8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

1/35

Dr. Norizal M.N

M.D (UKM) Mpath(UM)

Laboratory Medicine Cluster

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Pathology

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

2/35

Study of disease.

Science of all aspects of

disease.

Pathologists study: causes /etiology

Effect to cells and tissues

Pathogenesis

Presentation

monitoring

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

3/35

BASIC KNOWLEDGE

Anatomy/physio/biochemi

stry

Pathology basics Inflammation

Necrosis and

degeneration

Neoplasia

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

4/35

What is the problem?What is the problem?

THICK BOOKS!

Pathologic basic of disease :

1598 pages

Basic Pathology : 960 pages Pocket companion : 816 pages

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

5/35

What is the problem?What is the problem?

LECTURE NOTES

3 categories

Self = good!

Lecturers = useful

Friends copy =

USELESS!

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

6/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

7/35

Study Tip #1 - Keep it organized.

progresses and builds on

basic concepts

break down the ideas into

their basic pathological steps Take one general topic and

list all its subtypes

underneath it.

Keep the diagrams concise

review them for quick

reference and

comparison

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

8/35

Study Tip #2 - Start with the big picture.

Scan through chapter

Thoroughly understood

versus the minor details

Detailed facts reside short-term memory

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

9/35

Study Tip #3 - Know the terminology and

nomenclature.

Pay attention to the stem of

the word.

types of cell changes and

progression to cancer. Carcinoma/sarcoma/lympho

ma/melanoma

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

10/35

Study Tip #4 - Compare and contrast

the disease processes.

Difference and similarity

Many disease processes

overlap each other,

Benign vs. Malignant,Transudate vs. Exudate,

Grade vs. Stage, Reversible

Injury vs. Irreversible.

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

11/35

Study Tip #5 - Sketch diagrams and

flow charts. Multi-step disease

processes.

Flow charts and algorithmsover the concepts.

Understand the progressionand mechanism of largestep

Focus and memorize thesmall details of each large

step. Mechanisms and cellular

changes

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

12/35

Didactic Lectures

interesting to completely

boring sessions

totally monotonous

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

13/35

Common Resources of LearningCommon Resources of Learning

PowerPoint slides

have boundaries

Comprehensiveness

obsolete.

poorly compiled

language used is not

easy

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

14/35

Common Resources of LearningCommon Resources of Learning

Visuals or Pictures

One picture is equal to

thousand words

It is a good habit to studythe picture first and then

the text.

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

15/35

Common Resources of LearningCommon Resources of Learning

Books

Use textbook optimally

Difficult Initially but habit

catches in future NO

PowerPoint slides

builds up your level of

confidence and avoidsdependency.

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

16/35

Common Resources of LearningCommon Resources of Learning

CDs/DVDs

Internet

Atlas

Notes

diagram

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

17/35

MCQ

ESSAYS/SHORT NOTES

OSCE/OSPE

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

18/35

Knowledge tested

Basics of disease ( age/clinicals/etc)

Lists (cause/risks/complication/etc)

Pathogenesis

Pathology (macro&micro)

Clusters disease with similar

association

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

19/35

MCQ-Basics of disease

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

20/35

MCQ-clusters disease with association

Psammoma bodies are seen in

A) Follicular Ca Thyroid

B) Papillary Ca Thyroid

C)S

erous cystadenoma of OvaryD) Meningioma

E) Hepatoblastoma

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

21/35

MCQ-Pathogenesis

Chronic hepatitis may features:

a. interface hepatitis (piecemeal necrosis)

b. lobular hepatitis

c. bridging necrosis

d. portal inflammation

e. portal-portal fibrous septa

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

22/35

MCQ-Lists

Complication of pyelonephritis:

a. pyonephrosis

b. papillary necrosis

c. renal stones

d. perinephric abscess

e. renal cell carcinoma

The following viruses more frequently lead to

chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis:

A. Hepatitis A

B. Hepatitis B

C. Hepatitis C

D. Hepatitis E

E. Epstein Barr virus

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

23/35

MCQ-Pathology(micro/macro)

Typical features of a squamous cell carcinoma

of the lung include :

a.Hypercalcemia

b.Central location

c.Fungating mass

d.Mucin production

e.Keratin pearls

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

24/35

ESSAYS & SHORT NOTES

Essays

Almost similar to study guide/requirements

Usually segmented Eg: Define emphysema. Classify the types of

emphysema

Use charts/tables if needed

Eg. UC vs Chrons

Short notes

Specific disease eg. Wilson disease, gastric ulcer, acute renal failure

Specific lesion with differentials

Eg. Mallory hyaline, nodules in lung, giant cells Pathological feature

Eg. Cirrhosis, myocardial infarct, complication ofmeningitis

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

25/35

Atlas and Museums are main reference

Past year questions

Focus on Macro and Micro

Answer carefully, take your time Write in full, list not sentence

Dont waste time moving!

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

26/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

27/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

28/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

29/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

30/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

31/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

32/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

33/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

34/35

8/8/2019 Why Pathology is So Difficult

35/35

Rasulullah s.a.w bersabda, maksudnya:

"Siapa yang keluar untuk menuntut ilmu maka ia

berjuang fisabilillah hingga ia kembali".

Riwayat At-Tarmizi dan Ad-Darimi