Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 4402-MLI STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT MALI RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT November 18, 1983 Western Africa Projects Department Water Supply Division This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Transcript
Document of
The World Bank
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Report No. 4402-MLI
STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT
MALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
November 18, 1983
Western Africa Projects DepartmentWater Supply Division
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance oftheir official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
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MALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECTSTAFF APPRAISAL REPORT
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
Currency Unit = Malian Franc (MF) 1/US$1.00 = MF 746MF 1 US$0.00134MF 1,000 = US$1.34
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
1 meter (m) 3 3.28 feet1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles1 liter (1) = 0.26 US gallons1 cubic meter (m3) 3 3264 US gallons1 cubic meter/second - 31.5 million cubic meters
per year or 22.8 million USgallons per day
1 liter per capita per day (lcd) 0.26 US gallons per capita perday
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AfDB African Development BankBRGM Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et MinieresCCCE Caisse Centrale de la Cooperation EconomiqueDNAFLA Direction Nationale de l'Alphabetisation Fonctionnelle et de la
Linguistique Appliqu6eDNHE Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique et de lEnergieFAC Fond d'Aide et de CooperationFED Fond Europeen de DeveloppementICB International Competitive BiddingJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyKfW Kreditanstalt fUr Wiederaufbau (Federal Republic of Germany)ODIPAC Office de Developpement Integr'e des Productions Arachidiares et
CerealieresO&M Operation and MaintenanceOP Operation PuitsPPF Project Preparation FacilityRWS Rural Water SupplySADF Saudi Arabian Development FundUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
FISCAL YEAR
January 1 - December 31
1/ The Malian Franc is tied to the French Franc in the ratio of 1
French Franc to MF 100. The French Franc is currently floating.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
MALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECTSTAFF APPRAISAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
I. THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY SUB-SECTOR ........................ 1
1.03 The Current Sub-sector Situation ................... 11.05 Sub-sector Organization ............................ 21.11 RWS Sub-sector Issues .............................. 31.12 Sub-sector Policies ................................ 31.13 Bank Group Lending ................................. 4
II. THE BORROWER AND EXECUTING AGENCY ........................ 4
2.02 DNHE - Staffing and Organization ................... 4
III. THE PROJECT AREA .. 5
3.01 Origin of Selection of the District of Kita as theMain Project Area ................................ 5
3.02 Population, Village Organization, Infrastructure ... 63.06 Climate, Hydrology, Hydrogeology ................... 75.09 Existing Water Supply, Health and Sanitation
Conditions ....................................... 75.13 Existing Water Resource Balance .................... 8
IV. THE PROJECT ............ 8
4.01 Project Genesis and Objectives. 94.02 Project Components. 94.03 Investment Criteria .104.04 Technology Used .114.09 Project Management .124.11 Villagers' Contribution to and Participation in
the Project. 134.14 Maintenance of the Water Points - Role of DNHE .144.15 Handpumps Replacement .144.16 Village Level Promotional Activities. .154.19 Project Cost .154.24 Project Financing .17
This report is based on the findings of a mission consisting of Messrs. ShigeoKatsu (Economist), Alain Locussol (Sanitary Engineer) and Hartwin Nickel(Financial Analyst), who visited Mali in October 1982. The successive drafts
of the report were processed by Ms. Mercedes Pendleton and Ms. Elisa Yan.
| This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of |their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
VII. AGREEMENTS TO BE REACHED AND RECOiMENDATIOND. . 25
7.02 Recommendation .27
ANNEXES
2 Ministry of Industry and Equipment - OrganizationalChart of DNHE. 28
3 Water Balance by Sub-District .294-1 Proforma Contract Form .304-2 Village Level Promotional Activities - Conceptual
Action Plan .314-3 Detailed Project Costs .32-34
Detailed Project Cost per Productive Borehole .35-364-4 Implementation Schedule .374-5 Schedule of Payment of the Governmental Contribution to
the Project Account .384-6 Disbursement Schedule .39-405 Willingness to Pay Estimates .416 Indicative Average Incremental
Cost (AIC) Calculations .42-43
MAP
IBRD 17119 MALI
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MALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
SELECTED DOCUMENTS AND DATA AVAILABLE IN THE PROJECT FILE
A. Reports and Studies Related to the Sector Code
A.1 L'Hydraulique Villageoise dans les Pays Membresdu CILLS - Situation au Mali: Enquete et Propo-sitions en vue d'une Gestion Rationnelle de l'Eau.Prepared by BURGEAP, December 1982. 127 662 (F)
A.2 Analyse des Conditions d'Approvisionnement en Eaudes Populations Rurales en Haute Volta, au Mali etau Niger - La Situation au Mali. prepared byIDA/WHO-CP, March 1979. 124 032 (A4)
A.3 Premier Atelier National: D6cennie Internationalede l'Eau Potable et de l'Assainissement. Preparedby Government of Mali/WHO/GTZ, November 1982. 129 982 (A3)
A.4 Evaluation du Projet Approvisionnement en EauPotable au Mali Sud (HELVETAS). Rapport de laMission d'Evaluation Socio-Economique. Mission of18 March - 9 April 1982). Prepared by Helvetas,May 1982. 129 982 (A4)
A.5 Entretien des Moyens d'Exhaure - Situation au 30Juin 1982. Propositions pour les annees a venir -
Rapport Technique No. 7. Prepared by Projet deForages Hydrauliques, Zone Mali-Sud, Helvetas/DNHE,(Bougouni/Mali), July 1982. 129 982 (A5)
A.6 Rapport de Synthese (pump maintenance) Campagne1981-82. Prepared by Projet Eaux SouterrainesMLI 76/004, UNDP, Bamako/DNHE, July 1982. 129 982 (A6)
A.7 Rapport d'Evaluation Sociologique du ProjetMLI-76/004, Exploitation des Eaux Souterrainesen Milieu Rural (24 Janvier - 15 Avril 1980).Prepared by UNDP - Bamako. 129 982 (A7)
A.8 Le Projet d'Hydraulique Villageoise, Mali AquaViva. Prepared by CCCE, April 1981. 129 982 (A8)
A.9 Mission d'Etude de la Participation Villageoiseaux Charges Recurrentes des Programmes d'Hydrau-lique Villageoise en Haute Volta. Prepared by SATEC(Consultants) for the Ministry of Rural Develop-ment, Rural Development Fund, December 1981. 127 547 (D)
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DOCUMENTS IN THE PROJECT FILE (continued;;
Code
A.10 Projet ODEM, Campagne 1981/82 Analyse Techniqueet Financiere des Travaux de Forages. Prepared byDNHE, September 1982. 129 983 (C)
A.11 Rapport Technique Execution des Forages auSeno-Mango, Projet ODEM - Campagne 1981/82.Prepared by DNHE, August 1982. 129 983 (A+B)
A.12 Hydrological Reconnaissance of the Yelimane-Tambacara Area with Reference to the VillageWells Project. Prepared by WASH for USAID-Mali 129 982 (A12a)Field Report No. 32, February 1982. 129 982 (A12b)
Reports and Studies Related to the Project
B.1 Rapport Final sur le Projet d'Alimentation enEau Potable des Populations Rurales - Cercle deKita. Prepared by Cellule de Preparation(CP)/DNHE with assistance by BRGM (Consultants),June 1982. 129 982 (B1)
B.2 Rapport Financier. Prepared by CP/DNHE, June1982. 129 982 (B2)
B.3 Organisation des Travaux. Prepared by CP/DNHE,April 1982. 129 982 (B3)
B.4 Annexe au Rapport Final. Prepared by CP/DNHE,September 1982. 129 982 (B4)
B.5 Rapport Socio-Economique. Prepared by SNED(Malian Consultants), February 1982. 129 982 (B5)
B.6 Approches Sociologiques et Methodologie d'Inter-vention pour une Meilleure Participation desPopulations. Prepared by B. Diakite (Sociologist),September 1982. 129 982 (B6)
C.2 Community Promotion for Health Improvement andWater Development (Staff working paper),
January 1983. 129 982 (C2)
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MALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
CREDITS AND PROJECT SUMMARY
Borrower: Government of Mali
Beneficiary: Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Energie(DNHE), State Ministry of Industry and Equipment
Amount: SDR 4.4 million (US$4.6 million equivalent) from IDASDR 6.0 million (US$6.3 million equivalent) from the IDASpecial Fund
Terms: Standard
Project The proposed project would assist the Government toDescription: improve living and sanitary conditions in the project
area in Western Mali. About 230 villages would bebeneficiaries of boreholes equipped with handpumps. Theproject would stress villagers' direct participation fromsiting of boreholes through construction of waterpointsto operation and maintenance. Assumption by villagers ofresponsibilities for maintenance would be a keyingredient to the success of the project. The projectwould strengthen Government's capability to identify,prepare and manage this type of project. The projectincludes: (a) provision of about 340 productiveboreholes in Western Mali, (b) supply and installation ofhandpumps and necessary spare parts, (c) technicalassistance, consultancy services and a training program,and (d) studies to prepare for a follow-up project.
Benefits and Risks: The main benefits of the project would be the increasedavailability of safe drinking water to the population tosatisfy their basic water needs all year round includingthe dry season. The main risks pertain to the sustainedmaintenance of boreholes and handpumps. To minimizethese risks the project would emphasize village promotionand training activities.
