Wk1 ITInfrastructure W06 (1)

8/12/2019 Wk1 ITInfrastructure W06 (1)

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DefinitionsInformation Technology (IT) Infrastructure:

physical facilities, services and management

that support computing resources Information Technology

Hardware

SoftwareDatabase

Telecommunications & Networks

IT personnel



DefinitionsInformation Systems (IS) Architecture: the

“plan” that aligns IT infrastructure with

business needsHelp people effectively fulfill their information

needs

Note that the term “Information Architecture” isnow being used to describe process of designing

web sites



Performance Metrics

“ROI” How does IT add value?

What is purpose of IT applications?Automate

Facilitate/Informate

Enable



Adapted from "Intranets and Middleware", HBR 397-118.



S1

19601980

1990

A b i l i t y t o f i

l l i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d s

2000

PC/LAN

Client/Server db

db

db

Distributed

db

dbdb dbdb

Web Services

Mainframe

Evolution of Information Technology Infrastructure



Data Processing EraIT Infrastructure (host-centric processing)Hardware: Mainframe with text-based terminals

Software: Independent functional applicationsServed one purpose

Data Storage: independent “files” for each

functional applicationTelecommunications: Limited support of

distributed operations

IT Personnel: technically oriented

Mainframe



IS Architecture:

Transaction Processing System (TPS)Emerged in the early days of ISCollect, store, and process transactions

Source documents are basis for input Perform routine, repetitive tasks

Found in all functions of an organization

If they fail, the whole organization may sufferAutomate “highly structured” decision processes

Payroll

Mainframe



IS Architecture:

Management Information System (MIS)Convert/use TPS data to support monitoringAlert managers to problems or opportunities

Provide periodic and routine reportse.g., summary reports, exception reports, comparison

reports

Provide structured information to support decision

makingResulted in “Information overload”

Mainframe



IS Architecture:Centralized Corporate Structure

Executive

Operational

Managerial

Inbound

Logistics

Purchasing

Raw

Materials

Production Finished

Goods

Outbound

Logistics

Sales

Functional Transaction

Processing System

Management

Information System

Mainframe



Micro-Computing EraIT Infrastructure (PC environment)Hardware: PCs (low cost compared to mainframe)

Software: Individual PC applicationsData storage: Individual files linked to apps

Telecommunications: low-speed LANs

IT Personnel: technically oriented & mainframe biased

PC/LAN



IS Architecture:

Decision Support SystemsProliferation of desktop applicationsWhy?

TPS/MIS were not providing information needed tosupport decisions

“End-user” development Undocumented spreadsheet models

Proliferation of localized data storage

PC/LAN

db

db

db

db



IS Architecture

Executive

Operational

Managerial

Inbound

Logistics

Purchasing

Raw

Materials

Production Finished

Goods

Outbound

Logistics

Sales


Processing System

Management

Information System

Desktop Decision

Support System

PC/LAN



Client/Server Era IT Infrastructure (distributed computing

environment) Hardware: PCs and Specialized Servers

Software: Facilitating Data storage: Distributed Relational database and

centralized warehouse Telecommunications: high-speed LANs Network: Client/Server IT Personnel: technically skilled, business oriented

Information Systems architecture? Share applications and data within and across functional

areas

Client/Server

db



Facilitating Software Systems Office automation IT for “office” employees

Document tracking, communication, scheduling, etc.

Client/Server

db



Facilitating Software Systems

(cont’d) Decision Support Systems

Provide information to support “semi-structured”

decision makingEffectiveness focus

Expert SystemsKnowledge-base integrated with DSS

Most are “rule- based” systems that process facts, notnumbersCredit evaluation

Cisco/DELL tech support

Client/Server

db



Di ib d



Database ApproachesDistributed data managementGet data closer to applications

ReplicatedComplete copies in multiple locations

Significant overhead

PartitionedEach location has portion of database

Data management becomes an issue Complex Concurrency Control

db

db

db

Distributed

db

db

Di t ib t d



Transactions used to interact with a relational“client-server” database For each transaction, OLTP typically deals with

a small number of rows from the tablesThe transactions are typically highly

structured, repetitive and have predeterminedoutcomes

E.g., orders, changing customer address, etc.

