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CENTRAL EUROPE &EASTERN ASIA
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RESEARCHED, DESIGNED AND PRODUCED BY PETROLEUM ECONOMIST LTD., LONDONIN ASSOCIATION WITH SHELL INTERNATIONAL GAS LTD
PETROLEUM ECONOMISTGLOBAL LNG MAP
ALASKA (US)
JAPAN
INDIA
THAILAND
YEMEN
NORWAY
NIGERIA
UNITEDKINGDOM
Existing
Planned
Potential
Existing
Planned
Potential
Exporting country
Importing country
Underconstruction
Idle ormothballed
LEGEND
Existing
Underconstruction
Planned
Existing
Planned
Speculative
Underconstruction
Speculative
Idle/moth-balled
LNG ExportingLiquefaction Plants
LNG ImportingGasification Terminals
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PETROCONSULTANTS
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MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH ANDSOUTH-EAST ASIA &AUSTRALASIA
Irian Jaya and PapuaNew Guinea
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JAPAN
INDIA
THAILAND
YEMEN
CANADA
Existing
Underconstruction
Planned
Existing
Planned
Existing
Planned
Potential
Existing
Planned
Speculative
Underconstruction
Potential
Speculative
Idle/moth-balled
LNG ExportingLiquefaction Plants
LNG ImportingGasification Terminals
LNG Exporting country
LNG Importing country
NIGERIA Under construction
UNITEDKINGDOM
Idle or mothballed
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Serrabl
San Carlos
Castellon
Casablanca
GaviotaVizcaya
Ayoluengo
Cordoba
El Ciervo/SevilleSan Juan
Marismas/Palancares
Atlantida/Golfo de Cádiz
Cazeaux
Auzas/Carles Quest/St-Marcet-Proupiary
Andoins/CassouratLacommande/Uc
Lacq
Lannemezan
Le Lanot/Rousse
Ledeui Mazeres/Meillon/Pont d'As-Baysère/St-Faust
Parentis
Pêcorade
Vic-Bilh
Lavergne
MADRID
LISBON
Angoulême
Boucau
Toulouse
Montpellier
Fos
Clermont-Ferrand
Gerona
Monzón
Zaragoza
Bilbao
Santander
Burgos
Valladolid
Ovièdo
Avilés
El Ferrol
Orense
Vigo
Guadalajara
Braga
Leiria
Setúbal
Córdoba
Huelva
GranadaRota
TarifaGibraltar (UK)
Málaga
Almería
Ceuta (Sp.)Tangier
Murcia
Cartagena
Perpignan
Beziers
St Étienne
St Affrique
Tulle Vindecy
Tuy
Zamora
Magreb
Bordeaux
Marseille
Barcelona
Porto
Seville
Valencia
ANDORRA
PO
RT
UG
AL
S P A I N
F R A N C E
Ibiza
Majorca
G U L F O F
V A L E N C I AMenorca
Py
ré
né
es
MAINMAP
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN SPAIN AND SOUTHERN FRANCEGas pipeline
Gasfield
Gas pipeline, plannedor under construction
Underground gasstorage facility
BarcelonaCartagena
Huelva
Fos-sur-Mer
42
7879
80
DAQING
JINZHOU
LUGOV
TESHIO FIELDS
SIRATSUKARI FIELDS
YUFUTSU
YAMAGATA
NIIG
ATI F
IELD
S
IWAKI
CHIBA FIELDS
SAGARA/SHIMIZU/YAIZU
OKINAWA
SOUTHKOREA
YizhengNantong
Ningbo
Yantai
Jinxi
Jinzhou
Yingkou
Inchon
Sosan
Yosu
PusanOnsan
Unggi
Dandong
Anshan
Liaoyang
Fushun
Jilin
Fuyu/Qianguo
Mudanjiang
YilanDaqing Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
NakhodkaSapporo
TomakomaiMuroran
Hakodate
Funakawa
Ofunato
Sendai
Atsuni
Onahama
Kashima Port
Sakaide
Matsuyama
Oita
Kiire
Nagasaki
Sasebo
Hunchun
Toyama
Niigata
Chita
Yokkaichi
Shimotsu
OsakaKobe
Kudamatsu
Kashima
KagoshimaQinshan
Kwangju
UlsanShimizu
Owase
Imabari
Kawasaki
Wakayama
Yanai
Tokuyama
Futtsu
Shanghai
Qingdao
Dalian
Shenyang
Changchun
Harbin
Vladivostok
NORTH
KOREA
JAPAN
PYONGYANG
SEOUL
TOKYO
PROPOSED
PROPOSED
PROPOSED
PROPOSED
BO HAI GULF
M a n c h u r i a
YELLOW SEA
Cheju Do
E A S T C H I N A S E A
LAKE XINGHAI(KHANKA)
Tumen Delta
Hokkaido
S E A O F J A P A N
Honshu
Kyushu
S o n g l i a o
B a s i n
60Higashi-Niigata
66
LNG RECEIVING PLANTS IN JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA
64
MAINMAP
Futtsu / Higashi-Ohgishima /Negishi / Ohgishima
Himeji76
Pyeong Taek
Inchon
75
71 Yanai
Senboku
56 Chita
62Kagoshima
67Shin Oita
57Fukuoka
70 Tobata
Hatsukaichi
Shin-Minato
Sodegaura
Yokkaichi
Kawagoe
Sodeshi / Shimizu
77
Tong Young
69
68
58
72
65
59
61
63
Midorihama
PortTanker terminal
Oil pipeline
Gas pipeline
Gas / Oilfield
Oilfield
Gasfield
Oil pipeline, plannedor under construction
Gas pipeline, plannedor under construction
Sea of Okhotsk
SAKHALIN
HOKKAIDO
Ayan
Komsomolsk-na-Amure
SovetskayaGavan
Khabarovsk
Yuzhno Sakhalinsk
Okha
Moskalvo
Nikolayevsk-na-Amure
Korsakov
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy
Am
ur
Tumnin
Amgun
Tugu
r
Uda
Khor
Planned pipeline to Korsakov LNG plant
OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE OF SAKHALIN ISLAND
Lazarev
Prigorodnoye
Oil pipeline
Gas pipeline
Gas / Oilfield
Oilfield
Gasfield
Oil pipeline, plannedor under construction
Gas pipeline, plannedor under construction
28 Sakhalin-Kirinsky
RUSSIA
CHINA
JAPAN
Sakhalin II27
Refinery
MAINMAP
Astrakhano / Uslovo Piltun-AstokhArkutun-Dagi
Chaivo-More
Shkhun
Paromay / Piltun
Goromay / Boatasino
Sabo
Mirzoyev / Nizhnyeye
Mongi Venin
Kolendo / Okha
Ekhabi / TungorOdoptu-More
Katangli Lunskoye
Ufskoye
Sabo Maloye / Krapivnen
Kirin
Okruzh
Izyl Metyev
Lugov
Adnikan
RABAT
TRIPOLI
TUNISALGIERS
VALLETTA
Sidi Kacem
Tangier Ceuta (Sp.)
Melilla (Sp.)
Oujda
ZawiaHoms
Sirte
Sidra Ras Lanuf
Sebha
Ghadamis
In Aménas
In Salah
Ghardaia
Batna
Sétif
M'Sila
Bejaïa
Béchar
Saïda
Sidi Bel Abbès
Mostaganem
Tipaza
Djanet
Zuara
Haoud el Hamra
El El El TaretTaretTaret
SoukSoukSoukAhrasAhrasAhras
Biskra
To Spain, Portugal& France
To Italy ¢ral Europe
Jijel
DEFA / DEFA S
Bu Attifel
La Skhirra
O-Safsaf
Isser
Casablanca
Meknès Fès
Benghazi
Misratah
Sfax
OranConstantine
Annaba
Zueitina
Arzew
Skikda
M O R O C C O
L I B Y A
T U N I S I A
A L G E R I A
S P A I NPORTUGAL
I T A L Y
MALTA
F e z z a n C y r e n a i c a
R i f
G u l f o f
S i r t e
MAIN MAP
HASSIBAHAMOU
ZERAFAZERAFA W
KRECHBA
TEGUENTOURREG
GARET EL BEFINAT
HASSI MOUMENEGARET EL GUEFOUL
IN SALAHDJEBAL ZINI
GOUR MAHMOUDCOMPLEXE EN BAZZENE
MAHBES GUENATIR/MOUAHIDRINE
DJ. TAHRAKREBB ED DOURO
TIBARADINEMEREDOUA
GARET AZZEL MATTI
AZZEL MATTI
BAHAR EL HAMMAR
MEKERRANE NBERGA
TITREGGANETIOULILINE
TALHA WTIT N
HASSI MSARI
BEL RHAZI
ABIOD/AFFLISSES
BOUHADIDGOUR NEFRAT
HASSI R'MEL
DJ BISSAHASSI R'MEL S
BIRSA
MISKAR
D-1
ATSHAN
TIGI
OUED CHEBBI
ZAOUIA EL KAHLAAMASSAK
RHOURDE EL NOUSS
BRIDES
TOUAL
HASSI TABTAB
LE CAMP
ZARZIS
HATEIBA
NASSER
ZARAT
BREGAT
BIR DRASSEN/CAP BON/DJEBEL ABDERRAHMANE
DAMRANE
RH. EL CHOUF/RH. EL CHAMRA
GASSI EL ADEM/NEZLA
HASSI TOUAREG
HASSI CHERGUI
EL ASSALHAMRA
RH. EL ADRADRAA ALLAL
ISSAOUANEIRLALENE W
SEDOUKHANE/TIN ZEMANESEDOUKHANE E
DIMETA N
AMENENAD/DAIA/O. AMESRALAD
GARA
IRLALENE/TAOURATINE
TIHALATINEHASSI FARIDA
IN AMENAS N&E
IFEFANE/OUAN TARADJELLIIN AKAMIL/TRIG
HASSI BAROUDA
DRINA/HASSI YAKOURTIGFERMAS
ADRAR MORRAT
KREBBEDANASMIT
TIRECHOUMINE
HASSI HASSINEOUED DJARET
WAFA
EL BORA
WAHA
DJEBEL FOUA
Gas pipeline
Gasfield
Gas pipeline, plannedor under construction
Gas processingfacility
Arzew
Skikda
Marsa el Brega
3
17
2
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN NORTH AFRICA
OSO
NGO/IMA
Azuzuama
IBIGWE
Sonam
IBEWA
UGHELLI E
IDU
UBETA
OSHI
BORNUSOKU
NDELLE JUNCTION
OBRIKOM
OBITE
BonnyTerminal
Benin City
Warri
Ahaada
Oweer
Aba
Onitsha
Kwa IboTerminal
Brass RiverTerminal
PenningtonTerminal
ForcadosTerminal
EscravosTerminals
12
3
Kreigani
Omuku Creek
Lagos
Nigeria
Equa
toria
l Guin
ea
Cam
eroo
n
G U L F O F
G U I N E A
PROPOSED ROUTE FORGAS TRANSMISSIONSYSTEM FOR THE LNGPLANT LOCATED ON THEBONNY RIVER ON BONNYISLAND. OBRIKOM, OBITEAND SOKU ARE THETRANSFER POINTS.
CENDERAWASIH / JAYA /KASIM / KASIM N /KASIM W / LINDAI / MOI /SELE / WALIO
ARAR / KLAGAGI / KLAGAGI W / KLALINKLAMONO
WIRIAGAR
MOGOI WASIAN
PROPOSED
PR
OP
OS
ED
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Muturi
Arandai
Sorong
Kumul Terminal
Trial Bay
Gove Weipa
Madang
Lae
Matukea I.