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Estimated Costs:(Excluding Import Duties)
------US$ million------Local Foreign Total
(a) Drilling of boreholes and sitepreparation 0.6 3.8 4.4
(b) Supply and installation of hand-pumps 0.1 0.5 0.6
Financing Plan ------------US$ million------------Local Foreign Total %
IDA 0.4 4.2 4.6 39IDA Special Fund 0.5 5.8 6.3 53Government of Mali 0.9 -- 0.9 7Beneficiaries 0.1 -- 0.1 1
Total Financing 1.9 10.0 11.9 100
Economic Rate of Return: Not quantified. The main benefits of the projectwould be the increased availability of safedrinking water to the population to satisfy theirbasic water needs all year round including the dryseason. The project would initiate importantcommunity development activities.
IDA 1.1 .04 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2IDA Special Fund 0.1 .07 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4
Cumulative
IDA 1.1 1.5 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.4 4.6IDA Special Fund 0.1 0.8 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.8 5.4 5.9 6.3
Total 1.2 2.3 4.1 5.8 7.3 8.6 9.6 10.3 10.9
I. THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY SUB-SECTOR
1.01 General country background information and relevant Urban Water Sup-
ply Sector information are contained in the President's RepDrt No. P-2954-MLIdated June 16, 1982, and in the Staff Appraisal Report No. 3227-MLI dated June10, 1982 (Power/Water Project), and are limited to a strict minimum here.
1.02 Mali's 7.2 million people are among the world's least privileged,surviving on an annual per capita income of US$190. Eighty-seven percent ofthe population lives in rural areas and derives an even lower annual percapita income of US$100 from subsistence agriculture and nomadic livestockenterprises. Administratively, the country is divided into seven regions.The regions are divided into 46 administrative districts (called "cercles"),which are in turn subdivided into 281 subdistricts (called "arrondissements")each made up of 25-40 villages and hamlets. The districts, administered bycommanding officers, are the nuclei of major rural Government services. Thesubdistrict is the basic administrative unit, and its center usually has aschool and dispensary. Villages are headed by chiefs and elected villagecouncils. The larger villages often maintain a rural maternity. Only 15% ofthe population is literate; many rural villages do not even have one literateperson notwithstanding the Government's attempts to promote functional liter-acy. The crude death rate is high at 21 per 1,000, largely attributable tomortality in the 1-4 age group. Social pressures to replace lost childrenresult in high fertility, a high crude birth rate of 50 per 1,000 and a conse-quent rate of population growth of 2.7% per year. Average life expectancy atbirth is 43 years; in Western Mali it is 33 years--about the lowest in theworld.
The Current Sub-sector Situation
1.03 The principal source of water supply in the rural areas in Mali isgroundwater which is generally found in small and discontinuous aquifers, andis generally of good quality and in sufficient quantity to satisfy the needsof individual villages. Annual rainfall ranges from 250 mm to 1,300 mm, andis quite unevenly distributed. In the Sahelian zone, it is common to have adry season of close to 9 months, during which period the traditional dug wellstend to dry up, forcing the villagers to rely on the few remaining contami-nated surface sources (ponds, and small rivers), which often involve distancesof several kilometers.
1.04 Overall, the rural population is highly dispersed, with more than 80percent of the approximately 10,000 villages counting less than 600residents. About 25% of the villages, or only about 18% of the entire ruralpopulation, have access to safe water from modern water points, while morethan 7,000 villages still have to rely on contaminated water from the abovementioned traditional sources. Water consumption estimates are difficult toestablish; it is likely that per capita consumption in the rural areas of Maliis at the same level as in the general Sahelian context, that is, between15-30 liters per capita per day (lcd).
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Sub-sector Organization
1 .0 The main sub-sectoral institution is the Direction Nationale del'Hvdraulique et de l'Energie (DNHE' under the State Minister in charge of7ndustrv and Equipment, which is responsible for establishing sector policies,investment programs, preparation and execution as well as supervision of ruralwater supply (RWS> projects. A more detailed discussion on DNHE is containedin Chapter III.
1.06 A second department within the Ministry is the Direction Nationale del'Operation Puits, (OP). In the early to mid-70s, at a time when boreholedrilling programs were not so common, this entity was responsible for identi-fication, preparation and execution of large diameter dug well projects. Theresults were rather disappointing, with OP constructing only 120 wells in fouryears. OP's activities came to a standstill, as external donor funds wereprogressively directed away from that department, and also as the Governmentperceived the need to reorganize it. Under a new management, the departmenthas restarted in 1981 as the Government executing agency for open well con-struction. This department which is not at all involved in sector policyaspects, is now active in about 17 scattered geographical areas, with astaffing of around 350. OP's new programs are financed by the AfricanDevelopment Bank (AfDB), and by several donors under RWS components of ruraldevelopment projects.
1.07 From the mid 1970s, when borehole programs started following thedrought, investment programs in the order of US$5.5 million per annum havebeen executed, resulting in approximately 1,600 productive boreholes by mid-1982. The RWS sub-sector has been developed almost exclusively with externalassistance both as RWS projects and as part of rural development projects.The major programs have been financed by UNDP/UNICEF, HELVETAS (Switzerland),OCCE (France), SADF (Saudi-Arabia), JICA (Japan) and various non-governmentalagencies. Each donor agency, in principle, was assigned a different geograph-ical area, and individual executing mechanisms under the supervision of DNHEwere set-up.
1.08 A hiatus exists in the relations between DNHE and OP in as much asboth are Directorates on the same governmental hierarchy level; thus, DNHE hasno control or influence on the activities of OP, whereas DNHE is meant to bethe responsible sector organization.
1.09 In terms of available well drilling equipment, there are presentlyabout a dozen rigs in Mali, which are all utilized under the different pro-grams. These represent collectively a potential of approximately 1,100 bore-holes per annum or more likely around 700 actual drillings because of lessthan optimum use of rigs. This would translate into about 420 new productiveboreholes, assuming a 60% success rate for the country as a whole. Adding thenumber of new open wells (100 per annum), about 500 new water points could beconstructed each year. At this pace, a full coverage of the RWS needs couldonly be achieved in about twenty years.
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1.10 New programs under preparation would increase the drilling activitiesto about 1,000 boreholes per annum. Investments in the order of an estimated
US$150 million (in 1982 prices) over the next 7-8 years would be required toaccelerate the drilling programs to achieve the International Drinking WaterSupply and Sanitation Decade goals of supplying water to the entire ruralpopulation. It would appear more realistic to expect meeting these goals witha delay of at least 5 years.
RWS Sub-sector Issues
1.11 Throughout its recent development, the principal issues the sub-sector faced can be summarized as follows:
(i) lack of rational medium and long-term planning in order toestablish a coherent overall sector development stragegy;
(ii) lack of organizational discipline and coordination betweenDNHE and OP;
(iii) inadequacy of budget provisions for planning, construction andsupervision, and poor provisions for maintenance;
(iv) shortage of qualified national technical personnel;
(v) insufficient experience in designing RWS projects demonstratedby (1) an absence of promotional campaigns to encourage activevillage participation including contribution to construction,decisions as to technical and financial aspects of investmentsand maintenance, and (2) absence of cross-sectoral linkageswith health and general development services.
Sub-sector Policies
1.12 The lessons from past and ongoing projects have not gone unnoticed.DNHE, in view of its increasing activities in the RWS sub-sector, has started tocope with the above issues and adopted the following new policy orientation:
(i) Regionalization of programs by limiting the zone of action foreach drilling unit in order to reduce the cost per well. Thispolicy has succeeded and resulted in almost doubling theoutput of the UNDP/UNICEF projects;
(ii) Financial participation by villagers for both purchase andmaintenance of handpumps to promote the ownership concept,thus encouraging the population to actively assume maintenanceresponsibilities of their own investments. This policyresponds to the financial issue (para. 1.11 (iii) and (v)).Very positive results are being gained under the ongoing 3major RWS projects 1/;
I/ UNDP, Mali Aqua Viva, Helvetas.
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(iii) Increased importance of training at the village level toachieve self-sufficiency in maintenance by the villages in theRWS sub-sector;
(iv) Decentralization of DNHE's RWS project management and improvedcoordination of programs to ensure flexibility of executionand enhance coherent and standardized approaches to sector andproject issues;
(v) Closer linkage of water and health aspects in the design andimplementation of RWS projects to maximize the synergisticeffects.
These policies deserve full support by IDA, more so as they reflect the stateof the art of the RWS situation in the Sahelian countries.
Bank Group Lending
1.13 The RWS sub-sector reflects the situation of "relatively plentifulexternal assistance". There is no shortage of external aid in the developmentof rural groundwater sources per se. Rather IDA's lending strategy in therural sub-sector will focus on channeling all assistance and efforts accordingto a national strategy and institution building through identification andpromotion of the appropriate organizational framework improvements in projectplanning, execution and subsequent operations and support of sub-sector poli-cies, in particular with respect to technical design and beneficiaries' par-ticipation.
