-

1'!1 o ~ q CJ 1 r. ~ C o· n ~- r CP n

6!(1b0 r St~ l 14dton~ r -~ tal.d fc f"on~l

~· 1!1 (I l l I I ( T

0 fo

~e iant Ma _kin

I) ... 1 · 1 f

blem

to elp

~ I' I D

PO Box60005 Fort Myers, FL 33906

:Editor-in-CWef

15191 Homestead Rd Lehigh. FL 33971

Dennis Moore, Fort Myers, FL voice: 941-694-2174 fax: 941-694-6959 e-mail: moore@lancd org

Associat~ Edito1·s Charlie Mortis, Sarasota, FL Stan Cope, Washington, DC John Gamble, New Smyrna Beach, FL

GrapWcs Alan Curtis, Vero Beach, FL

Column Editol"l Cbemline- Doug Wassmer, Odessa, FL Cbip-Cbat-Tom Floore, Panama City, FL Crankcase Eddie- Ed Meehan, Mound, MN

R~gional Editors Massachusetts - Timothy D Deschamps, Norwood Michigan -Thomas R Wilmot, Sanford New Jersey - William C Reinert, Northfield Texas - Dan Sprenger, Corpus Christi Utah - Glenn Collett, Salt Lake City

:EditoriAl R~view Boru·d Richard Berty, Columbus, OH David Dame, Gainesville, FL Geny Hubley, Tampa, FL L Philip Lounibos, Vero Beach, FL Robert Lowrie, Covington, LA Joseph Ruff, Panama City, FL John J Smith, Norwood, M.l\. James Webb, Santa Ana, CA

Florida :Uosquito Control Association FMCA Ptesident: Joseph Ruff, Panama City, FL e-mail: rufij@doacs state 11 us

Shelly Redovan, FMCA Executive Director PO Box 60837 Fort Myers, FL 33906-0837 voice: 941-694-2174; fax: 941433-5684 e-mail: redova@mail dms state 11 us

Anmican :.\losquito Control Association AMCA Ptesident: David Dame, Gainesville, FL e-mail: dadame@nersp nerdc ufl edu

Marlene Comeaux, AMCA Business Manager 2200 E Prien Lake Rd Lake Charles, LA 70601 voice: 318474-2723; fax: 318478-9434 e-mail: amcaintl@deltech net

www mosquito org

of the Flotida Mosquito Control Association , Volume 11, Number· 1 Spri ng 2000

Faces: William Crawford Gorgas: The Great Sanitarian ...... ............. ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .. .4 by 1te144., ;e. 'P~ aitd s~ &. ~

Inside Out: Entomological Training - From "Lousy" Days to Flight Lines. _ ... _ ... _ ... _ ........ .. _ ... _ ... _ ..... _ .... _ ... _ ... _ .... ........ .. _ .... 6 byA""I~· ~~

Feature: DoD Personal Protective Measures Against Arthropods ................................................ ·------------------· ....................... 1 0 by s~ ~- ~em

Under Surveillance: U.S. Navy Mosquito Control During the Vietnam War: A Synopsis .... .. .... .. .... .. ... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ...... .... .. .... .. 13 by~A.S~

Vector Bearings: Malaria? Not in my Backyard in Michigan!. .. . ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . .. 18 byt:'~/e~

Lines of Flight: Disaster Relief and the Navy Entomologist. .... _ ... ... .. .. .. ...... _ ... .... _ .. .. .. .... _ ... .... _ .. .. .. ... . _ ... .... 21 by Z'auid?lt. t!Ja&-

From a Distance: Vector Control After Hurricane Mitch ............. 30 by &~A. 'D~a-

~ &.w: An official publication of the American Mosquito Control Association, published quarterly by 1he Florida Mosquito Control Association This magazine is intended to keep all interested parties informed on matters as they relate to mosquito control All rights reserved Reproduction, in whole or part, for educational purposes is permitted, without permission, with proper citation The FMCA and the AMCA have not tested any of the products advertised or referred to in this publication, nor have they verified any of the statements made in any of 1he advertisements or articles The FMCA and the AMCA do not warrant, expressly or implied, the fitness of any product advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily the opinions or policies of the FMCA or the AMCA

Subscriptions: ~ &..u is sent free of charge to anyone within the continental United States Subscriptions are available for the cost of first class postage to any foreign address at the following rates: Europe, UK and Australia US$20; Canada, US$6; South America US$10 Make checks and purchase orders payable to the Florida Mosquito Control Association and send to FMCA, PO Box 60837, Fort Myers, FL 33906-0837

ConesponMnc~: Address all correspondence regarding~ &..u to the Editor-in-Chief, Dennis Moore, PO Box 60005, Fort Myers, FL, 33906 Readers are invited to submit articles related to mosquito and biting fly biology and control, or letters to the Editors, to tbe Editor-in-Chief There is no charge if your article or letter is printed Photographers and artists are invited to submit color transparencies, high quality original artwork or artwork in electronic format for possible use in the magazine or on the cover; $100 will be paid for each cover pboto Businesses are invited to place advertisements through the Editor-in-Chief

About th~ Covel': HMl Dave Wolfert and HMI John Roarty inspect a CO~ baited CDC light. trap Photograph provided by CDR J oe Conlon, Jacksonville, FL

Editor's Note: I would like to personally

thank and acknowledge the diligent efforts of Stan Cope for his assistance with this issue of Wing Beats.

Several months ago Stan suggested to dedicate an issue of Wing Beats to the mosquito related activities performed by the different branches of the military. Stan aggressively pur­sued his military contacts for article submissions. The response was so good, we will follow this issue with Part II in the Fall with a similar focus.

Also, thanks go to the Associate Editors, Charlie Morris and Stan Cope for their valuable assistance in editing each issue.

Editor-in-Chief

'DeHIU4 ~

Introduction William Crawford Gorgas,

the man who defeated yellow fever, was born October 3rd, 1854, in Mobile, Alabama. Atthe onset of the Civil War, his father, Josiah, resigned his commis­sion in the US Army and , because of his brill iance as an ordnance officer, was appointed Brigadier General in the Confeder­ate Army.

Young "Willie", as his family called him, met many Army heroes, which fueled his interest and pas­sion to pursue a military career. He

4 Spring 2000

Williaa Crawford Gorgas: Tbe Great Sanitarian

by ~~ P~ads~&. ~

attended the University ofthe South, graduating in 1875. He applied for admission to West Point but was denied as his father's actions dur­ing the war ostensibly had delayed Grant's ultimate triumph.

Willie then turned to his second dream, medicine, and entered Bellevue Medical College in New York. In 1880, the year Gorgas graduated, the germ theory of

William Crawford Gorgas

disease was still a controversial subject. During the next 20 years, however, the medical community accepted the findings of Pasteur, Koch and others while the first full account about mosquitoes wasn't published until1895.

Politically, the turn of the century was a period when the US ventured into colon ialism, a pol icy that resulted in troops being stationed on foreign soil in the tropics. Conse­quently, troops were exposed to tropical diseases, the investigation of which became of paramount importance to the military medical community. One such area of extreme interest was Cuba, particu­

larly the city of Havana.

Efforts in Havana

Shortly after graduation , Gorgas enl isted in the Army Medical Corps with the rank of First Lieutenant. As a medical student, he had cared for victims of a yellow fever epidemic so the Army posted him in areas where "yellow jack" might strike.

At the end of the Spanish­American War in 1898, American troops took possession of Havana and Gorgas was appointed Sanitary Officer. In Ha­vana yellow fever had occurred continuously for over 150 years and was considered a "filth" dis­ease. During this time, the US suffered major epidemics as well. American authori t ies believed that if the disease could be eliminated from Havana, the US would cease to be subject to epidemics orig inating there . Accordingly, Gorgas organized a massive clean up campaign and

by the middle of 1900, Havana was (in Gorgas' words) "cleaner than any other city had ever been up to that time". The result? The general health of the population showed marked improvement but cases of yellow fever actually increased!

In June of 1900, an Army Board headed by Major Walter Reed arrived in Cuba to try and determine the cause of yellow fever. The cur­rent belief was that the disease was spread by contaminated air or by fomites; that is, articles of clothing or bedding that were contaminated with the filth. Through a series of brilliant experiments, the Board proved conclusively that the disease was spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti and not by fomites.

Armed with this new knowledge, Gorgas and his sanitation team dog­gedly set out to destroy the breed­ing sites of this enemy mosquito throughout Havana. Primary targets were the commonplace water receptacles in and around the aver­age home. The effort paid off! An inspection made in 1901, prior to the start of the campaign , had revealed 26,000 breeding sites. One year after Gorgas' efforts began, only 300 such sites were counted.

The prevalence of yellow fever was reduced, too. For two decades prior to Ameri­can control, Havana experi­enced an average of 620 deaths per year from yellow fever. In 1900, two years after occupation, the number was reduced to 310. After Gorgas' mos­quito assault, there were only 18 deaths in 1901 , with 0 cases after September of that year.

On To Panama ...... and the Canal

From 1881-1889, the French had attempted unsuccessfully to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Yellow fever and malaria were the major obstacles; in fact, it was estimated by Gorgas that the French lost 1/3 of their white work force every year to yellow fever.

In 1903, Panama and the US signed the Panama Canal Conven­tion, giving the US the right to construct the interocean waterway. The Isthmian Canal Commission,

established to oversee construction, consisted of seven members, with at least four "learned and skilled in the science of engineering" and of those four, two must be military (one Army, one Navy). All seven were to have equal authority and the current US President, Theodore Roosevelt, had no say in its composition.

None of the members had orga­nized a corporation, none had handled problems of supply and labor or overall planning, and none had medical training. Congress, in fact, looked upon the canal as an engineering problem only so the presence on the commission of a physician or sanitarian was not considered essential. The seeds of disaster had been sown!

Panama/ Canal

Around this time, President Roosevelt received a personal visit from Dr. William Henry Welch of Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Welch, representing a delegation of prominent physicians plus Dr. Leland 0. Howard, who was the chief of the Bureau of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, urged the President to tackle the disease problems in Panama prior to any other effort. Roosevelt, who had military experience in Cuba and had witnessed first-hand the toll yellow fever could exact, then intervened and a sanitary officer was appointed to the Commission. The appoint­ment went to Gorgas, a former student of Welch's. Additionally, Gorgas' appointment helped to off-

set the preponderance of Yankees on the Commission.

Gorgas knew that there were considerable differences between Havana and Panama and he quite naturally assumed that full support for his work would be forthcoming. Although he felt that malaria was the more serious threat, his strategy was to concentrate on yellow fever first because of the panic it could cause.

The control campaign that Gorgas embarked upon was simi­lar to what he did in Havana, with the main thrust being the elimina­tion of the artificial containers that served as breeding sites. These containers, which usually contained clean water and were found in or

near buildings occupied by humans , were either destroyed or treated with oil or kerosene to kill the larvae.

Other methods of control augmented the larval pro­gram. Buildings were equipped with wire screens to prevent mosquito access. Houses where yel­low fever cases had occurred were fumigated by first sealing doors and windows, then burning pans of sulfur or pyrethrum for an hour or more. Finally,

records were kept for every house and building in Colon and Panama City. The areas were divided into sections and inspectors were sent out daily to report on the occurrence of mosquito breeding. It is clear from this example that integrated pest management was practiced long before the term became fash­ionable!

Although Gorgas' methodical, well-conceived plan eventually elimi­nated yellow fever from the Canal Zone, support for his efforts was incredibly slow in coming. When Gorgas initially arrived in Panama, none of the supplies or personnel he had requested was available. Admiral Walker, Chief of the Com­mission, did not consider mosqui-

continued on page 28

Spring 2000 5

Entomological Training: From ''Lousy'' Days to Flight Lines

Years ago, when I was getting my boots muddy with my first field project, I did not anticipate that a career in entomology would find me washing other people's hair and skipping across the waterways of south Florida in an airboat. But last year, I added both of those items to my "been there, done that" list of entomological firsts. One of the reasons that entomology is such an interesting occupation, at least for some of us, is because of the new and unusual experiences that accompany the job. I have not been disappointed.

I was previously assigned to the U.S. Army Training With Industry Program. It was my good fortune to spend this internship with the sci­entists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because the Entomology Branch is in the Division of Parasitic Diseases of the CDC, its researchers specialize in studying the insect vectors that are responsible for the transmission of parasitic diseases such as malaria, le ishman iasis , and Chagas disease. They focus on many aspects of insect biology: system­atics, development, physiology, genetics, behavior, insecticide resistance, and of course, parasite transmission . These areas of research are incorporated, directly or indirectly, into operational plans for pest control. The more we learn about the vectors that transmit the disease, the better we are at designing strategies for controlling vector populations and reducing or even preventing the spread of disease.