Rabaul
Kieta
Bamaga
Wewak
Darwin
INDONESIA
PORT MORESBY
Seram
Groote Eylandt
A R A F U R A S E A
Melville Is
Bonapar teBas in
A r n h e m L a n d Cape York
Peninsula
Kai Is Aru Is
Tanimbar Is Yos Sudarso
I r i a n J a y a
Halmahera
Supiori Biak Is
YapeAdmiralty Is
New Ireland
New Britain
D'Entrecasteaux Is
Bougainville
LouisiadeArchipelago
NewGeorgia
OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA
14
22
MAINMAP
PortTanker terminal
Oil pipeline
Gas pipeline
Gas / Oilfield
Oilfield
Gasfield
Gas pipeline, plannedor under construction
Oil pipeline, plannedor under construction
Irian JayaIrian JayaIrian Jaya
PNG LNG
Evolution and Development
World’s LNG Industry
of the
Part of the MLNG plant inMalaysia, at Dua, where a threetrain expansion was constructedin 1995
NEXTHOME PAGE
1915-55 The early years: An American,Godfrey L Cabot, patents a river barge for the han-dling and transportation of liquid gas in 1914. Thereis no record that the barge is ever built. The liquefac-tion method has been technically feasible for a longtime. It is used as early as 1917 in the US for theextraction of hel ium.
Also in 1917, the world’s first gas liquefactionplant operates in West Virginia in the United States.
In 1942, a three-tonne lorry and a number of sin-gle-decker buses in London are modified to run onliquid methane. All the tests are technically success-ful, but are not exploited due to lack of a readysource of methane in the UK.
A Norwegian, Dr Oivind Lorentzen, produces adesign for an LNG tanker of 17,000 tonne capacity.During 1954 and 1955, a firm of naval architects inthe UK is commissioned to carry out a design studyfor a methane transport ship of about 14,000tonnes. In 1954, Gaz de France examines the feasi-bility of importing Algerian gas into France, bypipeline or ship. In 1954, there are plans to shipnatural gas in refrigerated barges from the Gulf ofMexico area up the Mississippi and Illinois rivers toChicago. One gas-carrying barge is built and tested.
Tests begin on the use of balsa wood for insula-tion. Layers of balsa wood are glued to the inside ofstorage tanks to make a lining of about one footthick. By 1955, Shell initiates a programme for car-rying LNG on board ship. Preliminary design propos-als indicate that the capital costs of refrigerated nat-ural gas tankers would be twice those of convention-al oil carriers.
Conch’s research work goes back to 1951 whenUnion Stockyard and the Transit Company of Chicagosets about building a barge capable of carrying LNG.In 1954, Continental Oil Co joins Union Stockyard
and Transit to form Constock Liquid MethaneCorporation, and its purpose is to develop ocean-going liquid gas carriers. In 1960, Shell acquires a40% interest in Constock, whose name changes toConch International Methane. In later years, Conchtakes a 40% shareholding in Compagnie Algeriennede Methane Liquide (CAMEL) and designs the world’sfirst two commercial methane tankers, the MethanePrincess and Methane Progress.
1959 The historic voyage of the Methane Pioneer: InFebruary, a shipload of 2,000 tonnes of natural gasfrom Louisiana is transported across the Atlantic andlanded in the UK at Canvey Island on the Thamesestuary, for use by the state-owned North ThamesGas Board. The Methane Pioneer was a dry cargovessel converted into a 39,000-barrel capacity pro-totype LNG carrier. The safe ocean crossing of thisunique cargo, the first of its kind ever transported bysea, marks the completion of the opening stage ofcommercial LNG transportation.
1960 Saharan gas: Large reserves are discovered inFrench Sahara. The main field, at Hassi R’Mel, oneof the world’s largest, has recoverable reserves esti-mated at up to 35 trillion cubic feet. A 500-kmpipeline is constructed to link this field with the coastat Arzew, near Oran, with an initial capacity of 145million cf/d and a possible capacity of 400 millioncf/d. Arzew becomes the first source of natural gasfor regular commercial shipments by methanetanker. A liquefaction plant is built at Arzew.
1961 Saharan gas for Britain: The UK plans that in 1964,it will begin to receive regular imports of LNG fromthe Sahara in refrigerated tankers. Under a 15-yearcontract with the French natural gas producing com-panies, and with Conch International Methane, theBritish Gas Council will take annual deliveries of35,000 million cf of natural gas, thermally equivalent
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LNG
2
The Methane Princess at Canvey Island, one of the world’s first two commercial methane tankers
NEXTBACK
to over 10% of the UK’s demand for town gas. TheFrench plan for similar tanker transportation usingvarious insulating materials.
The liquefied gas will be carried in two specially-constructed tankers, each holding about 12,000tonnes of liquefied methane in a refrigerated state.Their construction costs will be very high — at least£3.5 million apiece — on account of the noveldesign. Designed for a service speed of 17 knots,the two tankers between them are expected to com-plete 56-58 return trips a year over the 2,500-kmroute between the Algerian loading port of Arzew andthe UK receiving terminal at Canvey Island.
1961 Novel engineering problems: Although the experi-ments with the Methane Pioneer have shown boththe technical and economic feasibility of shippingdeep-cooled liquid methane safely across theoceans, their translation into commercial practice willpresent the marine engineers with many novel prob-lems of ship design, construction, and operation.These concern especially the choice of suitableshapes and configurations of the cargo tanks and themost economic methods of using the boil-off gasduring the voyage, and of effectively insulating thetanks so as to ensure that their contents be main-tained at the extremely low temperatures required.While balsa wood proves an efficient insulant,research is directed to developing less costly meth-ods of tank insulation. Three different materials willbe tested in a French experimental methane tanker,the re-vamped Liberty ship Beauvais, whose conver-sion is to be completed in 1962.
1962 CAMEL established: It is formed in Paris to operatethe methane liquefaction plant at Arzew, Algeria, withan initial capacity of 1,500 million cm/y. About two-thirds of this output is earmarked for export by refrig-erated tankers to the UK, but purchases from CAMELare also under consideration in France, WestGermany and Italy.
1962 Agreement with Gaz de France: Algeria concludesan agreement with Gaz de France. From 1964, 420million cm a year of natural gas will be transportedby sea to France in the form of 335,000 tonnes ayear of LNG. It will be shipped by French-built refrig-erated methane tankers of 25,000 cm carryingcapacity.
1962 Storage system: Arzew is to have the world’s firstfrozen gas storage facility. This is a novel method oflow-temperature storage developed by Conch andapplicable to a range of chemical products as well asliquefied gas. The storage container consists essen-tially of a large frozen hole in the ground, covered byan insulated roof hermetically sealed to the groundagainst gas leakage.
1964 A first: The world’s first commercial movement ofLNG occurs between Algeria and the UK.
1964 CAMEL goes to the World Bank: The companynegotiates an $18 million loan from the World Bank.The loan is guaranteed by the Algerian government,which is asking for a 20%-25% holding in the com-pany.
1964 Arzew on stream: The liquefaction plant at Arzew isofficially inaugurated by President Ben Bella on 27September. The plant’s capacity is fully committedunder the export contracts signed with British andFrench interests. The UK Gas Council has contractedto take the equivalent of 1 billion cm/y of naturalgas. Two specially designed refrigerated tankers,Methane Progress and Methane Princess, each with
a carrying capacity of 12,000 tonnes, or about30,000 cm, have been built in UK yards.
1964 Launch of France’s first LNG tanker: The JulesVerne has a carrying capacity of 25,000 cm (inseven insulated cylindrical alloy-steel tanks). She issmaller than her British counterparts. She will makeabout 30 round trips a year from Arzew to Le Havreto transport the 335,000 tonnes of l iquefiedmethane (equivalent to 450 million cm of naturalgas). French engineers work on designs for muchlarger and more economical LNG carriers, withcapacities up to 100,000 cm.
1964 The ‘Membrane’ tank: First conceived by Conch in1954, this is a thin impermeable lining in LNGtankers, entirely supported by the insulation. After along period of exhaustive tests, successful sea-trialsbegin in 1964. It was originally the intention to testthe membrane in the Methane Pioneer, the originalprototype methane tanker vessel, but circumstancescaused trials to be carried out in the Findon, a drycargo motor vessel. A mild-steel tank internally insu-lated in the same way as the hulls of the Princessand Progress was installed to represent the hold, butwith the addition of a two-inch layer of balsa woodon the entire inner face of the plywood secondarybarrier. For its initial voyage to Arzew, the vessel isladen with 63 tonnes of liquid ethylene, the firstoccasion such a cargo had ever been carried by sea,while, on the return voyage, 125 tonnes of LNG werecarried to Canvey Island. Two further such round tripsare successfully carried out with the Findon.
1965 Initial performances by the Methane Princessand the Methane Progress: In the first five monthsof their service between Algeria and the UK, bothmethane tankers complete 11 voyages. Each tankercosts £4.8 million to build. The separate aluminiumcargo tanks in each ship give no indication of anyfault, corrosion or deterioration. The balsa/fibreglassinsulation system is performing well and retains itsoriginal properties. Only in the case of the transversebulkheads are steel temperatures slightly lower thananticipated and a steam coil is fitted to provide extraheat in these marginal areas.
1968 First Asian producer: Brunei is to become the firstAsian LNG producer and will export LNG to Japan.Shell Kekiyu is to buy the gas from Shell Brunei.Besides a liquefaction plant to be built in Brunei, twospecial refrigerated tankers will be required to supply2 billion cm/y, over a period of 20 years beginning in1971. The gas will come from Southwest Ampa,where the offshore oil field produces half of Brunei’soutput of 100,000 b/d. LNG will be transported toterminals at Negishi and Sodegaura, both in TokyoBay, and at Osaka. Using gas piped from offshorefields near Seria, the liquefaction plant will be atLumut. Two years of negotiation by Shell andMitsubishi Shoji with Tokyo Electric, Tokyo Gas andOsaka Gas result in the supply of 65 million tonnesof LNG over a 20-year period.
1968 Alaska becomes the first contracted supplier toJapan: Cargoes of LNG will begin to cross the Pacificin 1969 when facilities under construction at PortNikiski (Alaska) are completed, stemming from a 15-year sales contract signed March 1967 by MarathonOil and Phillips Petroleum with the Tokyo ElectricPower Company and Tokyo Gas Company. The pro-ject involves the construction of plant capable of liq-uefying up to 173 million cf of gas a day, three stor-age tanks each of 225,000 barrels capacity, six
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LNG
3
NEXTBACK
loading pumps and a 1,200 foot dock in Cook Inlet.Two Swedish-built tankers designed by Gaz
Transport, of France, will be used. Each will have acapacity of 440,000 barrels of LNG, equivalent to1.5 billion cf of gas, in six tanks. Due to the uniqueweather conditions in Alaska, where the tidal varia-tion in Cook Inlet is as much as 32 feet and brokenice is a serious hazard, special steels are to be usedto strengthen the hulls, and heating will be installedto prevent freezing of the water ballast. The cargotanks are claimed to be completely different indesign from those used in any existing LNG ship.Using the ‘membrane’ concept, the tanks containthe liquid by a very thin metallic sheet formed fromstrips of Invar — a 35% nickel steel with virtually noexpansion or contraction in the temperature rangeinvolved.
1968 The US sees further uses for LNG: Experts visualiseLNG as a fuel for supersonic transports. Nasa, Pratt& Whitney and others begin feasibility studies. If allbuses and trucks in the US were run on LNG, a newmarket for 36 billion gallons of LNG, or 3 million cf ofgas equivalent would be created. Some expertsbelieve that, within a decade, all the energy needs offarms will be supplied from LNG.
1968 Delays in Algeria: It is unlikely that the target datefor the start-up of additional LNG exports to Francewill be met. Under a 15-year agreement concludedin 1967, France undertook to buy 1.5 billion cm/y ofgas, beginning in 1971, rising to a maximum of 3.5billion cm by 1975. This is in addition to the 0.5 bil-lion cm/y which is being exported to France fromArzew, and involves construction of a new pipelinefrom Hassi R’Mel to the port of Skikda, a liquefactionplant at Skikda, and two or three methane tankers tocarry the gas to Fos, near Marseilles.