1.14 The Project has reflected this approach from the preparatory stageonwards, as this represents the first RWS project in Mali to be prepared insuch detail by DNHE. IDA's first free standing RWS project for Mali wouldprovide an excellent opportunity to further the mutual understanding betweenthe Bank and the Borrower, particularly in view of future sector develop-ment. The Project could act as a catalyst to coordinate with other donors andchannel all external and national resources towards a common goal within thenational strategy, and thus obtain optimum results and benefits.
II. THE BORROWER AND EXECUTING AGENCY
2.01 The borrower will be the Government of Mali, and DNHE under theState-Minister in charge of Industry and Equipment will be the executingagency for the proposed Project.
DNHE - Staffing and Organization
2.02 DNHE is the Government department responsible for both urban andrural water supply and sanitation. The Organization Chart is shown inAnnex 2. Within DNHE, the Groundwater Division is responsible for planningand execution of all RWS projects. By the end of 1981, DNHE's personnel
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numbered 145, but had increased to around 240 by the end of 1982. The majorincrease was in the technicians and daily labour categories, as DNHE, as isthe case with other Government Departments, is held to accept annually itsquota of fresh graduates from schools in the absence of other employmentopportunities.
2.03 As of end 1981, about 40 persons were assigned to the GroundwaterDivision of which 18 were engineers, supported by 2 Technical Assistancestaff, financed by France and Germany respectively. This division was origi-nally set-up in 1974/75 as the counterpart agency under a UNDP-RWS project,and thus, the various sections of the Division were geared mainly towards theneeds of that project. As a number of new RWS programs financed by variousexternal donors sprung to life, the quite natural response was to add per-sonnel within the existing organizational framework.
2.04 Under the UNDP project, DNHE has been the implementing agency, con-structing the wells by force account. With other bilaterally financed pro-grams, the work is mostly carried out by special expatriate project teamshaving their own equipment with some participation from DNHE. The array ofdonors supplying different equipment has not been conducive to standardizationof equipment in Mali. Furthermore, given the scarcity of qualified localpersonnel, DNHE has effectively spread itself out too thinly over the entiresub-sector with the result that it has been employing more personnel with lessand less work experience, and with only marginal productivity in the absenceof a coordinated training program. The Groundwater Division has now plungedinto a situation where it is neither fully prepared to plan and prepare RWSprojects nor has the efficient tools to implement them.
2.05 DNHE itself is highly aware of the manifold sub-sectoral issues withlong term implications including institutional, technical, legal, financialand manpower aspects. It has been agreed to carry out an institutional/sectordevelopment planning study in parallel to the further processing and implemen-tation of the Project, with the start-up to be financed under the PPF. Thisstudy will delineate the most appropriate institutional framework and develop-ment strategy for the sub-sector; it will draw upon the conclusions andrecommendations of a recently prepared sector study financed by FAC and FED.
2.06 In line with Government's decision to actively promote an existingsituation, i.e. the successfully implemented concept of decentralized manage-ment of individual RWS programs, the Project will be managed by a DNHE FieldTeam reinforced by technical assistance. The professional development of theDNHE Field Team will be carefully monitored, and assessed against the proba-bilities of future investment activities in the same general region (FirstAdministrative Region) and thus the groundwork laid for further developing theDNHE outpost into a more full fledged regional office. For more details onproject management, see paras. 4.09 and 4.10.
III. THE PROJECT AREA
Origin of Selection of the District of Kita as the Main Project Area
3.01 The selection of the proposed Project area was determined on thebasis of an identification mission in early 1980 to respond to a request by 4
the Government of Mali for IDA participation in both the RWS and Rural Healthsectors. Selection of the district of Kita as the main zone was based onlogistical considerations, such as accessibility of the terrain during the dryseason, expected successful drilling rates, and related cost considerations.The Association's involvement in the districts of Bafoulabe and Kenileba, apartfrom those for the construction of water points for Health Centers to supportthe IDA Health Project, would be subject of a second project. No water supplyconstruction activities for the district's capital, "Kita-town", are scheduledunder the Project as a German aid-agency is already financing new facilitiesthere.
Population, Village Organization, Infrastructure
3.02 In 1982, the total population of the District of Kita was estimatedat 166,500 inhabitants; 149,000 being classified as rural and 17,500 locatedin the city of Kita being classified as urban. According to the result of the1976 census, the birth rate was 40 per 1,000 persons and the death-rate 16-17per 1,000; more than 60% of the deaths occurred among children of less than 4years of age. Migration to Bamako, other African countries or Europe has beenalmost similar to the rate of natural increase (2.36%) with a result of astable, indeed slightly decreasing total population.
3.03 The District of Kita is part of the Region of Kayes, the First Admin-istrative Region of Mali. The district is divided in eight sub-districts("arrondissement"), each sub-district including 30 to 60 villages. Smallhamlets are bound to the villages; during the dry season, i.e. when no agri-cultural activities are possible, the population of the hamlets usually re-groups itself in the main villages. Total number of villages and hamlets are303 and 800 respectively, while their median populations are 400 and 45.Although income related assumptions are difficult to establish, it is esti-mated that the average annual per capita income in the Project area is in theorder of US$50 - 75, and that virtually the entire population would fall underthe poverty level.
3.04 Each village has a "village council" headed by a "village chief"; itusually consists of leading citizens and in some cases of people named by thepolitical authorities. The extent of the village chief's authority varieswith the socio-economic and political profile of the village concerned; how-ever, the chief is usually the representative of the community vis-a-vis theGovernment, and thus, among many other things, he is also in charge of taxcollection. Young men may join in traditional fellowships ("tons") which maymanage the mutual aid cash-boxes. When these cash-boxes exist, they chieflyare fed either by monthly or yearly contributions, or by the benefit of com-munal agricultural activities. Some villages have organized their own co-operatives which resell indispensable articles (salt, sugar, etc.) at a smallprofit also going to the community cash-box.
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3.05 The road network in the district of Kita is very rudimentary andcompletely unpaved; even the main roads cannot be used during the rainy seasonbecause of the absence of bridges. The Dakar-Bamako railway system whichcrosses the project area has been neglected; there is no possibility ofunloading heavy materials in Kita. Public telegraph and telephone facilitieshardly exist, making the use of a radio necessary.
Climate, Hydrology, Hydrogeology
3.06 The Project area is located in the Sudanese climate area, except forthe northern part which is already situated in the Sahelian climate zone.Average rainfalls range from 1,300mm in the South to 750mm in the North, butinter-annual rainfall variations could be very important. The rainy seasonoccurs between May and October with a peak in August. Analysis of availabledata for the last 100 years demonstrates that periodic droughts usually do notexceed 7 years, although the present one began in the early seventies.Average temperatures are 33 0C at the end of the dry season and 25 C during therainy season. The wind speed is generally lower than 2 meter/sec. which doesnot permit operation of windmills.
3.07 The hydrographic system, part of the Senegal river catchment area,includes three perennial rivers, the Bafing, Bakoye and Baoule. Except duringthe rainy season, most of the secondary hydrographic network is dry andscarcely allows for satisfaction of basic water needs.
3.08 The geology of the Project area is only partially known, althoughsome general studies were carried out in 1977 by BRGM 1/ under FAC financingand described in the documents available in the project files. Schists andsandstones constitute the major part of the geological beds. Small and dis-continuous aquifers may be found in:
(i) alluvial plains of the main rivers which have a limited importanceonly,
(ii) the altered and fractured granite substratum which usually does notoutcrop in the Project area,
(iii) the fractured and pervious sandstones, which represent the mainpossibility of underground resources in the Project area,
(iv) the schists, only if they are fractured.
Existing Water Supply, Health and Sanitation Conditions
3.09 Presently, the villagers obtain their water chiefly from tradi-tional open dug wells and dibholes. Surface water is also used during therainy season. Half of the wells have a total depth less than lOm and so tapthe superficial aquifers only; due to the lack of appropriate technology for
1/ BRGM = Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (France).
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well digging, 40% of them have a water depth less than 0.50m. It has beenestimated that during the rainy season about one productive water point isavailable for 30 inhabitants and their livestock, i.e. 13 water points pervillage. These figures decrease to one water point for 50 inhabitants, i.e.7 water points per village during the dry season. It is not unusual forlarger villages to have more than 50 wells.
3.10 Usually, women are in charge of water collection by traditionalmeans (buckets and ropes). Water carried from the wells is stored at eachcompound in metallic or traditional tanks (canaris) and generally changedevery day. Pollution occurs during the extraction, carriage and storagecycle, and surveys have demonstrated that the population does not as yetunderstand the causal relation between consumption of polluted water and waterborne diseases. A detailed survey carried out within the framework of theBank's parallel Health Project in the districts of Kita, Bafoulabe and Keniebaindicates that about 110 sick days per year and per inhabitant may be attri-buted to direct water borne diseases.
3.11 During the rainy season, i.e. when sufficient water is available,the average domestic water consumption is estimated at 37 lcd, while themedian value is about 30 lcd. Consumption for basic needs (water for drinkingand cooking) is 14 lcd. This estimated level of consumption is rather highwhen compared with water use in most African urban centers.
3.12 Latrine construction is essentially carried out with involvement oftechnical assistance provided through volunteer agencies attached to primaryhealth care programs and is mainly concentrated in the larger villages. Itmay be estimated that less than 5% of the rural population has sanitary meansof excreta disposal.