My internship was a fascinating experience and an outstanding

6 Spring 2000

opportunity. I participated in some of the latest technical advances of entomological research. And, although this program was designed with my follow-on assignment in consideration, it was fairly flexible in its execution. Fortunately, that flex­ibility gave me the opportunity to par­ticipate in two unplanned activities: refugee operations and mosquito abatement programs in action.

Last year, the war in Kosovo brought several thousand refugees to the United States. Upon their arrival, they were provided with medical screenings and a concern over head lice was generated. I was one of five investigators that went to Ft. Dix, New Jersey to determine the prevalence of lice and evaluate the efficacy of the shampoo treat­ment that was used for louse control.

Until last spring, I doubt if I had looked at a louse since graduate school. I certainly have very few memories about wanting to look at lice. I remember once trying to collect a louse from a bird . I also remember that catching that par­ticular louse was not especially easy and I think the louse won (escaped) in the end.

Lice may have been mentioned when I took a military course entitled "Principles of Military Preventive Medicine," but I sincerely doubt that any of the entomologists in the class paid much attention to the topic. When compared to my own experi­ences with chiggers, ticks, no-see­urns, and hordes of mosquitoes, lousiness offered little competition. I have to admit it; the louse lacked glamour, pizzazz, and intrigue. Yes, I was extremely entomologically

by ""'fflll ~. ~Mfflale myopic. Yes, I was wrong about the louse. In the past year, it gained my appreciation and respect.

The head louse is ubiquitous in its distribution. While its relative, the body louse, is responsible for the transmission of several diseases (e.g. typhus and trench fever}, the head louse is a medical nuisance by its presence, its communicabil­ity, and the possibility of introducing secondary infections through scratching. Head lice are socially and culturally non-discriminatory. They are also sneaky little beasts and can disappear from view quite quickly. It is easy to find a nit (egg) but much more difficult to find the louse that left the nit. Unfortunately, like many of their insect brothers and sisters, head lice have developed resistance to the treatments we use to eliminate them. Lice are a famil­iar problem among young children in this country, which means great aggravation for our population of parents of those children.

Fortunately, for the new arrivals from Kosovo, the head louse did not represent a major medical problem (Manjrekar et al., in press). How­ever, we did encounter a problem in evaluating efficacy of the shampoo treatment - the language barrier. Although a translation for the sham­poo directions was available, the only way we could be certain the direc­tions were carried out exactly and subsequently evaluate the efficacy of the shampoo treatment was by doing the shampooing ourselves. Thus, for a few days, I found myself in the unexpected effort of trying to refine any cosmetological skills that may have been hidden in my back­ground. There I was, standing over

a sink with shampoo suds up to my elbows, with a short line of giggling, wiggling children waiting for their turn at the sink.

The military must always con­sider the care of displaced persons in its preventive medicine opera­tions. Anyone who has participated in any type of peacekeeping or humanitarian assistance in a foreign country can appreciate the chal­lenges present with language and cultural barriers compounded by the stress of civil unrest. The task is never easy and one setting is never the same as another. Even in a situ­ation such as this one in which the mission was well defined and the time period was very short (two weeks), our progress was slow and a lot of patience was required. The whole experience was enlightening as well as humbling. I would do it again in a second; and, for this, I thank the louse.

The military also uses traditional operational entomology to prevent illness in our own populations. We develop pest management plans for our installations. New products and equipment are incorporated into our strategic plans for pest control. Our soldiers are well trained in surveil­lance, identification, and control pro­cedures. However, we rarely con­duct these activities every day, all day, and 365 days a year. Our daily tasks keep many of us far removed from operational entomology. Con­versely, the people involved in mos­qu ito abatement programs are constantly faced with a daily barrage of entomological data from which they must plan their own attack on these ferocious pests and vectors of disease. I had the opportunity to spend two weeks on site at a mosqu ito abatement program. These professionals were relent­less in tackling the mosquito prob­lem. I am glad we are on the same side.

Ft. Myers, Florida is located in Lee County on the Gulf of Mexico side of southern Florida. It has a subtropical climate that is probably just as enchanting for mosquitoes

as it is for the human population. The Lee Country Mosquito Control District (LCMCD) is headquartered at the Buckingham Army Airfield . The weather is balmy and the sun­sets from the flight line are spec­tacular.

Although my visit coincided with a lack of rain and little mosquito pressure, the schedule was very busy. I think there were only a few hours of the day when no one was buzzing about and I cou ld only imagine how busy it must be during the height of the mosquito season. The pilots showed up between 0530 and 0600 hours; I could see the lights go on in the pilots' room as I ran laps along the fl ight line in the early morning hours. Shortly there­after, they were off and winging it along the treetops, landing briefly enough for the inspectors to survey potential problem sites and then heading to other areas already iden­tified for a spray run. Along their routes, support crews monitored the fl ights to make sure the pilots had fuel, a payload, and places to land.

Meanwhile, back at headquar­ters, a state of organized frenzy assured that the other missions of the day were addressed. Inspec­tors surveyed likely mosquito hang­outs and actively solicited input from the area residents. The samples from trap-truck collections that came in at 0200 hours were sepa­rated, the mosquito species were identified, and the meteorological and entomological data were entered into a database. In other areas of the facility, resistance tests were evaluated and a crew prepared to collect blood samples from sentinel ch ickens. Despite the hustle and bustle, friendliness and cooperation was rampant.

Some of the folks I met during my stay at the LCMCD had another mission-one that was not involved with controlling six-legged prob­lems. Lee County also has an aggressive program for aquatic weed control as water hyacinth can quickly choke up waterways and

create quite a disaster. The weed control crews are just as tenacious as the mosquito control folks. And that is how I found myself skimming across the water in an airboat one fine morning in southern Florida. What a job!

Entomology - always another adventure!

References Manjrekar, R.R. , S.K. Partridge,

A.K. Korman, R.S. Barwick, and D.O. Juranek. (In press) Efficacy of 1 % permethrin for treatment of head louse infestations among Kosovar refugees. Military Med.

Editor's Note:

The editors invite you to express your opinions and viewpoints. Our columns, Viewpoint and Letters to the Editors have had few sub­missions recently. We know some of you must have something to say about a recently published article or some other activity within our industry!

Is there an important announcement, meeting or job posting you would like to include in Wing Beats? If so, forward the information to the Editor-in-Chief (mail­ing information on page 3).

Spring 2000 7

l:arwiciding Eslablisbes Control efore You Need II

1 Wmt can bt> dmw tel pnr­t t'lll fin· reuppenran~t· o..f t Vt"S t r\Jilr tliU'q •lll11iH~?

\ tJ rr ilfl

Liquijd, You know iL works.

Granules. You know it works.

PeUets. You know it works.

Br~qqets. You: know the drHL

IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTION Throughout military history, more

casualties have occurred due to disease and non-battle injuries than have resulted from combat wounds. A large portion of the diseases, infections, or injuries that afflict sol­diers in a conflict are caused by arthropods (Figure 1 ). This fact has long been known within the military medical community so the DoD has developed special measures for military personnel to use to protect themselves from arthropod attack.

some of the methods available to DoD personnel for protecting them­selves from arthropod-borne disease threats.

ARTHROPOD THREAT Physical threats from

arthropods include the direct effects of disease, envenomization, derma­titis, and allergic reactions resulting from bites and stings. Additionally, the secondary infections resulting from these arthropod contacts have historically had a negative impact on soldier health under warm, moist conditions. The economic costs of

Oi.sea$v &. Non·Batrlo Injuries (DNI31)

sive losses resulting from arthro­pod-borne disease. For example, on Togatabu Island in 1942, the 134th Artillery and the 404th Engi­neer Battalions were part of a task force preparing to attack Guadalcanal. Fifty-five percent of the engineers and 65 percent of the artillerymen contracted mosquito­borne filariasis. Both units had to be replaced (medically evacuated) without seeing any enemy action because they were not combat ready. During the VietNam conflict, the 173rd Airborne Brigade lost the equivalent of two rifle companies to

malaria during a six month period. The use of insect repellents and insecticides and, in the latter case, anti-malarial drugs would probably have pre­vented these incidents.

e thtU• ,...,,. ...... a.Hit lojUIV

Ol'l e.ae• EDUCATION

,.,, • .,,... ""' '" " cot

Because of the high medical threat arthropod-borne disease can pose to our military personnel, the Department of Defense (DoD) has approximately 115 entomologists serving as com­missioned officers in the medi­cal departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force to assist in efforts to promote disease pre­vention. Military entomology also includes a cadre of civilian ento­mologists, and military and civil­ian technicians working as a team with the Services' uniformed entomologists. This team of pro­fessionals must cover a wide range of problems including ver­tebrate pests such as rodents, bats , birds, and venomous snakes that can also present a serious medical threat to deployed soldiers. Despite the pres­ence of entomologists supporting the Military Services, the mobile and often rapid pace of military opera­tions places a large burden on the individual soldier to protect them­selves when pest control operations cannot be conducted due to the tac­tical or political situation. This article will provide an overview of

Figure 1: Casualties due to battle injury, non­battle injury (e.g., accidents), and disease in some U.S. military operations this century (ODS= Operations Desert Shield/Storm). The majority of disease agents are transmitted by arthropods.

The challenge to military entomology is to educate com­manders and soldiers to acquire and use the many effective personal protective measures available for their use. Military entomologists fight a constant battle to ensure soldiers are guided by fact rather than fiction on the sub­ject of personal protection. The

10 Spring 2000

arthropod-borne disease can also be significant. Soldiers with dis­eases requiring extended periods of in-patient treatment, or long periods of convalescence result in extensive hospital expenses and lost combat power from the unit to which they are assigned. Numerous examples exist in military history of units that were rendered combat ineffective and had to be replaced due to mas-

old adage that "a little bit of knowl­edge can be a dangerous thing" is applicable here. For example, some soldiers have reasoned that if flea and tick collars keep pests off dogs and cats they should work for them as well. The result of such ill­informed initiatives has been sol­diers reporting to medical clinics with severe chemical burns on their

legs from wearing insecticidal ani­mal collars directly on their skin in an effort to provide protection from ticks (Figure 2).

Soldiers unaware of the diversity of insect vector behavior are some­times lulled into a false sense of security in an area where day biting vectors are few, but night biting pests are present. They cease employing personal protective mea-

different disease agents, denying mosquitoes watery habitats can therefore reduce their populations and the disease threat they pose.

Providing physical barriers such as specialized equipment and cloth­ing is an important component of protecting soldiers from night biting arthropods. Mosquito bed netting is available for use by soldiers and can be made even more effective by

Figure 2: Chemical burns on legs due to ill advised use of animal flea collars as tick repellent devices.

impregnating the net with per­methrin. Soldiers are also in­structed on the proper wearing of uniforms to prevent biting arthropods from gaining access to their skin. Four points sum­marize how they should properly dress : 1) tuck pants into boots or socks so pests can't crawl

sures (PPM) because they perceive the threat to be low and so leave themselves open to attack by night biting vectors.

Finally, there is the constant chal­lenge presented by soldiers who think they are "too tough" to need repellents. More than a few people from this group have reassessed their approach while lying in hospi­tal beds recovering from arthropod­borne diseases.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

up their pant legs; 2) roll their shirt sleeves down; 3) close their collar; 4) wear a hat to keep arthropods out of their hair.

Unlike the majority of Americans who are exposed to insect pests that are usually not disease vectors, mili­tary personnel are often faced with disease threats borne by arthropods in foreign nations where the soldiers represent an immunologically na"ive population. In these situations, it is

91tiNthr" 011

llatfOII!I

+

important to use proven, long last­ing arthropod repellents, and not to rely on products that either have no repellent ingredients in them (e.g., bath oils), or have extremely low lev­els of repellents that have little effi­cacy (e.g., citronella at 0.05%).

The DoD Repellent System (Fig­ure 3) consists of an extended du­ration (8-12 hours) D EET -based repellent lotion applied to exposed skin that is used in combination with permethrin treated uniforms. When these two components are used together, and correctly, the system can provide individuals with excel­lent protection from arthropod attack for up to 12 hours. The permethrin­based clothing impregnant is cur­rently available for use by soldiers in a variety of forms, all of which are registered with the U.S. Environ­mental Protection Agency. Unlike DEET, which produces a vapor repellent barrier, permethrin works only on contact. The permethrin coating on the fabric initially provides knockdown protection from such vectors as mosquitoes, but even though this effect diminishes after a few washings, sufficient levels of permethrin remain to inhibit vectors from biting. Thus, protection occurs even though the insects are not killed.