1969 First Libyan LNG exports: The first shipment of LNGleaves Esso’s new plant at Marsa el Brega bound forSpain, marking Libya’s entry into the still exclusiveranks of LNG exporters. The methane tanker,Aristotle, will carry the first trial cargo to Barcelona asthe initial installment under Esso’s 15-year contractto supply 110 million cf/d of gas to Gas Natural.Further experimental shipments will go to Panigaglianear La Spezia under an agreement to supply Italy’sSnam, an affiliate of ENI, with an even larger quanti-ty of 235 million cf/d over a 20-year period. Whenexports to both countries reach full contract level by1970, output from Esso’s plant will total 345 millioncf/day, or 3.6 billion cm/y.
1969 Algerian exports: Algeria is now exporting 2 billioncm/y (1.5 billion cm to the UK and 0.5 billion cm toFrance), but this total will go up sharply when addi-tional shipments start going to France some time in1972 from the new liquefaction plant at Skikda, ini-tially at the rate of 1.5 billion cm/y and rising to amaximum of 3.5 billion by 1975.
1969 LNG carriers: Nine are now in operation or underconstruction, and five others are in the bidding stage.
1969 Shipments to the US East Coast proposed: Withthe growth in demand for an almost sulphur-freefuel, there is now a danger of a domestic gas short-age in the late 1970s, and LNG shipments of around300 million cf/d, probably from the Caribbean, areregarded as a useful safeguard. An importation pro-ject of this complexity could not, however, becomeoperational until 1974 at the earliest.
1969 More LNG for Japan: Japan may soon be importinggas from the four points of the compass. Alaskan
shipments of liquefied methane should begin thisautumn; agreement has been reach on supplies fromBrunei starting in 1972-73; discussions are inprogress concerning LNG from Abu Dhabi; and thereare new proposals for Russian deliveries direct fromSakhalin.
Tokyo Gas and Tokyo Electric Power Company’sjoint scheme to import liquefied gas from Alaska,under a 15-year sales contract signed in March1967, was then postponed for two months and hassince been again delayed, apparently by difficulties inthe tanker building programme. The liquefactionplant to be run by Phillips at Nikiski was officiallydedicated on 8 August and is under test. And of thetwo Swedish-built low-temperature tankers one, thePolar Alaska, has completed sea trials and will short-ly be on its way round Cape Horn for cryogenic test-ing at Nikiski.
1969 LNG from Abu Dhabi: Bridgestone Liquefied GasCompany and Mitsui discuss with BP and CFP thepossible liquefaction and import of natural gas fromAbu Dhabi. Bridgestone indicates its confidence inan agreement by already calling for bids on the con-struction of LNG tankers, while Mitsui is looking forpotential customers in Japan. Industry estimatessuggest that the scheme will require some 3 billioncm/y of gas for 10 years for a liquefaction plant onDas Island. The network would be the first to utilisethe Middle East’s vast gas reserves and would be thethird serving Japan’s growing market.
1970 Ever larger tankers: LNG tankers have developedwith astonishing speed since 1959, since theMethane Pioneer. The same ship, now trading as theAristotle, carries two emergency shipments ofAlgerian methane to Boston Gas in the US.
The first ships built expressly as LNG carriers werecomparable in size to 28,000-dwt oil tankers. TheMethane Princess and the Methane Progress, fol-lowed shortly by the Jules Verne, had capacities foronly 173,000 and 160,000 barrels of liquid respec-tively. By contrast, the newest methane tanker inservice, the Polar Alaska (and its about-to-be-deliv-ered sister ship, the Arctic Tokyo), can carry450,000 barrels — equivalent in size to a 70,000-dwt crude oil tanker.
1970 Expanding export networks: Only two LNG exportnetworks are currently operating, but more are onthe way. The latest plant to go on stream isPhillips/Marathon’s joint venture at Nikiski onAlaska’s Cook Inlet. The Polar Alaska delivered thefirst cargo to Tokyo Gas/Tokyo Electric Power’s termi-nal near Yokohama at the end of November. Thenext operating network will be Esso’s plant at Marsael-Brega in Libya, from which 235 million cf/d of LNGis scheduled to go to Italy’s Snam at Panigaglia and110 million cf/d to a Catalana de Gas subsidiary atBarcelona. Of the four new 250,000-barrel tankersEsso is chartering for the venture, the Esso Bregohas already been delivered, while the Porto Venere,the Liquria and Laieta are due in service shortly.
1970 Algerian LNG for the US: El Paso has said it willseek Federal Power Commission approval to import1,000 million cf/d of Algerian gas — twice as muchas under any LNG scheme yet proposed — for which9-11 tankers will be needed, with capacity of600,000 to 750,000 barrels each. Gazocean hasearmarked the 315,000-barrel Descartes, underconstruction for 1971 delivery, as the world’s firstLNG tramp ship for spot cargo deliveries to the East
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Coast of the US, and confirms another order for whatwill be the world’s largest methane tanker to date: a472,000-barrel ship to be built by France’s Ciotatshipyard, for 1974 delivery.
1970 More LNG tankers: Orders for methane tankersincrease. Only 11 of these vessels are in existence,but firm LNG export commitments call for 24 to bebuilt within the next five years, with as many as 70operating by 1980. Shell has now ordered a total ofseven LNG tankers from French shipyards. With acapacity of 75,000 cm of LNG, these ships will beequivalent in size to 100,000-dwt crude oil tankersand are estimated to cost between $27 million and$30 million each. They are due to be deliveredbetween 1972 and 1975.
1970 Venezuelan plans: Philadelphia Gas Works plan toimport 5 billion cm annually of Venezuelan gas. Essohas also said it is seriously considering bringingVenezuelan gas to the US.
1970 Plans in Trinidad: Feasibility studies are under waywith Amoco and potential US buyers. Possible USterminal sites might be Wilmington, Delaware, orSavannah, Georgia.
1970 Plans too in the USSR and in Nigeria: BringingRussian gas from Yakutsk to Magadan for liquefac-tion and shipment to Japan is discussed as isShell/BP’s idea in bringing Nigerian gas to the US.
1970 More tanker orders: Shipowners order three
87,600-cm LNG tankers from Norway‘s MossRosenberg yard at Stavanger, scheduled for deliveryin 1973, 1974 and 1975 at a cost of $28 millioneach.
The Norwegian orders will be the first LNG tankersof this size to be built with spherical tanks. The muchsmaller Euclides, built at Le Havre to a differentGazocean design, also contains spherical tanks, butis a prototype of only 4,000-cm capacity. There isnow three basis types of LNG ships (although withineach type there are variations according to designand materials used). The first generation featuredself-supporting tanks of either aluminium or a 9%-nickel steel. The second generation, and recently themost successful in terms of orders, features integrat-ed membrane tanks supported by the hull of the shipand made of either corrugated stainless steel orsmooth Invar (an alloy of nickel and steel with a neg-ligible co-efficient of expansion).
The new spherical tank design eliminates the sec-ondary barrier, required by classification societies toprotect the hull from any tank leakage of the -161°Cliquid methane, and reduces costs by a further 10%over the membrane design.
1970 LNG potential: Global trading in LNG is now forecastto reach 6 billion cf/d by the end of the 1970s, com-pared with the present 300 million cf/d. Several USEast Coast utilities continue to buy emergency LNG
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Construction of Brunei’s LNG plant at Lumut. Brunei began exporting LNG to Japan in 1972
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shipments from Algeria and Canada to meet winterrequirements.
1972 US imports from Algeria: Approval is given for thefirst long-term import of Algerian LNG. The 20-yearcontract for 50 million cf/d is to be shipped toBoston’s Distrigas in the Descartes. Deliveries willcome from the new Skikda liquefaction plant.
1972 New LNG plants and ships: There are, as yet, onlythree liquefaction-for-export plants in the world(Arzew, Algeria; southern Alaska; Libya), together pro-ducing some 0.7 billion cf/d of gas. Two larger plants(Skikda, Algeria; Brunei) will begin operating later inthe year. The young methane tanker fleet continuesto expand. Shell’s 75,000-cm Gadinia is the 12thLNG ship in service. It is the first of seven LNG carri-ers being built for Shell/Mitsubishi’s Brunei-Japan pro-ject. Almost 50 new buildings are either on order orat an advanced stage of negotiation. LNG experts pre-dict that 150-200 ships will be in service by the mid1980s.
1972 World record: Sonatrach signs the world’s biggestsingle LNG export contract in December with a five-company European consortium. The 20-year deal willsupply 260 billion cm of gas.
1972 Brunei contract operational: Brunei, the first ofAsia’s LNG producers, starts exporting 7 billion cm/yto Japan.
1975 Many projects: By the end of the year, 25 LNG pro-jects are under discussion or construction, againsteight in operation.
1976 Japan talks to Iran: Talks start on Iran’s Kalingasproject, a joint venture between National Iranian GasCompany, US and Norwegian companies. The pro-posal is to produce 5.8 million tonnes a year of LNGfor export to Japan, rising to over 11 million tonnesat full capacity. If the scheme goes ahead, Iranwould supply 25% of Japan’s projected total LNG
imports of 42 million tonnes a year by 1985. Theproject never materialised.
1976 Das Island: Abu Dhabi signs a 20-year LNG contractwith the Tokyo Electric Power Company to supply 3m tonnes/y of LNG. The plant will be built near theoffshore oil terminal on Das Island. BP has a 26%shareholding in the project.
1977 Gaz de France increases volume: Under a secondsupplemental agreement, the volume of LNG to bedelivered is raised to 5.15 billion cm/y. The agree-ment is for 20 years, starting in 1980. Two earliercontracts signed in 1964 and 1971 provide for thedelivery of another 4 billion cm/y.
1977 Bontang: Indonesia begins its first shipment of a 20-year LNG contract to Japan in August. Located inEast Kalimantan, the facility has a throughput of 530million cf/d of gas from Huffco’s Badak field, discov-ered in 1972.
1978 Arun: Indonesia’s second LNG plant makes its firstdeliveries in October. The three-train facility, located atLho Seumawe, in Aceh, North Sumatra, takes the gasfrom Mobil’s Arun field, found in 1971.
1979 First-ever LNG contract expiry: The 15-year con-tract between Algeria and the UK expires.
1979 Hefty rise in sales: Worldwide LNG deliveries rise byone-third and sales increase by 60%. But the marketis shaken by disputes over pricing, breaches of con-tract and abrupt cancellations of projects thoughtcertain to go ahead.
1982 Californian scheme scrapped: A proposal to build aterminal to receive LNG from Indonesia and Alaska isabandoned.
1982 Indonesian ambitions: Dr Subroto, Indonesia’senergy minister, says that his country wants to dou-ble LNG exports and announces that it hopes toexport to South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan andSingapore.
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The LNG tanker Wakaba Maru at Arun LNG plant, Sumatra. Arun, Indonesia’s second LNG plant, made its first deliveries in October 1978
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1983 Bintulu starts deliveries to Japan: Malaysia alsohas hopes to export LNG to South Korea. The Bintuluplant will liquefy gas from Shell’s Sarawak fields inthe Central Luconia basin. The 20-year contract withTokyo Electric and Tokyo Gas will build up to about 6million tonnes/y.
1984 LNG imports: Japan purchases 72% of the world’sLNG and uses three-quarters for power generation.With France, these two nations consume nearly 90%of world total.
1984 Qatar: Fluor draws up a basic concept for utilisationof Qatar’s North Field gas. Under the scheme, 800million cf/d will be developed in Phase 1 for localuse. A second 800 million cf/d will be developed forsale to neighbouring countries, while Phase 3 willsee a final 800 million cf/d developed as LNG forexport.
1985 Australian North West Shelf project signed: Thego-ahead was given in August for the $7 billiondevelopment, to be operated by WoodsidePetroleum. The LNG export scheme will involve theconstruction of a second offshore production facilityin the Goodwyn gas field and a third in the NorthRankin field. These will be tied into the existing NorthRankin ‘A’ platform so that gas can be piped 135 kmashore to a planned LNG plant on the BurrupPeninsula. Storage tanks and an LNG shipping jettywill be installed on the coast near Dampier. EightJapanese utilities have contracted for the plant’s out-put.
