has to be a TN-S distribution system!

So the balance out of3. Harmonics is:

Comparison of load currents – fundamental plus harmonics – when replacing an incandescent lamp (40 W) with an quivalent compact fluorescent lamp (9 W)

Incandescent lamps Compact fluorescent lampsL1 L2 L3 N Total L1 L2 L3 N Total

175mA 0mA 0mA 175mA 70mA 0mA 0mA 70mA175mA 175mA 0mA 175mA 70mA 70mA 0mA 96mA175mA 175mA 175mA 0mA 70mA 70mA 70mA 121mA

100% 0% 0% 100% 67% 16% 0% 0% 16% 11%100% 100% 0% 100% 100% 16% 16% 0% 30% 21%100% 100% 100% 0% 100% 16% 16% 16% 48% 32%

Current

Relative conductor losses

CFLs save energy – but: Compact fluorescent lamps are not compact CFL need their warm-up time CFL work optimally only at one particular temperature CFL may suffer from frequent switching There are only few dimmable CFL around

With incandescent lamp 15 W

With CFL 4 Wafter 3 s

With CFL 4 Wafter 3 min

What will the future bring?

Too hot Too bulky Too ... ?

144

Switch as Switch as often as you likeoften as you like

Full power Full power immediatelyimmediately

DC and AC, DC and AC, HF and LFHF and LFFocussableFocussable

(directed)(directed)

Fairly high Fairly high efficiency also efficiency also

at part loadat part load

Tomorrow‘s lighting technique:Tomorrow‘s lighting technique:LED lampsLED lamps

20 W halogen lamp:20 W halogen lamp:<4.000 h lifetime<4.000 h lifetime

1.25 W LED lamp:1.25 W LED lamp: >40.000 h lifetime >40.000 h lifetime

Now what‘s wrong about them? HF operation: Exceptions confirm the ruleHF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule Poor performancePoor performance Wrong colourWrong colour

CFLCFL

CFLCFL

CFLCFL

LED LED ‘‘whitewhite’’

LEDLED‘‘warm whitewarm white’’

Now what‘s wrong about them? HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule Poor performance Wrong colour

Pub in Berlin‘s‘Blue light district’

Now what‘s wrong about them? HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule Poor performance Wrong colour

Now what‘s wrong about them? HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule Poor performance Wrong colourTherefore future oriented specifiers do not use electronic halogen lamp transformers but...

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125% 150%

η

Isec / Isec nom

η, 400VA standard transformer

η, 400VA toroidal core transformer

Obvious advantage of toroidal cores at part load

Transformer efficiencies

Basic characteristic of an LED

0mA

10mA

20mA

30mA

40mA

50mA

60mA

70mA

80mA

1.5V 2.0V 2.5V 3.0V 3.5V 4.0V

U

I

0mW

40mW

80mW

120mW

160mW

200mW

240mW

280mW

320mW

P

ID theor (cold)ID theor (warm)ID measPD theor (cold)PD theor (warm)PD meas

LEDs also require some sort of ballast

1T

D

nUU

SD eIIq

kTUT

and k = 1.38*10-23 J/K (Boltzmann‘s constant)

with

All LED lamps are equal...LED lamp 12V 1.25W white

(Osram)

0mA

50mA

100mA

150mA

200mA

6V 7V 8V 9V 10V 11V 12V 13V 14V

U

I

0.0VA

0.5VA

1.0VA

1.5VA

2.0VA

2.5VA

P; Q

; S

I =I ≈P =P ≈S ≈Q ≈

...but some are more equal than othersLED lamp 12V 1.7W warm white

(Megaman)

0mA

75mA

150mA

225mA

300mA

6V 7V 8V 9V 10V 11V 12V 13V 14V

U

I

0.0VA

0.5VA

1.0VA

1.5VA

2.0VA

2.5VA

3.0VA

3.5VA

4.0VA

P; Q

; S

I =I ≈P =P ≈S ≈Q ≈

Upcoming but striving hard

Here an 8 W LED »lighting tube« would like to replace an 18 W fluorescent tube, but:•Position dependent•No tandem configuration possible•No combination with fluorescent tubes•Light or lamplet?•And how about EMC?

Upcoming but striving hardOut of 8 W power rating 5.7 W active power and 7.2 var (harmonic) reactive power are left over

Summary – part 1: Fluorescent lampsSodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5lm/W

T5 fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 93.6lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification) 89.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with EB Cl. A3 86.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3 86.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB) 82.4lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 80.6lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 79.5lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 78.6lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2 77.0lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 73.8lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V 71.7lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 66.8lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 66.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2 66.1lm/W2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB 55.8lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality 55.7lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 51.5lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality 46.7lm/WMini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman) 44.8lm/WTC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB 42.1lm/W

Sodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5lm/W








Summary – part 2:LEDs and incancescent lampsLED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W

3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W

2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W

Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W

LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W




























Stearin candle 0.1 lm/W

More:More:www.leonardo-energy.org/lightingwww.leonardo-energy.org/lighting

Date post:	12-Feb-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	alma
View:	16 times
Download:	0 times

What really is efficient lighting?

Documents