Wind Energy, A Route to a Low Carbon Future N. Keith Tovey, M.A., Phd. CEng, MICE Energy Science Director Low Carbon Innovation Centre School of Environmental
Transcript
Slide 1
Wind Energy, A Route to a Low Carbon Future N. Keith Tovey,
M.A., Phd. CEng, MICE Energy Science Director Low Carbon Innovation
Centre School of Environmental Sciences
Slide 2
The Potential of Wind Energy Barriers to Wind Energy: Issues to
be addressed Environmental Issues The Social Dimension Hard Choices
Ahead Intermittency Conclusions Wind Energy - A Route to a Low
Carbon Future
Slide 3
Wind Map of Western Europe: wind resource at 50m above surface
Sheltered Open Coast Open sea Hills Courtesy Dr J. Palutikof
Slide 4
Swaffham Ecotech wind turbine Electricity per annum 3.9 GWh
Annual homes equivalent 938 Displacement pa: CO 2 3000 tonnes SO 2
39 tonnes NO x 3 tonnes 67m 66m
Slide 5
Power in the wind Kinetic Energy in Wind = where = air density
R = blade radius V = Wind Velocity. Because wind cannot come to
standstill, only 59.26% is actually available - The Betz Efficiency
Cut in speeds Cut out speeds Rated Output
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Annual output depends of wind speed distribution Using a
typical Wind Speed distribution gives a load factor of around 30% ~
70 - 80% for fossil fuel stations and nuclear. Actual load factor
does depend on Wind Speed Distribution Curve Turbine Rating Curve
Prevailing Wind direction can vary significantly as shown by the
two rosette plots from stations 150 km apart.
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Distribution of Wind Energy Projects in UK 90 Separate Projects
1125 Wind Turbines 772.4 MW installed capacity ~2000 GWH
production. ~950 000 tonnes CO 2 saved
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Distribution of Wind Energy Projects in UK New Projects in
2004
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Round 1 and Round 2 Offshore Licences North Hoyle Scroby
Sands
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Scenario 2010 A has high development of Onshore Wind in
Scotland Scenario 2010 B has high development of Offshore Wind in
England Wind Energy Projections: Carbon Trust - April 2004 To meet
targets: Installation rate to 2010 Scenario A: 2.97 turbines/day
Scenario B: 2.77 turbines/day Installation rate: 2010 - 2020 1.04
turbines/day
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Wind Energy - A Route to a Low Carbon Future Significant
Distributed Network Upgrading needed With planned increase in
generation in Scotland, significant transmission and distributed
network issues will arise. e.g. the need for 1 additional double
circuit interconnector by 2010 and a further one by 2020. Network
Constraints
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The Potential of Wind Energy Barriers to Wind Energy: Issues to
be addressed Technical Issues (Network Constraints) Environmental
Issues The Social Dimension Hard Choices Ahead Intermittency
Conclusions Wind Energy - A Route to a Low Carbon Future
Slide 13
Distraction to drivers Danger to birds Noise - mechanical,
aerodynamic, ..infra-sound? Danger of ice throw Blade failure Key
Environmental Issues - some of main issues against Flickering
Radio/Television/Radar Interference Intermittency Aesthetics
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Radio/Television/Radar Interference Civil Aviation can cope
with planned development MOD have concerns about radar
interference. Flickering can be an issue for 5 - 10 minutes for 2 -
3 days a year if it is sunny at the time Aesthetics Intermittency
Key Environmental Issues - some of main issues against Social
Attitudes can be significant
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The Potential of Wind Energy Barriers to Wind Energy: Issues to
be addressed Technical Issues (Network Constraints) Environmental
Issues The Social Dimension Hard Choices Ahead Intermittency
Conclusions Wind Energy - A Route to a Low Carbon Future
Slide 16
Government Response to Global Warming Energy White Paper
aspiration for 60% cut in CO 2 emissions by 2050 Will require
unprecedented partnership activity in local communities to ensure
on track by 2020s ( but no indication of how this will be
undertaken) There will be much more local generation, in part from
medium to small local/community power plant, fuelled by locally
grown biomass, from locally generated waste, and from local wind
sources. These will feed local distributed networks, which can sell
excess capacity into the grid. - Energy White Paper: February
2003
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How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO 2 looks like? 5 hot
air balloons per person per year. 4 million each year for Norfolk
On average each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO
2 each year. The Right Language
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The Potential of Wind Energy Barriers to Wind Energy: Issues to
be addressed Technical Issues (Network Constraints) Environmental
Issues The Social Dimension Hard Choices Ahead Intermittency
Conclusions Wind Energy - A Route to a Low Carbon Future
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable
Methods Difficult Choices Ahead
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable
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Transport Fuels: Biodiesel? Bioethanol?
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable
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Our Choices: They are difficult If our answer is NO Do we want
to return to using coal? then carbon dioxide emissions will rise
significantly unless we can develop carbon sequestration within 10
years which is unlikely If our answer to coal is NO Do we want to
leave things are they are and see continued exploitation of gas for
both heating and electricity generation? >>>>>>
Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore
wind and biomass. If our answer is NO Do we want to see a renewal
of nuclear power Are we happy on this and the other attendant
risks?
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Our Choices: They are difficult If our answer is YES By 2020 we
will be dependent on around 70% of our heating and electricity from
GAS imported from countries like Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria
Are we happy with this prospect? >>>>>> If not:
We need even more substantial cuts in energy use. Or are we
prepared to sacrifice our future to effects of Global Warming? Do
we wish to reconsider our stance on renewables? Inaction or delays
in decision making will lead us down the GAS option route and all
the attendant Security issues that raises.