Several permethrin products are currently available to DoD person­nel. A commercially available aero­sol product is the easiest to use, but provides the shortest period of

+

,ro~rl' •ern ~ilerm

continued on page 35

-- .tin' I 11111111

/ 1mU•t t/1111

Avoidance of the areas and con­ditions that encourage the presence of unwanted pests and disease vectors is the first step in any com­prehensive personal protection program. Military personnel are cau­tioned to avoid sleeping near animal burrows, nests, and pens where they may become alternate hosts of vectors living on wild animals. They are also instructed that as water provides breeding habitats for mosquitoes that can carry many Figure 3: DoD Repellent System comprised of simultaneous use of DEEr­

based personal repellents and permethrin-based uniform impregnants.

?QfN9 S"eat.t Spring 2000 11

eavy duty cold fogger has exclusive safety features 1~~~~~.

SilEDt:N hJ /l!JiSI! Jt~Y!I

BU,\'ttl ~t: gth W~lM tt...Jh1 We!tillfl

1&20 SPECIAL F~TURES ~V ~n t• •\~ ou~ Hinwlltlt~ n

1 J tf;I!Mi ~MiM ber~ur;n 11 h It .1 1 6'fll:rtr 61~¥ ... ~11' 4 '•l!"'ll' Jctr l:r/11~ · 1\uw '1)1t .11

- RP,fa :fud ru!i::P urn rtlii!cNI ·~ l t•ttl.,·1f t ~~ ~llw, P.u.-if!l"" r.,•on M2lt!l D• 411 tt~tf o' " 1 I'Ht t!ilits ol ~ ,l I f'$itU~t =:l;(;:r( metema PI!!" IN 11 t.cr t lltllir• h , t •S :X.O.nt.!r.hrr,;f3; l!:P m l! I

I IUIJm CU$S/b~ litJ wrrrttJI /IUJ

fh ...!Jilll''lll~ Blow~r il~rmfrre-~ltdl t'Vl!t ,1:11t ~tttt ~ll•flllll!f.di?J' sllU~ -olf 'D;'p' · ~ W'1Ti' 'n

/.,llf'IIJ r'IIL"::'Lo »'l'l?!q (IIfi$S1JI{' ~ r.yt !ihYjt~ ' Sat.etv ~'allOW pov,1Ef crm~ll lratllr oiGvll!~ Jl ~dill' "'~hly..

• Sll.¥ncer tltllw !N• Cl'~flll'!.:llll',"~ C' J/u 1 Jlh 10.'1111.

REMOTE CAB CONTROL FEATURES

DPT10NS Sp~ o;r.m,. ~ ;1 J •:O't ~11: IX ~ ·~u I Sp.:;r.tt Ct.1.!!l.:ll$illli'J rb N I Q;'lltl ~ Slaln:5-f!.illrr, tr i r 111'$ o~

• NEW' DE'SlGN • NEW V..SELT

DRIVE • NEW THROnLE

DOWN

11.-mr~ ... fm:'!il~ of ril.~ ·"' " J "''" •'ltli , 111 ~•n "ftl s,'l/.:1! t .9...~

50S Btimhnll AoJef'iiJe • P..O. Be)( 406 long lak.~:r f~JrmeBRtJli5l_~ _MN 59356 lnJormotioo 81247a.53EH2 Ft•x G'12l473-53·oe Orrter Jfne e!00-44~9525 Enou11l fumfonfog®u~in~rn!!!t.r.ont

U.S. Navy Mosquito Control During the Vietnam War: A Synopsis

Vietnam was the longest war ever fought by the United States of America. The sailors, Marines, soldiers and airmen who fought that war faced many challenges. Aside from the North Vietnamese Army Regulars and the Viet Cong there was another threat that the troops faced - malaria.

By 1965 when intense mosquito studies began in Vietnam there were already 5,831 reported cases of malaria in U.S. troops. Not since hostilities ended in Korea 12 years earlier had the U. S. military faced such a medical threat to a combat mis­sion. Throughout the war, malaria remained the major med ical threat "in-country."

Un ited States

imagine having to contend with mosquitoes over large areas where snipers, booby traps and 122 mm rockets were an everyday danger. So how w ere mosquitoes controlled?

SURVEY Reliance on light traps is stan­

dard practice for mosquito studies, but in the major combat areas of Vietnam these devices posed spe­cial problems. Light traps were

by ~ rl. Stooft4

In many areas even the use of a flashlight with a red plate was for­bidden, so the prospect of hanging a white light, essentially a beacon for the enemy, was definitely out of the question. It was found that the most effective location was beside the unit medical area where the medical staff could maintain the trap and collect the specimens. Vandal­ism was an ever-present problem; many times batteries were stolen and electrical cords taken. There

was also the fear of the enemy booby trapping the devices, and one trap that was used by the Preventive Medicine Unit, 1st Marine Division Da Nang, was de­stroyed by a 122mm rocket. Luckily this was not a common occur­rence. forces fought this foe

with time-tested tac­tics: mosquito control and personal protec­tion. As in previous wars, to preserve the strength of the fighting force , mil itary ento­mologists were called on to help solve this problem. The Navy, Army and Air Force all had entomolog ical assets in Vietnam.

HN D.R. Howe treats a Marine during the battle for Hue, South Viet­nam. Notice the bottle of DEET in the Corpsman's helmet band.

Because combat troops suffered most from malaria, major effort was placed on finding out what species were the vectors and in what numbers they were biting. Where security concerns were high, reliance on larval collections and landing/ biting records became necessary. In spite of

This article highlights some of the control efforts used, the special problems faced and the efforts of Navy entomologists involved in con­trolling mosquitoes during the Viet­nam conflict.

Mosquito control today faces many obstacles, such as tight bud­gets and a disaffected public, but

extensively used but were most effective in secure areas. For example, CDC miniature light traps were effective for outposts or camps where lights could be used, but C02 traps were never used extensively due to the inaccessibil­ity of a source of C02•

the threats posed by going on patrol with a fire team (a patrol of four men sent out to make contact with the enemy) preventive medicine personnel carried out these surveys to determine the problematic spe­cies of Anopheles. Surveys were carried out where the troops were stationed- places such as Da Nang,

~&au Spring 2000 13

Phu Bai, Quang Tri, An Hoa and Khe San h. Navy entomologists regularly visited bases to survey, recommend control strategies and ensure per­sonal protection measures were being used.

These surveys even had their enjoyable moments. In secure areas where larval surveillance could be carried out, Vietnamese children were like children every­where; they were absolutely fasci­nated by what the mosquito collec­tors were doing and thoroughly enjoyed partic ipating in finding breeding sites and helping collect specimens.

The threats to a successful sur­vey program were not limited to the enemy. One Navy surgeon in a high staff position felt that "the French had already collected all necessary information on mosquitoes of Viet­nam and we did not need to repeat their work". Many people in mos­quito control still encounter higher­level resistance to ideas.

Despite these obstacles Navy entomologists were able to collect and identify thousands of speci­mens and gather extensive informa­tion on the bionomics of the disease vectors.

CONTROL Control of mosquitoes w as

broken into two components -ground and aerial application.

Ground application was accom­plished with thermal foggers, Buf­falo turbines, Mity Mite Backpack sprayers and hand application of pesticide. The main adulticide used was malathion. Control operations were based on light trap counts and probably served more of a psycho­logical purpose than a true effective control of the malaria problem because of the limitation on where spray teams could go. And it would be impossible to perform this type of control for individuals on patrol in an area of high enemy activity.

Larviciding was also carried out where breeding sites could be reached. For small shallow areas

14 Spring 2000

diesel oil was applied, but in deeper water, granules such as fenthion were used. For container breeding mosquitoes, fire barrels, C-ration cans, shell casings and unused fighting holes were targeted for con­trol efforts.

Early in the war it was deter­mined that effective control of mos­quitoes would depend mainly on aerial spraying. Because of the threat to hostile fire, rotary-winged and fixed-wing aerial spray crews were endangered. An aircraft flying a set pattern just above the tree-tops proved to be an easy target. This was a major obstacle throughout the war. Numerous dispersal units were used and tested and even a jet aircraft pesticide dispersal unit was under development to over­come this problem. One aerial dis­persal unit, the HUSS (Helicopter Underslung Spray System), was tested. Its use got off to a shaky start when over the South China Sea the unit suddenly detached from the aircraft and plunged 150 feet into the ocean. After several more tests, the HUSS became a viable option. Although some suc­cesses were achieved, aerial spray­ing fell short of expectations. Despite the d ifficu lty and the danger involved, aerial missions are still an essential part of large area vector control operations.

PERSONAL PROTECTION Repellents and bed nets were

widely available in Vietnam. As is the case in many wars, those who most needed the equipment some­times didn't have it. Many Marines refused to use repellent even when it was available. Because of a widely circulated rumor that the VC could smell the repellent, those on patrols, ambushes or at listening posts refused to wear it. This myth was dispelled when research at the USDA lab in Orlando, Florida, determined that the repellent could be smelled only when someone was within 12 inches of the person wearing it. As one preventive medi-

cine newsletter to the troops stated, the enemy more likely would smell your breath before they could smell the repellent. And any Marine within 12 inches of the enemy was in real trouble anyway.

EDUCATION One of the main functions of the

military entomologist in Vietnam was education. Numerous hours were spent giving facts through classes or local publications, such as preventive medicine newsletters. This training was necessary to tell sailors and Marines on the line how to protect themselves and to dispel widespread rumors.

Many of the practices carried out by naval entomological teams in Vietnam are similar to those used today by military units and other vec­tor control specialists. The equip­ment and weapons may have changed, but the standard theory rema ins the same . As vector control specialists you must survey, provide control, stress personal pro­tection and educate all involved to the danger. Navy entomologists and the preventive medicine staff risked their lives to develop effective con­trols for mosquitoes in a country with few secure areas. Their accom­plishments stand out as a high­water mark in Navy entomology. Their efforts set the standard that Navy entomologists strive for today.

I Coming Events I FMCA Spring Conference

May 3-4, 2000 The Mosquito Control Associa­tion of Australia (MCAA) and Arbovirus Research Conference

Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control Association (NMVCA) 39th Annual Conference Safety Harbor Resort and Spa

on Tampa Bay, Safety Harbor, FL For information contact: Shelly Redovan at 941.694.2174 Or visit FMCA's web site at wvvw. floridamosquito.org

July 3-7, 2000 Couran Cove Nature Resort, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia For information contact: Dr. Michael Brown

October 4 - 5, 2000 Embarcadero Resort, Newport, Oregon For information contact: Ron J. Montgomery at 541.567.5201 Or visit NMVCA's web site at AMCA2ndAnnual Washington Day

Spring Conference

email: michaeBr@qimr.edu.au Or visit MCAA's web site at wvvw.mcaa.org.au/ M8~na~~~~ant

May 23-25, 2000 Renaissance Hotel in Washington, DC. For information contact: AMCA Central Office at 318.474.2723 Or visit AMCA's web site at wvvw.mosquito.org See page 25 for more details.

Utah Mosquito Abatement Assoc. October 1-3, 2000 Yarrow Resort Hotel Park City, Utah Contact: Glen Collett at 801.355.9221 Or visit UMAA's web site at wvvw.umaa.org!

FMCA Annual Fall Conference November 12 - 14,2000 Edgewater Beach Resort, Panama City Beach, FL For information contact: Shelly Redovan at 941 .694.2174 Or visit FMCA's web site at wvvw. f/oridamosquito.org

\1\k all like Lo think of ourselves. ac; life-long lca.r11ers. But in l~llity, our daily schedules allow little rcx:)ln for f111ything more !han tnee!1ng lhe deadlines of rJ 1al day.

Experts agree, however, thal in this ''infonnalion age" tha;e who ~iay a.UTent and refreshed in their fields have a

huge advantage in lhe workplace. MosqLritD University offers you that advant3ge. It is a

e • unique place to explore the many a.:;pects of 010SCjLlito

wntrol in-depth and hands-on with industry lf' .. adeJ"S. · ._ Cla.<;SeS arc kept extremely srnallcmd have covered

..._ ~ such Lopics as: larviciding, adulticiding. aerial applicauon, ./'If£ '1\ .. .,. grourd ULV appliration and surveillanc-e. New cow-.;es are

bejng added all tJ~ time and you may be able to apply for CEC credit

PIP.ase call 8ffi323-5727 to find out upcon 1ing class dates CIJKI to receive a complete course outline. \IVhat you lec.'1m at Mosquito U may just make Lornorrow's deadlim".;.<; a little Cc:'lSier to meet.