Online Transaction

Processing

db

db

db

Distributed

db

db



Client/Server Systems

Executive

Operational

Managerial

Inbound

Logistics

Purchasing

Raw

Materials

Production Finished

Goods

Outbound

Logistics

Sales


Processing System

Client/Server

System

db db db db db

db



Network Era(Distributed Computing)

IT Infrastructure (distributed computing

environment)

Hardware: PCs and high-end Servers Software: Enabling, enterprise-wide

Data storage: Distributed Relational Database

Telecommunications: high-speed WAN Network: Middleware

IT Personnel: still technical, but business

awareness

db dbdbdb

Distributed Computing

Middleware



Introduction of

Middleware

Software that makes it possible for systems on

different platforms to communicate with eachother.Allows applications to talk to each other

Consistent Application Program Interface (API)

Code application to talk to middleware, not underlyingresources

Upgrade/modify underlying resources without needingto modify applications

db dbdbdb


Middleware



Object Request Broker(ORB)

ORB involves synchronous communication

and location/platform transparency.

ORB uses object-oriented programming

methods.

db dbdbdb


Middleware



ORB (cont’d)

ORB architecture:

ORB

ClientRemote Service

locate

service

activate

service

establish connection

communicate

db dbdbdb


Middleware



File Sharing

Napster:

ORB

RequestStored Files

locate

service

activate

service

establish connection

communicate

db dbdbdb


Middleware



Peer-to-PeerFile Sharing

Kazaa:

Request

Member

Member

Member

Member

MemberMember

Member

MemberMember

Member

Member

Member

db dbdbdb


Middleware



Advantages of ORBMiddleware

Anonymous interaction among applications Integrate new client/server applications with

existing legacy, mission-critical applications

Easier development environmentReduce cost

Improve time-to-market of applications

Enables distributed data environment

Enables dynamic web applications

db dbdbdb


Middleware

i f O



Disadvantages of ORBMiddleware

Switching costs are high Upgrade from previous “Middleware” solutions

Requires high technical expertise Tend to outsource

Lengthy deployment time

db dbdbdb


Middleware

U l d I



Unresolved Issueswith ORB

Security

ScalabilityRelated to network capacity

Rapidly changing technologies

db dbdbdb


Middleware



DBMS Applications

With advent of high-speed, distributed

architectures, expanded our use of database

beyond capturing and storing transaction dataKnowledge Discovery

Process of extracting useful knowledge from volumes

of dataSupported by:

Massive data collection (Data Warehouse/Data Marts)

Multiprocessor computing

On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP)/Data mining

db dbdbdb


Middleware



Data Warehouse

Collection of data in support of decision making

process that is:

Subject-oriented: organized by entity, not application Integrated: stored in one place, even though it originated

from a variety of sources Crosses functional boundaries of an organization

Time-variant: represents a snapshot at one point in time Nonvolatile: data is read-only

Typically very large

db dbdbdb


Middleware



MultidimensionalDatabase

OLTP not good when doing analysis of

data – poor performanceOLAP – on-line analytical processing

db dbdbdb


Middleware



“Slice and Dice” an OLAP Cube



Advantages of OLAP

All hierarchical or aggregated values can be

pre-calculated in the cube rather than

accessing the WarehouseMajor reduction in query time

Each cube makes “business sense” Not normalized data structures

db dbdbdb


Middleware



MultidimensionalDatabase (cont’d)

Data marts Scaled-down version of a data warehouse that

focuses on a specific areae.g., a department, a business process

db dbdbdb


Middleware



Massive Data Analysis

Data mining Provides a means to extract patterns and

relationshipsExample: Analyze sales data to identify products that

may be attractive to a customerAmazon.com buyer suggestions

Two capabilitiesAutomated prediction of trends and behaviors

Automated discovery of previously unknown patterns

Example: Shopping cart analysis

db dbdbdb


Middleware



Network Enabling Software

Supplier Customer

Enterprise

Wide Systems

Enterprise

Wide Systems

Enterprise

Wide Systems

Supply Chain

Management

Customer

Relationship

Management

db dbdbdb


Middleware



IT Infrastructure (Web-enabled)Hardware: Low-end PC with Browser, high-end

Servers

Software: Web extensions

Database: Distributed Relational

Network: Use IP-based standards

Telecommunications: broadband IT Personnel: Business analysts, technical

specialties

Internet Era





Web-based Solutions

Early attempts to incorporate WWW intointer-organizational systems

Static, state-less web pagesComplicated navigation

Not “connected” to underlying data Page not dynamically updated when data changes

Web Services



Hurdles for web services

Standards are evolving, not set

Security

Web services do not 'solve' interoperability

between applicationsHence – need ERP

db dbdb

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