1985 Indonesia/Taiwan talks: Pertamina begins talks tosupply Taiwan with up to 2 million tonnes/y.
1985 End of long-standing dispute between Algeriaand Spain: Spain agrees to tough terms whichrequire it to take 60 billion cm over the years to2004 with rising deliveries instead of the 1973agreement which asked Spain to take 4.5 billioncm/y, of which never more than 1.5 billion cm/y wastaken. Spain agrees to pay $500 million in compen-sation for underlifting.
1986 Canadian project scrapped: The $2.5 billion LNGproject to take 2.35 million tonnes/y of LNG fromCanada to Japan is abandoned.
1986 Algeria/US negotiations: Sonatrach negotiates withTexas Panhandle, present owner of two, laid up,126,000-cm LNG carriers. They were built for theoriginal El Paso scheme, aborted after the break-down of price negotiations following the 1979-1980oil price escalation.
1986 South Korea becomes an LNG importer: The firstshipment of 59,250 tonnes is delivered fromIndonesia.
1986 Algeria suspends indexing: Indexing of its LNG priceto the official price of eight crudes is discontinued,the first LNG producer to omit the official crude pricefrom the formula.
1987 Zeebrugge terminal: The 600 million cf/d LNG ter-minal in Belgium is brought into operation. LNG isimported from Algeria.
1988 Enagas: The first of two LNG receiving terminals inthe south of Spain comes on stream.
1988 The Bonny project: Advanced discussions beginbetween NNPC, with Shell as technical leader, overthe building of a 4 million tonnes/y two-train LNGplant at the Bonny site in Nigeria. Discussions areheld with most of the European gas utilities and withpotential US buyers. Prospects look better than atany time in the 20 years that the project has beenunder consideration.
1988 Norwegian interest: Two possible projects are moot-ed. One is for the Snoevit (Snow White) gas fields offnorthern Norway where CFT-Total has a stake. Twofloating production systems and a two-train onshoreliquefaction plant capable of processing 3.6 milliontonnes/y are considered. To the south, nearStavanger, a 220 million cf/d LPG and LNG process-ing plant is studied by Statoil.
1988 Qatar proposal: Qatar is seeking buyers for LNG toexploit huge non-associated gas reserves in the giantoffshore North Field (formerly North West Dome).Marubeni promises to take 2 million tonnes/y andIndia even more. South Korea and Taiwan also showinterest.
1988 Algerian/US trade: Algeria’s attempt to rebuild itsLNG trade with the US crosses another hurdle. USauthorities give approval for the deal betweenSonatrach and Distrigas of Boston for the sale of upto 17 LNG cargoes annually over 15 years.
1989 North West Shelf: In August, the first shipment ofLNG from Australia’s North West Shelf to Japan ismade ahead of schedule. Woodside Petroleum is theoperator of the facility.
1989 Venezuelan plan: Petroleos de Venezuela discussesa proposal for a 5 million tonnes/y plant in easternVenezuela.
1990 Taiwan: The country’s first LNG receiving terminal atKaohsiung opens to import 1.5 million tonnes/y ofLNG from Indonesia.
1992 Spanish contract: Enagas and Nigerian LNG sign acontract for LNG deliveries to Spain for 22 years,starting in 1997.
1992 Demand outstrips supply: Increasing LNG demandleads to concern on future supplies. Greenfield ven-tures are again discussed, mainly supplies fromRussia’s Sakhalin Island and development in theBrowse Basin, Western Australia. The addition of atleast two more trains at Bontang will be necessary tobridge the anticipated supply gap.
1992 Oman plans: In February, Oman launches its LNGexport scheme. Shell International Gas is commis-sioned to carry out a detailed feasibility study, includ-ing a full appraisal of reserves. These are put at 280billion cm.
1993 Imports up: US imports of LNG increase by 1bn cmas cargoes delivered almost double from 17 to 32.
1993 Natuna Sea: Pertamina downgrades possibility of anLNG development, based on the Natuna gas field.
1993 Northwest Shelf: The first LNG deliveries fromAustralia’s Northwest Shelf project arrive in Bruneiand South Korea. Also, the first spot LNG cargo salesfrom Australia to Spain take place.
1993 Qatargas: Mobil formally enters the Qatargas LNGconsortium, replacing BP. The new shareholdingstructure gives QGPC 65%, Mobil 10%, Total 10%and Marubeni and Mitsui 7.5% each. Mobil is givenoperatorship of the LNG plant.
1994 Expansion: The third train at Abu Dhabi’s Das Islandis completed, as is Indonesia’s Badak F train atBontang which comes onstream adding 2 milliontonnes/y to supply.
1994 Algeria: Algeria ships its first LNG to Turkey, landingat Marmarma Ereglisi on the Sea of Marmara.
1995 Trinidad go-ahead: Atlantic LNG, the project compa-ny set up to build and operate the downstream sideof Trinidad and Tobago’s LNG project is effectivelygiven the go-ahead when sales agreements aresigned in August. Spain’s Enagas signs up to to take40% of the project’s 3 million tonnes/y output and
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Cabot LNG, of the US, agrees to buy the balance.The partners in the project are Amoco (49%), BritishGas (31%), the state-owned National Gas Companyof Trinidad and Tobago (10%) and Cabot LNG (10%).The financial advisor to the project is Citibank.
1995 Qatargas: Qatar’s first LNG project goes ahead withthe construction of a third LNG train at its Ras Laffanplant.
1995 Enron/Qatar: Enron signs an memorandum of under-standing with Israel to supply 2 million tonnes/y ofLNG from Qatar by 2000. The deal is a major boostto Enron’s plans to build an LNG plant in Qatar,which would be the country’s third.
1995 Nigeria: Shell and its partners in Nigeria’s LNG ven-ture sign the construction agreement in December,marking the go-ahead for the project which datesback to the mid-1960s. Gas exports should startflowing in 2000. The cost of the venture, includingtankers, is put at $3.8 billion. The partners in theventure are Shell (25.6%), Elf (15%), Agip (10.4%)and NNPC (49%). The buyers are Italy’s Enel with3.5 billion cm/y, Turkey’s Botas with 0.9 billion cm/yand Gaz de France with 0.5 billion cm/y. Capacity ofthe plant will be 7.0 billion cm/y.
1996 Ras Laffan: Ras Laffan LNG (Rasgas), Qatar’s sec-ond LNG project, which is a joint venture betweenQatar General Petroleum Corporation (70%) andMobil (30%) formerly signs the three main engineer-ing, procurement and construction contracts. Mobilis the operator.
1996 Ras Laffan: The $2.55bn financing of the onshorefacilities for the Ras Laffan LNG project is signed inDecember. Ras Laffan signs a 25-year agreementwith Korea Gas to supply 2.4m t/y of LNG to start inmid-1999.
1996 Oman LNG: An eight-strong group of international
banks is appointed to arrange a fully underwritten$2.25 billion project financing for the two-train nat-ural gas liquefaction plant at Sur. Citibank is handlingthe syndication and is security agent.
1996 Egypt: The latest country to join the lengthening listof potential LNG suppliers is Egypt. A memorandumof understanding is signed in mid-November by theEgyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC), Amoco Egyptand Botas Petroleum Pipeline to supply LNG toTurkey. First deliveries of gas are expected to bemade in the year 2000 and the overall capital costof the project will be between $2 billion and $4 bil-lion, depending on the final size and timing of theproject.
1996 Cristobal project: The Cristobal Colon LNG project isnot an economic possibility at present, said Exxon.
1996 Trinidad LNG: The Trinidad LNG project is goingahead. Atlantic LNG, the consortium building theplant, starts construction. When completed, it couldbe the fastest-built LNG project, with the exception ofthe Kenai project in Alaska.
1996 Oman LNG: Construction starts on Oman LNG.1996 LNG construction: There are now more new LNG
plants under construction today than at any time inthe past 30 years.
1997 Rasgas: the QGPC/Mobil LNG joint venture is joined byItochu and Nissho Iwai, with the former taking 4% inthe venture while the later buys 3% of Rasgas
1997 Yemen: The shareholder agreement for the $2.5bnYemeni LNG project is finalised. Yemen LNG Company,a joint venture with Total taking the largest stake, willmanage the design, construction and operation of theplant. The first production from this, the Middle East’sfifth LNG scheme, is expected in 2001.
1997 Trinidad: Atlantic LNG BG has said that it is confidentthat a second train will be built and furthermore, the
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The first ocean-going LNG carrier, the Methane Pioneer. In February 1959, this vessel transported a shipload of 2,000 tonnes of natural gasfrom Louisiana, across the Atlantic to Canvey Island on the River Thames, in the UK. This event was the first ocean crossing of an LNG cargo
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Atlantic LNG consortium is now investigating the possi-bility of constructing a third liquefaction train, whichwould take the plant's capacity up to 1.3bn cf/d.Prospects for an extension of the project were boostedwith BG's sizeable gas discovery in the Hibiscus field,off Trinidad's north coast, in 1996.
1997 Indonesia: Arco's planned Tannguh LNG projectreceives a boost with the participation of the UK's BG.The companies have agreed to collaborate in the sup-ply of gas for the proposed Irian Jaya project, usingreserves from Arco's Wiriagar and Berau PSCs andBG's Muturi PSC. Arco has outlined plans to have aninitial two train LNG plant operational by 2003, using900m-1bn cf/d of gas as feedstock. It is estimatedthat proved and probable reserves are in the 10 trillionto 12 trillion cubic feet. Arco expects to invest initially,$600m-$800m in upstream development, with $2bnrequired for the liquefaction plant.
1997 Australia: Wapet, owners of the Gorgon field, offshoreWestern Australia, has made a proposal to the NWShelf LNG consortium, proposing co-operative devel-opment of the field. The plan envisages the construc-tion of two new liquefaction trains, adjacent to theexisting NW Shelf ones, on the Burrup Peninsula. LNGdevelopment in the region could be further acceleratedby another gas find by Chevron in the Carnarvon basin,in the Gorgon/Chrysaor trend. Chevron and Texaco are50:50 owners of the field, called Dionysus-1.
1997 Australia: Shell and Woodside have unveiled proposalsfor an LNG plant at Darwin, with feedstock comingfrom discoveries in the Sunrise, Troubadour, LoxtonShoals and Evans Shoals fields. They propose a$7.8bn, 7.5m t/y facility to come on stream in 2005The two-train plant is designed to supply export con-
tracts for 20 years. 1997 Australia: BHP and Phillips are negotiating with other
partners to decide on which way forward for a plannedLNG facility, with feedstock from the Bayu-Undan off-shore field. A Phillips-led joint venture made a signifi-cant discovery in ZOCA 91-13, 500 km northwest ofDarwin in 1995. Later surveys showed that the findextended into ZOCA 91-12, owned by a consortiumincluding BHP and Petroz. It is estimated that theBayu-Undan field has reserves of 5 trillion cf. PresentlyPhillips favours liquefying the gas onshore, nearDarwin, using its proprietary technology, as used at itsLNG plant at Kenai, Alaska. However, BHP prefers apioneering offshore liquefaction facility, near the find.Already, 10 wells in the field have been drilled, andpotential customers for the project include Japan,South Korea and Taiwan.
1997 India: The government approves the construction offour LNG receiving terminals at Cochin (Kerala),Ennore (Tamil Nadu), Mangalore (Karnataka) andeither Hazira or Dahej (Gujarat). A consortium of fourstate-owned companies, consisting of distributor, GasAuthority of India Limited (GAIL), refiner BharatPetroleum, and two exploration and production com-panies, India Oil Corporation (IOC), and Oil & NaturalGas Corporation (ONGC), will construct the receiving-regassification plants. Each terminal will have a capac-ity of 2.5m t/y, which could be expanded to 5m t/y.From 17 bids, seven companies, Amoco, BHP, Mobil,Shell, Texaco and India's Essar, have been selected tonegotiate partnership agreements with the consortium.
1997 Indonesia: The Inti Karya Persada Teechnik/Pertamina's2.3m t/y LNG plant extension is scheduled for comple-tion in November. The engineering contractor for the
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The North West Shelf LNG plant. Plans to develop the Gorgon field involve the construction of two new LNG trains on the Burrup Peninsula
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project is Chiyoda Corporation of Japan.1997 Malaysia: The LNG Tiga project is underway, a contract
for project specification work has been placed withFluor Daniel. The plant is projected to produce 6.8mt/y when fully operational.