(i Clarke~ Inst itute of Technology 1.59 Garden Avenoe • Rosoll~. IL 50172 1'/WW clarkcmosquilo.com

Spring 2000 15

VALENT BIOSCIENCES TO CONTINUE ABBOTT LABORATORIES' TRADITION -----o• 011CrinJI f:lt3Hflct tilltl ;:md h•urlul l'rotm13. Tcctlnical tli11ell'tl'ie 81id Sler-~dce. -----

.\k:t·o ~l I .lll'n ... ~<o:-it~ ·,- 1IL~ lc.tcb- in -It~ fiiD lr:- b~1ld· iul.u~. l ~. '.\"~ \ L ~a I IL'l. JJj~, LiiX.JI t'll.ll , Slid ~~.Lll I IL'I lA....:-L.~· Ji' tl:o: ..-ll: tH :~ !H:!tL'L.l ln,t~f...:t i ._,II ' > f.).lr!ld I 1 •:LLtnl~;tg•

urt:L \'c~llL~-:" blnl~c~· limb .1~ . prr~oloiCii d~~·~l-forelt.-r ;ut.J ULU .J~..i~~. 41U iL• -'it:>: t.~ ~~·U 11 1:1! Ioiii),~, :-i- .11 1111111 I •

(:lJ~r,:l:.o -.1 ~( l"•l ~..-•. l:lp' 1.. l1~> 'l<XIUiru.. " >II<>: 1.: h<.>ril<l,..,_,..

,\!lf,n' tllill Pr<>.lncr.; b .1~ tt.· ':< . ~·-,1 c .a ' r;, ,rl<.~ ·.,.,. r~.,.·u \· d t c r:.:.x. L' ' ,-aluu i'il.,:.,.:l~l ll..'l.."' i t•r1101 ;nr.x . rru1 '-41•11:11 1111n11 li'. t '~ ~~:.of",., :ir-.a:·u \ l..'tU u .. m:.u• JD.t :..,. :".l 1<1n,r.:.

\'I <ell ll•r\.l~:ILL~ y,j] U~IIIIIL;C 0 .floer 1i1c .~!I i iii~ ....SN -uif.t.J; '\.•il :•'d '-H''f"'II1'.11111Uil) .all .' t> '\lr*-JJ(I •'t) t II I tl'l [)f'flfl lt.l h 1 ~....:

W, .(lh) h11\~ If~ :;( 11"k,. 1 - ll ·'l•'l..x;~JI.k ·.-~of.'<' <m ~~~·· .b;tl Y•lil ·~~~w .11 .' hh:ll. 1'::l.!1 11 B1•l~ 1!111~s v.•ID lu •·.· ~ #,l l l"<l (o,> ,w ""' \. 11 ")~r.•r .. ·' " :nl IJIOIJ :"H oh·1t l· ll ''t'I~IOI' .,; ·;. ,1~ H 11$ .. \ i)u•ro.>-.o :'i<a 1 -.lti;;ll i~ ;-'•<> <J Y•1 ~~ 1 ~ 3 11 11 11 •II t•. Valcor l'ill~'klo.:JH-L-' 11.1 I IHI'.\" I>• l(]•J p4:r.ccal f,·, '"~"1 o 11 r> •I ~ u t·u~l!h •·t• ;o&:!nQ.•III•rv

~JU !fQ TUH'CU1 '~1fKHl r lt .~ .,j ••11~ ~111'<.·11 !~~~ .tnr b·~:c,< i..• ~ou• .-.1L• .u·d lh h. 1i; ~. <IJJ)"1 .. 1T 1f"l 1 lovY1rl11 .: · lfi .l.n 1'111~lltr·~' \'"lrl· rhr. ~~n ... I"~~~ I' I•

Y.i:<.• b:A··~ .1~b;:d w•u lioo d :,.;:til L ar.J ~"'' 1cmt~:d •<!~·or ._.!>.Ill•,. ~\•luli;> ~ ·111l! ~i J ~.Jt Lilft.l 1.\. hdrt !'' L _,_;uca1!! (lt-"' '\(I'\ 1114·1 11'1 n· ... rJu\11;.; rr ffl"...,.., ~·· m.l ·«· i"f.,r-.... "'" .., ..

lnr'li('.J (' nrt•li<'dc:tu ~r;J <'<l .lOilrc: d·~· p.ih'l " •t'>)~cf ~·· ·u.r di•.t. ~ 111 o:: u.~ l au di:c1io ~ :·1111 -1 'h .. 411 ll!l 11011 ~~ :..HJI IL. ttfY lr"tl ·,,,.,. Y .~,,rr 1-Ya • 11t"1' .,,.,. .. J"'\ < ~-.n. f"· u'• ...: . t , .. , .,,

inpc:ttnr 1 ,,~ d·c- fK•dnl:1: imclf

\l'd~<.n rll~r.r: rnrr"!o;;. n.Hit't'Vlr1n.,l , , ... nt-,nlrf .. .. , , ,-.~ ·,·:('f', ,T\:*•• 1.rt.L \'.;:c:ol...:.'l r.r VJ:k·•ll 1<<•l:'o::ic•ll;:(;· 1..1 <•Wi '!: ~~~ :;o. rr"-c ~·cd l(.;. t ~ ..a~i[) ~o.un : NI tl-. r 'lt'tllf:... • .. 1l 1c p ,,.k~ri t:u1 .. ,r i:·.--. II 11To 1r1 ·f o :'1''1 <"l'o• rro~,,·~~

JllliW'"~~~l v • ~1a. J:.k:~i~m·,·~ ..,·IJ ·u·u :ina· t·· - ••:rr(.•rt 1l1·; irdu''' r>, :wtd J•IILlnl•r.•~ !'JM~Y>'i ~~~·~I ·1~ lw .\n.'r""111 .I ' (LitJIIIIr• C•l1fnl ,\,:<o).~~IJ<.;[I , ,\.\(,:;,1 lllll •-•liL.tr L !i:IL ~t:r. D.IVl1(111'.),· <.t tl V 1: ~o.d. "<~· 11:·: , .~ li .>r ~·I ~ ud u:~m-r. u ·t•~ I k..:...:

OJ!IM{$~1 ~1\tl llll '"'WL! ~l .. lii ILIIIL\i) l li' k t IL l.lri II 1.~ .'l/J f1 Rl 11"111 hill.~. h 1r

\,'"l•' n l t'1 ~r. ,1 f(~ \ .. .,-, lltR II" t-. 1111 ~ ll 1 ~1 t f if\. p 'lfillt l• IHJI]" 1_ 1 -

l )uJ•. 't\'. t~lllt

to• ,...,., 'n\1.:1 1'-l~t-rv. • ;,m nry \l,.._,t T'"A' r ·' ~ ...... , -. .. .,.. ... ( • \.k ~"-'· n .. ;J.,

'"\\"~;>-.• .,_., b~~~~ tV.:JI ~ \·,~ ,,l)m: :·o: ll~llrl' l G •':!rn~. u i'lol

• • ..- 1.11 .i: l~· ;.u, u lllll ~!: 11'-'l..~l~L •;· ~-l•JH:i~ ~ Ul~l­cfT~"•[h,.l!., n:ll:l bl ~!- :111d v.~lir'l ·-> "•<·II :..i~ ir,.r f ~t•(t....Y, • b . .u;Jih:h.."'K nmi.\l'ro'a~:·

: JIIC!l I'II1ol<"l1 1 • tlr-euh r "'I lara a.! r =--- l .:lrUo t, )J.o • tUtl , -\ -..;tfifll'' ]"I; .. i rt .._t

~1 •1• 1 l,'>!li>"um

" \ " ·~ • olo ~··i• A oo "7~' l11u11 Q ;l ;li.K'tll l l~ 11m •l in oLI r, b:". •• itl! ,.~1;1,.1,1,;,\. a Jl., i..1 ~ ol ll" ~11..~ -':- I( 0 JH_._,_,_. 1.1. l"IJIIIIL .il I l J.•!!."t (mQw • ,f tlEir •Ait~r b K•kot;Ll'!ll. .1uo;;c·!JJ.2J:.: lint O.:lcf>. thi•. II.."' 'I. I ol "-'<"II' rol lor u~ ~:'i. !;~nJol. 4JC II u nt 4•1 time. ·

dln ~,,., .!.-fm~. i>(in Jo.'lq ll'r ~o.:~..-ft ... !JII•I \"''-'-tr.r <}) X :VI .. K : D'"(t

,'\"IH""l k' II I. .:flfll flll:'l

lll'llmOO lr4 N:WhUIIH. F!~DIIIrr1 I>LJ •~ ot 1i<:.l lio,l Iii llou <1 · ~'>QIIYoJ-'' . o ·J~ "-~ .,.,.J-_.l'll'o!Dt ol ln'V.

r•c·.d•1.,:L~ o ...,i f u"1111rlu h "''"'• l h,-:),11!] r~:-.;t:~rc l1 .v..: ~-,,. .,..._cln 1 e'l\."1111~ luLls W I! 1 3~ \"ccrocrl.l'<, r u• fir< ft•ro/JT.u..; .'Jt.lnv'f1"o• ~~ i •) "-<•,fh .\rr c,ori..cl, f(. l}'l:lr{I,Jt \\'~ U (HJIIlit.II·J l(o 0~'"'-'kl_' 11 ~" f,A. 11 J~ 1~" ~ U~-= \ 'c, . I,.V.;\ -w lo,;t \li:J•~· :.ill.: tHm.a..:; I V."'JU I 1 1 h.~plll!lll'r 1111!1'1 ~~11 -!111l'ho•lll1 •11 111'•'• 1 ' 'fo1111"11111 \'rhnr fli<:!>ui• ,,~·Jc: <oil uri: th( .•iidw.l r~ rr..}~ All<'~r.t\llf.0 •>1!' 1md "A'<·'II .... H~ <..II Ill·" IJ.,vJili"JI 1" it lllv\<; 1111-~tt!.lJ.. <H tl Ua~o;l 1) (_VIQI f ilii

l·or liL K""t; h (ttn J' •Linn .. "'-'~ lttii~C .·;,x 1 ~•('..11 '..' .. ~1. •l: a( •J I

\'er!ll1 .!!\ .-~lc~ r.'J"Tt'.'Lli"RII•\' 11r t!nl m. nr rl-~ qn1• 1 II 11 )'Jl' 1 ~lll) .l:.t~l ~ T

Vectotex· Ve~oBac·

Don't Worry, the Navy is Lead­ing the Way in Malaria Vaccine Development.

Was it from a mosquito bite during a weekend camping trip, an early evening round of golf or while lounging around the backyard? In 1995, a 31-year-old man, with no history of international travel, was the first person to contract malaria from a mosquito bite in Michigan since 1952. During that same year, the state health department recorded thirty other cases of malaria in Michigan, all contracted overseas. In recent years, cases of locally transmitted malaria were reported in other states like Califor­nia, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Virginia and Texas. Anopheles mos­quitoes, which can carry malaria, are common almost everywhere in the United States.

Medical historians believe that malaria was introduced into the continental United States by Euro­pean colonists and African slaves. Malaria's path paralleled the migra­tion of people, with the exception of northern New England and the mountainous and desert areas.

Shaded areas represent areas of the world where malaria is transmitted.

Malaria was among the most common reasons for hospitalization during the Civil War (1861-1865),

18 Spring 2000

Malaria? Not in my Backyard iu Michigan!

with the two sides reporting more than 1.2 million cases between them. The incidence of malaria in the United States peaked around 1875, and it was estimated that more than 600,000 cases occurred

in 1914. Since 1957, nearly all cases of malaria diagnosed in the United States have been imported.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) nearly 1,200 Americans are infected with malaria each year, most while traveling abroad. Not seen as a serious public health problem in the United States, malaria is an internationally devas­tating disease. Malaria is found throughout the world in the tropics and subtropics, but has its greatest impact in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease infects about 300-500 million people each year according to the World Health Organization, and between 1 and 1.5 million people die each year, most are chil­dren under the age of five. Forty percent of the world's population is at risk of contracting the disease. Malaria is an enormous threat to military personnel deployed to the

by 'DO!ti4 ~~

tropics and subtropics. In every military campaign during the past 1 00 years conducted in theaters where malaria was transmitted, the US military had more casualties from malaria then from hostile fire.

CAPT Stephen Hoffman, MC, USNR, Director of the Malaria Pro­gram at the Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Forest Glen, MD, offered one example, "In Operation Restore Hope in Soma­lia we had a rigorous discipline for antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. Ten percent of a Marine group of about 500 individuals who were deployed in a riverine area got malaria in one month. Somalia is a desert and has very low transmission of malaria. If we had gone one country farther south into Kenya, then we would have had malaria transmission like we have never seen before."

