World War I

Imperialism The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial conquest or by establishing economic or political dominance over a weaker nation.

OLD IMPERIALISM - seizing land and settling it with native peoples or establishing trading centers to exploit resources of conquered areas. (Old World Powers of Spain Portugal and the Netherlands - see p 892)

NEW IMPERIALISM -

•European nations invested money in “less industrialized countries to develop roads, mines, agriculture, harbors, railroads and telegraph systems

•Employed large numbers of natives in the process - transformed local economy and culture

•To safeguard investments, European nations make arrangements with local governments to loan rulers money or intimidate them with power (economic + political takeovers)

•If this fails, dominant nations exercise more direct political control by annexing the territory or making the area a protectorate so the local leader is a figurehead. This is achieved with military power) SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

•Included old and new nation-states: England, France, Russia, Germany, Italy, Japan

Technology + institutions + weapons = European Dominance

It all began with Imperialism

WHY?• Economics

a. More markets, raw materials, workers and investments

b. Hobson and Lenin - Imperialism is mono - dying stage of capitalism

• Social - Our Duty

a. Social Darwinism - “survival of the fittest” “White Man’s Burden”

b. Religious conversion - Boxer Rebellion - needed pol + mil support

c. Deflect concern over domestic policies• Politically - Protect holdings, larger empires increased

military and economy

a. England in Egypt (Suez), Sudan (to protect E), Fashoda, Boer Wars

b. France in Algiers, Tunisia, Morocco, West Africa, Congo

c. Belgians in the Congo - We didn’t start the fire• Strategic Locations

Germany is “Stuck in the Middle with You” (GEA GSWA, Cameroon)

“My map of Africa is in Europe” (Here is Russia, there is France)• Power

“ Boys and their Toys” Japan, Russia, France, Germany = ENGLAND

WHY?• Economics

a. More markets, raw materials, workers and investments

b. Hobson and Lenin - Imperialism is mono - dying stage of capitalism

• Social - Our Duty

a. Social Darwinism - “survival of the fittest” “White Man’s Burden”

b. Religious conversion - Boxer Rebellion - needed pol + mil support

c. Deflect concern over domestic policies• Politically - Protect holdings, larger empires increased

military and economy

a. England in Egypt (Suez), Sudan (to protect E), Fashoda, Boer Wars

b. France in Algiers, Tunisia, Morocco, West Africa, Congo

c. Belgians in the Congo - We didn’t start the fire• Strategic Locations

Germany is “Stuck in the Middle with You” (GEA GSWA, Cameroon)

“My map of Africa is in Europe” (Here is Russia, there is France)• Power

“ Boys and their Toys” Japan, Russia, France, Germany = ENGLAND

HOW?• Superior Technology in

industry and agriculture

• Nation-States combined the resources of the state behind one common goal

• Weapons• Better systems of

communication and transportation

• Superiority of empires: Scramble for Africa, spheres of influence in Asia

HOW?• Superior Technology in

industry and agriculture

• Nation-States combined the resources of the state behind one common goal

• Weapons• Better systems of

communication and transportation

• Superiority of empires: Scramble for Africa, spheres of influence in Asia

England: Sun Never Sets on the English Empire

Egypt

Sudan

Fashoda

France: Looking for friends in all the right places:

Fashoda

Morocco

Tunisia

Germany:

The Honest Broker

Our place in the Sun

Italy:

Irredente

Russo-Japanese War - Under Witte, Russia was building the Trans-Siberian Railroad. With France and Germany, forced Japan out of Port Arthur.

Open Door Policy - Supported by All But Russia

Alliances played a key role

Otto Von BismarckWanted to decrease FrenchResentment with friendly Gestures. If that failed

Goals:

1. Isolate France2. Avoid a war on two fronts

Three Emperors LeagueAustria, Germany, and Russia

Balancing act to keep Austria and Russia together because of rivalries in the Balkans. It collapsed with

Russo-Turkish War 1875 - 1878 (MRS. B) v. Ottomans taking Bosnia/Herzegovina Russia got involved for (1) control of Dardanelles,

(2)conflicted with Austrian demands for control of Slavs in Balkans. Serbia is the KEY

Treaty of San Stefano - freed slavs and gave Russia territory and money but alarmed other nations - Jingoism “

Congress of Berlin 1878 - Bismarck as the Honest Broker - Eastern Question

Bulgaria was reduced, Austria gets Bosnia, Britain gets Cypress and France Tunisia

Russia is mad, Bulgaria wants land back, Romania wanted Bessarabia (Russia got it)

Austria, Germany, and Russia

Balancing act to keep Austria and Russia together because of rivalries in the Balkans. It collapsed with

Russo-Turkish War 1875 - 1878 (MRS. B) v. Ottomans taking Bosnia/Herzegovina Russia got involved for (1) control of Dardanelles,

