Work Study Sk

WORK STUDYWORK STUDY

BY: SHOBHIT KUMARBY: SHOBHIT KUMAR

Frame Work Of Work Frame Work Of Work studystudy

Work Study

Work MeasurementMethod Study

Higher Productivity

Motion Study

Time Study

ACCORDING TO ILOACCORDING TO ILO

• Work study is the technique of Work study is the technique of method study and work method study and work measurement employed to ensure measurement employed to ensure the best possible use of human and the best possible use of human and material resources in carrying out a material resources in carrying out a specified activity.specified activity.

WORK STUDYWORK STUDY

• Work Study is the study of the work.Work Study is the study of the work.• By the help of work study the work can be By the help of work study the work can be

divided & made simpler. divided & made simpler. • Management tool to achieve higher Management tool to achieve higher

productivity.productivity.• Concerned with human manual work & Concerned with human manual work &

establishment of standard of performance.establishment of standard of performance.• The aim is to improve the production process The aim is to improve the production process

by the effective utilization of all the resources.by the effective utilization of all the resources.• It analyses both the method and duration of It analyses both the method and duration of

the work involved in a processthe work involved in a process

COMPONENTS OF WORK COMPONENTS OF WORK STUDYSTUDY

Procedure of Method Procedure of Method StudyStudy

Select the task to be studied.Select the task to be studied. Collection, recording, Collection, recording,

presentation of facts.presentation of facts. Analyze the facts.Analyze the facts. Develop new methods.Develop new methods. Install the new methodInstall the new method Maintain methods.Maintain methods.

OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK STUDYSTUDY

• Measurement of work.Measurement of work.• Analyzing the weakness in process.Analyzing the weakness in process.• Economical way of doing work.Economical way of doing work.• Efficient use of human effort & existing plant.Efficient use of human effort & existing plant.• Ensure proper performance of employee.Ensure proper performance of employee.• To recommend & implement the desired improvements To recommend & implement the desired improvements

in work methods.in work methods.• To standardize the methods, material & equipment used To standardize the methods, material & equipment used

in production process.in production process.• Initiate and maintain incentive bonus scheme.Initiate and maintain incentive bonus scheme.

IMPORTANCE OF WORK STUDYIMPORTANCE OF WORK STUDY

• Increase in productivity.Increase in productivity.• Systematic study.Systematic study.• It establishes standard of work and It establishes standard of work and

performance.performance.• Save cost of production.Save cost of production.• Effective utilization of all resources.Effective utilization of all resources.• Results in enhanced safety.Results in enhanced safety.

Method Study

Method Of Method StudyMethod Of Method StudySELECT

EXAMINE

RECORD

DEVELOP

EVALUATE

DEFINE

INSTALL

MAINTAIN

METHOD STUDYMETHOD STUDY

• According to British Standards Institution ( BS According to British Standards Institution ( BS 3138):3138):

Method study is the systematic recording and Method study is the systematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed ways critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing and of doing work, as a means of developing and applying easier and more effective methods and applying easier and more effective methods and reducing costs.reducing costs.

• Method study is examination of work Method study is examination of work performance and rearrangement of work to give performance and rearrangement of work to give better result in less efforts and time.better result in less efforts and time.

• Method study is the process of subjecting work Method study is the process of subjecting work to systematic, critical scrutiny in order to make to systematic, critical scrutiny in order to make it more effective and more effective.it more effective and more effective.

AREAS OF METHOD AREAS OF METHOD STUDYSTUDY

• Determining the correct sequenceDetermining the correct sequence• Improved layoutImproved layout• Utilization of man & machine.Utilization of man & machine.• To select the material of right To select the material of right

specification.specification.• Right selection of toolsRight selection of tools• Reduce defectiveness.Reduce defectiveness.• Economy in human effortsEconomy in human efforts• Better physical environmentBetter physical environment

Charts for Method StudyCharts for Method Study

Process ChartsProcess Charts It represents diagrammatically the sequence / order of It represents diagrammatically the sequence / order of

various operations evolved in a production process from various operations evolved in a production process from start to finish.start to finish.

In process charts symbols are used and these symbols In process charts symbols are used and these symbols represents the sequence or movements of the activities.represents the sequence or movements of the activities.

These charts are of great value in analyzing production These charts are of great value in analyzing production process and the various methods to perform the operations.process and the various methods to perform the operations.