1997 Australia: Petronas launches the last of its five LNGtankers, the 13,000 cm Puteri Firus, built by Frenchfirm Chantlers de L'Atlantique.
1997 Papua New Guinea: BP searches for customers for amooted LNG plant, drawing its feedstock from theHides field. Operator, BP, has a 45% stake in the field,Exxon, 47.5%; and local firm Oil Search has theremaining 7.5%. The partners plan the construction ofa 405-km pipeline from the Hides gas field, in PapuaNew Guinea's highland region, to the northern port ofWewak, where the liquefaction plant is planned.
1997 Malaysia: Petronas signs a production sharing agree-ment with Sarawak Shell and Petronas Carigali for thecontinued supply of natural gas to the Malaysia LNGplant in Bintulu.
1997 United States: The US Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission approves a $107m LNG facility at PineNeedle, North Carolina, due to come on stream bymid-1999.
1997 Yemen: The shareholder agreement for the $2.5bnYemeni LNG project is finalised. Total takes a 36%stake as operator; Yemen Gas, 26%; Hunt, 15.1%;,Exxon, 14.5%; and Yukong, 8.4%. Start-up is expectedin 2001.
1997 Qatar: There is agreement on an interim price of$4.10m Btu for the LNG it is supplying to Japan.Qatargas signs a sales and purchase agreement tosupply 4m t/y of LNG to Chubu and 2m t/y to sevenother Japanese utilities for 25 years from mid-1998.
1997 France: Sofregaz announces the completion of renova-
tion on two of the five liquefaction trains at Sonatrach'sSkikda LNG complex.
1997 Qatar: Ras Laffan LNG drops its floor-price provision inits deal with Korea Gas, who in return, agree to doubletheir purchase to 4.8m t/y of LNG.
1997 Qatar: A deal is signed to supply Enagas of Spain with420,000 tonnes of LNG over a 13-month period fromSeptember.
1997 Qatar: Amoco and Essar sign a joint venture agreementto buy LNG from Qatar's Rasgas project.
1997 Turkey: The country has considerable plans for LNGimports. In 1996, Algerian deliveries amounted to2,235m cm - in excess of the contract volume - andspot purchases from Australia amounted to 72m cm,giving a total surplus of 2,307m cm. Botas andSonatrach subsequently sign another agreement cov-ering 2bn cm/y, and capacity is being increased at theMarmara Ereglisi facility to 4bn cm/y. There are nowplans to build two new receiving terminals. Botas is inthe buyer group for Nigerian LNG after signing up for1.2bn cm/y, starting in late 1999. Turkey also plans toreceive LNG from Egypt which could lead to the importof 10bn cm/y of Egyptian LNG. Botas is also in negoti-ation with Yemen LNG on over 3.7bn cm/y.There arealso discussions with Qatar and Abu Dhabi. The sec-ond importation plant is planned for Izmir and the thirdwill be at Iskenderun
1997 Papua New Guinea: BP, Esso Australia and Oil Searchsubmit a study of the impact of an LNG project to thePNG government. The proposal suggests a single train,producing 4 million tonnes per year, based on thereserves in BP’s Hides field. The gas would be shippedby pipeline to either Wewak in the north of the countryor Cape Possession in the south. If successful, BPwould have a 45% interest in the project. Exxon would
Qatargas LNG plant — work is underway to increase the capacity of the Qatargas facility to 6m t/y
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have 47.5% and Oil Search 7.5%. The PNG govern-ment would have an option to acquire up to 22.5%.
1997 Nigeria: The Nigerian oil minister dismisses NigeriaLNG's board of directors over shareholder rights.
1997 Yemen: South Korea's Hyundai acquires a 5% stake inYemen LNG from state-owned Yemen Gas Company.
1997 Taiwan: There are plans to build a second import ter-minal at Tatan in northern Taiwan. There will be threephases in the construction, starting at a capacity of2m t/y in 2002 rising to a full 6m tonnes in 2007.Imported LNG now accounts for 85% of Taiwan’s gassupplies. The country’s only LNG import plant at YungAn is to be expanded from a capacity of 4.5 milliontonnes to 7.75 million tonnes a year, to be completedin 1999.
1997 Japan: The Ohgishima LNG receiving terminal is due tostart in 1998. The new facility is the third facility to beoperated by Tokyo Gas.
1998 Alaska: After nearly three decades of LNG operation atPort Nikiski on the Kenai Peninsula, two new projectsare planned. The first is scheduled to start in 2005 byYukong Pacific Corporation which has proposed a gasconditioning plant on the North Slope including aTrans-Alaska Gas System (TAGS), using gas suppliesfrom Port Thompson or Prudhoe Bay. Prudhoe Bay’smajor producers, Exxon, Arco and BP, together withPhillips Petroleum, are considering developing analternative LNG facility to be integrated with the exist-ing oil terminal at Port Valdez.
1998 Qatar: Work is underway to increase the capacity ofthe Qatargas facility to 6m t/y. During 1997, Qatargashad spare capacity and arranged a spot sale agree-ment with Spain’s Enagas covering the delivery of420,00 tonnes for 13 months to October 1998. Thereare plans for an early expansion of the Rasgas facilityto 10m t/y. Most of the output of the first phase ofRasgas will be going to Kogas, which signed up for2.4m t/y, but in early in 1997, doubled its commit-ment to 4.8m t/y. Kogas may become a 5% share-holder in Rasgas. With regards to the Enron-proposedRas Laffan LNG facility, talks continue with potentialbuyers.
1998 Trinidad: The Atlantic LNG facility is on track to ship itsfirst LNG cargo of 135,000 cm to Boston in the US bythe second quarter, 1999. There are two buyers,Cabot Corp of the US and Enagas of Spain. The share-holders are already discussing a second train of 3m t/ycapacity with construction due to start in late 1998.Additional potential buyers for this train may be Brazil,Puerto Rico and Europe. A third train may even beadded to come into operation in 2003.
1998 South Korea: During the year, Kogas has plans toimport 13.6m tonnes of LNG compared to 11.6 mil-lion tonnes in 1997 and 9.2 million tonnes in 1996.South Korea has two receiving terminals (Pyongtaek isthe eldest followed by the recently constructed Inchonplant) and has started the design of a third at TongYoung. In 1999, Korea will receive its first MiddleEastern LNG cargo as Qatar is due to deliver 600,000tonnes that year, rising to the full first contract of2.4m tonnes annually in the year 2000. Korea alsohas a 4m t/y contract to receive LNG from Oman. Thefirst shipments from Oman will arrive in 2000, rising toa full contractual 4m tonnes the following year.
1998 Egypt: Snam has joined Amoco and EGPC in theplanned LNG export project. Shares in Egypt LNG, arenow Amoco 45%, Snam 45% and EGPC 10%. Targetstart-up date of the $1bn venture is 2001.
1998 Algeria: The country’s renovation programme is now in
its latter stages. The first project, on the GL2/Z plant atArzew, was completed in 1996 by Kellogg, which con-structed the facility in 1981. GL2/Z now has a designcapacity of of 10.5bn cm/y, up from its initial capacityof 10.5bn cm/y. Work on the GL1/Z plant, also atArzew and brought on stream in 1978, is nearing com-pletion by Bechtel. Capacity will also be 12.1bn cm/y,up from 10.5bn cm/y.The third project, on the GL1/Kplant at Skikda, brought on stream in 1972, wasupgraded by Gaz de France and its Sofregaz subsidiaryin 1997 and then Kellogg was awarded the contract tocarry out the renovation of the remaining trains whichwill be completed in mid-1998. GLK/K’s capacity willbe raised to 8.2bn cm/y. There will be no renovation ofthe Camel plant - the world’s oldest LNG plant. It willrun for as long as it is economically feasible and willthen be closed down.
1998 United States: Prudhoe Bay’s major producers, Exxon,Arco and BP, together with Phillips Petroleum are con-sidering developing an LNG facility called the AlaskaNorth Slope Gas project, to be integrated with theexisting oil terminal at Port Valdez. Yukong Pacific Corphas also proposed the construction of a 14m t/y plantand marine terminal also at Port Valdez. Gas suppliesto come from Port Thompson and Prudhoe Bay.
1998 Indonesia: The ‘H’ train at Bontang was commissionedat the end of 1997. This will bring working capacity ofBontang up to 18.8m t/y. By 2001, the ‘G’ and ‘I’ trainswill be commissioned with gas supplied mainly from theacreage operated by Total. These trains will increase theworking capacity to approximately 22m t/y. The ‘I’remains uncommitted and a further ‘J’ train may beplanned in the early part of the next decade. While theNatuna gas reservoir is one of the largest in the worldcontaining 46 trillion cf, the Natuna LNG facility remainsspeculative. Its main promoters are Exxon (50%) andMobil (26%). The Tangguh LNG project at Irian Jaya isbeginning to move, and construction may start in 2000.The shareholders are Arco and Pertamina.
1998 Russia: Sakhalin 11 is due for start up in 2005. TheLNG plant will be constructed on a bay not far fromthe port of Korsakov. The shareholders are Marathon(30%), Shell (20%), McDermott (20%), Mitsui (20%)and Diamond G (20%). Japan may be a major buyer.
1998 Malaysia: The country is adding substantial LNGcapacity. Commissioning of the two-train 7.8m t/yMLNG 3 will bring the Bintulu complex up to 25.8m t/yworking capacity, making it the biggest LNG complexin the world. A third train of up to 3.8m t/y is plannedbut no commissioning date has been set.
1998 Nigeria: Italy’s Enel signs a firm contract to buy 3.5bncm/y of gas from the Nigeria LNG venture, starting inOctober 1999 and continuing for 22 years. The con-tract confirms Enel’s original agreement, which itsought to cancel in late-1996 because it could notsecure planning permission for a regasification termi-nal. Enel has made arrangements with Gaz de Francefor the LNG to be delivered to the Montoir de Bretagneterminal. In return, Gaz de France, will supply Enel withbalancing volumes of Algerian LNG and Russian gas atthe Italian/Austrian border. By the end of 1997, con-struction of the plant was 68% complete. Other con-tracts are for Enagas of Spain (1.6bn cm/y), Botas ofTurkey (1.2bn cm/y) and Gaz de France (0.5bn cm/y).
1998 Australia: A consortium led by Kvaerner Oil and GasAustralia wins the contract for the front-end engineer-ing development and design for the Gorgon UpstreamLNG project in western Australia. The shareholders areChevron Asiatic (28.4%), Texaco Oil Development
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LNG
11
NEXTBACK
(28.4%), Mobil Austral ia (14.2%) and Shel lDevelopment (Australia) Pty (28.4%). The sharehold-ers of NWS are considering a number of proposals ofwhich one is for a two-train addition based on thePerseus reserves. This will increase capacity up to8.5m t/y. There are a number of developments aroundDarwin. These are related to the Petrel (Darwin 1),Bayu-Undan (Darwin 2) and Sunrise (Darwin 3). Shelland Woodside have signed a letter of intent for a two-train LNG export plant at Darwin 3 which is due forstart-up in 2005.
1998 Oman: The Oman LNG plant, at Qalhat, is aheadof schedule. The 6.6m t/y plant is due to beginproduction in 2000. Oman LNG is owned 51%by government, 30% by Shell, 5.54% by Total,5% by Korea LNG [which in turn is owned 24%b y K o r e a G a s , 2 0 % b y D a e w o o , 2 0 % b yHyundai, 20& by Samsung and 16% by Yukong],2.77% by Mitsubishi, 2.77% by Mitsui, 2% byPartex and 0.92% by Itochu. There is one long-term customer at present: a 25-year deal at4.1m t/y, signed with Korean Gas and an addi-t iona l 0 .7m t / y i s expec ted to be taken byOsaka Gas of Japan, also for 25 years. A dealwith Petroleum Authority of Thailand has beendeferred indefinitely.