Slide 25
Our Choices: They are difficult A diverse supply of renewables
across the country will provide security. A diverse renewable
supply will be local less prone to cascade power cuts Conventional
generation is based on large units: 500 660 MW Failure of one of
these requires much greater backup Localised generation reduces
transmission/distribution losses BUT: Arent Renewables unreliable?
we need secure supply
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V3V3
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View from across Broad - Viewpoint 2
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Emphasised turbines from Broad
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View from View point 1
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View from approach from Earlham Road - Viewpoint 3
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View from Yare Valley Drive Turbines will be off to left and
unlikely to be visible
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Reduction in CO 2 emissions (yr -1 ) Each 1.5MW turbine: 1800
tonnes (1000 balloons) avge. mix of generation 3900 tonnes (2167
balloons) coal generation Each turbine will provide electricity for
1000 homes (e.g. whole of Cringleford). Or - both turbines would
make UEAs consumption of electricity carbon- neutral. Each Turbine
will save as much carbon dioxide as persuading 12500 people to
drive 500 miles less each year.
Slide 34
Perception Survey done in June 2003 in Swaffham Before
construction of 1st Turbine After construction of Turbine Reasons
for Choice
Slide 35
Whilst the wind turbine is considered 'ugly' by some residents
of Swaffham, most consider it a unique landmark and see it as an
asset to the town. Most of the local population are proud of the
turbine and it seems to have had a positive impact on the town in a
number of ways. I do believe that were it not for the number of
visitors to Swaffham, coming to see the turbine for whatever
reason, we would not have such a high influx of buyers from out of
the area. This has increased house prices, and the prosperity of
the area.
Slide 36
The Potential of Wind Energy Barriers to Wind Energy: Issues to
be addressed Technical Issues (Network Constraints) Environmental
Issues The Social Dimension Hard Choices Ahead Intermittency
Conclusions Wind Energy - A Route to a Low Carbon Future
Slide 37
Maximum power swing on a small farm (5 MW) 90% of maximum
output in one half hour in a year 21% of time swing is less than 2%
Moderate 1860 MW distributed turbines in Western Denmark Maximum
power swing is 18% in any half hour period for 47% of time swing is
less than 2%. Key Environmental Issues - Intermittency 1
Slide 38
Data from Carbon Trust Report Farmer prediction done in 1980
Key Environmental Issues - Intermittency 2 Carbon Trust Report
states no problem for 2010 need 7% of 3000 MW (wind) = ~200 MW of
thermal reserve but wind capacity in 2010 projected to be ~ 10000
MW >>>>> ~ 700 MW reserve NGT see no problem ~ cf
Sizewell B - 1188 MW
Slide 39
Key Environmental Issues - Intermittency 3 Demand fluctuations
are such that spinning reserve is needed ~ 2000 MW Since NETA, some
generating sets are deliberately run below maximum to provide
Balancing Mechanism facilities e.g. 400 MW as opposed to 500 MW
There would be a small extension to this for 2010 scenarios ~ 200
MW for 50% of time and 700 MW for 50%. Changes in demand over 12
hour period are much greater than even full loss of all wind.
Problem is short term fluctuations 0 - 6 hours What would happen in
practice for 50% of time, 2 generating sets would run at say 400
instead of 500 MW for remainder, around 7 sets would be needed at
400 MW.
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Key Environmental Issues - Intermittency 4 Efficiency of those
generating sets would drop slightly if coal say 36 - 34% >
slight increase in carbon dioxide 2010 Scenarios would see an extra
828 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted if the spinning reserve
were only coal. Or around 430 000 tonnes with normal mix of plant
Land based wind is embedded - avoids the 8% transmission losses
Assume England and Wales embedded and 25% of Scotland - saving of
390 000 tonnes Net extra for reserve - 438 000 tonnes (coal) but
saving from wind generation is 13, 140 000 tonnes or each unit of
wind has associated 8 gm (gas) - 16 gm (coal) cf gas 430 gms, coal
~ 1000 gms
Slide 41
The Potential of Wind Energy Barriers to Wind Energy: Issues to
be addressed Environmental Issues The Social Dimension Hard Choices
Ahead Intermittency Conclusions Wind Energy - A Route to a Low
Carbon Future
Slide 42
Assumptions: 20% renewable generation by 2020, Demand
stabilizes at 420 TWH in 7 years Electricity Scenarios for UK and
implications on CO 2 emissions. Gas Scenario Nuclear Scenario Coal
Scenario Variable Scenario: 40% Gas; 20% Nuclear 60% reduction 20%
reduction 20 year growth in demand 1.8-2% per annum 2.2% in
2003
Slide 43
The WindSave Device 1 kW peak ~ 1200 kWh per annum cf 3400 kWh
typical household consumption
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Wind Energy has matured in the last decade. Significant
developments both onshore and offshore are likely in next decade if
UK is to meet its targets. There are some Network Constraint issues
which need resolving. Concerns over intermittency are not relevant
to the proposed developments for the foreseeable future. Spinning
reserve only results in small amounts of CO 2. Conclusions
Combating Climate Change will also provide Energy Security
Slide 45
Wind Energy - A Route to a Low Carbon Future
Slide 46
Would you oppose further development in this area or an urban
area? 62% of people said they would be more in favour if the
community were directly involved and had a direct benefit. The
responses to different benefits are shown above.
Slide 47
Swaffham - Attitudes to Wind Turbine with distance of house
from turbine A few houses on Colney Lane ~ 500m Most houses in
Cringleford are > 900m