Wind TechnologyHistorical
Drive TrainsConversion Devices
Configurations (HAWT, VAWT)Rotor Design
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Historical Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Historical Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 1941~700 hrs
Gedser24 m, 250 kW1957-1967
© Risø National Laboratory
Tvind54 m, 2 MW1978-Present
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Growian100 m, 3 MW,
1981~400 hrs
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Large Turbine Manufacturers• Vestas (DK)• Bonus-Siemans• NEG-Micon (DK)• Enercon (D)• GE Wind (D-US)• Gamesa (ES)• Mitsubishi (JP)
• Nordex (DK)• Ecotecnia (ES)• DeWind (D)• Suzlon (India)• Lagerwey (NL)• RePower (D)• Fuhrländer (D)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Bonus 63 m, 1.3 MW
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Bonus
Nordex N50
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Nordex
Ecotecnia 1.6 MW
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Ecotecnia
General Electric
GE Mod-1, 60 m, 1979, USDOE
GE 1.5 MW, 77 m, 2003
Vestas
V80, 1.8 MW, Kincardine, Ontario
Direct-Drive Wind Turbines• Enercon (D)• Lagerwey (NL)• Jeumont-Industrie (F)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Enercon
Lagerwey Direct-Drive
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Lagerwey
Jeumont-IndustrieDirect Drive• Discoid
French Nuclear Submarines
• 50 Units Built
J48 © Jeumont-Industrie
Direct-Drive Wind TurbinesUnder Development
• WinWin (FL)• Vensys (D)
Permanent Magnet
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Vensys © Hugo Denker
© Vensys
Configuration: Axis of Rotation
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
HAWT VAWT
Wind Energy Conversion Devices
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Drag DevicesHAWT (Seldom)VAWT (Often)
First Choice of “Inventors”
• Lift DevicesHAWT (Dominant)VAWT (Rare)
VAWT Configurations
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Persian Panemone
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
VAWTsDrag Device (Paddles)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Savonius or “S” Rotors
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
VAWTMagnus Effect
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
VAWTs Darrieus4 Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
VAWTs Darrieus3 Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Tehachapi Pass, Calif.
VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
DAF-IndalAtlantic Wind Test Site, PEI
VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades
DAF-Indal, Kortright Cente, Ontario
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
VAWTs DarrieusBi-Blade
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
VAWTsCantilevered
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
GiromillsArticulating Straight Blade VAWT
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
GiromillArticulating Straight Blade VAWT
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft)
• High Hype• Complex• Costly• DOE
Boondoggle
Variable Geometry VAWT (Musgrove)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © PI Specialists
We Know What Works . . .and What Doesn’t
Eole, Cap Chat
© Vortec
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
HAWT Configurations
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Blade NumberOne to Many
• Blade MaterialsCloth to High-Tech
• Blade ShapeSimple to “Shark Fin”
• Blade Color
Blade Number
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• 1 Blade• 2 Blades• 3 Blades• Multiblade
Farm Windmill
• No BladesNo, Really
One-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Lightweight• Only One Blade• Small Gearbox• High RPM• Noisy• Complex Rotor• Odd
One-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Small One-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Two Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Lighter than Three• Static Balance• Dynamic Imbalance in Yaw• Teetering Hub• Pitch-Coupled Teetering• Higher RPM than Three• Noisier than Three• Visual Imbalance
Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Two Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Two-Blade Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Three Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Dynamic Balance in Yaw
• Complicates Erection• Visually Balanced• Lower RPM• Bigger Gearbox• Can Use Simple Hub
Blade Material
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• ClothSail Wing, Cretan, etc.
• WoodPlanksComposites
• Metal• Fiberglass
GFRPGFRECFRE
Wood Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Composite Wood Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Multiblade
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Metal Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Aluminum• Steel
Fiberglass Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Blade Shape
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Taper• Twist• Glauert Formula
Shark Fin Shape
Blade Twist
aul Gipe, wind-works.org
• For Uniform Lift
Blade Taper
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Blade Color
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• White• Gray• Black
Cascading Blades
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Slot Effect
TurbulenceStrips
• Noise• Performance
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Jeumont-Industrie
Ducted Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Vortec
Coning-Positive
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Coning-Negative
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Nordex
RePower, Husum, Germany
OrientationVAWTS Omnidirectional
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Orientation of HAWTS
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Tail Pole• Tracks• Fan Tails• Yaw Motors• Passive Yaw
Tail VanesDownwind
Orientation of HAWTSTail Pole & Tracks
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Orientation of HAWTSTracks
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
OrientationFan Tails
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
OrientationYaw Motors
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© DeWind
OrientationPassive Yaw-Tail Vanes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
OrientationPassive Yaw-Tail Vanes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
OrientationPassive-Downwind
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Rotor Overspeed Controls
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• No Aerodynamic Controls • Furling
VerticalHorizontal
• Tip Brakes• Parachutes• Pitching Blade Tips• Spoilers
Overspeed Controls• Ailerons• Variable Pitch
Pitch to FeatherPitch to Stall
• Passive Variable PitchBearingless RotorCarter, Windtech, Small Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
No Aerodynamic Rotor Controls• Mechanical Brakes
Tacke• Flutter
SWP Air• Electro-Dynamic
SWP SkystreamPaul Gipe, wind-works.org
Overspeed ControlsFurling-Vertical
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Rotor ControlsFurling-Horizontal
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Rotor ControlsFurling-Horizontal
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Rotor ControlsAir Brakes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
OverspeedControls
Variable Pitch
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Pitch-to-Feather
Tip Brakes (Plates)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Tip Brakes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Overspeed ControlsPitching Blade Tips
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Overspeed ControlsAilerons
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Overspeed ControlsSpoilers
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Overspeed ControlsBearingless Rotor
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Airfoils
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Single Surface• Constant Planform• Tip Shape• Tip Speed Ratio• Stall Control
Single Surface
Airfoils
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
AirfoilsConstant Planform
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Airfoils
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Vestas
AirfoilsBlade Tips
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Relative Wind & Angle of Attack
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org