Symbols used in drawing Symbols used in drawing process chartsprocess charts

For operation.For operation.

An operations occurs when an object is intentionally An operations occurs when an object is intentionally changed in one or more of its characteristics.changed in one or more of its characteristics.

This indicate the main steps in a process, method or This indicate the main steps in a process, method or

procedureprocedure.. Examples of operations are:Examples of operations are: Turning, Drilling, Welding, Lifting, Loading, Instructions from supervisor.Turning, Drilling, Welding, Lifting, Loading, Instructions from supervisor.


For inspectionFor inspection

An inspection occurs when an object is An inspection occurs when an object is examined and compare with the standard examined and compare with the standard for the quality and quantity.for the quality and quantity.

Examples of inspection are:Examples of inspection are: Checking the dimension, Count of Quantity of incoming material, Visual Checking the dimension, Count of Quantity of incoming material, Visual

observations for finish.observations for finish.


For TransportationFor Transportation

A transport indicates the movement of A transport indicates the movement of workers, material or equipment from one workers, material or equipment from one place to another.place to another.

Examples of Transportation are:Examples of Transportation are: Movement of material from one work station to anotherMovement of material from one work station to another

Workers traveling to bring tools.Workers traveling to bring tools.


For DelayFor Delay

A delay occurs when the immediate A delay occurs when the immediate performance of the next planned thing performance of the next planned thing does not take place.does not take place.

Examples of Delay are:Examples of Delay are: Work waiting for the consecutive operationsWork waiting for the consecutive operations

Workers waiting for the tool cribsWorkers waiting for the tool cribs

Operators waiting for the instructions from supervisor.Operators waiting for the instructions from supervisor.


For StorageFor Storage

Storage occurs when the object is kept in Storage occurs when the object is kept in an authorized custody and is protected an authorized custody and is protected against un authorized removal.against un authorized removal.

Examples of Storage are:Examples of Storage are:Material kept in store to be distributed to various work stations.Material kept in store to be distributed to various work stations.


For Operations and Inspection to carried For Operations and Inspection to carried simultaneously.simultaneously.

Two hand Process ChartsTwo hand Process Charts

When work is confined to a single place, such as assembly When work is confined to a single place, such as assembly work where two hands are used to do a work, Two hand work where two hands are used to do a work, Two hand process Chat is used to record the facts.process Chat is used to record the facts.

This chart include the information about the delay, This chart include the information about the delay, transportation and storage activities in the production process.transportation and storage activities in the production process.

These charts generally represent the movement of an operators These charts generally represent the movement of an operators hand during the production process system.hand during the production process system.

This chart can help in studying the function of both hands in This chart can help in studying the function of both hands in doing some task and explore the possibility of improvement if doing some task and explore the possibility of improvement if any.any.

Two hand Process ChartsTwo hand Process Charts

S.No.S.No. SymbolSymbol DescriptionDescription Present Present methodmethod

Proposed Proposed methodmethod

SavingSaving

L.H. R.H.L.H. R.H. L.H. R.H.L.H. R.H. L.H. R.H.L.H. R.H.

11 OperationOperation

22 TransportTransport

33 DelayDelay

44 StorageStorage

InspectInspect

SymbolsS.NoDescription

12345678

Storage EventOperationDelayTransportOperationStorageInspectionOperation

Summary 1 3 1 2 1

Simultaneous Motion Cycle Chart or SIMO ChartSimultaneous Motion Cycle Chart or SIMO Chart

These charts can be used to provide the details of the motion and time of short These charts can be used to provide the details of the motion and time of short cycle operations.cycle operations.

In SIMO chart step by step analysis of the whole production process, the short In SIMO chart step by step analysis of the whole production process, the short movements are recorded on a time scale e.g. Movements of arm and finger of both movements are recorded on a time scale e.g. Movements of arm and finger of both hands during some particular operations.hands during some particular operations.

This chart is more exhaustive and detailed than process charts or two handed This chart is more exhaustive and detailed than process charts or two handed charts.charts.