1998 China: And finally, discussions are taking placebetween a number of major oil and gas companies
(Amoco, BP, Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Total) and theChinese over the possibility of LNG receiving terminalson the Yangtse River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.The capacity will be between 3-6m t/y. Receivingsources will be Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Omanand Qatar. ■
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LNG
12
Construction of the dome of one of the 120,000 cm LNG storage tanks for Oman LNG. The 6.6m t/y plant is due to begin production in 2000
Inside one of the spherical tanks on the Northwest Sanderling LNGtanker, operating from the North West Shelf, Australia
The Evolution and Development of the World’sLNG Industry has been written and compiledsolely by Petroleum Economist, using itsachives and current information
Algeria: Arzew GL4Z (Camel)Upgrade plans stopped. Plant now only produces 0.6bn cm/y, well below its design capacity of 1.7bn cm/y.
UPGRADES
Algeria: Skikda GL1KTwo trains upgraded in 1997. Two further trains renovated by mid 1998. Capacity will be raised to8.2bn cm/y from the design capacity of 8.0bn cm/y.
Libya: Marsa el BregaThere are plans to modify the plant to produce 4.5bn cm/y. However, it is unlikely this modification will takeplace in the near future.
Nigeria: Bonny IslandAlthough not yet fully built, Nigeria LNG has been investigating the possibility of a third train, raising thecapacity of the complex to about 10.7m t/y.
Australia: Northwest ShelfThere are proposals for a two-train addition, taking capacity to 8.5m t/y.
Brunei: LumutIn 1993, Brunei LNG became the first large-scale project to undergo a major plant rejuvenation to extendits life beyond its original 20-year span. Its working capacity is 6.5m t/y.
Trinidad & Tobago: Atlantic LNGDiscussions are taking place to start construction of a second train by late 1998. A third train may even bebuilt, coming into operation by 2003.
Abu Dhabi: Das IslandThird train added in 1994, raising the capacity from 3.3m t/y to 5.3m t/y.
Qatar: QatargasWork is underway to increase the capacity from 4m t/y to 6m t/y, with Japanese electricity and gascustomers purchasing the additional production.
Qatar: RasgasThere are plans for an early expansion to 10m t/y. Kogas, in early 1997, doubled itscommittment from 2.4m t/y to 4.8m t/y.
LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS: UPGRADES
AFRICA
ASIA / OCEANIA
LATIN AMERICA
MIDDLE EAST
There are proposals for a two-train addition, taking capacity to 8.5m t/y.Brunei: Lumut
In 1993, Brunei LNG became the first large-scale project to undergo a major plant rejuvenation to extendits life beyond its original 20-year span. Its working capacity is 6.5m t/y.
Malaysia: Bintulu MLNG 1Each of the three trains was upgraded in 1990, from 2.0m t/y to 2.7m t/y, making a total capacity of8.1m t/y.
Cabot CorpArgent MarineLachmar CorpEnergy Trans CorpEnergy Trans CorpEnergy Trans CorpEnergy Trans CorpEnergy Trans CorpEnergy Trans CorpEnergy Trans CorpEnergy Trans CorpLachmar CorpN Y KK LineSK ShippingNWS LNG ShippingNWS LNG ShippingMitsui O S KNWS LNG ShippingNWS LNG ShippingOspreyDreyfusHyprocHyprocM I S CM I S CM I S CM I S CM I S CPetronasPetronasPetronasPetronasPetronasHanjin Shipping CoC M BNigeria LNGNigeria LNGAbu Dhabi CommercialAbu Dhabi CommercialQGPCMitsui O S KAbu Dhabi CommercialAbu Dhabi CommercialAbu Dhabi CommercialQGPCQGPCQGPCAbu Dhabi CommercialAbu Dhabi CommercialAbu Dhabi Commercial
Asia LNG TransportAsia LNG TransportMCGC InternationalChemikalien SeetransBergesenBergesenChemikalien SeetransChemikalien SeetransMaritima del NorteMessigazHyprocAGIPEnergy Trans CorpGazoceanAGIPBritish Gas CorpBritish Gas CorpBrunei Shell TankersBrunei Shell TankersBrunei Shell TankersBrunei Shell TankersBrunei Shell TankersBrunei Shell TankersBrunei Shell TankersMitsui O S KMitsui / HoeghPhillips / MarathonPhillips / MarathonNigeria LNGNigeria LNGN Y KHyundai MerchantHyundai MerchantHyprocNWS LNG ShippingN Y KNWS LNG ShippingNWS LNG ShippingNWS LNG ShippingN Y KN Y KMitsui O S KN Y KN Y KOspreyHoeghHyprocHyprocOspreyOspreyOspreyArgent Marine
Asia LNG TransportMitsui O S KQatar EuropeQGPCQGPCQGPCKorea Line CorpHyundai MerchantSK ShippingHyundai MerchantQGPCQGPCHanjin Shipping CoHyundai MerchantKorea Line CorpHyundai MerchantQGPCOspreySK ShippingSK ShippingSK ShippingHanjin Shipping CoHanjin Shipping CoHanjin Shipping Co
Source: Register of Liquefied Gas Carriers, EA Gibson, Shipwise Limited
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
LNG TANKER FLEET: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
EXISTING LNG PLANTS: CONTRACTS
Abu Dhabi:
Tokyo Electric (Japan) 4.30mExisting (1997) 4.30m
Contract (yr):Amount (t/y):Purchaser:1977Start:
Revised in 1993(+2m t/y;25 yrs)Remarks:
Return to HOME PAGENEXT
Algeria:
Distrigaz (Belgium)Gaz de France (France)Gaz de France (France)Gaz de France (France)Gaz de France (France)Enagas (Spain)Botas (Turkey)Distrigas (US)Panhandle (US)Snam (Italy)
Start:Signed in 1975(option 2013)+10 yrs in 1991+10 yrs in 1991+15 yrs in 1991Signed in 1991Up to 2.8m t/y in 2002-option 2013Signed in 1988(+1bn cm in 1996)Revised in 1988(+end of 'Boeing Deal')Signed in 1988(up to 4.05bn cm in total)Signed in 1994
Signed in 1988
Remarks:
Australia:
Chubu Electric (Japan)Chugoku Electric (Japan)Kansai Electric (Japan)Kyushu Electric (Japan)Osaka Gas (Japan)Toho Gas (Japan)Tokyo Electric (Japan)Tokyo Gas (Japan)Chugoku Electric (Japan)Kansai Electric (Japan)Osaka Gas (Japan)Toho Gas (Japan)Tokyo Electric (Japan)Tokyo Gas (Japan)
Start:Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995)Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995)Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995)Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995)Revised in 1991(+0.1m t/y beg. in 1995)Revised in 1991(+0.03m t/y beg. in 1995)Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995)Revised in 1991(+0.1m t/y beg. in 1995)Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994
Remarks:
Brunei:
Tokyo Electric (Japan)Tokyo Gas (Japan)Osaka Gas (Japan)
3.72m1.14m0.68m
Existing (1997) 5.54m
Contract (yr):Amount (t/y):Purchaser:197319731973
Start:The three contracts extended in 1993 for20 yrs. Letter of intent (1997) to buy0.47m t/y more from 2000
Remarks:
Indonesia:
Chubu Electric (Japan)Kansai Electric (Japan)Osaka Gas (Japan)Kyushu Electric (Japan)Nippon Steel Corp (Japan)Toho Gas (Japan)Chubu Electric (Japan)Kansai Electric (Japan)Osaka Gas (Japan)Toho Gas (Japan)Tokyo Electric (Japan)Tohoku Electric (Japan)Osaka Gas (Japan)Tokyo Gas (Japan)Toho Gas (Japan)'HNT Gas' (Japan)Kogas (S.Korea)Kogas (S.Korea)Kogas (S.Korea)Kogas (S.Korea)CPC (Taiwan)
Start:+0.45m t/y since 1983;+11 yrs since 1995+0.17m t/y since 1983;+11 yrs since 1995+11 yrs since 1995+0.06m t/y since 1983;+11 yrs since 1995+11 yrs since 1995+11 yrs since 1995+8 yrs since 1995+8 yrs since 1995+8 yrs since 1995+8 yrs since 1995
Signed in 1993Signed in 1993Signed in 19931992 Hiroshima;Nihon;Toho/+0.2m t/y from 2000+0.3m t/y since 1991(cif)Signed in 1991(fob)Signed in 1994(6m t/y)Signed in Jul 1996(4m t/y)Option to increase import after 1996
Signed in 1995Signed in 1995
Remarks:
Libya:
Enagas (Spain) 1.10mExisting (1997) 1.10m
Contract (yr):Amount (t/y):Purchaser:1971Start:
Extended in 1990(up to 1.48m t/y)Remarks:
Malaysia:
Tokyo Electric (Japan)Tokyo Gas (Japan)Saibu Gas (Japan)Tokyo Gas (Japan)Osaka Gas (Japan)Kansai Electric (Japan)Toho Gas (Japan)Tohoku Electric (Japan)Shizuoka Gas (Japan)Kogas (S.Korea)Kogas (S.Korea)CPC (Taiwan)Sendai (Japan)
Start:+0.8m t/y from 1990+0.6m t/y from 1990Signed in 1990Signed in 1994(cif)Signed in 1994(cif)Signed in 1994(cif)Signed in 1994(cif)Signed in 1994Signed in 1996Signed in 1993-fob-(plateau 1997)Signed in 1994(5.26m t/y)Signed in 1994(plateau 1997)Signed in 1996
Remarks:
Qatar:
Chubu Electric (Japan)
Tokyo Gas (Japan)Osaka Gas (Japan)Tohoku Electric (Japan)Kansai Electric (Japan)Tokyo Electric (Japan)Chugoku Electric (Japan)Toho Gas (Japan)
4.00mExisting (1997) 4.00m
0.35m0.35m0.52m0.29m0.20m0.12m0.17m
Future (1998+) 2.00m
Contract (yr):Amount (t/y):Purchaser:1997
1998199819991999199919992000
Start:1992(+option 2m t/y);2-4m t/y 1997/2000
Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994Signed in 1994
Remarks:25
24242323232322
US:
Tokyo Electric (Japan)Tokyo Gas (Japan)
0.92m0.31m
Existing (1997) 1.23m
Contract (yr):Amount (t/y):Purchaser:19691969
Start:Revised in 1992(+0.06m t/y)-option +5 yrsRevised in 1992(+0.18m t/y)-option +5 yrs
Remarks:
Source: Cedigaz, March 1998
Egypt:
Botas (Turkey) 2.96mPossible 2.96m
Contract (yr):Amount (t/y):Purchaser:2001Start:
MOU(1996)-up to 10bn cmRemarks:
Nigeria:
Enel (Italy)Enagas (Spain)Gaz de France (France)Botas (Turkey)Transgas (Portugal)
Abu Dhabi in 1977 became the Middle East's first LNG producer.Originally built as a two train facility, capacity at the Das Islandplant was increased by the completion of a third train in 1994,raising the capacity from 3.3m t/y to 5.3m t/y. According togovernment numbers, this capacity is being exceeded. In 1996,LNG output was 5.7m tonnes.Japan took 81% of Abu Dhabi's LNG exports in 1996, Spain 12%,France 3% and the US 3%. ADGAS has been one of the firstLNG producers to sell gas on a spot basis - to CabotCorporation of the US and Enagas of Spain.
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ALGERIA: ARZEW GL1ZStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
1978SonatrachSonatrach (100%)8.86APCIHassi R'Mel
2
ALGERIA: ARZEW GL2ZStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
1981SonatrachSonatrach (100%)8.86APCIHassi R'Mel
2
ALGERIA: ARZEW GL4Z (CAMEL)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
Renovation programme by Bechtel is nearing completion.Capacity will now be 12.1bn cm/y, up from 10.5bn cm/y.
Upgraded by Kellogg in 1996, it now has a capacity of12.1bn cm/y, up from it's original design capacity of10.5bn cm/y.
The oldest LNG plant in the world now produces 0.6bn cm/y.There were plans to renovate Camel, to regain it's designcapacity of 1.7bn cm/y. However the plant is being operatedat the present capacity for as long as is reasonably feasible,and will then be closed down.Algeria's LNG complexes are producing at well below theirdesigned capacity of 30.7bn cm/y.
