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World War IThe Great BreakAll previous morality questionedLife is absurdlost GenerationTotalitarian States Socialism and FascismVs. Western DemocraciesWWIICold War
Some Numbers…65,038,810- soldiers, sailors, airman8,020,780- military deaths6,642,633- civilian deaths21,228,813- military wounded20,000,000 Great Epidemic
Early Alliances- HistoryTriple Alliance history: To Isolate France 1882- German alliance with Austria-Hungary, Italy-Triple Alliance1887- German alliance with Russia allowed to lapse
Early Alliances Triple Entente history1892- French alliance with Russia
England believed Germans were rivals…Navy was the issue1907 Triple Entente: France Great Britain , Russia – The Allies
Allies and Central Powers
The Stage is Set
Central PowersGermanyAustriaItaly Jumps out Ottomans Join (Turks)Bulgaria Joins
AlliesFranceRussiaGreat BritainItalyRussia quits 1917USA comes in 1917
The Outbreak of WarCauses of WWIMilitarismAlliances
•2 rival groups in EuropeNationalismIndustrialism ImperialismArms Race
NationalismCompetition among European rivalries: Social DarwinismSlavs “Greater Serbia”- unite south Slavs, under from Austria-Hungary ruleRussian Pan Slavism
2. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Total Defense Expenditures for the Expenditures for the
Great Powers [Ger., A-H, Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. in millions of £s.
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
“Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.”
-Bismarck’s prediction on what would provoke the next war
Murder in SarajevoJune 28, 1914Gavrilo Princip- (Nationalism)
Member of Black HandAssassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to A-H throneWhy: prepare way for a Slavic revolutionNot sentenced to death, under 20
Austrian ResponseMurder used as excuse for action against SerbiaAustria turns to Germany July 5- “blank check”Russia feared Austrian control of BalkansAustria issues an ultimatum
The Ultimatums Set of Demands (48 hr. to respond)
End all anti-Austrian activityAllow Austria to handle murder investigation & judge accused
Austria knew Serbia would NOT agree
Russia MobilizesStood behind SerbiaTroops moved to Austrian borderNicholas II tells Kaiser just precautionary
Germans see as 1st move to warRussia looks to France
The Start of War 1914July 28- Austria declares war on SerbiaJuly 30- Russia mobilizes for warAugust 1- Germany declares on RussiaAugust 4- France declares war on GermanyAugust 4- Britain declares war on Germany (Belgium’s neutrality violated)
Start of War cont.August 5-Austria declares war on RussiaAugust 6- Serbia declares war on GermanyAugust 10- France declares war on AustriaAugust 12- England declares war on Austria
Start of War cont.August 23- Japan declares war on GermanyAugust 25-Austria declares war on Japan**Alliances caused a chain reaction of declarations of war
Central Powers’ Battle PlansGerman- Schlieffen Plan
Neutralize France in a couple of weeks and turn to east“Great Wheel”- wide turning movement through Belgium (neutral) into France from northQuick attack, then turn to Russia
Allies’ Battle PlansFrench- XVII
Offensive-immediate and overwhelming force against Alsace-Lorraine
RussianPlan G- Defensive- If Germans committed troop to Russia not FrancePlan A- if Germans concentrated forces against France- Russian move into East Prussia
“…I fell down on my knees and thanked Heaven…for granting me the good fortune of being permitted to live at this time.”
-Adolf Hitler 1924
“
“Boys we will be home before the leaves fall from the trees.”
Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany… August 4th 1914 on the eastern Belgian border
The Maxim Gun
New Weapons Zeppelin- dirigibleHowitzer- penetrate concretePoison gas- ammonia
Machine gunDreadnought battleshipAirplane- observation then bombingSubmarine
Allied ships sunk by the U-Boot
Sea Power Will Give Way to Air Power
Types of FightingTrench Warfare= STALEMATE
600 miles of trenches in France“no man’s land”- wasteland of barbed wire, trees, earth
U-boats (untersea)- Used to cut off supplies from BritainInterfered in shipping of neutral countries
Important BattlesBattle of the Marne Sept 6 1914
End Schlieffen PlanBritain and France drive wedge in German troops, NO quick victory
Battle of Verdun 1916Major German offensiveResults in stalemate (700,000 French and Germans die)
Total War
Role of the United StatesAmerica’s original stance= Neutral Use of propaganda- info designed to influence people’s beliefs or actions
France and England tried to gain US support- war as struggle between democracy and authoritarian govt.
WWIPropaganda
1915 Sinking of the Lusitania
Zimmerman Note
US motives to enter war…Economic- American banks and businesses loaned $1.5billion to Allied govts.
Lose war, not pay back moneyLusitania- British passenger ship sunk by German U-boats
128 Americans killed (women, kids)Arms also being transported
American entry into war…Zimmermann Note
From German diplomat to Mexican govt.If Mexico helps Germany, Germany would help them regain land in Texas and SouthwestBritish broke code, reported to USThe British are broke!
