What’s the Matter?• All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe.

• 1. Give an example of solid matter.

• 2. Give an example of liquid matter.

• 3. Give an example of gaseous matter.

• 4. Is all matter visible?

• 5. Does all matter take up space?

Section 2-1

Interest Grabber

• 2–1 The Nature of MatterA. Atoms

B.Elements and Isotopes1. Isotopes

2. Radioactive Isotopes

C.Chemical Compounds

D. Chemical Bonds1. Ionic Bonds

2. Covalent Bonds

3. Van der Waals Forces

Section 2-1

Section Outline

6

CCarbon12.011

Section 2-1

An Element in the Periodic Table

Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14

6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons

6 electrons6 protons8 neutrons

6 electrons6 protons7 neutrons

Section 2-1

Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Section 2-1

Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Section 2-1

Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

Water, Water Everywhere• If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know

that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life.

Section 2-2

Interest Grabber

WATER

What You know about water.

Work with your partner to fill in the Circle Map.

Where did you learn this?

• 2. Exchange your circle map for the circle map of another pair of students. Did your maps contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you?

• 3. Did either list contain any living things?

Section 2-2

Interest Grabber continued

• 2–2 Properties of WaterA.The Water Molecule

1. Polarity

2. Hydrogen Bonds

B.Solutions and Suspensions1. Solutions

2. Suspensions

C.Acids, Bases, and pH1. The pH Scale

2. Acids

3. Bases

4. Buffers

Section 2-2

Section Outline

O

H

H

O

H

H O

H

H

O

H

H

O

H

H

O

H

H

O

H

H

negative

positive

O

H

H

A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrogen bonds form between the water molecules because of the partial charges.

Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance.

A mixture is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined. Example: salt and pepper that has been stirred together.

In a solution all the components are evenly distributed throughout the solution. Example: Sugar in ice tea; sugar is the solute (substance that is dissolved) tea is the solvent (the substance in which the solvent dissolves)

In a suspension materials do not dissolve when placed in water but separate into pieces so small that they do not settle out.

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

Section 2-2

Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution

Section 2-2

Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

Acids, Bases, and pH

• Water molecules react to form ions (charged particles; H+ and OH-)

• The measurement of these ions is called the pH scale.

• An acid is any compound that forms hydrogen (H+) ions in solution and have a pH value below 7

• A base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) ions and have a pH value above 7

Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Soap

Sea water

Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall

Acid rainTomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

NeutralIn

crea

sing

ly B

asic

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

Section 2-2

pH Scale

Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or

bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.

Life’s Backbone

• Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.

• As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.

Section 2-3

Interest Grabber

• 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.

• 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.

• 3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.

Section 2-3

Interest Grabber continued

• 2–3 Carbon CompoundsA.The Chemistry of Carbon

B. Macromolecules

C. Carbohydrates

D.Lipids

E. Nucleic Acids

F. Proteins

Section 2-3

Section Outline

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Section 2-3

Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds

EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Starcha polysacharide; 3 or more sugars

Glucosea monosacharide; single sugar

Section 2-3

Figure 2-13 A StarchCARBOHYDRATES

Sucrose a disacharide; 2 sugars

General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

Amino Acids - the building blocks of proteins.

General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

There are 20 different R groups but all amino acids contain an amine group and a carboxyl group.

General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

Aminoacids

Section 2-3

Figure 2-17 A ProteinAmino Acids are bonded by dehydration (removal of water) to form peptide bonds. Long chains of amino acids make up macromolecules called proteins.

Matter and Energy• Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a

fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released.

Section 2-4

Interest Grabber

• 1. What are the reactants when wood burns?

• 2. What are the products when wood burns?

• 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?

• 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?

• 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?

Section 2-4

Interest Grabber continued

• 2–4 Chemical Reactions and EnzymesA. Chemical Reactions

B.Energy in Reactions1. Energy Changes

2. Activation Energy

C.Enzymes

D. Enzyme Action1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex

2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

Section 2-4

Section Outline

Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of

new bonds in products.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

An example is when carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid in order to carry the carbon dioxide to the lungs. The reverse reaction produces carbon dioxide gas that is released as you exhale.

Energy in reactions

• Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

• The energy that is needed to get a reaction started is called the activation energy

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Section 2-4

Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Section 2-4

Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway

with enzyme

Reactants

Products

Section 2-4

Effect of EnzymesEnzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Notice how the addition of an enzyme lowers the activation energy in this reaction. This action speeds up the reaction.

HOW DO ENZYMES WORK?

• Enzymes provide a site (active site) where reactants can be brought together to react. Such a site reduces the energy needed for reaction. The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates.

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

The enzyme hexokinase converts the substrates glucose and ATP into glucose-6-phosphate and ADP.

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

After the products are formed the enzyme is free to start the process again.

Video Content

s

Videos

• Click a hyperlink to choose a video.

• Atomic Structure

• Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding

• Covalent Bonding

• Enzymatic Reactions

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 1

Atomic Structure

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 2

Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 3

Covalent Bonding

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 4

Enzymatic Reactions

•Career links on forensic scientists

•Interactive test

•Articles on organic chemistry

•For links on properties of water, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1022.

•For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1024.

Go Online

Section 1

Answers

• 1. Give an example of solid matter.

• Sample answers: books, desks, chairs

• 2. Give an example of liquid matter.

• Sample answers: water, milk

• 3. Give an example of gaseous matter.

• Sample answers: air, helium in a balloon

• 4. Is all matter visible?

• No

• 5. Does all matter take up space?

• Yes

Interest Grabber Answers

Section 2

Answers

Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water in them.

• Possible answers: bodies of water, rain and snow, soft drinks and other beverages, juicy foods such as fruits, and so on.

• 2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you?

• Students’ answers will likely be similar, but not exactly alike.

• 3. Did either list contain any living things?

• Students’ lists may include plants, animals, or other living things.

Section 3

Answers

Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.

• Students will likely know that charcoal and coal contain carbon. They may also list carbohydrates (starches and sugars), oil, gasoline, wood, or carbon dioxide.

• 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.

• Students will say that charcoal and coal contain only carbon. While these materials do contain small amounts of other elements, such as sulfur, they are composed mostly of carbon.

• 3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.

• Students may know that many carbon compounds also contain oxygen and/or hydrogen.

Section 4

Answers

Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. What are the reactants when wood burns?• Reactants are oxygen and cellulose.• 2. What are the products when wood burns?• Products are carbon dioxide and water.• 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?• Light and heat are given off. Some students may also mention sound (the crackling of a fire).• 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?• To start a fire, you must light it with a match and kindling. You are giving the wood some energy in the form of

heat.• 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?• Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough heat to start more of the wood burning.

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