Gaz de France and it's Sofregaz subsidiary, upgraded two trainsby March 1997. Kellogg is renovating the remaining trains,with completion by mid 1998. Capacity will be raised to8.2bn cm/y from the design figure of 8.0bn cm/y.
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AUSTRALIA: BAYU-UNDAN (DARWIN II)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
2003-BHP, Hardy, Phillips, Santosup to 3.01BHP or Phillips Optimised CascadeBayu-Undan
4
Gasfields are in the Zone of Co-operation, between Australia andIndonesia. BHP has proposed its technology for an offshoreliquefaction plant. Phillips has proposed its proprietarytechnology for an onshore facility at Darwin.If the chosen facility is offshore, it will use BHP patentedtechnology. Provision has been made in the planning of theonshore facility for possible expansion of the plant to three-LNGtrains, or 9m t/y capacity, utilising additional Timor Sea gasresources connected through a regional gas gathering system.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
-West Australian Petroleum PtyChevron Asiatic Ltd (28.4%), ShellDevelopment (Australia) Pty (28.4%),Texaco Oil Development Company (28.4%),Mobil Australia (14.2%)----
5Kvaerner Oil & Gas Australia has won a conditional award forfront-end engineering development and design contract forthis development project in Western Australia.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
6
1989NWS joint ventureBHP (16.6%), BP (16.6%), Chevron (16.6%),Shell (16.6%), Woodside [Shell (34%Other Public Investors (66%)] (16.6%),Mitsubishi (8.3%), Mitsui (8.3%)7.53APCIAngel, N Goodwyn, N RankinThe shareholders are considering a number of proposals. Oneproposal is for a two train addition based on the Perseusreserves in the Northwest Shelf exploration area, whichwill increase capacity up to 8.5m t/y.
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AUSTRALIA: PETREL (DARWIN I)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:
--Bonaparte Gas & Oil, Santos2.01-Tern, Petrel in the Bonaparte Basinnear Darwin 7
In 1993, Brunei LNG became the first large-scale project toundergo a major plant rejuvenation to extend it's life beyondit's original 20-year span. Annually, more than 5.5m tonnesof LNG is shipped to customers in Japan. The original 20-yearcontract was extended in 1993, for a further 20 years.Additional cargoes are now supplied to Korea.Today, gas is Brunei's major revenue earner ahead of oil.Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) produces gas from it's offshorefields. It is half owned by the government, and half owned byThe Asiatic Petroleum Company Limited, a company in theRoyal Dutch/Shell Group. Brunei LNG (shareholding as above)liquifies the gas at Lumut. Brunei Shell Tankers organises theshipment to Japan and is owned equally by the governmentand Shell. Brunei Coldgas charters the ships, and buys theLNG from BLNG and sells it.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
2000-Capital Projects Group (Calgary based),Bechtel Enterprises, Daewoo, Kogas3.51Phillips Optimised CascadeKitimat
10
Phillips Petroleum has left the consortium. The plan is toexport LNG from British Columbia, with a target start-update of 2000. Construction is planned on a 750m cm/dpipeline to an LNG plant near Kitimat.
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EGYPT: WEST OF PORT SAIDStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:
INDONESIA: ARUN PHASE I (ACEH)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
1978PT Arun NGLPertamina (55%), Mobil (30%), Jilco (15%)4.53APCIArun
12
INDONESIA: ARUN PHASE II (ACEH)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:
1984PT Arun NGLPertamina (55%), Mobil (30%), Jilco (15%)3.02APCIArun 12
INDONESIA: ARUN PHASE III (ACEH)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
1986PT Arun NGLPertamina (55%), Mobil (30%), Jilco (15%)1.51APCIArun
12This train was constructed to transport the first LNGexports to South Korea.
During 1997, PT Arun NGL exported 205 shipments of LNGin total from the six trains that make up the Arun complex,or one over the target. This volume of export was equal to11.6m tonnes.
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INDONESIA: BONTANG A/B (EAST KALIMANTAN)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:
13
INDONESIA: BONTANG C/D (EAST KALIMANTAN)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields: 13
INDONESIA: BONTANG E (EAST KALIMANTAN)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields: 13
1989PT Badak NGLPertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%),Total (10%)2.31APCITambora, Tunu
INDONESIA: BONTANG F (EAST KALIMANTAN)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields: 13
INDONESIA: BONTANG G (EAST KALIMANTAN)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields: 13
INDONESIA: BONTANG H (EAST KALIMANTAN)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
2000PT Badak NGLPertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%),Total (10%)2.71APCI-
13
The 'H' train was contracted at the end of 1997, which willbring working capacity up to 18.8m t/y at Bontang. By 2001the 'I' and 'J' trains will be commissioned, with gas suppliedmainly from acreage operated by Total. These two trains willbring Bontang's working capacity to about 22m t/y.South Korea is committed to 2m t/y in purchases, and Taiwanto 3m t/y from the 'G' and 'H' trains. So far the 'I' train remainsuncommitted. A further train may happen during theearly part of the next decade.
1993PT Badak NGLPertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%),Total (10%)2.31APCIPeciko
1998PT Badak NGLPertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%),Total (10%)2.71APCIPeciko
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INDONESIA: IRIAN JAYA (TANGGUH)Start-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
2003-Arco, Pertamina6.02-Wiriagar Deep
14
In September 1997, Arco announced the discovery of proven andprobable reserves of more than 13 trillion cf, in support of a majorLNG plant in Irian Jaya, east Indonesia. Project engineering hasalready begun and construction of the liquefaction plant will startin 2000. The reserves are located on the Wiriagar and Berau andoffshore Irian Jaya. Arco holds an 80% interest in the Wiriagarblock. Arco is the largest partner in the Berau block, with48%, followed by Occidental with 22.9%
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INDONESIA: NATUNAStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:
2004-Exxon (50%), Mobil (26%), Japaneseconsortium [Japanese National Oil Co,Japex, Inpex] (13%), Pertamina (11%)Note: shareholdings to be reassigned to include PTT, who willtake 11-15%5.02-Natuna
15
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note: The Natuna reservoir is one of the largest gasfields in the world
and contains reserves of 46 trillion cf. If built, this will beIndonesia's third LNG plant. It's capacity is 5m t/y. There areplans to expand to six trains, with a total capacity of 15m t/y.One of the options for Natuna gas, is to build pipelines toThailand, Java Island and Singapore. If the LNG proposal goesahead, Pertamina will be looking for 30-year contracts.Pertamina, Exxon, Mobil and a number of Indonesian LNGentities have recently signed an MOU to undertake studiesfor a project to deliver a long-term supply of 960m cf/dof gas from Natuna to west Java.
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IRAN: SOUTH PARSStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
2002NIOCNIOC6.02-Souroush, South Pars
16
In October 1997, Total and NIOC signed a contract valued at$4bn which covers the second and third phases of thedevelopment of the South Pars gasfield programme. This isthe largest-ever contract awarded for Iran's offshore oil andgas sector. Production in phases two and three of South Parswill begin in the second half of 2001 and will reach1bn cf/d from each phase.
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LIBYA: MARSA EL BREGAStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:
Exports of LNG amounted to 1.2bn cm in 1996 and have been indecline in recent years. SNAM's minor spot purchases came toa halt in 1990. The only purchaser of Libyan LNG since then hasbeen Enagas of Spain.NOC has a plan to modify the plant to produce 4.5bn cm/y,however it is unlikely this modification will take place in thenear future. Libya's very substantial gas reserves are underexploited. Recoverable reserves are put at 1,313bn cm,approximately the same size as Norway's.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:
18
1995MLNG 2Petronas (60%), Shell (15%), Mitsubishi(15%), Sarawak state government (10%)7.83APCIOffshore fields operated by SarawakShell, Central Luconia Basin
Malaysia is adding substantial LNG capacity. MLNG 3 is consideredby state-owned Petronas (operator) to be a grassroots facility, butin reality it shares extensive facilities with the earlier MLNG 1 and 2.Commissioning of the two-train, 6.8m t/y MLNG 3, will bring theBintulu LNG complex up to 22.7m t/y working capacity, making itthe biggest LNG complex in the world. A third train of up to 3.4m t/yis planned, but no commissioning date has been set.MLNG 3 has a term contract with Japanese clients for 0.5m t/y,with an option for an additional 1.0m t/y. CPC of Taiwan hassigned a letter of intent for an additional 2.0m t/y.Construction of MLNG 3 (TIGA) has yet to start.The construction contract has been put back.
Nigerian LNG has been investigating the possibility of a third train,raising the capacity of the complex to about 10.7m t/y. Three gastreatment plants and a 218 km pipeline system linking the plantsto the complex are being constructed. By the end of 1997, morethan 68% of the overall project had been completed. NigerianLNG has entered into long-term gas supply agreements withthree joint ventures, operated by the Nigerian affiliates of Shell,Elf and Agip. They will respectively supply 53.3%, 23.3% and23.3% of the feed gas volume.With respect to marketing, NLNG has signed long-term LNG Salesand Purchases Agreements with ENEL in Italy for 3.5bn cm/y,Enagas in Spain for 1.6bn cm/y, Botas in Turkey for 1.2bn cm/y,and Gaz de France in France for 0.5bn cm/y. These are 22 1/2years take-or-pay contracts, with LNG prices predominantlyescalating with oil product prices.The new LNG Sales and Purchase Agreement with ENEL, signedon 31 December 1997, involves delivering 3.5bn cm/y at theGaz de France terminal at Montoir in France, as part of a swapdeal between ENEL, Gaz de France, Gazprom and Sonatrach(Algeria). This agreement replaces the old sales agreement withENEL, the international arbitration proceedings have beenterminated.The company has also signed a Memorandum of Intent withTransgas of Portugal for the sale of 0.35 to 0.50bn cm/y. It isexpected that the final volume will be around 0.42bn cm/y.Completion of this deal will conclude the LNG marketingeffort of the current project.
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NORWAY: MELKOYA ISLANDStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
--Statoil1.9--Snohvit
20
Statoil has a plan to pipe gas from the Snohvit field (the largestdiscovery made on Tromsoflaket) 150km to Melkoya Island, whereit envisages the construction of a 4.6bn cm/y (1.9m t/y)liquefaction plant. US and Mediterranean markets are seen as thetarget for potential exports. There are also possibilities for a limitedincrease in Norway's use of LNG , currently supplied from a verysmall (7,500 tonnes a year) plant at Tjelldbergodden.Production is used in local heating schemes.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note: Oman LNG is being constructed at Qalhat, near Sur, 132 km from
Muscat. The project has been developed very quickly, with firstsale and purchase agreement signed less than five years afterthe outline for the feasibility study was finalised in January 1992.It will be just over five years from the start of the projectspecification in November 1994, to LNG production in January2000. With a single train capacity of 3.3m t/y, the Oman LNG sitewill have the highest train capacity in the world. There are twolong-term customers at present. Kogas has signed up for 4.1m t/yfor 25 years. An additional 0.7m t/y is expected to be taken byOsaka Gas of Japan. The Petroleum Authority of Thailand may alsobe a third customer, initially agreeing to purchase 2m t/y withdeliveries starting in 2003, but this arrangement has been deferredindefinitely. There have also been talks with China and India.All discussions to build a gas pipeline from Oman to India haveceased. Construction of the LNG plant is ahead of schedule.Train two is to be completed before train one foroperational reasons.
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PAPUA NEW GUINEA: PNG LNGStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:
--Exxon (47.5%), BP (45%), Oil Search (7.5%)Note: Government has option to take up to 22.5% shareholding.4.01-Hides
22
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note: BP has submitted a plan to support an LNG plant for 20 years.