(2)conflicted with Austrian demands for control of Slavs in Balkans. Serbia is the KEY

Treaty of San Stefano - freed slavs and gave Russia territory and money but alarmed other nations - Jingoism “

Congress of Berlin 1878 - Bismarck as the Honest Broker - Eastern Question

Bulgaria was reduced, Austria gets Bosnia, Britain gets Cypress and France Tunisia

Russia is mad, Bulgaria wants land back, Romania wanted Bessarabia (Russia got it)

Austria Russia

Germany

This won’t be easy

1873

Balkans after San Stefano

Dual Alliance and The Return of the Three

Emperors

Dual Alliance 1879 Austria and Germany sign a

defense pact. There is a horse and a rider. Germany is the horse

Mistake or Genius “Balkan Question” can never

be a motive for war” Republican v. Cossack would

never happen Russia would be frightened

and return to Germany

Dual Alliance 1879 Austria and Germany sign a

defense pact. There is a horse and a rider. Germany is the horse

Mistake or Genius “Balkan Question” can never

be a motive for war” Republican v. Cossack would

never happen Russia would be frightened

and return to Germany

Three Emperors Renewed 1881

Russia felt isolated, approached Germany

Austria gets Bosnia & Russia closes Dardanelles if attacked

Allayed German fears of Franco-Russian pact

Allayed Russian fears of uniting Austria & Britain or German and Austrian Pact

Lapsed after 5 Years

Three Emperors Renewed 1881

Russia felt isolated, approached Germany

Austria gets Bosnia & Russia closes Dardanelles if attacked

Allayed German fears of Franco-Russian pact

Allayed Russian fears of uniting Austria & Britain or German and Austrian Pact

Lapsed after 5 Years

Triple Alliance and Reinsurance Treaty

Germany Germany Bismarck the GeniusTriple Alliance 1882 Italy joins over Tunisia

France is isolated Russia restored after 1886

lapse [Reinsurance Treaty] 1887 Renewal of 3 Emperors

Germany is friends with everyone, including England

Bismarck the GeniusTriple Alliance 1882 Italy joins over Tunisia

France is isolated Russia restored after 1886

lapse [Reinsurance Treaty] 1887 Renewal of 3 Emperors

Germany is friends with everyone, including England

Austria Italy Russia

1887

Bismarck is Fired!What was Wilhelm

Thinking?Wilhelm II “place in the sun”

Bismarck Clear and limited idea of nation

goals Resisted expansion Used diplomacy over war (alliances) Understood needs and hopes of

other countries

Wilhelm II “place in the sun”

Bismarck Clear and limited idea of nation

goals Resisted expansion Used diplomacy over war (alliances) Understood needs and hopes of

other countriesReal ReasonsWhenever I wrote to Otto I kept forgetting to insert the “C” in his last name

I’m still miffed that he tricked me into thinking the Junkers were the guys on Sanford & Son

Cause I’m the King and I can do whatever I want nyeh,nyeh

I swear my grandpappy’s last words were “Screw up everything I’ve worked for

It’s time to prove that England is not the only country that can survive in-bred crazy monarchs

He giggled every time I said Schleswig or Holstein

I want you to listen to me very carefully “I did not have political relations with that man - Bismarck

Road to the Triple Entente

Franco-Russian Pact 1894

Reinsurance not renewed (Caprivi wanted England & Germany)

Britain remained in “Splendid Isolation”

Reactionary and Revolutionary join as France financing Russia

Entente Cordiale 1904

Germany stops “Capetown to Cairo” and congratulates Boers

German navy increased to #2 under Tirpritz

Alliance with Japan to stop Russia in Asia

England gave France free reign in Morocco in return for control in Egypt - settled colonial problems.

Anglo-Russian Alliance 1907

Brits worried over “Berlin to Baghdad” and German naval power

Felt closer to France

Settled Russo-British troubles in Asia

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England

First Moroccan Crisis - French in control

the Triple Entente

Russia England

France1907

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are needed to see this picture.

Balkans Pave the Road Balkans Pave the Road Bosnian Crisis 1908 Austria & Russia move in before Young Turks can revive the Ottoman Empire.

Austria takes Bosnia, Russia to get Dardanelles but allies make Russia back off under pressure from England and France. Serbia is angered when Austria gets Bosnia. GERMANY NOT HAPPY WITH THE RIDER

Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 French move to end revolt in Morocco when Germany sent gunboat Panther to

protect German citizens. Britain was upset over naval race with Germany because they had to raise taxes to pay for it and they assumed Germans would stay in Morocco. France took some land in Congo and Germany recognized French sovereignty in Morocco. Solidified Entente Cordiale

First Balkan War 1911 Italy takes Libya from Turks -BGMS beat Turks but argue over Macedonia Austria moved to block Serbian power but S is protected by Russia Albania is created

Second Balkan War 1913 Austria and Russia both pressured to go to war Bulgaria v. Balkans over Macedonia Serbia moved back into Albania but forced to withdraw under Austrian

pressure

Bosnian Crisis 1908 Austria & Russia move in before Young Turks can revive the Ottoman Empire.