Existing Water Resource Balance
3-13 Among the 303 villages of the district of Kita, close to 70% arereported to suffer periodic water deficit. During the preparation of theProject all these villages were visited; a survey of the present populationand their livestock was carried out and available water resources during thedry season were estimated. Water needs to be satisfied would, depending onthe objectives, require the following actions: (See Annex 3 for details).
(i) the basic satisfaction of human needs in the district would requireabout 300 additional water points to serve a population of 110,000located in about 200 villages; or
(ii) the satisfaction of the above needs and additional demand forlivestock and small scale agricultural usage would require theconstruction of 575 additional water points to serve 117,000 inhab-itants and their livestock as well, spread over 225 villages.
Against the background of available financial resources, and as a reflectionof agreed upon priorities, the proposed Project envisages to satisfy the basichuman needs only; the investment criteria are detailed in para. 4.03.
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IV. THE PROJECT
Project Genesis and Objectives
4.01 This Project has been prepared by DNHE assisted by a consultant,BRGM under an IDA-PPF financing, following a request by the Malian Governmentto implement an integrated RWS and Health Project to improve living and sani-tary conditions, and thus contribute to the human capital formation in ruralareas. Hence, the Project would be implemented in parallel with an IDA HealthProject for the same general Project area. To meet the objectives, theProject proposes to:
(i) supply water for the basic human needs in about 215 villages in thedistrict of Kita and 15 villages in the districts of Bafoulabe andKenieba where Health Centers would be built;
(ii) set-up an operation and maintenance system of the water pointswhich would ensure availability of spare parts and emphasize maxi-mum self-reliance by the villagers themselves; and
(iii) strengthen the capability of DNHE to identify, prepare and manageRWS projects, as well as provide technical assistance to thevillagers for maintenance of the handpumps.
Project Components
4.02 The proposed Project would include the following components:
(i) provision of about 325 productive boreholes in the district of Kitaduring a four year drilling campaign, and provision of about 15productive boreholes during the first campaign in the villages inthe districts of Bafoulabe and Kenieba where Health Centers wouldbe built;
(ii) installation of about 340 handpumps and supply of necessaryreplacements and spare parts;
(iii) management of the Project including:
(a) consultant services for Project preparation (already financedunder the PPF);
(b) construction of Project management offices, garage and ware-house. "Base de Kita" (to be financed under the PPF in ordernot to delay Project implementation); and
(c) technical assistance to DNHE for general Project managementincluding geophysical survey for well siting and promotionalactivities at the village level, as well as supply andoperation of the necessary equipments and vehicles of theDNHE's Field Team;
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(iv) consultant services for a mid-Project review and preparation of asecond project in the districts of Bafoulabe and Kenieba; and
(v) construction of additional water points and/or supply andinstallation of additional equipment and/or additional consultantservices to take advantage of opportunities emerging during thefirst years of implementation. A technical and economic evaluationwould be made by an independent expert as to the optimum use of thecorresponding funds at the time of a review during the thirddrilling campaign (para. 4.26).
Investment Criteria
4.03 To make up the whole water deficit in the District of Kita (para.3.13) does not appear to be a realistic objective; hence, the scope of theproposed Project has been defined on the following basis:
(i) to limit, in the light of absorptive capacity constraints in Maliand the Bank's relative unfamiliarity in this field, the durationand the size of this Project to the use of two drilling rigsduring three campaigns 1/ and of one drilling rig during an addi-tional fourth campaign. During the first campaign, one rig willoperate for about six months in the districts of Bafoulab'e andKenieba to construct the boreholes required for the HealthCenters. According to experience in Sahelian countries, an effi-ciently operated drilling rig would drill at a pace of around 11 -12 boreholes per month, thus resulting in about 100 boreholes percampaign. With an expected 50% success rate in the District ofKita, and 33% only in the districts of Bafoulabe and K6ni!&ba (para.4.05), a total of about 340 productive boreholes could be drilledunder the Project;
(ii) to allow for supplying the maximum number of villages, the satis-faction of human basic needs, i.e. about 20 to 25 lcd, has been re-tained as design criteria. The average water production of a bore-hole equipped with a regular handpump being limited to about 1 m3/h, anew water point will be created for 500 inhabitants at the maximum;
(iii) to distribute the 325 proposed boreholes in the District of Kitathe following criteria will also be considered: prevalence ofwaterborne diseases, size of the village, existence of a school ora Health Center, possibilities of economic development, distancebetween the village and the remaining water sources during the dryseason, and accessibility of the village. A very important cri-terion, however, would be the willingness of the beneficiaries tocontribute physically to and participate financially in the pre-paration of the site of the water point, and in the purchase aswell as maintenance of the handpumps (para. 4.12).
1/ A drilling campaign corresponds to the period October-June.
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Technology Used
4.04 Supplying water in rural areas of Sahelian countries inevitablyrequires an evaluation of the trade-offs between open wells and boreholes. Onthe one hand, open wells present the advantages of providing access to severalusers at the same time, lifting water by traditional means; on the otherhand, their construction is slow and expensive (twice as much as a borehole),bacteriological quality of the water is often unsatisfactory, and water avail-ability is subject to seasonal variations of the aquifer. Modern boreholescan be drilled within one day at lower cost, availability and quality of watergenerally pose no problems, but installation of a pump is necessary. Based onexperiences of other RWS Projects in Mali, it is proposed to mainly equip thevillages with boreholes; only a few open wells could be built either by "OP"or by a private contractor within the limits of the possible additional worksto be defined at the time of the mid-Project review (para. 4.26). However, asthe Project will introduce new technologies it will require a thoroughpsychological preparation of the population; thus promotional activities willplay an important role for Project execution.
4.05 Hydrogeology in the Project area not being well known (para. 3.08),systematic aerial photo interpretation, followed by a thorough geophysicalsurvey will be carried out by the DNHE Field Team prior to borehole siting.For this purpose an experienced geophysicist as well as the required equip-ment 1/ (electric, magnetometric sensors) will be provided by the Consultantunder the technical assistance contract (para. 4.09). Despite the geophysicalsurveys, average success rates are expected to be only 50 percent in theDistrict of Kita and 33 percent in the districts of Bafoulabe and Kenieba inview of the difficult geological formations prevailing in the Project area.
4.06 Drilling of boreholes will be contracted to a qualified company.According to the geological formation either rotary or "down the hole hammer"methods will be used. Average depth is estimated to be about 55-60 meterswith drilling diameters of 4 to 6 1/2 inches in most cases; these character-istics do not justify initial reconnaissance drillings. When necessary, PVCcasing and screens will be installed. As a general rule, a borehole would beconsidered productive, and placed into operation, when the yield exceeds1 m /h.
4.07 Productive boreholes will be equipped with suitable pum s, theaverage discharge rate of which will in most cases be 0.7 to 1 .0 m2 /h. Somevery productive boreholes could be equipped with handpumps yielding 2 to4 m9 /h; last, a limited number 3f solar pumps may be installed on very pro-ductive boreholes (more than 5 m /h) within the limits of the possible addi-tional works to be defined at the time of the mid-Project review (para. 4.26),provided the corresponding high investment cost could be justified by thepossibility of implementing small agricultural or livestock projects. Choice
1/ Equipment to remain with DNHE at the end of the contract.
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of pump supplier on ICB basis will not only be based on the quality and per-formance of their product, but also on their capability and willingness to setup in the Project area under the supervision of DNHE, the necessary logisticsfor further operation and training of local caretakers at the village and sub-district level. It is expected that the ongoing "UNDP Handpumps Project" forwhich the Bank is the executing agency will be able to provide pertinentinformation to the Government prior to award of the contract of supply andinstallation of handpumps.
4.08 The completion of the well site will be carried out with participa-tion by the villagers under the supervision of the DNHE Field Team. It willconsist of building an adequate and properly drained apron and a protectionwall.
Project Management
4.09 As indicated in para. 2.06, the Project management will be based inKita. The DNHE engineer currently responsible for the preparation of theproposed Project has been appointed as Project Manager. His appointment orthe nomination of an alternate, suitably qualified candidate acceptable to IDAwas a condition for negotiations. The DNHE team will further comprise 4engineers (2 hydrogeologists, 1 geophysicist and 1 RWS specialist) and 2technicians (1 hydrogeologist and 1 RWS specialist). They will be assisted,up to the end of the third drilling campaign, by a foreign technical assis-tance team (2 hydrogeologists and 1 geophysicist). The Technical AssistanceTeam will be in charge of:
(i) general management of the Project: bid evaluation, contractswriting, technical and financial construction supervision;
(ii) siting of the water points by geophysical survey (para. 4.05);
(iii) supply and operation of vehicles and equipment necessary for theProject Field Team activities in Kita; and
(iv) on-the-job training of the local counterpart in project managementand work supervision.
It is expected that the fourth drilling campaign and general Project activi-ties in Years 4 and 5 will be entirely implemented by the DNHE Field Teamwithout foreign assistance. The DNHE field office would also include anaccountant, and the activities would be subjected to an annual audit (para.4.29).
4.10 In order to ensure sufficient operation from the beginning of theProject, the Project Manager and 5 more DNHE staff (drilling rig operators andRWS technicians) will receive during 1983 training related to their futureresponsibilities in the ongoing RWS projects in Mali, financed by the PPF.