CAPT Stephen Hoffman treating patient

Understanding the life cycle of the malaria parasite is fundamental

to all efforts to develop a vaccine. The parasites are well adapted for life in the human body - where they live, change form, mature and mul­tiply, all the while avoiding the body's immune system. The parasite begins a complex life cycle in the mosquito 's gut and ends in a person's red blood cells devouring the hemoglobin, the oxygen-carry­ing component of blood. Just one mosquito bite and the parasites are in the blood stream and headed di­rectly to the liver. In the liver they invade cells, mature and multiply thousands of times, destroying the liver cells in the process. They re­emerge into the blood steam again, to invade and colonize red blood cells. The parasites multiply in the red cells and at the completion of their development the cells rupture, releasing parasites that can infect other red blood cells. Uncompli­cated malaria causes high fever, chills, headaches, and muscle pain. More severe forms of malaria can cause death.

The Navy's malaria program is internationally recog­nized and spans the breadth of biomedical science from molecu­lar biology to field trials of vaccines and drugs. CAPT Hoffman leads a fifty-five member team of Med ical Service Corps and Medical Corps Naval Officers, enlisted personnel and civilian researchers and technicians. From the laboratory in Maryland, he coordinates malaria research activities at the Navy's biomedical laboratories in Indone­sia, Peru and Egypt as well as other overseas f ield locations. This group has made phe­nomenal scientific ad­vances leading the way toward the develop­ment of an effective malaria vacc ine for

Sailors, Marines, Soldiers and Airmen. Giving military personnel shots before they enter a malarial zone would help combat units

Plasmodium falciparum parasites (merozoites) rupturing from a human red blood cell. Each merozoite can immediately re-invade a normal red blood cell and develop within 48 hours to a mature red blood cell stage parasite with 10-20 merozoites.

sustain higher operational capabil­ity. The potential malaria related problems facing military medical planners in future conflicts may be staggering in comparison with those faced in the South Pacific , North Africa, and southern Europe during

World War II and in Vietnam. Although drugs that treat the ill­

ness have been around for some time, the development of a safe and effective malaria vaccine seems to be a definite possibility. CAPT Hoffman points out, "We need a vaccine to protect our troops. For example, the Marines are often the first to land in a hostile situation so they have the highest risk of con­tracting malaria. We traditionally rely on anti-malaria drugs to prevent malaria but frequently they don't work because the malaria parasites are resistant to the drugs or the drugs are not taken properly. We have never been deployed to the area of the world were malaria transmission is most intense which is sub-Saharan Africa. In sub­Saharan Africa the transmission intensity is 1 0 to 1 00 times greater than it was in the South Pacific or Vietnam. We believe, like all other infectious diseases, the best way to prevent the disease would be administering a vaccine. We have been working at the Naval Medical

Research Center for almost 30 years on this, and we are making slow incremental progress in regards to developing a vaccine to protect our personnel. Right now we are focusing on a vaccine that would be about 90% effective for 6 months."

CAPT Hoffman's team began working on a DNA-based vaccine in 1992. In 1998 he and his colleagues published the first report that DNA vaccines were safe, well tolerated, and elicited an immune response in normal, healthy people. This work could lead to the development of other DNA-based vaccines used to battle a host of infectious diseases such as dengue, tuber-

continued on page 27

~&au Spring 2000 19

W. wor" at malntaioing our eeMoe ~ the h~ tt\'04 pos lblf! becau wo truly bebeve our CLI 10n10rS Ant 111e tn011 ~pan~ our bUtlnelt tt .. reall)' qUito G • no eustomefs no biJIIUIIU •• III

The pest we ~ares.~ dilecttVfrom ... .._ .... cu.,iltlllr-.-.l!dllllll~ 1o lhO h¥ghe$t SJandards of quaity The (MIUipmenllhllwe through r ch and develOpment focu5inD on lhiiCICI ... IIIIIt rochnology ro meet lhe chaQging requrrementa ollbl.niiiiM••·

Wo w~nc ao thank a who value our prot~siOt'l•lai Rnd 80MCC Our goa tS to CC(ItinUC [0 be

ASTER RELIEF AND THE NAVY ENTOMOLOGIST

gists continue to seek ways of im­proving disaster relief efforts not only with advice and consultation, but also with meaningful capacities to change the disease environment through effective vector controL

Surveillance efforts follow­ing natural disasters

by 1)gp«t 11t. ~

and poor transportation limited the Navy's ability to control the vector populations in the Dominican Republic.

Later storms, however, demon­strated that insect survei llance alone can be tremendously benefi­

An often-forgotten consequence of natural and man-made disasters is a subsequent increase in the risk of vector-borne diseases. Major disasters destroy housing and wa­ter containment systems that normally protect people from mos­quitoes, flies and vermin. As a result, survivors must cope with swarms of insects and rodents that thrive in a soup of waste water, unburied garbage and the car­casses of man and animals. Communities recovering from hur­ricanes, earthquakes, floods, and wars must also deal with accom­panying epidemics of malaria, dengue, cholera and other diseases. Unfortunately, local gov­ernments often lack the capability to respond adequately to the need of the stricken populations because vector control services may have been destroyed by the disaster, if they ever existed at aiL In such situ­ations, local officials need access to expert consultation, insect sur­veillance, public education exper­tise, and effective vector controL Rarely are all of these capabilities

Some of the earlier disaster relief efforts by Navy entomolo­gists were neces­sarily limited to surveys of disas­ter damage and consultation with local public health officials. One ex­

Over 1,000 mosquitoes caught in one trap-night with carbon dioxide two weeks after Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina (All photos by Stanton Cope, LCDR MSC USN).

cial in the months immediately after a disaster. Follow­ing the midwest floods of 1993, for example, a team of Navy entomolo­gists responded to a request for assistance from the state of Mis­souri. Extensive mosquito surveil­lance was used to evaluate the risk of St. Louis and

available from

ample is provided by entomological support after Hurricane David in the Dominican Republic. That storm caused an estimated 1,000-1 ,500 deaths and injured nearly 4 ,000 people. The U.S. Navy helped sur­vey the storm damage and provided

--- - an assessment of one source. vector-borne dis-

Over the ease. As a direct last several result of after-years, the U. S. action reports from Navy has de- Hurricane David, ve loped the the public health abi lity to re- community be-spend with a came more aware more compre- of the potential for hensive array disastrous disease of weapons in over outbreaks after the fight per minute were recor~ed on this natural disasters. against vector- naval officer after a humcane. As would be seen borne disease following disasters. with later efforts at humanitarian More importantly, Navy entomolo- assistance, logistical impediments

Western equine encephalitis to local inhabitants. Over 250,000 mosquitoes were trapped, identified and analyzed during this study, which eventually concluded that risk to humans was very low. One tan­gible benefit of the surveillance pro­gram was that Missouri decided to forego a proposed mosquito control program that would have blanketed the area with insecticides at a cost ofnearly20 million dollars. The sur­ve illance program cost only $100,000, but it allowed public health officials to make an informed deci­sion that saved money and reduced the chances for further environmen­tal disruption, all without increasing the risk of disease to human inhab­itants.

Similar surveillance and consul­tations have been performed for outbreaks of disease. In 1993, Navy

continued on page 23

~&au Spring 2000 21

A'tu~ rer:lrt ~,lltJJW Aquo·Rr:vm Wnra·btl'Std tOIIflrJ1 Umfs 1u.sr 01 cff~Yi,)t Df o1UXJ1f.il ~fO)i.

Aqua-Reslin

lit ---

continued from page 21 entomologists were part of a team that investigated an epidemic of Rift Valley fever at the request of the Egyptian Ministry of Health. In 1995, the Navy consulted with public health officials on the island of Palau dur­ing an epidemic of dengue. Even Vietnam has benefited from recent Navy efforts in malaria control. These efforts were instrumental in identifying the disease vectors and providing advice on how to disrupt the disease cycle, but they did not get directly involved in vector control. Other disasters, however, pro­vided ample opportunities for vector control.

Vector control efforts

performed numerous tasks, from surveillance to fly and mosquito con­trol. These areas had experienced outbreaks of dengue and eastern equine encephalitis just prior to the hurricane, so the possibility of in­creased disease risk was very real. Hurricane Hugo served as a harbin­ger of several other tropical storms to which the Navy responded. Most recently, several entomologists were involved in disaster relief after the enormous destruction of Hurri-

though the two Navy entomologists on board were kept in the hospital overnight for observation. Figure 2 shows the helicopter and the exten­sive damage incurred. The incident emphasized the extraordinary care required to work in areas where traf­fic laws, equipment maintenance, driver training, and other aspects of public safety are different from those in the United States. Unfortu­nately, the situation often dictates that disaster relief workers rely on

vehicles in short supply driven by reckless local driv­ers on crowded roads that are severely damaged by the disaster. Great care must be taken to ensure the health and well-being of relief work­ers so that they do not become victims of the disas­ter themselves.

Public education and vector-borne disease

Vector control capabili­t ies in the Navy are con­centrated in two un its ca lled Disease Vector Ecology and Control Cen­ters (DVECCs): one in Jacksonville, Florida and the other in Bangor, Wash- Figure 2. Helicopter flown by local pilots that ington. Manned primarily was damaged during aerial spray operations in

A common concern for many disaster relief workers, including entomologists, is the temporary nature of their efforts. Vector control during

by commissioned en to- Maracay, V~nezue!a. in 1990. Fortunately, no mologists and preventive one was senously tn}ured. medicine technicians, these units serve as training, testing and opera­tional centers for most aspects of vector control that are required by the Navy and Marine Corps. In ad­dition, a complete inventory of insec­ticide dispersal equipment is main­tained at these centers for contin­gency uses like wartime vector con­trol and humanitarian assistance. Equipment ranges from backpack sprayers to trailer-mounted turbines capable of spraying a stream of liq­uid insecticide dozens of feet into the air. The units even maintain aerial spray equipment for use in helicopters. All of this equipment has been used for disaster relief in the last ten years.

One of the biggest responses was after Hurricane Hugo when three teams of entomologists and technicians deployed to Puerto Rico, St. Croix and Charleston, South Carolina. These teams

cane Mitch in Central America. This last deployment reflected one of the recurrent problems with disaster relief efforts: reliable transportation. Because the teams must travel lightly in order to obtain fl ights into disaster zones, the entomologists must often rely on either local trans­portation or on vehicles provided by other military units. This reliance results not on ly in inconsistent transportation, but also in some danger. That danger was best dem­onstrated in 1990, when two vector control teams went to Venezuela at the request of the Pan American Health Organization. The teams established aerial spray programs to control mosquitoes during an epi­demic of dengue hemorrhag ic fever. One of the helicopters, flown by local pilots, crashed after hitting a high-tension power line. Amaz­ingly, no one was seriously injured,

an epidemic may mitigate the immediate situation without addressing the underlying factors leading to the outbreak. In other words, how much real benefit do relief efforts actually provide? One approach to reducing the need for emergency relief is to develop more self-sufficiency in local communities that are prone to disruption. This goal can be obtained with simple technologies like insecticide-treated mosquito nets and sanitation to reduce the number of larval breed­ing sites. The Navy has participated in two U.S. Army efforts to accom­plish these long-term goals in Haiti and Jamaica with the hope of establishing a continuing education program in vector control for public health in these countries. One unique aspect of such training was the added goal of developing envi­ronmentally friendly techniques to replace others that may be more

continued on a e 26

Spring 2000 23

p

(.wd, IQint' INn)' O'fhK tJIQ(Ju<" ,,..,. ,., :o.x phrsJul

MhOtl tNt 11 .r ~l. Af.N10Ur MMI c•n ~ff~tJw.ly COMTOI mo-..qt .. toN -'' ...,. potnt on tf'w>oF M~· Q'dt'1 V'fCthocA r~ pcuoblfll)' ol '"'~tMw" ~ ~tQPHJ

1(800)543~7370

Y.._'J Ll r TL J r l7

To Be Hec.7l-c:f / T/1/s HOLlsel

Do1~ 't /t.t tl1.e gldes ~of tl•t C(lpilol shut you out. Etll~a,te your ~isibill.ty 011 tl~t Hill! Your voit.--c ctAn make a differenc.¢ am 1hc 2~• . .t\m1u.al AMCA Leg'i.!ilative Day Qfi Muy 2~-25, 2.000 ;U lht::

Re:nruss:rnce J lotel in Wash.ing[OJ1, DC. lbe AMCA Legisbuve Day has. !become n vecy impoflanl [pMl in o!Jf Legislative efforts. AMCA members

journey to, \V~hin~ton to meet with regulators and legislatocs to present ilhe-cause ofMo541uico Control.

