Wind and Hydropower Integration - Overview

Tom AckerAssociate Professor

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSustainable Energy Solutions Group

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsOutlineWhat is wind and hydropower Integration?Opportunities for wind and hydro integrationWind/Hydropower “products” and “projects”Summary

Grand Coulee Dam

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

What is Wind and Hydropower Integration?

Combining wind and hydropower resources to the mutual benefit of each:

Wind benefits: ancillary services, energy storageHydro benefits

Electricity customer with market exposure: long-term, low-cost windHydro facility: economic benefit, water storage, EIS compliance, relicensing… case specific

System benefits: better utilization of transmission and generation assets (hydro 35% to 50% capacity factor)

Can these benefits be realized economically? detriments? constraints?

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsPerspectiveUtility / Load Serving Entity

Serves loadMatch load requirements with generationReliable operationMinimize costs to rate payer OR Maximize return to investor

Wind Plant (similar to any generation source)Economic objective: sell energy to systemLong-term price stability

Society / Customer Clean, affordable, reliable, low-cost energy

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsWind & Hydro on the Grid

Plants NOT co-locatedSame transmission control area (non-constrained area)Independent but “coordinated”“Firming” through grid; combined variations of load and windStorage of water/energyOther potential benefits/detriments

Wind PlantHydroelectric

Plant

Generation Data

IndependentControls

Transmission Control Area

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsConceptual View$

Mar

ket

and

Ec

onom

ics

$Organizations /Stakeholders

Law

s an

d R

egul

atio

ns

Agreements and Contracts

Hydro FacilityHydrologic

Operations & Priorities

Hydropower Operation

Transmission Control Area Loads, Generation, Reliability

Ancillary services

Power to grid

Wind Plant scheduled by

nature

Power

to gr

id

Need for Ancillary Services

Opportunity to store resources

IssuesOwners OperatorsRegulatory Customers Impacts Transmission

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Hydropower Resources

Hydroelectric Capacity in US*

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Federal Non-Federal

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mer

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acity

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ber o

f pro

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Capacity (GW) No. Projects

* Derived from: EIA Existing Electric Generating Units in the United States by State, Company and Plant, 2002

Federal Non-Federal TotalNumber of Projects 156 1282 1438 71% 46% 48%Maximum Summer Capacity 42.2 GW 56.8 GW 98.9 GW 79% 53% 64% Hydro 39.4 GW 40.4 GW 79.8 GW 83% 62% 72% Pumped Storage 2.8 GW 16.3 GW 19.1 GW 29% 30% 30%

Non-FederalFederal TotalWest of MississippiUnited States

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsOpportunities

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Integrating Wind and Hydropower: Questions to Answer

Wind impact on the balancing area: ancillary services of regulation, load following, unit commitment & system planning (capacity value)Ability of the hydro to address these impacts

Physical resourcesOperational flexibilityHydrological impacts

What are the economics?Cost/value of ancillary servicesOpportunity cost to hydroValue of energy storageType of market and system operation (ISO ↔ Regulated Utility)

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Wind Plant Variability & The System Operator

Storage

Regulation

Load Following

What the system operator wants: Firm, dispatchable energy resources

What wind provides: Natural variability, short-term predictability

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0 24Hours

Pow

er (M

W)

Lake Benton Storm Lake

48 72 96 120 144

Unit CommitmentAre these variations

significant? Depends

on the load

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Hydro Plant Output & The System Operator

What hydro provides:Dispatchable, Low cost, Mid-to Long-term variability, Seasonal and daily flow constraintsProject specific characteristics & constraints

Source: Grant County PUD

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gy p

er D

ay (M

Wh)

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0

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333

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667

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rage

MW

( =

Ene

rgy

per D

ay /

24h)

.

Energy input from Nine Canyon Wind

Hydro Inflow Energy Adjusted for Spill

Energy Consumed by System Load

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Grand Coulee and Priest Rapids Total DischargeMinimum Protection Flow of 70 kcfs at Priest Rapids

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Dis

char

ge in

kcf

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Grand Coulee Discharge Priest Rapids Discharge

River is reregulated at Priest RapidsOther Mid C projects are also affected

Source: Grant County PUD

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsWind/Hydro ProjectsSponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Wind and Hydropower Programs via NRELColumbia River: Grant County PUDLower Colorado RiverMissouri River BasinBonneville Power Administration –Columbia/SnakeInternational Energy Agency Annex on the Integration of Wind and Hydropower SystemsOthers

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Missouri River System

~ 2500 MW Hydro operated by US Corp of EngineersMarketed by Western Area Power AdministrationUpper Midwest wind potential > 500,000 MWPartners: EnerNex, Wind on the Wires, NREL; Initiated 2004Note: Hydro customer needed!

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsBPA Service Territory

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsQuestions?