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Villagers' Contribution to and Participation in the Project
4.11 The Malian Government recently adopted the policy of encouragingthe rural communities to participate, to the extent possible, in the financingof the handpumps and to assume greater responsibility in the operation anamaintenance (O&M) of the water points. This orientation is seen in the RWSsub-sector throughout the Sahelian Region and in many coastal countries as itresults from reflections on:
(i) the less than satisfying experience in the past where RWS invest-ments mostly failed as the beneficiaries were not at all sensitizedand were left out of participation in maintenance and repair. and
(ii) the excessive burden on the authorities' administrative capac_ty tosustain a large scale maintenance system.
In Mali the three major RWS projects have adopted the new approach in recentyears and introduction of the ownership concept of handpumps by the ruralcommunities as well as day-to-day maintenance by the villagers themselves haveproven successful. Furthermore, systematical preventive maintenance has ledto considerable decrease in the number of recorded pump failures. For examplein the Helvetas Project the annual failure rate dropped from 130 per 10C pumpsto 15 per 100 pumps in the course of 12 months.
4.12 Prior to the drilling of a borehole, DNHE will enter into an agree-ment with each participating village outlining the village's responsibilitiesrelated to the construction and O&M of the water point. Agreement formsalready in use in the other RWS projects are in general acceptable to IDA.They are now being revised to be tailored to this specific Project. Annex 4-1contains a pro-forma agreement form currently used for the Helvetas Project.Prior to installation of the handpump the villages will have to pay to theProject account a financial participation of MF 270,000 (US$360) in 1982prices and not subject to inflation throughout the Project implementationperiod, representing about one third of the purchase price of the pump(MF 660,000 /3 = MF 220,000 or US$295) and the cost of the ten bags of cementnecessary for the site preparation (MF 50,000 or US$65) (para. 4.03(iii)).Surveys performed during Project preparation show that this amount is withir.the affordable range of the beneficiaries and that the willingness to activelyassure this contribution as well as the necessary expenditures for the subse-quent maintenance (Chapter V) is very high among the target population.
4.13 Villages will assume the cost of regular maintenance of the pumpsincluding purchase of spare parts and of repair interventions by the DNHEField Team. In other projects active participation of the villagers in hand-pump maintenance has more than halved the amount of recurrent costs fromapproximately MF 120,000 to around MF 50,000, per handpump and per year, i.e.from US$160 to US$67.
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Maintenance of the Water Points - Role of DNHE
4.14 DNHE will assure throughout the Project implementation period:
(i) the set-up of the necessary logistics such as availability of spareparts, (which will be financed up to Year 5 by the proposed Pro-ject) storage depots, and pricing of spare parts;
(ii) the training of caretakers at the village as well as at the sub-district levels for preventive maintenance and small repairs (inconnection with the handpumps supplier); and
(iii) the availability of its own mobile maintenance team (the opera-tions' cost of which will be financed up to Year 5 by the Project)to assume co-ordination of village and sub-district level repairactivities and to intervene in cases where repair problems exceedthe skills of the rural population.
It is expected that by the end of the third drilling campaign, the DNHE FieldTeam will be largely capable to fulfill these responsibilities without furthertechnical assistance. However, in recognizing the importance to optimizescarce resources by utilizing available talent in the project area as much aspossible and to benefit from economies of scale, DNHE will enter into arrange-ments satisfactory to IDA with ODIPAC 1/, an IDA-funded regional developmentagency, to obtain some operational support. DNHE will use ODIPAC's storagedepots for the location of spare parts, obtain assistance for the villagetraining activities, and subcontract to it the village level promotionalactivities to be carried out jointly with the IDA Health Project. DNHE'smaintenance activities would be higher in the initial years, when villagershave not yet fully mastered the maintenance and repair techniques. The de-pendency on outside support would gradually decrease, and the DNHE maintenanceteam will then assume a larger monitoring function of the pumps installed andof the hydrogeological conditions of boreholes operation.
Handpumps Replacement
4.15 Handpumps installed under the Project will be guaranteed by thesupplier for at least 12 months. Thus, the replacement issue will becomerelevant only in the outer years. In most cases, replacement would take theform of gradual renewal of worn out parts, stretched out over several years,therefore limiting the financial burden imposed upon the rural communities. Apotential problem would exist for those expected few cases where the wholepump would have to be replaced. The Government's policy, already successfullyimplemented under the major ongoing RWS projects, is to require the beneficia-ries to carry the full cost. For the proposed Project, possibilities will bestudied and ways elaborated to tap the credit system available under theODIPAC project.
1/ ODIPAC = Office de Developpement Integre des ProductionsArachidieres et Cerealieres.
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Village Level Promotional Activities
4.16 The promotional activities, i.e. the "software" tools to be used atthe village level play a most important role for RWS projects to ensure theirsuccess:
(i) by preparing the rural communities on how to cope with the newlyintroduced technologies, by training the local caretakers for O&Maspects and by explaining the respective role of the villages andDNHE in order to "demystify" the hitherto alien technology so thatit be absorbed at the village level enabling the rural communitiesto become largely self-sufficient (as it has been the case withbicycle technologies);
(ii) by introducing, together with the IDA Health Project, hygiene andsanitation related concepts which would result in modified be-havioral approaches towards water use reflected in improved hygienestandards. These, in turn, would then be the basis for improvedhealth conditions to be expected as a result of the Health Project.
4.17 The promotional activities for the Water and Health Projects mustby necessity be designed so as to be integrated into the overall developmentprocess in the Region. To this end, the two Projects will seek operationalsupport from ODIPAC, (para. 4.14) and DNAFLA 1/ before April 1, 1984. Experi-ences in rural development projects as well as in the ODIPAC covered areashave shown that the population responded better to extension efforts, andparticipated more actively in marketing, credit and input supply activities,if at least a nucleus of villagers had attained a minimal level of functionalliteracy and numeracy in their own language. Thus, DNAFLA as ODIPAC's execut-ing agency for functional literacy related activities will play an importantrole in the two Projects' promotion activities. A detailed write-up on thesubject of community participation, including the role of DNAFLA, is availablein the Project files.
4.18 During appraisal, it was agreed that the project costs pertainingto this aspect estimated at US$340,000 for the implementation period would befinanced entirely out of the Health Project, with the exception of therecruitment of a Malian Sociologist to be financed under the RWS Project. Therespective responsibilities, the methodology and timetable of intervention wasagreed upon during meetings involving both Health and Water executingagencies, ODIPAC and DNAFLA. Annex 4-2 contains a brief description of theagreed upon community promotion activities.
Project Cost
4.19 The estimated cost of tne project is MF 8,875 million(US$11.90 million) with a foreign exchange component of MF 7,415 million(US$9.95 million) representing 84%. Taxes and duties on imported goods aswell as taxes on works are not applied to Bank Group projects in Mali;however the Project cost includes taxes on fuel which represent MF 310 million
1/ DNAFLA = Direction Nationale de l'Alpnab6tisabion Fonctionnelle et
de la Linguistique Appliquee (National Agency for Functional Literacy).
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(US$0.44 million equivalent) or 3.5% of the total. Components already finan-ced under the US$1.00 million PPF have also been integrated in the ProjectCost. The summary cost estimate shown below is further detailed in Annex 4-3.
Sunmmary Project Cost and Financing Plan
MF Million US$ MillionForeign Local Total Foreign Local Total %
PROJ= C0O
(i) Drilling of boreholes and sitepreparation 2,855 445 3,3C0 3.83 .59 4.42 52.6
(ii) Supply and installation ofhandpumps 335 35 420 .52 .05 .57 6.8
'-li) Project management(a) Project preparation a/ 290 40 330 .39 .05 .44 5.2(b) Construction of the "base
a/ Financed under the PPF.b/ To be defined at the time of the mid project review.c/ Includes MF 310 million (US$.42 million) of taxes on fuel consumed
during Project execution.d/ 15% of components costs except iii(a), iii(b) and (v).e/ Of which MF 310 million (US$.42 million) will come from taxes on fuel
consumed during Project execution.
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4.20 Project costs have been calculated after a detailed analysis ofeach component based on cost data from similarly organized RWS projects inSahelian countries, and compared with quotations obtained for similar worksrecently tendered for in the region. All costs have been adjusted to reflectunit prices as of end 1982. Detailed calculations are available in Projectfiles.
4.91 Project costs include financing of all the operating costs of theDNHE Field Team during the implementation period: supply, operation andmaintenance of vehicles, field allowances for the administrative staff, officeoperation and spare parts for handpumps. Project costs, however do not in-clude salaries of the administration staff as no additional position would becreated by the proposed Project. These recurrent costs amount to about 9% ofthe total throughout the Project implementation period.
4.22 The cost of a productive and equipped borehole for the Project areaat an expected success rate of 50%, is estimated at about US$20,000 (expressedin base cost as of end 1982) of which 68% correspond to the drilling and sitepreparation, 9% to supply and installation of handpumps and 23% to boreholesiting, construction supervision and promotional activities. Another break-dowr shows that as an item of major importance foreign manpower would repre-sent one third of the cost of a productive water point. While this proportionin overall cost would vary as a function of the actually attained successrates, nonetheless it largely justifies the objective of strengthening thecapability of DNHE in management of further RWS projects (para. 4.01 (iii)).