This chart is used to record short cycle operations, which a fraction of seconds.This chart is used to record short cycle operations, which a fraction of seconds. After taking the motion picture, the roll of the film is recorded in the laboratory After taking the motion picture, the roll of the film is recorded in the laboratory

frame by frame, by using “ THERBLIGS”frame by frame, by using “ THERBLIGS” This chart is named after “GILBERTH”.This chart is named after “GILBERTH”. GILBERTH identified 17 elementary movements or groups of movement into GILBERTH identified 17 elementary movements or groups of movement into

which he divide all types of human activity.which he divide all types of human activity. He has given symbols, letters codes for these therbligs.He has given symbols, letters codes for these therbligs. The SIMO chart is recording technique for micro-motion study.The SIMO chart is recording technique for micro-motion study. A SIMO chart is a chart based on the film analysis, used to record A SIMO chart is a chart based on the film analysis, used to record

SIMO CHARTSIMO CHART

Description Time TherbligFrame Number(1000/min)

Therblig TimeDescription

LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND

SIMO Chart SymbolsSIMO Chart Symbols

S.No.S.No. CodeCode NameName DescriptionDescription ColorColor

11 SHSH SEARCHSEARCH Locate & ArticleLocate & Article BlackBlack

22 FF FINDFIND Mental reaction at end of SearchMental reaction at end of Search GrayGray

33 GG GRASPGRASP Taking HoldTaking Hold RedRed

44 PP POSITIOPOSITIONN

Placing in a definite Placing in a definite locationlocation

BlueBlue

55 UU USEUSE Causing a device to perform Causing a device to perform functionfunction

PurplePurple

66 II INSPECTINSPECT Examine and testExamine and test Burnt OchreBurnt Ochre

77 RR RESTREST Pause to overcome fatiguePause to overcome fatigue OrangeOrange

88 HH HOLDHOLD Prolonged GroupProlonged Group Gold OchreGold Ochre

99 STST SELECTSELECT Selection from a memberSelection from a member Light GrayLight Gray

Man Machine ChartMan Machine Chart Man and machine chart is used to evaluate and analyse the degree of Man and machine chart is used to evaluate and analyse the degree of

performance in various operations, activity charts are of great importance.performance in various operations, activity charts are of great importance. These charts provide valuable information about the equipment utilization These charts provide valuable information about the equipment utilization

an present the voluminous and haphazardly placed data into a concise and an present the voluminous and haphazardly placed data into a concise and understandable form. understandable form.

The busy and the idle periods both for man and machine can be easily The busy and the idle periods both for man and machine can be easily located with the help of these charts.located with the help of these charts.

The information about busy and idle periods of man and machine can be The information about busy and idle periods of man and machine can be used for rescheduling so as to make more efficient use of resources.used for rescheduling so as to make more efficient use of resources.

Symbols used in Man –Machine Symbols used in Man –Machine ChartsCharts

:-Blank rectangle or space is used to show that one of the :-Blank rectangle or space is used to show that one of the two i.e. man or machine is idle.two i.e. man or machine is idle.

:-Dark colored rectangular space shows position / period :-Dark colored rectangular space shows position / period of independent activity for man / machine is busy.of independent activity for man / machine is busy.

:-Stripped space shows when both man and machine are :-Stripped space shows when both man and machine are working together i.e. combined activity.working together i.e. combined activity.

Work Work MeasurementMeasurement

Work MeasurementWork Measurement

• Attempt to measure the work.Attempt to measure the work.• The application designed to establish The application designed to establish

the time for a qualified workers to the time for a qualified workers to carry out a specified job at a defined carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance is known as work level of performance is known as work Measurement.Measurement.

• It is a time study, which attempts to It is a time study, which attempts to determine the amount of time required determine the amount of time required to perform a task by an operator to perform a task by an operator following a prescribed standard rates.following a prescribed standard rates.

Steps in Work Steps in Work MeasurementMeasurement

Selection Selection Obtain all necessary informationObtain all necessary information. ( Workers, Material, Machines, Layout, Quality, etc.). ( Workers, Material, Machines, Layout, Quality, etc.)

Divide the jobs into elements.Divide the jobs into elements. Time the elements.Time the elements. (Stopwatch is used, for timing of skill, alertness, attention)(Stopwatch is used, for timing of skill, alertness, attention)

The number cycles to be timedThe number cycles to be timed. . (Variations, degree of accuracy, level of confidence)(Variations, degree of accuracy, level of confidence)

Rating the operatorRating the operator. . ( Speed, effort, knowledge, pace of working)( Speed, effort, knowledge, pace of working)

Objective ratingObjective rating. . ( Emphasis on Speed, body movement, eye hand coordination, handling)( Emphasis on Speed, body movement, eye hand coordination, handling)

Allowances. Allowances. Relaxation allowance: Fatigue and personal.Relaxation allowance: Fatigue and personal.

