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Work Study Classical ILO ApproachMethod StudyWork measurement
Work StudyWork study is a generic term for those techniques, particularly Method Study and Work Measurement, which are used in the examination of of human work in in all its contexts, and which lead systematically to the investigation of all factors which affect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed in order to effect improvement.
Work StrudyWork Measurement
Method Study
Work MeasurementIt is the application of techniques designed to establish the time required for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance.
Method StudyIt is the systematic recording & critical examination of existing & proposed ways of doing work, as means of developing & applying easier & more effective methods & reducing costs
Productivity ManagementProductivity Is Ratio Of Output To Input.It Measures Utilization of Resources to Produce Utilities.Work Study Tries to Improve Productivity of Labour, Material & Machine By Taking A Re-look At Work Content
Work Content
Basic work content
Basic Steps in Work StudySelectRecordExamineDevelopMeasureDefineInstallMaintain
Primary Questions
Purpose
Place
What is being done?Why is the activity necessary at all?
Where is it being done?Why is it being done there?
When is it being done?Why is it being done at that time?
Sequence
Who is doing it?Why is that person doing it?
Person
How is it being done?Why is it being done in that particular manner?
Means
Eliminate unnecessary parts of job
Combine wherever possible
Rearrange sequence of operations for more effective results
Simplify the operation
Secondary Questions
PurposeWhatWhy ThatWhat elseWhat should
PlaceWhereWhy ThereWhere elseWhere should
SequenceWhenWhy ThenWhen elseWhen should
PersonWhoWhy That personWho elseWho should
MeansHowWhy that wayHow elseHow should
Movement DiagramsFlow DiagramString DiagramTravel Chart
Principles of Motion EconomyUse of Human BodyArrangement of the workplaceDesign of tools and equipments
Use of Human BodyTwo hands should begin and complete their movements at the same timeTwo hands should not be idle at the same time.Motion of arms should be symmetrical and in opposite directions and simultaneousHand and body motions should be made at the lowest classification.Continuous curved movements are preferable to straight line motion involving sudden & sharp changes in direction.Work should be arranged to permit easy and natural rhythm.
ClassPivotBody Member1KnuckleFinger2WristHand and Fingers3ElbowForearm, hand and fingers4ShoulderUpper arm, forearm, hand and fingers5TrunkTorso, upper arm, forearm, hand and fingers
Arrangement of workplaceDefinite and fixed stations should be provided for all tools and materials to permit habit formation.Tools and materials should be pre-positioned to reduce searching.Tools and materials to be located in maximum working area.Tools and materials should be arranged to permit best sequence of operations.Provision should be made for adequate lighting and a chair to permit good posture.Colour of the workplace should contrast with that of the work to reduce eye fatigue.
Design of Tool and EquipmentHands should be relieved of all work of holding the work-piece wherever possible.Two or more tools should be combined wherever possible.When each limb performs some specific movement, load to be distributed in accordance with the inherent strength of the limb.
Design of Tool and EquipmentContHandles should be designed so that maximum surface of the hand is in contact with it, especially when considerable force is needed.Levers, crossbars, hand-wheels should be so placed that operative can reach with least change in body position and greatest mechanical advantage.
Charts - Process SequenceOutline Process ChartsFlow Process ChartTwo Handed Process Chart
Outline Process ChartAn Outline Process Chart is a process chart giving an overall picture by recording in sequence only the main operations and inspections
Product
Mfg Process
ActivitiesDescriptionOperation 1Drill hole in Blade 1Operation 2Sharpen Blade 1Inspection 1Examine Blade 1Operation 3Fix Handle 1 to Blade 1Operation 4Drill hole in Blade 2Operation 5Sharpen Blade 2Inspection 2Examine Blade 2Operation 6Fix Handle 2 to Blade 2Operation 7Insert Rivet in both bladesOperation 8Form head of RivetInspection 3Inspect the pair of scissors
Process Chart SymbolsOperation
InspectionTransport
Temporary storage or delay
Permanent storage
Outline Process Chart12134526789RivetHandle 1Blade 1Handle 2Blade 2(60)(90)(40)(120)(60)(90)(40)(120)(20)(40)(15)Note : Figures in brackets are the durations for each activity
Flow Process ChartsA Flow Process Chart is a process chart setting out the sequence of the flow of a product or a procedure by recording all events under review using the appropriate process chart symbols
Flow Process ChartsFlow Process Chart man type : A flow process chart which records what the worker does.Flow Process Chart material type : A flow process chart which records how material is handled or treated.Flow Process Chart equipment type : A flow process chart which records how equipment is used.
Process Chart SymbolsOperation
InspectionTransport
Temporary storage or delay
Permanent storage
Sheet1
Flow Process Chart - 1
Activity - Making Tea
DescriptionQtyDist. (Ft)Time (sec.)
Light Gas10
Get Utensil320
Get water520
Keep water for boiling10
Get Sugar430
Get Tea powder430
Add sugar and tea in water20
Get Milk640
Get Utensil320
Keep Milk for boiling10
Wait for the milk and tea to boil180
Put off the gas10
Get Cup & saucer520
Get strainer220
Pour tea through strainer in the cup30
Pour milk through strainer in the cup30
TOTAL32500781
Sheet1
Flow Process Chart - 2
Activity - Making Tea
DescriptionQtyDist. (Ft)Time (sec.)
Get 2 Utensils & milk850
Light Gas10
Keep Milk for boiling10
Get water620
Keep water for boiling10
Get Sugar & Tea Powder530
Add sugar and tea in boiling water20
Get Cup & saucer & strainer620
Wait for the milk and tea to boil60
Put off the gas10
Pour tea through strainer in the cup30
Pour milk through strainer in the cup30
TOTAL25300761