4.23 Allowances for physical contingencies on construction work at theaverage rate of 15% are provided. In addition allowance has been made forprice contingencies for imported goods and services at a rate of 8% in 1983;7.5% in 1984; 7% in 1985, and 6% thereafter. For local cost, the respectiverates are 15% in 1983; 12% in 1984, and 10% thereafter.
Project Financing
4.24 An IDA Credit of US$4.65 million equivalent and a Credit from theIDA Special Fund of US$6.26 million equivalent are proposed. The remainder ofUS$0.99 million equivalent would be financed by the Government (US$0.87 millionof which US$0.42 million representing the amount of taxes on fuel) and by thebeneficiaries themselves (US$0.12 million) (para. 4.12). The Government ofMali would be the borrower of the Credits, which will be entirely administeredby DNHE.
Implementation
4.25 Detailed designs and tender documents are being prepared by DNHE,assisted by the Consultant BRGM, and financed under the PPF. They will beready by December 1983. For bid evaluation, contract preparation andconstruction supervision, DNHE will be assisted by an Engineering Consultantselected in accordance with Bank procedures (para. 4.09). The signing of thecontract with the Engineering Consultant will be a condition of effective-ness. It is expected that construction will start by October 1984 and extendto June 1989 (Annex 4-4).
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4.26 During the third drilling campaign, DNHE will employ an independentand qualified Consultant on terms and conditions satisfactory to IDA to carryout an evaluation of the activities to be included in the fourth drillingcampaign. These activities could be according to the opportunities which hademerged during the first years of Project implementation either drilling ofadditional boreholes or open wells (para. 4.06), either purchase andinstallation of additional handpumps or solar pumps (para. 4.07) or additionalconsultants services (para. 4.09). Such a program of possible additionalactivities, the amount of which will be limited to the funds allocated forthis purpose, will be submitted to IDA for review and approval three monthsbefore the end of the third drilling campaign.
Procurement
4.27 Procurement arrangements are summarized in the table below:
Procurement Arrangements(US$ millions)
Procurement MethodProject Elements ICB LCB Other N.A. Total Cost
a/ Limited ICB following IDA Special Fund guidelines.b/ Contract awards for technical assistance and consulting services will
follow procedures acceptable to IDA.c/ Includes refinancing of US$1.00 million in PPF and Malian Government
contribution of US$0.25 million in Years 4 and 5 for DNHE's Field Teamoperations.
Note: Figures in parenthesis are the respective amounts financed by IDA andthe IDA Special Fund.
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As the contract for drilling of boreholes will be financed out of the proceedsof the IDA Special Fund credit, it will be awarded through ICB procedures inaccordance with the IDA Special Fund Guidelines and Practices. The contractfor supply and installation of handpumps as well as other contracts forpossible additional works or equipments will be awarded through ICB proceduresin accordance with Bank Group Guidelines and Practices. For technicalassistance (para. 4.09) and studies (para. 4.02 (iv) and 4.26), consultingfirms will be selected in accordance with procedures acceptable to IDA. Thetechnical assistance contract (para. 4.09) will cover about 95 man-months atan average rate of US$7,300 per man-month, including salaries, subsistenceallowances, and travel (as of end 1982 prices), and also supply and operationof necessary vehicles and equipment. No domestic preference will apply incontract award, since sufficiently qualified and experienced local contractorsand suppliers do not exist.
Disbursement
4.28 The proposed Credits would be disbursed as follows:
Allocation and Disbursement of the Credits
IDA Credit IDA Special Fund CreditAmount % of Amount % of
US$ million expenditure US$ million expenditureCategory financed financed
(i) Civil works (dril-ling of boreholes) -- -- 5.36 92
(ii) Equipments (handpumpsand other equipments) .73 100 -- --
(iii) Consultants' servicesand studies 2.20 100
(iv) Refinancing of the PPF 1.00 100 -- --
(v) Unallocated .72 -- .90 --
Total 4.65 6.26
4.29 The Government contribution will be paid to a special ProjectAccount in six installments, the amounts of which have been tailored to meetthe forecasted requirements for Project financing by the local participation;the schedule of payments to the Project Account is justified in Annex 4-5.Allocation by the Government for its fiscal year 1984 of MF 110 million(US$167,500 equivalent) for the Project, establishment of the Project Accountand payment of the first installment of MF 20 million (US$26,500 equivalent),will be conditions of effectiveness of the Credits. Further installments ofMF 90 million, MF 110 million, MF 150 million, MF 190 million, MF 90 million(US$121,000, US$147,500, US$200,000, US$255,000 and US$121,000 equivalent)will be paid before the beginning of each drilling campaign not later thanAugust 31, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988 respectively. Proceeds of the
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villagers' contribution (para. 4.12) will also be paid to the ProjectAccount. This account will be managed by the Project Manager, supervised bythe Director of DNHE, and subject to regular review by Bank staff and anannual external audit. Funds will be used for payment of the portions of thedrilling contract not covered by the IDA Special Fund Credit, for purchase ofcement required for site preparation, spare parts for vehicles as well as someoffice supplies on the basis of a budget established for each drillingcampaign.
4.30 The estimated schedules of disbursements of the Credits given inAnnex 4-6 are based on the average disbursement profile for water supply andsewerage projects in West Africa. The closing date of the Credits would beJune 30, 1992.
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V. AFFORDABILITY
Objectives
5.01 One of the most important parameters in Project design has been theemphasis on minimizing the incremental financial burden on the national budget(i.e. DNHE's budget) as a result of the Project in view of the severe finan-cial constraints of Mali. Therefore, solutions were sought to assure adequatecoverage of the ensuing recurring costs by the beneficiaries themselves, allthe while taking into account the rural population's affordability limits. Tothis end, extensive socio-economic surveys were carried out in the Projectarea during the preparation phase to establish the profiles of villages in theProject zone.
Recurrent Cost Implications
> D2 By Project completion the incremental recurrent cost per waterpu._n!per year are estimated to be in the order of MF 60,000 with thefollowing approximative breakdown:
Incremental Annual Recurrent Cost perWater Point During the Fifth Campaign
(End 1982 prices)
MF %At the village level:
-Purchase of spare parts 15,000 25-Remuneration for emergency assistance
by DNHE 7,500 13-Remuneration of sub-district repairman 4,000 7
Sub-total 26,500 44
At the DNHE level:
-Personnel, overhead, operatiori of vehicles 35,000 58-Depreciation of vehicles 6,000 10-(less) Remuneration for emergency
assistance - 7,500 -13Sub-total 33,500 56
Total 60,000 100
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In addition, villagers would remunerate their own pump caretaker most likelyIn kind, in the Drder of MF 3,000/month per water point. Incremental annualrecurrent cost could be higher for the initial years, during which thevillagers would not as yet feel comfortable with pump maintenance. Furtherdetails are available in the Project files.
5.07 The estimated total incremental O&M costs as a result of theProject are shown below.
Indicative Incremntal Operation and Maintenance Costsas a Result of the Project at Villages' and DNHE Levels
(MF million)
Year 1984/85 1985/86 t986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90
a/ excluding village caretakers' remunerationb/ applies local price escalation estimates (para. 4.23)c/ including personnel, overhead, depreciation and operation of venicles
by completion of tr.e Project, tne resulting additional budgetary burden toIDNHE would be about TMF 12 million per year (US$16,000) in 1982 prices, or 9%of DNHE's RWS sub-sector budget in 1982. It is expected that the covenantedannual Government counterpart contributions, which are far higher than thefuture annual O&M costs alone (para. 4.29), will serve as a "primer" forcontinued Government budgetary allocations for the post-Project period. Anallocation level of MF 12 million (1982 prices) will enable DNHE to fulfillits obligations of assuring adequate support to and supervision of propermaintenance of the Project investments. IDA Project supervision in the outeryears will envisage to assist DNHE in working out the exact levels of finan-cial commitments required and in establishing the appropriate procedures. Onthe other hand annual service on the IDA Credit, starting around 1994, willamount to approximately MF 220 million (US$295,000). During negotiationsassurances were obtained from Government that after the Project implementationperiod adequate resources reflecting the annual O&M requirements would beprovided for in DNHE's annual budget.
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Cost Recovery Approach
5.04 Clearly it is not possible to aim for recovery of the capital costsby the beneficiaries for RWS projects in the Sahelian zone except for partialrecovery from handpumps.
5.05 The villagers' initial contribution to the Project of aboutMF 270,000 (para. 4.12) could represent approximately 2% of an averagevillage's annual expenses in the district of Kita 1/. While certainly a non-negligible cash outlay, during field visits the willingness to participate was
ascertained virtually everywhere. This willingness can be traced toexpectations of a reliable water source all year round, the associated timesavings (in particular during the height of the dry season) and to a lesserextent of improved water quality and health improvements. Further, as anillustrative comparison, the above indicated amount would represent the value
of approximately 2-1/2 cows (usually regarded as capital stock) 2/ or two-thirds of the cost of a marriage for a Malink;e groom 3/, thus leading to theobservation that a participation in this amount would appear well within theaffordable limits of a village's accumulated capital stock.
5.06 Partial cost recovery envisaged from the villagers for recurrentcosts estimated at MF 60,000 (US$80) per annum would represent less than one
percent of the current estimated expense levels in an average village, andmust be considered affordable.
