+ All Categories
Home > Documents > WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven...

WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven...

Date post: 15-Mar-2018
Category:
Upload: duonglien
View: 214 times
Download: 1 times
Share this document with a friend
22
World Economic Outlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Shortterm and longterm factors Research Department International Monetary Fund April 2015
Transcript
Page 1: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

World Economic Outlook April 2015 

Uneven GrowthShort‐term and long‐term factors

Research Department International Monetary Fund

April 2015

Page 2: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Global growth to remain moderate

• Global growth in 2015 projected to increase slightly relative to previous year; improvement expected in 20162015 forecast: 3.5 percent (no change relative to January 2015 WEO)

2016 forecast: 3.8 percent (no change relative to January 2015 WEO)

• Uneven prospects across the main countries and regions Improving prospects in advanced economies Lower growth in emerging market and developing economies in 2015, mainly due to weaker prospects in some major EMs and oil exporters

Page 3: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Complex forces shaping the outlook1. short‐term factors

• Sharp fall in oil prices A net positive for oil importers and the global economy, but a negative 

shock for oil exporters

• Further declines in long‐term interest rates, declining inflation

• Exchange rate realignment (US$ appreciation; € and ¥ depreciation) Helps recovery in the euro area and Japan Easier MP globally, boost to growth Risks: balance sheets; global rebalancing?

Page 4: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Complex forces shaping the outlook2. longer‐term factors

• Crisis legacies  Weak banks High debt levels (public, corporate, households)

• Long‐term factors Lower potential growth in advanced and major emerging market 

economies, even as economies recover (demographics, convergence) Serial slowdown in EMs since 2010, leading to a reassessment of prospects 

(including in China)

Page 5: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2014 15 16 17 18 19 20

Impact under full pass‐through

Impact under limited pass‐through

Global GDP Simulation Results(percent change)

Sources: IMF staff projections

Lower oil prices are a net positive for the outlook

• Supply shocks and higher energy efficiency mean that price decline is a net positive for global growth. 

• Boost to real incomes in oil importers depends on the magnitude and duration of the positive supply shock and on the extent of pass‐through

• But not all positive: lower than expected growth in some economies also contributed to price declines

• Uncertainty about oil price prospects and underlying drivers of the recent price declines

5‐2.3

‐1.8

‐1.3

‐0.8

‐0.3

0.2

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Headline Inflation, full

Headline Inflation, limited

Core Inflation, full

Core Inflation, limited

Global CPI Inflation Simulation Results(percent change)

Page 6: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Lower oil prices have led to rotation in EMDE downside risks

• Financial market turmoil Risk of capital flow reversal in 

emerging market economies

These risks have risen in oil exporters, where external and balance sheet vulnerabilities have increased, while oil importers have gained buffers 

Financial stability risks from energy sector

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110Oil Price (USD/barrel) Exchange Rate (USD/Ruble)

First round of US sanctions

Second round of US sanctions

EU sanctions

New round of US and EU sanctions

Russia imposes retaliatory food import ban

Minsk agreement

Jan14

Mar14

May14

July14

Sep14

Nov14

Jan15

Mar15

Apr15

Crimea

Page 7: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

1980 84 88 92 96 2000 04 08 12 16 20

Emerging Market and DevelopingEconomiesLatin America and the Caribbean

Low Income Developing Countries

Sub‐Saharan Africa

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

2005 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Food

Metal

Energy

EMDE Terms of Trade(Index; 2000 = 100)

Commodity Prices(Index; 2005 = 100)

No boost for commodity exporters, but no bust either. Downside risks to commodity prices from supply response to high prices.

Source: IMF staff estimates. 7

16: Q4

Page 8: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

2011 12 13 14

JapanUnited StatesEuro Area

Real Effective Exchange Rates(CPI based index; 2005 = 100)

Sources: Global Insight; IMF, International Financial Statistics database

Expected growth, monetary policy divergence, and oil prices have led to exchange rate realignments

• U.S. dollar has appreciated by over  10 percent in real effective terms

• The yen and the euro have depreciated

• This should boost demand  and help inflation in Japan and the euro area 

• Boost to global demand: growth is redistributed to economies where monetary policy easing is restricted by the zero lower bound

• Issues: how much of a growth boost, how fast? 