Gas would come from the inland Hides field, with additionalreserves at the adjacent Angore block, for a possibledoubling of the plant around 2010.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
1996QatargasQGPC (65%), Mobil (10%), Total (10%),Marubeni (7.5%), Mitsui (7.5%)4.02APCINorth Field
23
Work is underway to increase the capacity to 6m t/y. The twotrains are supplying Chubu Electric Power Company of Japan,offtake of which is scheduled to build up to the facility's 4m t/ycapacity. A third train will be added in 1998 to supply 2m t/y,and will be sold to serve other Japanese electricity and gascompanies, with their offtake co-ordinated by Chubu. During1997, Qatargas had some spare capacity and a spot saleagreement was reached with Spain's Enagas, coveringthe delivery of 420,000 tonnes over the 13 months,to October 1998.
1999RasgasQGPC (66.5%), Mobil (26.5%), Itochu (4%),Nissho Iwai (3%)Note: Shareholdings subject to adjustment to accommodateKogas. Final shareholding will be QGPC (63%), Mobil (25%),Kogas (5%), with others remaining unchanged.5.02APCINorth Field
24
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note: There are plans for an early expansion to 10m t/y. Most of the
output of the first phase of the complex will be going to Kogas,which initially signed up for 2.4m t/y, but in early 1997 doubledit's committment to 4.8m t/y. Rasgas has had talks with otherpotential buyers including CPC of Taiwan, Essar of Indiaand Botas of Turkey.
RUSSIAN FEDERATION: BARENTS SEAStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
--Gazprom---Shtokomanovskoye
26
Gazprom has for some time speculated on building an LNGexport facility, which would export gas from the giantShtokomanovskoye field in the Barents Sea, off the northcoast of Russia. It is uncertain whether this project iseconomically viable.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
2005Sakhalin EnergyMarathon (37.5%), Mitsui (25%), Shell(25%), Diamond G (12.5%)6.0--Lunskoye, Piltun-Astokhskoye
27
Sakhalin Energy Investment Company has an estimated408bn cm of gas in it's contract area, which encompassesLunskoye and Piltun-Astokhskoye. The liquefactionterminals will be on a bay, not far from theport of Korsakov.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
-MobilRussian interests (33.3%), Mobil (33.3%),Texaco (33.3%)----
28
In December 1993, a Mobil-led consortium was awarded exclusiverights to negotiate a production-sharing contract (PSC) for theexploration of the 1.7m-acre Kirinsky block, offshore SakhalinIsland.In November 1997, a Protocol, agreeing the shareholders, wassigned. The shareholder structure is a pre-requisite to negotiationof a PSC. The block is believed to contain large volumes of gasand if enough reserves are proved, Mobil and Texaco are reportedto be keen on an LNG project, sharing pipelines and otherLNG infrastructure with other developers in the area.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
1999Atlantic LNGAmoco Trinidad BV (34%), BG (26%),Repsol (20%), Cabot (10%), NGC T&T (10%)3.01Phillips Optimised CascadeEast Mayaro, South SEG
29
The facility is on track to ship it's first 135,000 cm LNG cargo toBoston, US, by the second quarter 1999. The two buyers areCabot Corporation of the US and Enagas of Spain. Theshareholders are already discussing a second train of 3.0m t/ycapacity. There are plans to start construction of the secondtrain by late 1998. A third train may even be built, coming intooperation by 2003. Additional potential buyers for train two,may be Brazil, Puerto Rico and Europe.
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US: ALASKA NORTH SLOPE GAS PROJECTStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
2007--14.0---
30
Prudhoe Bay's major producers, Exxon, Arco and BP, togetherwith Phillips Petroleum are considering developing an LNGfacility, using the gas from Prudhoe Bay, to be integratedwith the existing oil terminal at Port Valdez.
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US: KENAIStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:
Note:
1969PhillipsPhillips (70%), Marathon (30%)1.31Phillips Optimised CascadeNorth Cook Inlet Kenai owned by Phillipsand onshore fields south of Kenai, thatare owned by Marathon and Unocal.
31
This LNG facility, now operating for close to three decades is atPort Nikiski, on a bluff overlooking the Cook Inlet, south ofAnchorage on the Kenai peninsula. The facility became the firstsupplier of LNG to Japan in 1969. Tokyo Electric receives 75%of the gas, with Tokyo Gas receiving the remainder.
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US: PORT VALDEZStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
YPC's proposed Trans-Alaska Gas System (TAGS), would includea gas-conditioning plant on the North Slope. The project wouldinclude a fleet of 15 LNG tankers. YPC proposes to construct a14 mt/y liquefaction plant and marine terminal at Port Valdez.YPC has memo's of intent from Kogas and CPC of Taiwan tobuy 4 mt/y. The gas supplied to the plant would come fromPort Thompson, or Prudhoe Bay. Prudhoe Bay's majorproducers, Exxon, Arco and BP have been reluctantto commit to TAGS.
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
2002/3Sucre GasPetroleos de Venezuela S.A. (33%), Shell(30%), Exxon (29%), Mitsubishi (8%)6.02-3-Gulf of Paria
33
Venezuela has noted with interest, the swift construction ofTrinidad's LNG facility, and has had talks with Atlantic LNG.If the project went ahead, the LNG plant will be constructedon the Paria peninsular. This project has been underdiscussion since 1989.
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YEMEN: BAL HAF LNGStart-up:Operator:Shareholders:
Capacity (m t/y):No. of trains:Process method:Gas fields:Note:
LNG from Algeria is received at Distrigaz's 5bn cm/y capacityregasification plant. Belgium consumed 4.0bn cm of AlgerianLNG in 1996. Enagas of Spain has had spot purchases of LNGfrom Abu Dhabi delivered to Zeebrugge, in a swap agreementwith Gaz de France. In 1993 and 1994, Distrigaz alsopurchased small volumes of spot LNG from Australiaand Abu Dhabi.
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BRAZIL: SUAPE POWER PLANTStart-up:Operator:Receiving source:
-Electrobras, ShellNigeria or Trinidad & Tobago 41
Has import capacity of up to 10bn cm/y, and has storagecapacity of 360,000 cm. Contracts with Algeria, GDF's solepresent LNG supplier, add up to some 10bn cm/y.Another 500m cm/y will be supplied from Nigeria,at the end of 1999.
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INDIA: COCHINStart-up:Promoter:Receiving source:
2003Petronet-LNGOman, Qatar 44
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INDIA: DABHOLStart-up:Promoter:Receiving source:
Note:45
Capacity will be 5m t/y.
2001EnronAbu Dhabi, Indonesia, Malaysia,Oman, Qatar
Site is located on inner side of Tokyo Bay. Three undergroundstorage tanks (LNG2, LPG1) are under construction. The secondLNG tank is due to be completed by 2000. This new facilityis the third LNG terminal operated by Tokyo Gas Company.
73There have been discussions on importing 0.5m t/y of LNGfrom Qatar.
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PUERTO RICO: PENUELASStart-up:Promoter:Receiving source:Note:
-EcoElectricaTrinidad
74
Talks have taken place with Atlantic LNG to import LNG.EcoElectrica is suggesting a 3m t/y LNG receiving terminal. TheEcoElectrica LNG project, located at Penuelas, on the south coastof Puerto Rico will be designed initially to receive fuel for anadjacent power plant, which will sell up to 500 MW of power to thePuerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA). Over time, the LNGfacilities should also be able to receive LNG for redelivery toPREPA generating plants, which are entirely dependant on oil.Initial supplies would come from Cabot LNG, which has agreedto deliver up to 10 cargoes a year, mainly during the off-peak period, from its Atlantic LNG supply contract.
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SOUTH KOREA: INCHONStart-up:Operator:Receiving source:Note:
1996--
75
South Korea's second LNG receiving terminal is sited south ofInchon harbour, near to the Inchon power station, which is oneof the largest customers of Kogas. Capacity is 3.3m t/y.The plant is to be expanded to up to 18 storage tanks, withtanks 15-18 to be commissioned by end 2003.
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SOUTH KOREA: PYEONG TAEKStart-up:Operator:Receiving source:Note:
1986Korea GasIndonesia
76
In 1996, Kogas imported 5.6m tonnes under long-term contracts,comprising 2.3m tonnes from Indonesia's Arun III plant, plus 2.0mtonnes from the Arun II plant. In addition, Malaysia suppliedalmost 1.3m tonnes from the MLNG 2 plant, under a long-termcontract of up to 2.0m t/y in 1998. India also supplied 1.9mtonnes, under short-term arrangements, and Malaysia supplieda further 1.2m tonnes.The other short-term suppliers were Brunei, which supplied705,000 tonnes in 1996, and Australia, who supplied a singleload of 56,000 tonnes.Kogas has an LNG import requirement of 13.6m tonnes in 1998.In 1999, Kogas will import it's first Middle Eastern LNG,with Qatar delivering 600,000 tonnes. The plant is to beexpanded to handle 9m t/y of LNG, at the end of 1998.
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SOUTH KOREA: TONG YOUNGStart-up:Operator:Receiving source:Note:
2002Kogas-
77
Construction work to start on Korea's third import terminal inlate 1998. Capacity will be 4m t/y.MW Kellogg has been awarded the engineering contract forthis site, in the south of the Korean peninsular.
The Tuntex Corporation has applied for permission to build a new$2bn receiving terminal in northern Taiwan. Taipower will be theterminal's major customer, using about 85% of annual capacity.Phase one will be up to 2m t/y. Phase two will expand it to3m t/y, and Phase three will boost the terminal to 6m t/ycapacity by 2007.
Taiwan imports about 3m t/y which will rise to 5m t/y by the year2000. The country's LNG import programme began in March1990 after choosing the terminal, 30 km north of Kaohsiung,Taiwan's second largest city. The Taiwan government chosein-ground storage tanks, in case of earthquakes. There is a26-inch diameter, 380 km north-south transmisson pipeline,which supplies gas to northern Taiwan.Imported LNG accounts for 85% of Taiwan's gas supplies.The present capacity of 4.5m tonnes is to be expanded to7.75m tonnes in 1999.
PTT has had discussions with potential joint partners for areceiving terminal in the south eastern province of Chonburi,near Bangkok. PTT and QGPC have signed an MOU for thesale and purchase of 2m t/y of LNG from Qatar's RasLaffan project, over a period of 25 years, starting in 1999.Other potential suppliers to Thailand are Malaysia, Indonesia,Australia and Oman. Capacity will be 8-10m t/y.
Botas has been in negotiation since late 1996 to purchase gasfrom Yemen's planned LNG complex at Bal Haf, on the Gulf ofAden coast, which is targetted for start up in 2001.Discussions are also underway regarding purchases from Qatar,where it may be purchasing 1bn cm/y and LNG fromAbu Dhabi (volume still undecided).
85Gas will be imported from the Nile Delta in Egypt. In November1996, Botas, Amoco and EGPC signed an MOU, which maylead to Turkey buying 10bn cm/y of Egyptian LNG.
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TURKEY: MARMARA EREGLISIStart-up:Operator:Receiving source:
1994Botas
86
In 1996, Algerian deliveries amounted to 2,235m cm - in excessof the contract volume - and spot purchases from Australiaamounted to 72m cm, giving a total supply of 2,307m cm.Botas and Sonatrach have subsequently signed anotheragreement covering 2bn cm/y, and the capacity of this facilityis being increased to 4bn cm/y.To allow for the participation of Botas in the buyer group ofNigeria LNG, scheduled to start flowing late in 1999, thecompany has signed up for 1.2bn cm/y. Botas expects toreceive about 700m cm of Nigerian gas in 2000, and thefull contract volume from the following year.
US: LAKE CHARLESStart-up:Operator:Receiving source:
1980Trunkline LNGAlgeria 91
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US: PINE NEEDLE, NORTH CAROLINAStart-up:Operator:Receiving source:
1999-- 92
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CHINA: GUANGDONG (PEARL RIVER DELTA)Start-up:Promoter:Receiving source:
Note: A number of companies have been involved in recent discussions,including Amoco, BP, Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Total.Capacity will be 3-6m t/y.
2003-Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia,Oman, Qatar
93
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CHINA: SHANGHAI (YANGTSE RIVER DELTA)Start-up:Promoter:Receiving source:
Note: A number of companies have been involved in recent discussions,including Amoco, BP, Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Total.Capacity will be 3-6m t/y.
2003-Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia,Oman, Qatar
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