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why creativity?
new technology new problems
new demands good life
IT bioT othersresources
pollution
degradation
knowledge society
learn to learn
empowerment
pleasure
“Creativity defies precise definition. This conclusion does not bother me at all. In fact, I am quite happy with it. Creativity is almost infinite.
It involves every sense - sight, smell, hearing, feeling, taste, and - even perhaps the extrasensory. Much of it is unseen, nonverbal, and unconscious. Therefore,
even if we had a precise conception of creativity, I am certain we would had difficulty putting it into words.”
E.P. Torrance
Associative (habit) Bissociative (originality)
¤ association within the ¤ bissociation of independent confines of a given matrix matrices¤ guidance by preconscious ¤ guidance by sub-conscious or extra-conscious processes normally under processes restraint¤ dynamic equilibrium ¤ activation of regenerative
potentials¤ rigid to flexible variations ¤ super-flexibility (recolor of a theme pour mieux sauter)¤ repetitiveness ¤ novelty¤ conservative ¤ destructive-constructive
A. Koestler
Creative persons (S):
Engineers OS
problem solving
Artists S O
Artistic work
Inventors SO
O
O O
life-style
creativityexpertise
creativethinking skills
motivationT. Amabile
“What is creativity? Among other things, it is ability to
challenge assumptions, recognize patterns,
see in new ways, make connections,
take risks, and seize upon a chance.”
Herrmann (1996)
person product
presstools
process
The ( 4 P +T) model
The systems view of creativity:
domain
field individual
creativeproduction(novelty)
culture
Societypersonal
background
selectsnovelty
transmitsinformation
stimulatesnovelty
M. Csikszentmihalyi
product
environment
creativityresearch
personality
process
learning&cognition
art scientific discoveries problem solving
positive factors negative factors
creativepersonalityfluency flexibility
originality sensitivity redefinition to problems
penetration analysis synthesis
the creative process:
• preparation• incubation• illumination (Aha!)•verification
Wallas (1926)
learningapproaches
feminine masculine
visual auditory kinaesthetic
neocortex
mammalianbrain
reptilianbrain
quantitative synthesisingfact-based integrating analytical
intuitivelogical holistic
organised
interpersonalsequential feeling-based
planned kinaestheticdetailed emotional
MacLean (1974)
The whole brain model
Aupperleft
Bupperright
lowerleftB
lowerright
C
Herrmann (1996)
Mental locks:
1. The right answer2. That is not logical3. Follow the rules
4. Be practical5. Play is frivolous
6. That is not my area7. Do not be foolish8. Avoid ambiguity9. To err is wrong
10. I am not creative
Kelley (2001)
Brainstorming
Rule 1: Criticism is ruled outRule 2: Free-wheeling is welcomedRule 3: Quantity is desiredRule 4: Combination and improvement are sought
+sharpen the focus, playful rules,number your ideas, build andjump, stretch your mentalmuscles, get physical.
-the boss gets to speak first,everybody gets a turn, expertsonly please, do it off-site,no silly stuff, write down all
Scamper technique:
S: substituteC: CombineA: AdaptM: Modify Magnify MinifyP: Put toE: EliminateR: Reverse Rearrange
Eberle (1971)
Picture Stimulation:
1. Select pictures from various sources2. Each participant is asked to describe what he/she sees in the picture3. The group members are then asked to relate the information gained from the picture to the problem4. This process is the continued until the group has run out of ideas5. A new picture is selected and go to 2. until enough ideas have been developed6. The ideas are then discussed, developed and evaluated by the group
mindmapping
ideas radialconnection
applications
icons
words
process
connectiveness
expansion
wholeness
overview
communication problem solving
structuring planning
CREATIVE COMPANIES
• IDEO • UNITED SPACES DENMARK
America's Leading
design firm
Creates everything everywhere
any time
Main tool brainstorming
Principle:team workflexibility
originalityfun
Innovative working place with mobileworking places
Creates a flexibleand efficient officesolution
Main tools: networking knowledge sharing creativity
Good for new innovatorsand new teams to learn anew working culture
Styles ofcreativity
visioning exploring
modifying experimenting
Miller (1999)
paradigmpreserving
Brainstorming Brainwriting 5W+H
Force-field analysis word diamond many others
paradigmstretching
object stimulation metaphors
rolestorming many others
paradigmbreaking
wishful thinking imagining
rich pictures wildest ideas others
paradigmpreserving
morestructured
paradigmbreaking
lessstructured
paradigmstretching
5w+H
imagining
metaphor
force-fieldanalysis
brainstorming
wildest
idea
rolestorming
objectstimulation
divergentthinking
convergent thinking
Creative Problem Solving Process
1. mess finding
2. fact finding
3. problem finding
4. idea finding
5. solution finding
6. acceptance finding
Example of CPS
1. Mess generation: identify areas of concern (energy crisis ,environment, logistics,...); brainstorm problem identification; What are the most critical problems? Pick 3, then 1. 2. Problem clarification: illustrations, causes, caused problems. What are the dimensions of the problem? 3. Problem identification: Formulate the problem as precise as possible. 4. Idea finding: Brainstorm for solutions; use other tools (stretching, breaking); solve parts of the problem. 5. Synthesizing the solution: Pick up the best elements from the last stage; develop a Gestalt-closure; does it fit to the problem statement. 6. Implementation: Action plan (Who? How? When?What? Where?) What precautions and obstacles should be watched for? How to overcome obstacles?
TRAINNING YOUR CREATIVITY
1.1. Change your physical environment2. Set sometime3. Be another person4. Put your problem away5. Use your network6. Write down7. Do something else8. Play9. Break your routines10. Learn a new creative tool each
week11. Learn to draw12. Learn to model with clay13. Adopt a genius14. Begin to day
Uses Of
creativity
Future Studies Product development
Innovation Conflict Every-day
A goodcreativeprocess
Plan warm-up fun
paper
pens Drink&food
toys
Inspiration
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
• He had a keen eye and a quick mind• He made important scientific discoveries • He was a gentle vegetarian• He loved animals• He was a military engineer• He invented advanced wapons• He was one of the greatest painters
Incubation CPS process
Leonardo creativity?
person
group
IDEOUNITED SPACES
brain
mental locks
tools
Styles
Continuum
Divergent/Covergent
Trainning