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“WHAT’S FOR DINNER?”
Energy Transfer andFeeding Relationships
Reminders and Take Notice!
Your lab is due on Monday, March 25. You and your partner will be marked on: proper arrangement of the write up completion of the lab in its entirety Your ability to reflect upon the observations made
based on the experiment you carried out
You will have your first quiz on Wed. March 27 Topics include 1. The Earth’s Spheres, 2. Biotic and
Abiotic features, and 3. Energy Consumption + Feeding Relationships
In other words, the first three slide shows, omitting adaptation
Feeding typesAnimals can be grouped in several ways. One way of doing this is based on how animals feed.
Consumers cannot make their own food. They must consume other organisms to get the food that they need.
Some organisms are producers. Producers make their own food.
Plants produce their own food using light energy from the Sun. Some types of bacteria can also make their own food by using light or chemical reactions.
Where does all the Energy in a food chain come from?
• Major source of energy for our planet
Provides energy used by green plants to make their own food in the process known as Photosynthesis
Plants provide food for other organismsAlso provides solar energy to generate
electricity, light energy and thermal energy to warm the planet and its inhabitants
How does the Energy get IN to the Food Chain?
PhotosynthesisExecuted by plantsA process by which plants take in the sun’s energy,
carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and stored energy upon which plants grow and survive
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight Sugar (energy) + Oxygen
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight C6H12O2 + O2
The reason photosynthesis occurs in plants and not animals is because it requires a chemical called chlorophyll
How do CONSUMERS USE this energy?
Cellular RespirationOccurs in animalsA process by which animals take in sugar
and oxygen to fuel the body while producing water and carbon dioxide
C6H12O2 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
Complementary Processes
The product of one process equals the starting components of the other process
Types of Consumers
Herbivores: plant eaters (eg. Rabbit)
Carnivores: meat eaters (eg. Fox)
Omnivores: plant and meat eaters (eg. Bear)
Food chains – what eats what?
With the following groups, create a food chain, identifyingeach group member as a plant or animal.
**REMEMBER WHAT YOU WERE AND WHERE YOU FELL IN THE CHAIN.
Arctic 1CarolineEmmaMicaelaTatum
Forest 1PaulTristanJacob T.Luke
Pond 2JimDerekKeegan
Arctic 2Jo-AnnaHollyJulieKatie
Pond 1PatrickTonyStephen
Forest 2KarlyJillianMelissaSarah
Arctic 1NathanNick G.HennadiyNick R.
Forest 1MattKyleAlexZach
Arctic 2DavidOliverMadiLiv
PondRachelTashaMandyCindy
Forest 2AlecJacob M.Jacob R.Jacob B.
A food chain shows what is eaten by what. Each arrow means ‘eaten by’.
What does this food chain show?
A leaf is eaten by a caterpillar, which is eaten by a bird, which is eaten by a cat.
Energy is transferred from one organism to another in the direction of the arrow
Food chains
leaf caterpillar bird cat
Food chains – activity
Green plant Goat Owl Rabbit
Mouse Wild Cat Snake Eagle
Lion Jackal (like a wolf)
A food chain can be used to rank different types of consumers.
Ranking consumers
producers – make their own food;
primary consumers – eat producers;
secondary consumers – eat primary consumers;
tertiary consumers – eat secondary consumers.
humancrayfishlimpetseaweed
producerprimaryconsumer
secondaryconsumer
tertiaryconsumer
Do animals only eat one species??
Food chains show simple relationshipsFood webs show all the feeding relationships
in a habitat
Which of these organisms are producers?
Which ones are Herbivores?
Which ones are carnivores?
Which ones are omnivores?
Build a food web
Nuts Mice Wolf BearNuts Deer Wolf BearBark Rabbit Wolf BearBlossoms Insects Birds Red fox BearBlossoms Bees BearBark Rabbit Red fox Bear
Food Pyramids
We draw food webs to show how animals’ eating habits are related
We draw pyramids to show how energy (biomass) is passed along from one animal to the next
What shape is a pyramid? What can the shape tell us about energy at the
top?
What is Biomass?
The total dry mass of living organisms in a group or area
Example:
How do we measure the biomass for field of grass? (producer level on our food chain)
Dry the grass then take the mass of it
= biomass of the grass
Biomass tells us how much Energy is available to the next trophic level
Why do we take the water out when we measure biomass???
Example: What has more energy?Watermelon Bread
Two Types of Pyramids
1) Pyramid of Numbers Count number of each organism Not as accurate Example: 1 oak tree, 10 caterpillars, 2 birds
Blackbird
Oak Tree
Caterpillar
Types of Pyramids
2) Pyramid of Biomass Weigh all the organisms at each stage of the
food chain (biomass of producers > consumers) More accurate to show feeding relationshipExample: even if there is only one oak tree it can have many caterpillars living from it
Oak Tree
Blackbird
Caterpillars
Food Pyramids and Energy
Only about 10% of the energy from one level gets passed to the next
Reasons why biomass decreases as you go up the pyramid:
Not all of the plant is eaten by herbivores (only eat leaves, not roots)
Not everything eaten is digested (wolf eats a deer, uses meat but fur is waste)
Energy is lost in the form of body heat, used for activity, to carry out life processes
Example: When we eat chicken for dinner we do not get 100% of the energy from it. Why?
Eating lower on the food chain wastes less energy
Animals need energy to live, grow and reproduce
Animals get less energy from what they eat if at the top of the food chain
This can explain why there are usually fewer carnivores than herbivores, and fewer herbivores than plants
Grass
Rabbit
Eagle
Practice Calculation for Energy Transfer
Calculate the units of energy in each trophic level of the food chain below. Remember that only 10% of the energy gets passed along.
(Starting energy units) x (0.10) = Energy passed along
(2543) x (0.1) = 254.3 units of energy (grasshoppers)
(Starting energy units) x (0.10) = Energy passed along
(254.3) x (0.1) = 25.43 units of energy (spotted frog)
TRY THE NEXT STEP ON YOUR OWN!
(25.43) X (0.1) = 2.543 units of energy (red-tailed hawk)
(Starting energy units) x (0.10) = Energy passed along
Answer:
Hint: Every trophic level you move up in the food chain, you move the decimal over one place to the left (This is 10% of the starting number)
254.3 energy units
25.43 energy units
2.543 energy units