Tentaliate 1\gem'l.a The~.-) . ,\l•f U ~.tiO ' .illl ~ m

1JU

A \K.:A ~'"'ih l ul ,., .. e-.un:m ~nc:r; M .. .-llnj r ~ • trw IR;th lmlllfe ft>rl~ca"l~ Mnrlfltf ... H ~II U.&me:

'Y,',« IiiL\'\01•.!1'• l\'la~ !4 H:1.1 - 1\.lO IMrn.J,J(Jia:m;;.: Dr, DJ\ lal D..unc ~:Jc.t - !P.IJIJ W!Jlll:n Sw:klc

Copo•~·l Hill Or~t.·• io,IAII ~a·~wt.-. 1 ...... ~ KotJil(lif' Sp,.ll'k t~rf~ i Y:W- 11:4S ~prc~lllill\C l(hf!MJ ~"Qmlv (II. ~Ut~mja)

UJllblr •11> HR I ,.._.2 9·>~~ - ut-~tl \ b:}!ll' t'oii!l'»rl l or Flr \.\'J.ync CrX~~

w-('51 N~~c '>'1n::. m rw.... ¥i1!'1 111 30 Jl : ltl l1101~ l iAo~ ~ol'

llllC\,'CJ)(" - P\>tlloc lila-~ ~~ f<..• t~~e<- io ~t.; r-: ..... \ 1llll"fll u"'l I I: [ ;;. - L'Z:OO Llr. M~ M~

P\.otolio. 1-lt:..<ht. ~do;laJc rLI.o C)JI~IIOO f>m.tmlll jtfH~

WfiiMiday ~rullulttl ... I :)It 1.lll Tf.u .,.l Cl) C-.Joltvl ~o il (Ucfr1l.

~:M - i ::\0 Hill \feU:~ !-:.~ - 7~• COIIJrci•k''lai Re.:cpclo>n •n ' "'c 1 :100

l-4-'tljt~I•Lh HI.S,&. Ttmrui:Joy, 1\l!iJ 1.~ ~: .. ~ - ''.: I,_ -'~ Mr:l~e). 1:1':-\. Lll!C>.'W' (it 01:'1'

l=J>A Kr.l Ptohl~ l-l.;.,ild\ J\:.Ja•~ [fQI'A) 1):1 ~ - 9;4 ·~ Tlf, 1'W! ft.o<c. fPA

J:'I;.!W I.. JXtr.c fj;.:t~ 10:1 ~ C1.& ( :kle llu~n.