Austria takes Bosnia, Russia to get Dardanelles but allies make Russia back off under pressure from England and France. Serbia is angered when Austria gets Bosnia. GERMANY NOT HAPPY WITH THE RIDER

Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 French move to end revolt in Morocco when Germany sent gunboat Panther to

protect German citizens. Britain was upset over naval race with Germany because they had to raise taxes to pay for it and they assumed Germans would stay in Morocco. France took some land in Congo and Germany recognized French sovereignty in Morocco. Solidified Entente Cordiale

First Balkan War 1911 Italy takes Libya from Turks -BGMS beat Turks but argue over Macedonia Austria moved to block Serbian power but S is protected by Russia Albania is created

Second Balkan War 1913 Austria and Russia both pressured to go to war Bulgaria v. Balkans over Macedonia Serbia moved back into Albania but forced to withdraw under Austrian

pressure

POWDER

KEG

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinandand Duchess Sophie in Sarajevo (1914)

A 19 year old tubercular Bosnian Serb student. A member of ("Young Bosnia"), a movement dedicated to a Bosnia free of Hapsburg rule. He and his six fellow assassins were equipped with pistols and bombs by a Serbian terrorist organization known as the Black Hand.

The Spark

Alliances resulted in dominos

July 28th

Austria declared war on Serbia

Germany issued a “Blank Check”

July 30th

Russia mobilized its army

August 1st

Germany declared war on Russia

August 3rd

Germany declared War on France

Germany violated Belgian neutrality

August 4th

England declared war on Germany

The aim of Plan XVII, devised by Ferdinand Foch in the wake of the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, was the recapture of the territory of Alsace and Lorraine. Entirely offensive in nature, Plan XVII made extensive use of the belief in the mystical élan vital assumed to be instilled within every Frenchman - a fighting spirit capable of turning back any enemy by its sheer power. It assumed the average French soldier to be more than a match for its German counterpart.

Plan XVII called for an advance by four French Armies into Alsace-Lorraine by the southern wing of the invasion forces whilst the northern wing would advance into Germany via the southern Ardennes forests

Plan XVII

Schlieffen Plan

To deal with a potential two front war against France and Russia the plan focused on weaknesses - the slow mobilization of Russia, and the determination to attack at all cost the French army. The initial attack was to be made in the west, while small holding forces gave way slowly against the Russians. It was confidently expected that on the outbreak of war the French would launch an invasion of Germany through Alsace-Lorraine, the best invasion route on the Franco-German border. The German plan was simply to mass 90% of their troops - some 35 corps - to the north, and march them through neutral Belgium and Holland, sweeping round to the west of Paris, enveloping the French army, who would have been allowed to make some progress into Germany. The French army would then find itself attacked from the rear, with Paris threatened or lost. The Germans came within 12 miles of Paris in the First Battle of the Marne.

Stalemate on the Western Front

German forces stormed into Belgium who mounted an inspired defense. Frustrated the Germans treated the Belgians with great brutality. These actions were widely reported in the press; a body of anti-German sentiment began to grow in the United States. The Germans were further thrown off stride by the Russians' ability to put armies quickly into the field. The Battle of Tannenburg while a costly defeat for Russia, did force Germany to withdraw western soldiers for the campaign in East Prussia. The result was a stalemate and series of trenches stretching 475 miles from Switzerland to the North Sea.

1914 - German officer Ludendorff (under the command of Paul von Hindenburg) destroyed or captured an entire Russian army at Tannenburg and Masurian Lake. 1915 – Central Powers drove into Baltic States and Russian Poland. Turkey and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers Allied Powers offered Italy Italia Irredenta (South Tyrol, Trieste and Dalmatian Islands plus new colonies in Africa and a share of the Turkish Empire Gallipoli 1916 – Rumania joined the Allies but was defeated and exited the war Japan, allied with England, entered the war and overran German colonies in China and the Pacific Germany tried to support Irish, Poles, Ukrainians and Turks to lead a Muslim uprising against the British in Egypt and India and the French in North Africa. Allies supported independence of Czechs, Slovaks, Slavs, and Poles, even Arab independence from the Turks (Lawrence of Arabia)

War in the East

War resumes in the West

Battle of Verdun – Germans sought to inflict heavy casualties on French. French held off Germans and inflicted as many casualties on Germans Henri Petain becomes national hero “hey Shall Not Pass”

Battle of the Somme – Allies tried major offense joined by Russians in East but German defense was superior

Battle at Sea – Britain blockaded North Sea to starve out Germans Germans responded with submarine warfare by declaring waters around British Isles a war zone

1917 – America Enters the War on April 6th

Russian Revolution

Causes:1. War put too many demands on Russian resources. 2. Government was too slow to respond to soldiers’ needs especially with trains and shipments. (Russian army was ill equipped to fight because Russia was an agrarian based economy with underdeveloped industry, transportation, and communication.)3. Nicholas II was not exactly brilliant; after all, he left his wife home alone with Rasputin and dismissed the Duma.4. Large war losses led to hunger, strikes, and disorganization in the army.