April 1917 US declares war on Germany
The Yanks Are Coming “and they won’t be back until it’s over, over there!War time propaganda songmillions Americans try to enlist
John “Black Jack” Pershing Five Star General
The Eastern FrontCountries InvolvedImportant Battles/EventsImportant PeopleType of Fighting
Type of FightingDecisive victories and movement on Eastern FrontRussian Problems- junior and mid level officers tended to be illiterate
Encryption too difficult not done, enemies easily discovered or heard plans
Russian Female Soldiers
Important Battles, EventsMarch 1917- Czar Nicholas II is forced to abdicate after heavy casualties and food shortages
Soldiers leaving front lines and going home
March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- New Communist Russian govt. signs humiliating treaty with Germany“Peace , Bread, Land
Russian Surrender Brest –Litovsk 1917-18
T.E. Lawrence “Lawrence of Arabia”
The Armistice A halt to fightingThe Eleventh Hour The Eleventh DayThe Eleventh Month1918
Railway Car Where Surrender Took Place Put in Museum
Central Powers’ Battle PlansGermany- 2 front warAustrian
Plan B- if war confined to Serbia•3 armies invade Serbia•3 armies watch Russian border
Plan R•More troops concentrated in Russia
•German action in North
Western FrontCountries involvedImportant battlesImportant peopleType of fighting
Countries InvolvedGermanyFranceBritain
Important BattlesSept. 2, 1914- Germans near Paris
Problem- Russia mobilizes too quicklyGermany sends soldiers to Eastern Front** 2 Front War- German lines will be stretched
Countries Involved GermanyRussiaAustria-Hungary
Important People…Gen. John J. Pershing- led US troops
Helped Allies stop offensive at 2nd battle of the MarneAllies now on counter-offensive
Joseph “Papa” Joffre- French commander-in-chief
Kept failing French army together and fighting
Other FrontsItaly- 1915 Secret agreement with France and Britain
Land in Austria and Africa
Asia and the Pacific- 1914 Japan joins Allies
Japan takes over German spheres of influence in Asia
Other Fronts cont…Ottoman Empire- Mines prevented Allies from coming to Russia’s aid
Arabs helped defeat Ottomans- crush Ottoman’s power in Middle East
Africa- Germany colonies in Africa taken over by Allies
The Peace TreatiesDavid Lloyd George- BritainGeorges Clemenceau- FranceWoodrow Wilson- United StatesVittorio Orlando- Italy
Wilson’s 14 Point PlanSelf-determination- Govts. Free from foreign controlA fair peace- “peace without victory” where enemies wouldn’t want revengeDisarmament- lasting peace meant end to militarism
Wilson’s 14 Point Plan cont… Fair treatment of colonial people- Imperialist power look out for welfare of people (part of govt.)League of Nations- International peace keeping group, settle quarrels, no secret treaty
Problems with PlanFrance strongly opposed
most battles in Francefear of future attack
Self-determination- no way to draw borders and please everyone
too many nationalities
Peace of Paris5 treaties- one with each defeated countryMost important was Treaty of Versailles negotiated with Germany
June 1919
Treaty of Versailles5 major issues
Territorial ChangesMandatesReparationsNew StatesLeague of Nations
Territorial ChangesFrance- regains Alsace-Lorraine, Saar region (coal mines)Poland- Polish corridor (German land), Danzig established as free city
Territorial Changes cont… Germany
Rhine river demilitarizedArmy reduced to 100,000 with no heavy artilleryDraft abolishedNavy greatly reduced
MandatesRegions administered by another country until ready for independenceGermany lost overseas territories in Africa, Asia, Pacific Ocean
Reparations- war damagesWar blamed on GermanyGermany forced to pay to make up for loss of property, ships, farms1921- amount to pay= $33 billion***German resentment of Allies***
New StatesAustria-Hungary= Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, HungaryAustria forbidden from uniting with Germany againOttoman Empire= lost land outside Turkey (Turkish nationalists overthrew Ottomans
League of Nations160 countries
US did NOT join- isolationism (stay out of foreign entanglements)
Members respect each others borders and settle disputes within League
Problems with TreatyTreaty too harsh on GermanyHard for new govt. to survive following treaty conditionsGermans resent Allies
Just stopped fighting did NOT surrender
The Aftermath Total War- all human and material resources of countries used8 million dead, 21 million woundedCivilians killed, population sacrificed, propaganda, censorship
The PlayersAllies (Triple Entente)- France, Britain, and Russia
Formed by Treaty of London1915- Italy joins
Central Powers (Triple Alliance)-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria (1915)
Women1928- women in Britain given right to vote1920- 19th Amendment gives US women the right to vote
Unresolved ProblemsMilitarist ideas persisted- REVENGEImperialism- colonies could only wait for independenceNationalism- rivalries intensifiedLeague of Nations- weak with no real power
Important PeoplePaul von Hindenburg- German Fieldmarshal
Battle of Tannenberg:•Ends initial Russian victories•Russia’s war effort begins to collapse
•92,000 prisoners, 30,000 dead
Unrestricted sub warfare on British
AlliancesTriple Alliance- (protect from invasion)
Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyFormed after 1871 (1882) Franco-Prussian War- against France (Alsace-Lorraine)
1907 Triple Entente-(not fight each other)
France, England, RussiaBritish Fear of German industrial expansion
MilitarismPolicy of glorifying war and readying the armed forces for warBuild-up of armaments- weapons and armiesSigns of crisis brought public cries for war
MilitarismWar- purest form of patriotismPeople forgot horrors of past warsPeople believed war would be shortGreat Powers, except GB,- large standing army
Important People cont…T.E. Lawrence- “Lawrence of Arabia”
British leader of Arab guerilla forces fighting against Turks
Henri Philippe Petain- FrenchHis defense of Verdun made him a national hero
Ferdinand Foch- FrenchMost brilliantly aggressive general of WWI•Supreme Allied Commander by end of war
ImperialismDisputes over colonies led to jealousy and mistrustItaly and Germany wanted to catch up with England and France
NationalismFrance- desire to regain Alsace-LorraineGermany- extend power and territoryRussian Pan-Slavists- rule over Slavs of Eastern Europe
Access of Mediterranean