~· 1 l()c:fc lt\C Jr.;'! Pollllc ll~ho f\''111.;~

11).:1~ · lo:45 T Jn;: Q lieu. l/Sil..Vt-()PA l.n.J Pl1hll~ Hr:~Jrll

~~~~~ - 11:\ll tr~{l'l.\'~ 0 ft'~lc;'lf 1J.1mlt> Cl.ar~ )

11:30 - 12:W U.stWS lk' ctvpt:'rr.lt vi M~w llllf \'~im fl"'lllful 1-lrollo,lh.ICI\.

1:2: 4'1fl l'tr. D:~¥ood f'l.1mc (t'..-r~f'Crr.;(' \VJJr-L'pt

,------------------------------------, 1 Regiiitrntlion for the 2nd A nrurnl A T\.'ICA 1.-egislative Day

I I I I I I I I I I I I

.arne -------------- Company ________________________ ___

Smrwa ____________ GLy ________ ,Slat.e ___ .....~Zip·----

Phone. _______ __..Fax _______ ... E-mail ______________ _ Congrc'i--.iomall repi"C$;CDlDii\·c yo1111 w1i-.h to vis.it,_ _________________ _

Card Jumhcr: E:\pOalc :_ Mo,/ S~gn~tu re _____________________ _

P·rinmoo L o.n~----------------------I flcfJcm lira f'l'miJ :rriJd JrrM dtKk Ia: ti."ICII· ZlfJIJ .rii. Prim Lou Rd,. Wr Clnuln, 1 ... 11 1~~~~. w I' ~a t~ A \fD • tol JJ8uf'n.'J.IJ,I.

~------------------------------------~ Tl1c nlt't#ng 1141lff bt Mid at tkt Rtruiittanu lVasln'n,wn tJC ll«d. 999 ~~~ Sfmf. N. "~' MlUilingiw., DC 2Q()W4421. For l'f!unv;rli'om< tall J.S(J().468rJ571. Room :mtc: $JIS_OO .~inglel $.#33.00' dqubJe Tax: 14.5~

continued from page 23

disruptive, such as the use of sanitation to reduce mosquito numbers rather than the common practice of using extremely toxic agricultural chemicals in local pub­lic health initiatives.

Entomological support by Navy per­sonnel after disasters now includes a more complete spectrum of appropriate responses, including surveillance, public education, expert consultation and opera­tional vector control. Because the Navy can respond quickly with such expertise, entomolog ists have been deployed numerous times in the last twenty years t o provide re l ief from epidemics, zoonotics and disasters, both man-made and natural. Table 1 is a partial list of such

U S. Navy entamologj.cal support to civilian organizations Table 1. (1979 to 1998)

Yeat Supp01ted Group Reaoonfor suppettt

1979 1986 1989 1989 1990

1991 1991 1991 1993 1993

Dominican Republic San Die IJl C OUDty Pwlic Health Dept. C alifurria Public Health D epl St. Croix VeMruelan Minist!y of Health

Department ofErergy Ban@adefh H dian refugees EgyptianMirishy of Health State of Mi:llfotti

Hurricare David Autochthonous malaria outbreak Zo anotic outbreak of plal}l8 H urric are H UIJl Def€Ue hemorrhage fever

ResetUemert of Marshall Islands T:yproan Re~e interdiction Rift Valley fever outbreak Floods

deployments since 1979. 1993 U. S. Public HealthSe:rvice Hurricare Andrew It should be noted that the primary 1993 People'sRepwlic ofVietnam Malaria epidemic

mission of the Navy entomological com- 199.5 Certers for Disease Canlro1& Prevention Hartavin.s pulmanarysyn::lrame munity is to support the Navy and Marine 199.5 Cuban r efugees Re~e interdiction Corps in issues of public health and pest 199.5 Palau Def€Ue outbreak control. In that role, they may accompany ~1-9-96-t-H-am-.. ----------....,.._P_ub_lic_. _e_cluc_ atio-. -n--------1

marines and sailors throughout the world, 1996 1 amaica Public eclucation providing vector control and expert advice. 1998 Puerto Rico Hurricare Georges They also provide pest control and envi- 1998 Guat.emala Hurricare Ivlitch ronmental expertise to existing military 1998 Nicaragua Hurricare Ivlitch bases and they conduct research on medically important insects in the over-seas research laboratories of Egypt, Indonesia and Peru. However, the increasing use of the American military in operations other than war has dictated the development of "one-stop-shopping" for matters involving vector­borne diseases in disaster relief operations. The Navy is not unique in having developed a complete spectrum of responses to such scenarios; other military and civilian organizations can respond with similar capabili­t ies. The degree to which these capabilities will be maintained, improved or even utilized will depend on future political and organizational support, as well as the need generated by future disasters. ~

David M. Claborn, M.S., LCDR MSC USN, is currently a graduate student in the Doc­tor of Public Health program at the Uniformed Services Uni­versity of Health Sciences in Bethesda, MD

Phone: 301-545-0337 email: dclaborn@usuhs.mil

BVA MOSQUITO CONTROL PRODUCTS

26

BVA BVA2 Larvicide Oil

EPA# 70589 Quick Kill Lruvicide

Shmt-Tetm

BVA 13 EPA# 55206-2

The Clear Choice For ULV Diluents

BVAMaximum Flushing Oil

Cleans Nozzles and Tanks Dissolves Insecticide Residues

and Sludge Deposits

Fog Oil 100 Naphthenic Oil

Used for Celiain Fogging Operations

BVA Paint Slayer

Added to Paint for use on walls, ceilings and floors to provide protection against mosquitoes

atld other insects

BVA OILS 800-231-3376

Spring 2000

BVA Conceal Skin Gel

Protects skin :fi·om mosquitoes, midge and other attack insects

Repels, does not kill

BVA Banzai Fabric Spray

Use on clothes, hats, picnic tables, patios Repels, does not kill

FAX # 248-348-2684 E-MAIL: CUSERV BVAOILS.COM

continued from page 19

culosis and biological warfare threats. Four years ago CAPT Hoffman set out to

sequence the genome of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for 99% of the world 's deaths due to malaria, and the major cause of casualties in DoD operational forces. The parasite has a genome of 30 megabases and has an esti­mated 6,000 genes. The parasite's genome is 10-30 times larger than bacterial genomes that had been sequenced prior to his work. In 1998, his col­leagues and he completed the genomic sequence of chromosome 2 of P. falciparum. This work pro­vides the foundation for completing the genome in the next few years, the blueprint for all research on this parasite for the next century.

The scientific successes of the Navy's malaria research program have brought the world to the brink of the development of an effective malaria vaccine. Their work in genomics and DNA vaccines lays the foundation for the development of a new generation of vaccines for numerous infectious disease and biological warfare threats.

Doris M. Ryan, Science Writer Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Naval Medical Research and Development Division (MED-26) email: dmryan@us.med.navy.mil

Scanning electron micrograph of a Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite, the stage of the life cycle inoculated by mosquitoes when they feed on humans.

F'•Jf ~II )'C·t r: L r,t·"k .d inc ... Ad .llth.-iu i11g

13rn;:,' RIYJl llrt"rn•t~rr~;.

(:qnti u livr ; Ga.lndl •• o I l\U.tlJ. <nH.'Jfl. Hw~r; 1.1 \ '

' U(t Lil:f.'llyJ j,,ffow-.AJ ,_..,.-~ .-.jl rf"t ... Nrf'F•,

"" J•r.'<Jo'' ••• ~~q. l':m o·v· o ~· rl·~ ,." .... ~ ... ....:~; ... ,,.,. ,. ......... d "'"""" •. J..a,.

l'f •m.";f(;uo m.l"""~ un~./.,vc "(W:\'J'(t':S<'

._~ ... .,it....,.·~ J$•L'"'i•-"• v.~.

• l"r~ .. ,,.,,. • TI.C• nm~~o

• ll\ < •1'1.1 - l "''"~ '"', • .\ "' !1J,. • Puko • I" ll .liN' • ~ 11'\.l I to,_.,..._,, • \ r.;·.if'b • ft•.•~ .:. • •,•, ·>,ft.iL• C • f1 f - ta.,..;•"'IO&b ;.13 •I "). ... rn • Rt..:-rrt:.li.:'l'l..ai t-'.ar,, t·tt tu ·.. • 1-·r .

• 1~ rIll' •· • ~JI r •)t!l.rn oo;

Avai 1.(11,, h; r, I II IL~

:.·10'1 J::W I h~ 1r bu tc·rs

~ '\"IBI SPitAYERS .... .. ~~~ I ........ (\ .. ,..~ ....... I f-o,.., :-... ...:

I Pbi

~&au Spring 2000 27

continued from page 5

toes to be involved in yellow fever transmission, referring to the theory as "balderdash". He insisted that control could be achieved by clean­ing up garbage and dead cats, paint­ing the houses and paving the streets! Attempts by Gorgas to meet with Walker were unheeded.

In fact, support for Gorgas' efforts came only after disturbing reports of the health of canal workers leaked out. The American Medical Asso­ciation sent representatives to investigate. In 1905, stories pub­lished in American newspapers created a national sensation and brought public attention to Gorgas, his workers and the magnitude of their task. More importantly, read­ers also became aware of the hos­tility and non-cooperation exhibited by the Canal Commission. It was reported that the fifth Canal Chair­man and Chief Engineer, Colonel Goethals remarked to Gorgas "Do you know, Gorgas, every mosquito you kill costs the United States Gov­ernment ten dollars" to w hich Gorgas replied "But just think, one of those ten-dollar mosquitoes might bite you, and what a loss that would be to the country".

In an effort to resolve the situa­tion, President Roosevelt forced the resignation of the Commission and appointed a new, smaller one. They too were opposed to the mosquito

theory and tried to have Gorgas replaced but President Roosevelt forced their cooperation and Gorgas finally received the support he had long anticipated. As was mentioned earlier, Gorgas felt that malaria was a bigger problem. The control strat­eg ies for th is disease differed somewhat and relied primarily on converting swamps to dry land. When this could not be done, Anopheles larvae were killed by oiling the water surface.

Aftermath

General Gorgas

of Belgium. During a trip to London, Gorgas suffered a stroke and was hospitalized . When it became apparent that Gorgas was very ill, King George V visited him in the hospital and presented Gorgas with the insignia of Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George.

A short time after the King's visit, Gorgas died at the age of 65. A state funeral in St. Paul's Cathedral was ordered by British authorities. Gorgas' body was returned to the US for an impressive service and he was la id to rest in Arl ington Cemetery.

received many honors. In 1908, he w as elected President of the American Medical Association. At the age of 60, he was appointed Surgeon Gen­eral of the US Army with the rank of Brigadier Gen­eral and one year later he was promoted to Major General by Congress in recognition of his achieve­ments in sanitation. On the eve of his 641h birthday, General Gorgas retired.

Nelson R. Powers, Ph.D., MPH LTC, Medical Service Corps, US Army Staff Entomologist, Defense Logistics Agency

In 1920, Gorgas trav­eled to Europe where, among many other people he met and spent consid­erable time with King Albert

AM MIA

email: nelson_powers@hq.dla.mil

LCDR Stanton E. Cope, MSC, USN Executive Assistant to Assistant Chief for Operational Medicine and Fleet Support, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery email: secope@us.med.navy.mil

THE PREFERRED INSURANCE PROGRAM /

28

HOW MUNICIPALITIES AND TAXING DISTRICTS CONTAIN THE HIGH COST OF INSURANCE PROTECTION

GENERAL LIABILITY *** PUBLIC OFFICIALS LIABILITY*** AUTOMOBILE LIABILITY AVIATION LIABILITY *** AVIATION HULL ***AVIATION CHEMICAL LIABILITY

SOUTHWEST ASSURANCE CORPORATION OF FLORIDA (PROGRAM ADMINISTRATORS) 401 EAST JACKSON STREET, SUITE 1700 TAMPA, FL 33601-3364

PHONE: 800-527-4953 FAX: 813-222-4040

ENDORSED BY THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION

Spring 2000

Hurricane Mitch will be remem- conveyed a warning that some of And so began my Hurricane bered as the most deadly hurricane us might soon be experiencing them Mitch relief adventure, officially to strike the Western Hemisphere asareality. We wereallawarethat known as Operation CENTAM in the last two centuries. Beginning there was a distinct possibility a Relief. During the ensuing 3 days, as a tropical depression on Octo- DVECC vector control team would long hours were spent preparing ber 22, 1998, Mitch quickly esca- be called upon to assist with the everything for transport. Not only did fated into a Category 5 hurricane by disaster relief following Mitch. we need to get our personal gear October26, withsustainedwindsof By November 2, Mitch had left and vector control equipment 180 mph and gusts reaching over Honduras and was meandering packed, we also had to verify that 200 mph. Mitch remained at the North towards Mexico. That day we all our shots were up to date and Category 5 status for 33 continuous had our regular department head health issues specific for Central hours, the longest continuous meeting and were briefed on the America were addressed. Equip-period at Category 5 level since latestcasualtyfiguresresultingfrom ment was packed and then Hurricane David in 1979. From Mitch. I was informed that, should repacked, as additional information October 26 through November 4, a team be deployed, my name from Honduras arrived and our mis-Mitch battered Honduras and the would top the list. sion instructions were adapted to surrounding countries with ferocious Three days later, the probable the latest information. The DVECC winds and torrents of rain, causing became reality as the "flag went up" team consisted of myself as team catastrophic mudslides and flood- and orders arrived. As I strolled leader, and two preventive medicine ing. While reports vary, conserva- around a comer en route to my of- technicians (PMTs), HM1 Vernon tive estimates report over 9,000 fice, full coffee mug in hand, I found Stiles and HM2 Margaret Whalen. deaths and more than 9, 000 miss- both my department head and the We were the vector control part of ing from Guatemala, Honduras, El DVECC officer in charge (OIC) eye- a larger, preventive medicine (PM) Salvador, and Nicaragua. Over 3 ing me speculatively. My suspicions team, the rest of whom joined us in million people were affected by were immediately aroused. Jacksonville Sunday evening, arriv-the hurricane, 2 million of them .---------=-------....;;;;;;;;,___,_ ing from San Diego. The PM in Honduras. Honduras suf- team was comprised of an fered the greatest number of environmental health officer, a casualties with 6,600 known microbiologist, an infectious dead and over 8,000 reported disease physician, an ento-missing. One hundred sev- mologist, and 5 PMTs. enty bridges were destroyed As we prepared our per-and 70% of the roads were sonal gear, HM2 Whalen, a impacted. Ninety percent of veteran of disaster relief op-the banana crop, a major erations, advised me to pack agricultural commodity, was a jar of mentholatum vapor destroyed. rub. "Of course," I thought to

As Mitch developed and myself, thinking she was jok-wreaked havoc on Central ing (what would we be using America, daily images of the THAT for?). Later I learned devastation occurring there Fig. 1· HMt Stiles _reviews ~he correct use of that putting some vapor rub were broadcast into the com- vector control eqwpment with other PMTs. under your nose helps block fort of our living rooms. For those "LT Dykstra!" exclaimed the OIC. out less appealing smells. There of at the Disease Vector Ecology "Just the person we're looking for! was a definite possibility that we and Control Center (OVECC) in How would you like to go to Hondu- might be called upon to help remove Jacksonville, FL, these images also ras?" bodies from flood ravaged sites or

continued on page 32

30 Spring 2000

EINVIRONMENTALLY COIMIPATIBLE ~MOSQUITO CONTROL PRODUCTS

t>isTribu!t!d BY Z .t\ ~~'I I ORI10R,\TIO_ n' The un l~ ·\ltusi,ICiil nbl dl,llhn" in 1111: \Vc, l Jed h.:meLlll' lhc~ •w •~r.qu11n ·unU'L 1l andtt~lr: .

continued from page 30 from mudslides. A grim thought indeed.

Although we were told to be ready to leave as early as Friday afternoon, we ended up waiting, on call, an additional4 days. It wasn't until Tuesday morning that we finally boarded the C-141 cargo plane, strapped ourselves in the jump seats, and lifted off for Honduras. Three hours later, we landed at Soto Cane AF base, near Comayagua, Honduras. The warm sunshine felt wonderful after sitting in the plane's cold and noisy cargo hold.

We arrived in time to meet

trip involved flying to southern Honduras where massive flooding had heavily damaged a pesticide storage facility (Fig. 2). Pesticides, stored in hundreds of CON EX boxes (each the size of a semi-trailer), had been washed downstream with the raging floodwaters. After the floods subsided, people opened the CON EX boxes, removed the drums of pesticides, and used the boxes as shelters. We were told that some people had emptied the plas­tic pesticide drums, used the drums

a team of Navy SEALs, on their .-~:;;::;~~ way home after having spent 1 0 days assisting Hondurans in looking for stranded people and helping to recover bodies. The damage to the base was mod­erate , but flooding had destroyed the base's waste treatment plant. We were housed in one of the base hous­ing units while we set about determining where in the coun­try we would be most needed.

and malaria, and their respective vectors, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles alb/manus, and An. darling/.

It wasn't until December 7 how­ever, that we were cleared to begin a major mosquito control mission in Northern Honduras. Although we were fully aware that the hurricane induced population explosion of mosquitoes was past, we also felt that we would be able to provide some relief to people in areas where a tremendous amount of standing water from the floods remained.

And so, to this end, we con­tinued on with our proposed mission.