Political Parties1. Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)2. Social Revolutionaries (Populists) Socialists3. Social Democrats (Bolsheviks and Lenin)

Provisional Government Established When Tsar Abdicates1. As a result of many strikes and demonstrations and the desertion of his troops, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne on March 15th.2. Duma formed provisional government but most members were Cadets3. Social Revolutionaries and Social Democrats (Mensheviks) organized workers into

Soviets (Councils). Marxists were waiting for bourgeois stage before revolt. Willing to work with Cadets but …..

4. Provisional government (Cadets) made mistakes. They failed to control the army or purge conservatives in government BUT they continued to fight the Germans. Things collapsed when they renewed a Russian offensive and failed. A moderate socialist, Kerensky took over but he also failed because he did not seize the large estates of landowners and distribute the land to the peasant.

5. Germans find Lenin (in exile) and ship him back to Russia. Lenin sought an alliance with workers and peasants (his goal to join both groups for communist revolution) so he promised them, PEACE, LAND, and BREAD. Lenin also demanded all political power go to the soviets but when his coup failed, he fled and his enforcer, Trotsky, was imprisoned. (Summer 1917)

6. Lenin gets another chance. Trotsky, released from jail and in control of the Petrograd soviet, organized another coup in November and launched an armed assault on the provisional government. [Jan. 1918] This time they succeed.

Communist Dictatorship1. Social Revolutionaries held the majority in the new Constituent Assembly so it was dispersed by the RED army.2. All other political parties were ended3. Land was Nationalized and turned over to peasants4. Factory workers were put in charge of factories5. Banks were seized for the state and debt of tsar was repudiated6. Church property went to state7. Formed a secret police, Cheka, to control opposition8. Bolsheviks took Russia out of the war when they signed the TREATY OF BREST- LITOVSK

Civil War1.The Bolshevik Revolution caught opponents by surprise but by 1918 they regrouped and fought the new Red Army. These opponents of Communism were the White Russians who lost because a. Trotsky, Lenin and the Reds were united while the White army was not b. Trotsky was a strong leader and had no trouble killing any one who disobeyed c. Trotsky enforced War Communism – seized grain from peasants to feed the people, rationed, nationalized banks, factories & required every one to work d. Invasion of foreign armies brought the Russian together through nationalism

GERMANY is punishedLandoMust surrender Alsace and Lorraine to the FrenchoSara Valley goes to the League of Nations (France used its coal for 15 years but its population is mostly GermanoPolish Corridor is the New Poland but land separates E. Prussia from GermanyoDazing creates a Baltic Seaport for Poland but placed under the control of the League of NationsoRhineland is occupied for 15 years as a DMZoALL COLONIES WERE GIVEN TO ALLIES AS MANDATES (allies entrusted to administer the colony)

Army and Navy were disarmedoArmy limited to 100,000 volunteersoNavy limited to Coastal Support

WAR GUILT CLAUSEoGERMANY must accept ALL blame for the WaroForced to pay reparations that totaled $300 billion at one pointoDawes Plan of 1924 created orderly paymentsoYoung Plan of 1929 lowered the payments

England FrancePalestine, Jordan, and Iraq Syria Union of South Africa Lebanon German colonies in Africa

Italy JapanTrentino German colonies in the Pacific and AsiaS. Tyrol

Treaty of Versailles Roadmap for the 20th century

And the Victors get the Spoils

AustriaHungaryCzechoslovakia from Austria-HungaryYugoslavia from Serbia and MontenegroFinlandPolandEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaRomania from TransylvaniaBulgaria lost access to Aegean Sea

RESULTS:Political

•U.S. emerged as a world leader•Three empires collapsed (RAH)•New Nation-States were formed•League of Nations was founded•Several European Nations turned to Dictators to lead (RIG)

Economic Impact $350 million countries had to raise taxes and standard of living fell International trade declined due to taxes and tariffs Russia turned to NEP Depression and Keynesian Economics

Social Impact•10 million soldiers dead•20 million civilians dead

DISILLUSIONMENT HATRED NATIONALISM

New Nations