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsWind Integration ProductsBPA Storage and Shaping Service – $6.00/MWh

Designed to serve utilities and other entities outside of BPA Control Area Schedule wind into BPA control area in real time, redeliver flat high-load hours/low-load hours one week laterSubject to all transmission integration costs

BPA Network Wind Integration Service – $4.50/MWhDesigned to serve the needs of public power customers with loads embedded in the BPA control area Integrate wind output with the customer’s load.Meet and follow the customer’s load at all times

Grant County Public Utility District – $10.00/MWhSimilar to BPA Storage and Shaping, but precededNo forecast necessary

Others proposed: Manitoba Hydro; Hydro Quebec

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsBPA Wind ForecastingWind/Hydro Optimization Project:

Forecast wind each hour from real time to seven days henceImprove quality of wind forecasts to

feed into BPA’s hydro optimization modelsInform near-term marketing decisions

Establish operating impacts and costs of existing storage and shaping productDetermine capacity value of wind, and required reserves to cover uncertainty of wind forecast

3Tier Environmental Forecasting Group

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsAPA Modeling and Analysis

Partners: APA, NREL, B.Reclamation, WAPA, Northern Arizona UniversityGrid integration analysis – ancillary services, storageHydropower impacts – inter-hour effects at the generation facilities Hydrologic modeling – hourly/weekly/monthly modeling of impacts and benefits (Riverware software)Benefit driven analysis – consider water storage, EISMarket and economics – characterize market and costsSystem-wide benefits – dry year hedge: better utilizing of existing transmission resources, etc.Simplified basin modeling – how much wind +/-10%

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Grant County PUD, Washington

Partners: GCPUD, NREL, N. Arizona Univ.Wanapum and Priest Rapids dams on mid-Columbia River, ~2000 MWIntegrating wind energy from Nine Canyon Project (16 MW; formerly included ~ 20 MW for nearby counties)Investigate:

Impact on current operationsCost of integrating wind energyPotential expansion of wind energy

Project started January 2005

Priest Rapids Dam

Sustainable Energy

SolutionsLower Colorado RiverArizona Power Authority (APA) case study (Begin Summer 2005)

APA responsible for Arizona’s allocation of federal hydro powerRights to 370 MW of power from Hoover dam and transmission along WAPA linesConsidering integrating wind with hydro allocation for benefit of customersHoover Dam operated by the Bureau of ReclamationHoover 25% capacity factor, monthly water deliveries

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

International Energy Agency Annex

Annex XXIV “Integration of Wind and Hydropower Systems”

Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, USAUS Participants: BPA, GCPUD, APA, Missouri River (EnerNex, Wind on the Wire), SMUD, EPRI, GE Global ResearchInitiated during 2004, first meeting Feb. ’05NREL Operating Agent

Outcomes: Identify technical, institutional, economic, and political issues; International collaborationCase studies - document analyses and outcomes

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Hydro Plant Output & The System Operator

What hydro provides:Dispatchable, Low cost, Mid-to Long-term variability, Seasonal and daily flow constraintsProject specific characteristics

Source: Grant County PUD

0

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12/31/2003 3/1/2004 5/1/2004 7/1/2004 8/31/2004 10/31/2004

Year 2004

Ener

gy p

er D

ay (M

Wh)

.

0

83

167

250

333

417

500

583

667

Ave

rage

MW

( =

Ene

rgy

per D

ay /

24h)

.

Energy input from Nine Canyon Wind

Hydro Inflow Energy Adjusted for Spill

Energy Consumed by System Load

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Hydro Generation and Wind Power

WindJanuary 2004 plotPeak 12 MWSummer: diurnal and synopticWinter: synoptic

Demand on Hydro GenJanuary 2004 plotAve & Peak Hydro ~400 & 587 MWAve System Load ~200 MWSignificant Variability

GCPD Limited Request (1-min data)January 2004 - All Days

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Average

Grant PUD's Portion of Nine Canyon Wind Output (1-min data)January 2004 - All Days

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Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Load Following: Frequency of Hourly Generation Changes 10-Minute Rolling Average

Full Year 2004

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Hourly Generation Changes (MW)

Freq

uenc

y (%

)

0 MW12 MW63.7 MW150 MW

Load Following

Area of significant flattening and changes in frequency

Hydro variability handled in planning.

Can the wind variability be handled in planning?

Wind LFWind Penetration Std. Dev. ORNL(MW) (%) (MW) Allocation

0 0% 33.4 0.0%12 2% 33.4 0.0%

63.7 11% 33.9 4.0%150 26% 37.3 20.8%

Sustainable Energy

Solutions

Hydro and Wind GenerationReverse Load Factoring Period

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12:00 AM 4:00 AM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM 12:00 AM

Hyd

ro G

ener

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n (M

W)

-100

-50

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Win

d Po

wer

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Wind (63.7 MW Max)

Hydro