Contingency Allowance: Reading, Drawing, Cleaning MachineryContingency Allowance: Reading, Drawing, Cleaning Machinery

Tool And Machinery: Time for adjusting and sharpening tools, setting up equipmentTool And Machinery: Time for adjusting and sharpening tools, setting up equipment

Reject Allowance: Proportion of defective items must necessarily be produced.Reject Allowance: Proportion of defective items must necessarily be produced.

Interference Allowance: Stoppage of two or more machineInterference Allowance: Stoppage of two or more machine

Delay Allowance: Time Allowance of 5% can be providedDelay Allowance: Time Allowance of 5% can be provided

Techniques of Work Techniques of Work measurementmeasurement

1.Time Study1.Time Study Time study is used to identify the time standards for a particular job Time study is used to identify the time standards for a particular job

performed by a competent worker under standard condition.performed by a competent worker under standard condition. Time is recorded by the stop watch.Time is recorded by the stop watch. In time study by direct observation time is recorded for several cycles of In time study by direct observation time is recorded for several cycles of

the task and then judge and record the pace. the task and then judge and record the pace. Stopwatch time study: Development of a time standard based on Stopwatch time study: Development of a time standard based on

observations of one worker taken over a number of cyclesobservations of one worker taken over a number of cycles

Steps In Time StudySteps In Time Study Job Identification and DivisionJob Identification and Division ObservationObservation Pace rating the workerPace rating the worker AllowancesAllowances Computing the normal timeComputing the normal time


2. By studying the Past production 2. By studying the Past production RecordsRecords

The past records of the production department can The past records of the production department can provide valuable information about the time taken to provide valuable information about the time taken to perform some task.perform some task.

Past records are analyzed carefully to get the desired Past records are analyzed carefully to get the desired information.information.

The reliability and validity of information from these The reliability and validity of information from these records is based on the assumption that the nature of records is based on the assumption that the nature of activities preformed in the production has not activities preformed in the production has not changed during the period.changed during the period.


3. Predetermined Motion Time 3. Predetermined Motion Time StudyStudy

It is used where the task is performed manually It is used where the task is performed manually which is composed of basics motion such as reach, which is composed of basics motion such as reach, grasp, move, turn, stretch, apply pressure, release grasp, move, turn, stretch, apply pressure, release and so on.and so on.

Predetermined motion study is a technique of Predetermined motion study is a technique of setting work standards that uses the recorded setting work standards that uses the recorded standard time data for each of these basics motions standard time data for each of these basics motions associated with performing a task and summing associated with performing a task and summing them up to determine the time required to perform them up to determine the time required to perform the whole task.the whole task.

Normal time = observed performance time per unit x Performance rating


4. Work sampling4. Work sampling A technique in which a large number of observations A technique in which a large number of observations

are made over a period of time of one or group of are made over a period of time of one or group of machines, processes or workers.machines, processes or workers.

Each observations records what is happening at that Each observations records what is happening at that instant and the percentage of observations recorded instant and the percentage of observations recorded for a particular activity, or delay, is a measure of the for a particular activity, or delay, is a measure of the percentage of time during which that activities delay percentage of time during which that activities delay occurs.occurs.

It is a technique of analyzing work by taking several It is a technique of analyzing work by taking several observations, usually, at random to see the relative observations, usually, at random to see the relative frequency with which various elemental activities take frequency with which various elemental activities take place.place.

Primary Application Of Primary Application Of Work SamplingWork Sampling

1.Ratio delay to determine the activity-time percentage for personnel or equipment. For example, management may be interested in the amount of time a machine is running or idle.

2. Performance measurement to develop a performance index for workers. When the amount of work time is related to the quantity of output, a measure of performance is developed. This is useful for periodic performance evaluation

3. Time standards to obtain the standard time for a task. When work sampling is used for this purpose, however, the observer must be experienced because he or she must attach a performance rating to the observations.

Advantages of work Advantages of work SamplingSampling

One observer may conduct several work-sampling studies simultaneously.

2. The observer need not be a trained analyst unless the purpose of the study is to determine a time standard.

3. No timing devices are required.

4. Work of a long cycle time may be studied with fewer observer hours.

5. The duration of the study is longer, which minimizes effects of short-period variations.

6. The study may be temporarily delayed at any time with little effect.

7. Because work sampling needs only instantaneous observations, the operator has less chance to influence the findings by changing his or her work method.

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