5.07 Spare parts will be sold to the villagers at a price 10% higher thanthe import prices to allow for handling and administration charges. Fuelcharges will, to the extent possible, reflect the actual distances to becovered by the relevant maintenance team called in for the specific repairintervention.
VI. PROJECT BENEFITS AND RISKS
Benefits
6.01 The main benefits of the Project will be the increased availabilityof, in principle, safe drinking water to the population in the Project area tosatisfy their basic water needs all year round including the dry season.Together with the IDA Health Project, this Project is expected to result in animprovement in the health status of the affected rural population, thuscontributing potentially to the widely recognized country objective of human
1/ Assuming an average village size of 400 persons, and based on MF
34,000/person.
2,' The price of a cow at the village level lies between MY 100,000-125,000.
3/ Bride price of MF 375,000 (three cows and various gifts) plus feast
(over three days).
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resources development and increased agricultural production for the rural areain Mali. Ps a further benefit, but of no lesser importance, the Project willdevelop important initiatives of community organizatioL, by institutionalizingnew water and health related activities at the village level, thus serving asa vehicle towards further community development. By adopting the approach tomaximize the responsibilities of the beneficiaries themselves in O&M, andfinancial aspects of those activities, the Project will also attempt tominimize the incremental burden on the national budget of DNHE.
6.02 As to institutional aspects, apart from the village level, a majorbenefit of the Project is expected to be the installation of a nucleus FieldTeam of DNHE in the First Administrative Region within the framework of thedecentralization policies of the Government for the RWS sub-sector. Thisfield office will remain in place after Project completion to continuesupervision of O&M of the water points, and to supervise execution of futuregeneration RWS projects.
6.03 A quantification of the benefits would appear rather difficult atthis point. Some target figures are given in the Rural Health Project SAE asto expected improvements in health standards of the covered population as aresult of the implementation of the two Projects. However, it would be highlyspeculative to attempt a rate of return analysis of the Project.
Risks
6.04 The major risks concerning the implementation of tne proposed Projectdo not pertain so much to the construction of the boreholes and equipment withhandpumps, but to the sustained maintenance of these investments. Clearly theSahelian experience has shown that maximum responsibility of the rural com-munity together with a fostering of a sense of ownership of communal wells isso far yielding the most promising results.
6.05 Yet, given the relative newness of this orientation many unknownfactors remain; the answers to questions such as those following will have tCawait the results of actual Project implementation:
(i) will the villagers really continue to tend to the maintenance ofthe water point (pump) after the initial euphoria of having watereasily accessible has waned;
(ii) will the communities be continuously able and willing to financespare parts and the repairs services;
(iii) will the villages be able to solve whatever new sociologicalconflict situations may arise as a result of the introduction ofthe communal handpump; and
(iv) will afterwards the health and living conditions really improvesubstantially and the villagers acknowledge it as such.
The Project has been prepared with all these questions in mind, and conse-quently emphasis is being put on the village promotion and training activi-ties. The concept of a, if maybe not legally, but at least morally binding
- 25 -
(for such traditional societies) "contract" will be applied also followingpositive experiences from the other major RWS projects in Mali.
6.06 Still, the rural communities would not be able to solve all theirmaintenance and repair problems, but would need a viable outside supportstructure in order to be prepared for all eventualities. This support will beprovided by DNHE with the assistance of ODIPAC. There is a risk that theexistence of ODIPAC itself is not necessarily assured beyond the life of thisProject. This risk had to be accepted, however, to make use of existingavailable institutional and human resources. A successful support role forODIPAC would conceivably strenghthen and assure its own success as it isessentially a rural extension agency. While performance of ODIPAC will beclosely monitored during the Project, contingency plans would be drawn up byDNHE in consultation with IDA.
6.07 As a further note, there is the possibility that the projectedsuccess rate of 50% might not be attained, leading to even higher cost perproductive borehole. Yet it is felt that this retained success rate isalready rather conservative in comparison with countrywide estimates of 60%.Meticulous application of geophysical works prior to drilling and improvedknowledge of hydrogeological characteristics during Project execution couldlikely lead even to more positive results.
6.08 As to water quality, while an unknown factor as yet, there is littleconcern, judging from experiences in adjacent RWS program zones with similargeological formations.
VII. AGREEMENTS TO BE REACHED AND RECOMMENDATION
7.01 At negotiations, assurances were received by Government on thefollowing:
A) As conditions for Credits Effectiveness:
(i) DNHE will enter into a contract with a competent engineeringconsultant to assist in the management of the Project andprovide technical assistance to the DNHE Field Team on termsand conditions acceptable to IDA (para. 4.25);
(ii) DNHE will establish one Project Account for:
(a) all funds resulting out of the villagers' initialcontribution to the Project, as well as their paymentfor recurrent costs (spare parts, etc.) (paras. 4.12 and4.29);
(b) all other funds necessary for Project management (para.4.29);
- 26 -
(iii) The Government will:
(a) allocate for its fiscal year 1984 an amount of MF 110million (US$147,500 equivalent) for the Project (para.4.29); and
(b) deposit into the Project Account at the date of itsestablishment an initial contribution of MF 20 million(US$26,500 equivalent) (para. 4.29).
B) Other covenants:
(iv) DNHE will enter into arrangements with ODIPAC and DNAFLA asto their operational support not later than April 1, 1984(paras. 4.14 and 4.17);
(v) DNHE will have its Project Account audited annually by anindependent auditor whose qualifications are satisfactory toIDA, and reports will be made available to IDA within 6months of the end of each drilling campaign (paras. 4.09 and4.29);
(vi) The Government will pay into the Project Account installmentsof MF 90 million, MF 110 million, MF 150 million, MF 190million and MF 90 million (US$121,000, US$147,500,US$200,000, US$255,000 and US$121,000 equivalent) not laterthan August 31, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988 respectively(para. 4.29);
(vii) The Project Management will prepare a budget three monthsbefore the beginning of each drilling campaign, coveringexpenses during the upcoming campaign for review and approvalby IDA (para. 4.29);
(viii) DNHE shall, during the third drilling campaign, employ anindependent consultant on terms and conditions satisfactoryto IDA to carry out an evaluation of the activities to beincluded in the fourth drilling campaign and submit a programof such activities for review and approval by IDA not laterthan three months before the end of the third drillingcampaign (para. 4.26);
(ix) The Government will allocate to DNHE's annual budget, afterthe Project implementation period, adequate resourcesreflecting the estimated annual O&M requirements (currentlyestimated at MF 12 million (US$16,000) in end 1982 prices)(para. 5.03); and
- 27 -
(x) DNHE will enter into arrangements with each participatingvillage to set up the responsibilities of each village,including the financial and physical contribution inconstruction, operation and maintenance of the water points(paras. 4.12 and 6.05).
Recommendation
7.02 Subject to reaching agreement on the items listed in the paragraphsabove, the proposed Project is suitable for an IDA credit of US$4.65 millionand a Credit from the IDA Special Fund of US$6.26 million.
MALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
STATE MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND EQUIPMENT
ORGANIZATION CHART OF DNHE
ITRECTOR GENERAL
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
|GENERAL
Hydrogeology StHeUbnWt P ie aiainry Amn n(Ground Water) d S i Urban Water Supply River gio nergyi~~~~Division Division adSntto Division Dvsion Ferinacial
f _ 1 1 1 l 1 l w 1 ' ' 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ProcurementIDA UNDP/UNICEF Helvetas Mali Aqua Viva JICAand Works
3auffre1 sollicite au,>^s d e vous . ........ n crace (s)
La po-t.ation oclzcz2nce !6enci les £2C 3S sUivaŽvts
1° Payer -an Cn:,.a;-7t du. prix toHa2 de chalce pompel soit '
125O000.-.
20 Pa?yer.10 sacs de Qi!m.eazt cexr lprr ne.temcnt de ohaciue aire de
pOmpa&e, soit 7I 551COO.-
La pose da la po::pe es- oonditiomine pa' le pagomesnt d-e la sorume te±ale? soi`
*F.4 180O'O Q our 'orai,e.
La poltlation stengaje en outre :
30 A azsarer ilaccueil de to-tres les equipes au Pr-ojet travaillaint
au villa,,rr-
40 Veiller a la bo:ne utilisatior. e's au 'on enrreticr di; (des) !ors*-
ge (s) 6quipe (s), e-, dcsi,-;-zc7 i.m responsable a llen-tLretien.
50 FoUanir la mainl Toeirrre IleoezSaire au bon d6rolulemse des onT6-
rations de foraZes, essais de pOrnpaj,e fabzicatioyl d.e l'atie
de ponipage et pose de la pompo.
65 Payer les f'rais do r6paration et les pi-cee de d'a-;e de '.a.
pompe.
La jr&6ente Ienmide est a4ya'0uv&n par x1a;,3e;i,.6e, villagecise qui slen-2Zge
I'orr.el½emect a respecter ses e:1'.aSremerts.