The PMTs on our team found their skills immediately tested, both on and off the base. They not only assisted with vector control and sanitation issues on base, but also provided their exper­tise and assistance to medical teams helping out in nearby villages, and to the Seabee and Marine units that were in country assisting with repairs to the damaged infrastruc­ture (Fig. 1 ). Team members gave lectures to incoming groups about personal protective measures against mosquitoes, what other creatures to look out for, and how to keep themselves as healthy as pos­sible. Some of the PMTs also trav­eled to Mocoron, in NE Honduras, to provide vector control for an Air Force Reserve medical team who was providing medical services to the Hondurans in that region.

Fig. 2. View of flood damage done to a pesticide storage facility in Southern Honduras.

LCDR Steven Rankin joined us from the Navy Envi­ronmental and Preventive Medicine Unit No. 2, in Norfolk, VA to direct the aerial spray missions. Unfortunately, the aerial component of our mission never left the ground (pun intended), so he had to content himself with sharing his wealth of expertise with our ground assault efforts. We also combined forces with an Army vector control team led by CPT Dwight Rickard. His PM detachment of 1 0 person­

During the following week, mem­bers of our team went out with our army counterparts on helicopter trips around the country, surveying the damage wrought by Mitch. One

32 Spring 2000

to hold water for bathing and drink­ing, and consequently received chemical burns. We were never able to confirm these stor ies though, and later, we heard that peasants who planned to either use or sell the pesticide for profit during the next planting season had collected most of the drums of pesticides.

Other trips were made to north­ern Honduras, Nicaragua, and to El Salvador, where the army engineer corps was scheduled to come and assist with damage repair in that country. We provided mosquito control advice to the El Salvador team , and HM1 Stiles made a separate trip to provide additional mosquito control. We quickly determined that northern Honduras was in most need of assistance. The primary vector borne diseases that were prevalent included dengue

nel, complete with hummvees, trail­ers, and mosquito control equip­ment, arrived 3 days prior to our trip North. Our mosquito control arse­nal included Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeliensis (B.t.i. ) dunks and wettable powder, methoprene briquettes , permethrin-based compounds for ULV application, and personal protection in the form of DEET lotion, permethrin aerosols, and bed nets. We also included rodenticide granules and glue traps, wasp spray, Dursban, fly bait, and, of course, spill kits.

We convoyed up to the Seabee camp at San Pedro Sula the first day. Continuing on to La Ceiba, we then divided into 2 teams. The first team remained in La Ceiba to con­duct mosquito control in that area, while the second team continued on to Tocoa, a town located in the Aguan River Valley, where some of

continued on a e 38

To protect child ·en

~o~ tt ha,re to be Tough on i\dults.

h

iii "' •

FYFAN01N . ULV Mr-cnewc

I

\

@ CHEMINOVA 'r-11111 III POV.:L, i no 17 no !1(.TIIl'l ~ !>tJt:e :t 1 Co, W;I~T"' ,~, .. "" ·"~ } t •l va

I "' 1, 111h• r mtm::r:p 11 Ill u•oua '"'Ill l-·~·,1l •IJ,w h•lrnr

II( l:tlll ~ ..,,, .., H~.· !• l l \

~I Position Announcements II]

Mosquito Management Scientist

Anticipated salary range: $35-55K; anticipated date of availability: July 1, 2000. This individual w ill develop and maintain an operational mosquito management research and development program aimed at reducing pesticide usage. The suc­cessful applicant will be expected to seek outside funding for innova­tive research, cooperate with mos­quito scientists at Florida universi­t ies and other Florida mosquito con­trol programs, and cooperate with other Sarasota County depart­ments, the Southwest Florida Wa­ter Management District, Mote Ma­rine Laboratory and others. Mini­mum qualifications will include a Bachelor's Degree in an appropri­ate biological or physical science and 4 years of experience in field ecology with demonstrated abilities to obtain grant funds and publish results of scientific investigations in credible scientific journals. A Master's Degree can substitute for one year and a Ph.D. Degree can substitute for two years of profes­sional experience.

From the Editor

Mosquito Management Biologist

Anticipated salary range: $28-42K; anticipated date of availability: July 1, 2000. This individual will manage the mosquito, arbovirus, and environmental surveillance pro­grams; establish and maintaining mosquito colonies, monitor wi ld mosquito populations for pesticide sensitivity, conduct efficacy evalua­t ions of pesticides, and other so­phisticated field and laboratory du­ties. Specific duties w ill include mosquito identification, mosquito dissections and data compilation and analysis. Minimum qualifications will include a Bachelor's Degree in an appropriate biological or physi­cal science and two years of pro­fessional experience related to the position. A Master's Degree can substitute for one year of profes­sional experience.

Applicants may submit a letter of interest and a resume directly to Dr. Charles Morris, Manager, Mosquito Management Services, 5531 Pinkney Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34233. For additional infor­mation, please contact Morris at 941-316-1247 or cmorris@co.sarasota.fl.us.

UPDATE: West Nile Virus

Isolated from Mosquitoes --- New York, 2000

During January - February 2000, three pools of oveiwinter­ing Culex spp. mosquitoes col­lected at Fort Totten, New York, were positive for West N ile Vims (WNV) RNA by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay (TaqMan™, Perkin-Elmer Biosystems, Foster City, Califor­nia*). Additional testing to detect the presence of intact vims was pe1formed but was negative as of March 10, 2000. Since then, one of the pools that was positive by RT-PCR yielded a live WNV isolate in a fluid vero cell culture system and confnmed by West Nile-specific monoclonal antibody staining of vims infected cells and vims gene sequencing. Studies of this isolate continue.

CDC MMWR Weekly March 17, 2000 I 49(1 0);211

For more inf01mation on this topic visit www 2. cdc.govhnmwrl

"Mosquito season" is about to begin and you must be itching to tell everyone what is going on in yomworld.

34

We are looking for interesting teclmical or field-related ruticles about mosquitoes, mosquito control and related topics. The ruticles do not have to be "scientific" in natme and ru·e usually not too

, long-usually a page or two (800 - 1,600 words). '-- A considerable amount of appliedreseru-d1, equipment modifications, application technique alter-ations, along with other operational advancements ru·e being conducted at mosquito programs, universities and military installations throughout the world. Much ofthis inf01mation is publishable, but perhaps not in a refereed joumal. We encourage you to consider publishing in Wmg Beats.

Contact inf01mation is listed on the top of page 3.

Spring 2000

continued from page 11

protection as permethrin levels achieved on the fabric are low. One can treat a single uniform (plus a military bed net), and provide protection through about six washings or six weeks. The U.S. Army developed and registered three additional products. An individual dynamic absorp­tion (IDA) kit can be used by soldiers to treat a single uniform to provide protection from mosquito bites through 50 washings. This kit includes re-sealab le plastic pouches into which a measured amount of water, permethrin, and a rolled up uniform are placed for two hours. The treated uniform is then removed and air-dried prior to use. A two gallon compressed air sprayer method is available that trained technicians can use to apply permethrin to the uniforms of many soldiers in a given unit. This method also provides protection for as long as the IDA process. A factory impregnation method is cur­rently being used to treat uniforms intended to be issued to soldiers on deployments or training in areas where there is a high threat from arthropod-borne disease.

The DoD also has some other products available for protecting troops from arthropod threats. Mosquito bed nets have long been in the supply system as have mos­quito head nets that fit over military head gear, to include helmets. A mesh jacket that when treated in DEET pro­vides excellent protection to soldiers on guard duty or other non-tactical situations is also available.

A number of additional protective measures are also being developed or purchased for use by the DoD. These include items such as a combined camouflage facepaint and repellent, and a self-supporting shelter that includes permethrin treated insect netting. The facepaintlrepel­lent product will allow soldiers to apply a single product to protect them from both human and arthropod threats. The military is currently considering replacing the old bed nets with a self-supporting sleeping system that includes screening and protection from the elements. Finally, an ongoing DoD and U.S. Department of Agriculture research program is investigating new chemical compounds that could replace DEET as the active ingredient in personal repellent products.

Military entomologists have a long history of providing preventive medicine support to U.S. forces. A crucial part of their mission involves ongoing training of command­ers and their troops in methods to prevent contact with pests as well as providing military personnel with an effective, integrated system of personal and clothing repellent products. It is through these efforts and meth­ods that military entomologists assist the medical depart­ments of the various military services to preserve the health of the U.S. Armed Forces.

Stephen B. Berte, Ph.D., Lieutenant Colonei:' U.S. Army Contingency Liaison Officer, Armed Forces Pest Management Board, 6900 Geor­gia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20307-5001

e-mail : bertesb@acq.osd.mil

CLARKE r.rruor Srhwrn tcr ,\lc •c.nWt C'cnrTal ~

1-8o0-)23· S727 www. tla rlo.emosqulto.com

mli iL• ~tuli a clul\ernrhqutto.com

Spring 2000 35

.:\\ fr ilUl GrilTin LL:C.,

i\m1p;~ Cf, 1 n presmum

q:a.wlit). U:hr.l (,lW \ ilhn11~:

fOrn!Uihuion. ~b!!l.rd ~l

96.Ykl nud thton.

U'tl!t; Uc!WCrl\!..., \'.W truck ~ ~ 11\\, 1l bl \lr.lfl3 \ p lS full ' COC['VlC£d h~·

<3nffiu ud.t ~cr llfiJltnt ~ ~;t.:m t5lt t etl ·tro:~~tc lie:" II} dtn)u~hntll rhc

ll r11rrd Sun 5

1 , I,; nn mort'

l-4Nt'-i-37~tH

t•:r..lu· lvc Dlsttiluunr ttf \lJr p ~

~ ~axt·at'.l'.lt~~&;:!3?;£=-...~ -.v.lt..s 11 tl>VWI H•f On"•~ l.1l C: :t-~ '<!=

Griffin Gti ffin l. .L.C. V" \i·. Wlf<'.l • ._ GA 116Ul

tn·•-.o.tOh(l IM l'>d;~"'!.l no l)i q~,r.;~lil'r LI\.Y vl',llllti!II•O'I t!qWC)IM~•cktaJry d.YIId

,-,.-~:t.hJ.C~TXegl br Fl)QP"'~l!'l. ·11 ··,.me• so \~· ;)XJI""U'llll'lP" Til,. 800 ~}i)- uM Plfl

•110 r~o~ Pt!ovntj' ~rs •e l"..oot.~-BI•11""f·m1 Ull V eom~ ft""'lttlft1"117r~ c~lni?~'>fDd iO 111 ol\'lef~ dll'.!bllll;t'. ~tl~~ ~

• ·or."~ uv; lnat'-l$Cid \11~ l~ P&,.Tn'Jl lt'/~-ah'-IWIV~ hora~. f1PI(JIIIIft',. -;;~ idrf' ~'-f04:ll:.l'l w-o o~cr ~tlrnum ~rm.f"'C(l <:~Mfl~j)!l!'IINI"My

fir.Gonnilo.l$1il0f~OO ~!!a~ .I) II"'MqU!Ul

WIIJOI J:~m'<F~ 11'1~ ~lf.l 2 '.>~ nmlo.ll)' ~\;h iUIVIMtf*' ClfOOuCt~~pr!U!fl! .1nd

:411'\:ii&I~Od C!biOI t- WpFor1 ~.o:;

fEATUAES

• $'<( dl 01i.Md Coiu.lf'.adnl "• ~~ llli'lltUCJ .:h ,.. f'IHN.JWI~ "'""llef~NL F.n.'-h

·101::1\l 0 G

I ~-.1 tJ~,t-~ l.,lr • !)ill.. 1 A 7fo2lfl (800)345-9387 Cl (21ill) 357·514"1

continued from page 32 the heaviest flooding and damage had occurred. LCDR Rankin and CPT Rickard remained with the team in La Ceiba. l ied the advance team in Tocoa.

The La Ceiba team provided mosquito control to the city and surrounding region. Midway through their mission, they received word that some of the Sea bees had con­t racted dengue fever. Aedes aegypti was obviously alive and thriving in or around their camp, so LCDR Rankin and CPT Rickard's second in command, 1 LT Zinante, returned to San Pedro Sula to enforce mosquito control in their camp w ith both insecticide and source reduction measures.

Upon arrival in Tocoa, my team set up our base camp at a local elementary school. Every day we divided into 3 teams of 3-4 people per team. Each team included a local Honduran mosquito control official, who guided our efforts by showing us where the problem areas were (Fig. 3). At night, two teams conducted ultra-low volume (ULV) spray missions for adult control in dif­ferent communities. We sprayed each community for 3 con­secutive nights before moving on to the next community. Working closely with our Hon­duran counterparts, we encouraged them to direct our efforts to areas that they felt were most in need. Over the course of two weeks we dispensed

Ceiba to join up with the other half of the team. No one got much sleep Christmas Eve due to all of the fire­crackers that the Hondurans were setting off as part of their Christmas. Christmas morning we exchanged gifts with our secret Santas whose names everyone had drawn, and that afternoon was spent enjoying a turkey dinner at an American­owned restaurant on the beach.

The following day we were back on the road and spent the night at the Seabee camp in San Pedro Sula. The control strategies implemented by LCDR Rankin appeared to be working, although we all opted to use our bed nets, a prac­tice enforced throughout our mission. We returned to Soto Cano on December 27 and we were happy to be back! The cafeteria food was a welcome break f rom the standard , mi lit ary meals­ready-to-eat ("affectionately" known as MREs) that we had been subsisting on for the previous 3

larvicide throughout more than 80 commu­nities in the Aguan Val­ley, and provided adult

Fig. 3. Walker, a Honduran mosquito control colleague, inspects a dipper for the presence of mosquito larvae.

mosquito control to 26 communities. Our efforts did not go unnoticed, as the local media soon caught up with us and interviewed one of our Honduran colleagues (Fig. 4).

weeks. Most of the Navy PM team that we'd left behind had completed their mis­sion and returned to the states. Two days later, those of us still remaining in Honduras caught a "lift of opportunity" on a C-130 cargo plane back to Charleston, SC. Even though we arrived at 9 p.m. , we collected our gear, revved up our two trucks that had made the trip back with us, and headed down the road to Jacksonville and our

We completed our mission on December 23 and returned to La

38 Spring 2000

homes. We arrived home around 3 a.m., exhausted, but thankful and happy to have safely returned.

One of the many positive aspects of being part of the Navy entomological community is the fact that disaster relief operations, like

that follow ing Hurricane Mitch, provide us with opportunities to help out communities devastated by natural disasters. The assistance we were able to provide people in northern Honduras made us all feel proud that we were able to share our expertise and capabilities with communities who requested a help­ing hand. It was also obvious that our efforts, while a start, were very inadequate, as there was still so

Fig. 4. Local media interviewing Pablo, one of our Honduran colleagues.

much left to be done. Our Hondu­ran counterparts were wonderful to work with. They knew their busi­ness and were serious about mak­ing sure we were able to treat as many areas as possible. They and other Hondurans in the communi­ties we visited also shared their hos­pitality, inviting us into their homes for treats and Honduran coffee. It's hard to believe that a year has already passed since our deploy­ment. Current postings on the internet report that much remains to be done and that Honduras is still recovering from the effects of the worst hurricane in two centuries.

Elizabeth Dykstra, Ph.D., Head, Vector Biology Research Program U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit, No.3 Cairo, Egypt email: dykstrae@namru3.med.navy.mil

\\\ ... tt ' .S~tk~.> ' I\\ .\.IL '1, tll~~ ........ flaJ. ~ "'" ,,I "· ... , ,, I .t •I It I.J• ,\1 ... "1\11 '''"\ I 1.11!1. •It• .... tl Ll 1\H,l.. tll~lll~lt' ''1111 \ ll l l'llllhiiiU lllj !iJ

lh~I<J ~·h~ I '<\111111'• tlll~t

\:\ I! ·r~ t.:t'V i lH.! Lht: Vector l 'on1r~,1 hKlLI:"!U~

--

• I~ ! l l!:tl lt II .. nit:.;--··m • ILtd.t IU~ll\\4 lhllo

,. I 11l•,- •>'It~

• "-!!for~ t'-t"W l

-u~~ • n :nuJHi!!

van Waters &Rogers 11r1c:. • Jlttl I I

Personalized performance. Tht Clarke ~qulpmem lim:- hc!S ~~1C1Vthmg \'OU n~;~eo lO

m:l'\lJrt,7C penom1cnK(' where vnu nC"r-d 1t mCtst r rotn 1'1~ li J(t' powt~t ol rhc Grl:r.;rJ_y and Bt:c·.~oml<>l $prctyt.rs to Lhc ~~~~::eo. ~llnplit.l~\' tlluur wmkla~no .. -. u~;:t.l dll'l"=~~ Wl~ t.:rH1

lallnr \'UUl ~'-fUIJ>n'tt:lll lin~ Up IU p!5r:,.fll)i!ll) H1.ilcb your t:n1,'lronr1K·nl

Many 1..,1 •JUr p!C\:c;'S f~hrrc rnulllpk o13L lOlls sr • VLJU \,.4,1ll UU)' nnlv wtwL'>'f 111

Mo~qui~o Conc'-rol

11cL~d from port(3111f" hand ln~1cl umts 10 l.arger true~ mt-.umt>~l t:q111p111~n! . wL- nm help )'Oil .:huOSL c->.Qt-LIV

wh.al_-,·ou ncl!d o ~f:'tlhe tflh doot" 1 Jght lh-t• 1ir:;t llrnc 1 h<Jl ''-. ptr'iC11lr1111:etl ru•rHlmlllnCI"

• Bt:t:(omlst El~.:dnL Sprllyt.!fS • Ul Y cold <tt•ro,nl spm}L'JS lrom

tl11.: puwe::rh.JI Gottf_\ Jown Lf,l vcrsaiik nanu ht"ld unl ...

• U~h H'aJB, dippcH & 11c1U ~qulpmun • t ..... lrv-dlloncclfc.m ~1t-s lab ~:qu1p111c.r 1

1- 800- 323- 5 7 2 7 Gl,bnl Sclulion~ 'or Mo~qmJt~ Cnnml (E.