Lc Chef de villoc
Vu pour accord Vu pour accord
Le Chef d'Arrondissement Le Commandant du Cercle
Fevrier 1983
- 31 -
MALI ANNEX 4-2RUT1AL LTATER SUPPLY PROJECT
VILLAGE LEVEL PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES: CONCEPTUAL ACTION PLAN
MALI
PROJET DEVELOPFEMENT SANITAIRF
PROJET APPROVISIONNs=,ENT ElN EAU DES ZONES RURALES
PP1OMOTION COe4iUNAUTAIRE PLAN D'EXECUTION
ACTION EAU
SEQUENCE DATE OBJECTIFS RESPONSABLES POP. CIBLE MODALITES RESULTAT
1. Janvier 1984 Campagne d'information Responsable politique Population des cercles Tourn6es, reunions, D6claration d'intdr8tDirections Projets responsables villa- arrD disaenents. de Is part desODIPAC/DNAFLA. geola. pr¶tion d'un villages.
document sommairedes projets.
2. Mars-Avril 1984 Sensibilisation ODIPAC/DNAFLA, Dilr. Assesblea villageoise, Ateliers, Discussions Engagement village7ls,profonde, implication des projets, approche les Arrondissements Proiet -cootrat', engagement financier,des projets, introduc- d8centralisic touch5a par Is brochures, matAriel contrat moral.tion do -contratr . campagne de l'annee. pddagogique.
3. Septembre 1984 - Verification de DNAFLA/ODIPAC, agents Assesblee generale Discussiors Enregistrer les nomsOctebre 1985 1'engagement des sur place. de villageois. des respoosables
villageois. villageois.Enregistrer Ie montant
existent ,dornaer signalintervention du projet. 1
4-a Octobre 19S4 - Renforceaent de la Agents ODIPACiDNAFLA Villages Formation, acelfers Acqurtir la connais-Juin 19B5 sensibilisation avec l'appui de 1'e- dfmonatrations. sance et le *savoir
effectude avec cas quipe de forage/PDS. faire'.rfeels.
4.b Octobre 1984 - For-ation des respon- Fournisseur des jResponsables Formation, ateliers, Acquerir la connais-Juin 1985 sables villageois. pompes avec lee villageois. d4monstracion. sance et le "savoir
Sujets: gestion de la agents du terrain faire'.caisse, hygtdne, edL- D)NAFLA/ODIPAC.eation sanitaire.
4.c Octobre 1984 - A.enagement du point Four-nisseur pompes Groupe villageois. Formation AmAnagement du poiarJuin 1985 d'eau. Education avec artisans ruraux d'eau, dalle, cl5turs.
sanitaire. at reparateur villa- tete de for2ge,geois, agents DNAFLA installation de laet ODIPAC. pompe.
4.d Octobre 1984 - Installation de la Fournisseur des Avec p3rticipation Installation de la
Juin 1985 pompe. Education pomper. den reaponsables pompe.sanitaire. amndsa par le villmge
et artisans ruraux.
5. Juillet 1984 Formation des anima- Chefs de ZAF Animateurs de l'al- Formation preparee 1Savoir faire' par les|teurs des centres phasbtisation. par la DNANLA sur les animateurs desd'alphabdtisation. thavnes ddfinies par villages.
les directions desprojets eau et sant6.
6. Octobre 1984 Premiare campagne de Animateurs des Les auditeurs des Formation avec bro- Connaieiance des villa-l'6ducation sanitaire. viliages avec 1's:pui centres d'alphab6tisa- chures, discussions, geois en mattare d'hy-
des Chefs ZAF et les tion, nais aussi la deronstration, etc. gi2ne, mise en pratique|agents de la sant6. population ggnerale, aes mesures hygigniques
lea femmes en particu- et sanitalres.Ilier.
7. Duree du projet Suivi, appli techni- |Cadres DNAFLA Chef de ZAF Tournees, 4tudes, Support techniquie pen-que, rupervfsion, Animateurs 6valuation -- sur ne dant la duree dudvaluation. Auditeurs terrain. Rapports prnjet: des dvaluatlonas
Villageois de progres periodi- concinues, des actionsques. Evaluarion promot-on comMra-protonde en annke 4 taire. Une 6valuatSontdu projet. profonde qui vise 3
HOUSEHOLD AND VILLAGE DATA BEARING ON DEMAND FOR WATER AND HEALTH
Kita Kenieba BafouiatDe
1. Percent of con-.ourids withown well 51 19 11
Willingness to pay (W1TP) for well maintenance:
2. Per ca;ita (.alian francs) 156 280 351
3. As 7 house-hold income .28 .9b .74
4. Village-level a/ 157,519 216,129 352,172
W'TP for health worker:
5. Per capita (1'.alian francs) 90 42 228
b. As % housenold income .41 .13 .58
7. Villa. e-level a/ 105,451 41,~51 213,524
B1ackszit :sj'rieechanics
8. Average nuzber per villagea) blacksriths 2.9 1.5 1.0
b) lieclhanics 0.9 2.9 1.2
a/ The mean across vil ages of row 2 or row 5 (based on 4 or 5 randomly-selected hluseho1ds per village) uultiplied by nurber of people in eachvillag,e.
Source: 1961-82 surveys of 286 households in 38 villages of Kita, Kenieba andDafoulab: cercles, Mali.
February, 1983
-42- ANNEX 6
Page 1 of 2
MALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
INDICATIVE AVERAGE INCREMENTAL COST (AIC) CALCULATIONS
1. Experience in ongoing RWS projects in Mali as well as in neighbouring
countrias, has shown that the use of a borehole equipped with a pump wouldvary considerably over the twelve months of a year. While for health andeducation related reasons it would be desirable that the total village popula-tion limit the use of traditional wells for non-human consumption, this wouldhardly be a realistic expectation. Because of the haphazardous nature ofconsumption projections for the newly constructed water point, any long termmarginal cost estimates per cu. m. of water as approximated by the AverageIncremental Cost are difficult to establish. Nonetheless, an attempt has beenmade to arrive at an indicative range.
Consumption Assumptions:
2. The table below gives a possible scenario as to the use of a haedpump as a percentage of an indicative daily installed capacity 10-12.5 m /day(which would correspond, for a village of 500 people, to an allocation of 20-25 lcd).
Tentative Utilization Profile for a Handpump in a Village
Month a 1* 2 .3 .4 5 6 7 a 9 10 11: 12
Utilization (Z) 40 '50 v 70 ;00 . 50 ' 20 30 40
0/sonth at 12.5 m3
/day 150 187.5 :262.5 375 187.5 * 75 112.5 . 150
u3 /=onth 3t 10 m3 /day 120' 150 210 3C0 * 150 v 60 . 90 e 120
at 1 =January, 2 February ....... 12 December;M.nths7 - 9 = taizy Season.Months 3 - 6 = Peak of dry season
3. The resulting annual consumption would then be in the order of1950 m3 to 2,440 m3. For convenience sake it is assumed that this level of
water use from the pump-equipped water point would stabilize.
- 43 - ANNEX 6Page 2 of 2
AIC
4. The assumptions for the cost per water point have been assumed asfollowing:
Estimated Cost per Water Point andRecurrent Cost per Pump and Year(in end 1982 prices LIF 1,000)
1
MF(thousands)
- The cost per productive borehole (includingdrilling, site preparation and supervision)in a village in the distict of Kita (at 90%of cost of items (i), (ii), )iv), (v) in theSummary Table 4.01 on page 16, and a 50%
success rate.) 11,800
- purchase and installation of handpumps 1,000
Investment cost per water point 12,800
- useful life of a pump - 5 years- useful life of a borehole - 20 years- annual recurrent costs per pump 60,000
This would rougly translate into the following cost stream:
Year Cost (million MF - Early 1983 prices)
1 12,8602-5 606 1,060
7-11 6011 1,060
12-15 6016 1,060
17-20 60
NPV at opportunity cost of capital-10% 14,608
5. At an opportunity cost of capital of 10%, the present value for theinvestments and recurrent cost has been estimated at MF 14,608 million. Thepresent value of water consumed would be 18,262 to 22,850. The iong runmarginal cost as expressed by AIC would then range from MF 770/m to MF616/m 1
March 1983
I I
A lg
16 if lo' 8'
16
M A U R I TA N I A
I 8 i_ _ _ _ RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
To Abco
./( ( E \-U cLIMANE / *tS / Project zone boundary
Main project "ne (approxntnately 300
productive borehoJes)
' , / , \Headth centers(equipped with boreholes)Health sub- centers
) A+,,_mb6ed, 18 2 > a n d a x e \ \ / r (equipped vgith boreholes)
Posed roads':) 'I ' Diakot K~ DIa g o u n t e __ Improved tracks
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- TracksF0 6takfar N |;G \ / t Aj\ ° gnsa \ Dfialiqe < r ( ---b-d- t -- i-- Ralways
I t7 03 Regional centersta ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-District boindaries
- Regioal boundaries
DS.I.fo,o E N E G A L \ g a r p t A v tkoto _ . _ Intennotioanl boundaries
SENEGAL 7~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ALEI
Ka sam \< _T
iAKnENIEB0A ) MAURITANIA '-K
uno A tg e i 50 l N -
A tt W o,i O ni, t o i p 2 0 0
| vi t !rGrU I r E AAKO
crm onnoii euno5n ,n ol 5 5, /
mnd r m da0sO0 12aKi e GUNE e p I - _-y ~NzjiG E _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _ / , (GHANA L G E R I A
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