8

Nominal Effective Exchange Rates(Changes between August 2014 and March 2015,in percent)

‐40

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

20

RUS

BRA EA

MEX

CAN

JPN

AUS

DEU

MYS

FRA

BEL

SWE

NLD ITA

ESP

TUR

POL

SGP

IDN

ZAF

KOR

GBR

HKG

CHE

THA

IND

SAU

CHN

USA

Feb. 15

Page 9: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

1

2

3

4

Jan. 14    Apr. 14 Jul. 14    Oct. 14 Jan. 15

5‐year 5‐year forward inflation swap10‐year government bond yield

Apr.15

‐0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

2014H2 2015 2016 2017

USEuropeJapan

Policy Rate Expectations(percent; dashed lines are from theOctober 2014 WEO)

Sources: Bloomberg, L.P.

Markets still expect the Fed to start tightening in mid‐2015, but at a slower pace

• Domestic employment conditions likely to suggest tightening…. Robust growth rebound since 2014Q2 Boost from lower oil prices Unemployment rate expected to reach the 

FOMC’s mid‐point NAIRU estimate in 2015

• But inflation and external conditions argue against urgency Dollar appreciation a drag on external demand Core inflation below target, further downdraft 

from oil price decline Declining MT inflation expectations

9

United States Interest Rates(percent)

Page 10: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

‐300

200

700

2010 11 12 13 14

United States BBEM Sovereign (EMBI)EM Corporate (CEMBI)

EMDE  funding conditions have remained favorable. But capital flow reversal risks remain a concern, given expected change to context of current international asset 

price configuration.

Interest Rate Spreads(basis points)

10

May 22, 2013

‐100

‐50

0

50

100

150

200

70

90

110

130

150

170

Jan‐13 Jul‐13 Jan‐14 Jul‐14 Jan‐15

Advanced Economies 1/

Emerging Market Economies 2/

June 2014

Equity Prices(Index, Jan. 1, 2013 = 100)

Ten‐Year Government Bond Yields(change since Jan. 1, 2013 in bps)

‐8

‐4

0

4

8

12

16

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

SSA

Current Account Plus Reserve Change(Percent of GDP)

Page 11: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Key factors supporting higher growth

• In advanced economies

Monetary policy very accommodative

Financial market conditions supportive

Moderate fiscal consolidation in 2014‐15

Exchange rate realignment in some cases

• Emerging and developing economies

Higher external demand in AEs and still‐favorable financial conditions

Gradual lifting of structural impediments to growth in some economies

Recovery in economies affected by geopolitical tensions or domestic strife

‐1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2010 11 12 13 14 15 16

Advanced economies

Emerging market and developing economies

GDP Growth(annualized quarterly percent change;dashed lines are from October 2014 WEO)

Page 12: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

World AEs. U.S. EA Japan U.K. Germany France Italy Spain

2015(Apr 2015) 3.5 2.4 3.1 1.5 1.0 2.7 1.6 1.2 0.5 2.5

2015(Jan 2015) 3.5 2.4 3.6 1.2 0.6 2.7 1.3 0.9 0.4 2.0

2016(Apr 2015) 3.8 2.4 3.1 1.6 1.2 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.1 2.0

2016(Jan 2015) 3.7 2.4 3.3 1.4 0.8 2.4 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.8

Advanced Economies Real GDP Growth Projections (percent change from a year earlier)

Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook.

The outlook is for a continued recovery, but the pace is moderate and uneven…

Page 13: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

EMDEs China India Russia Brazil S. Africa LAC SSA Nigeria LIDCs

2015(Apr 2015) 4.3 6.8 7.5 ‐3.8 ‐1.0 2.0 0.9 3.0 4.8 5.5

2015(Jan 2015) 4.3 6.8 6.3 ‐3.0 0.3 2.1 1.3 3.2 4.8 5.9

2016(Apr 2015) 4.7 6.3 7.5 ‐1.1 1.0 2.1 2.0 3.3 5.0 6.0

2016(Jan 2015) 4.7 6.3 6.5 ‐1.0 1.5 2.5 2.3 3.5 5.2 6.1

Emerging Market and Developing Economies Real GDP Growth Projections (percent change from a year earlier)

Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook.

The outlook is for a continued recovery, but the pace is moderate and uneven…

Page 14: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Perspectives on growth slowdown in emerging markets

• On surface, many idiosyncratic factors: Geopolitical factors/sanctions/oil for Russia 

(and CIS) Drought, Petrobras, tighter macro stance in 

Brazil Oil shock in vulnerable  exporters (eg 

Venezuela)

• Growth declining since 2010, and forecasts over‐optimistic:  Role of China’s  boom and slowdown in driving 

commodity price cycle, expansion in Asia Stronger commodity prices lifting potential 

output, but not potential growth Easy financial conditions: a boost to output, but 

not a durable lift‐off to growth? (to a lesser extent): AE growth over‐estimated

‐2

‐1

0

1

2

04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Emerging and developing economies

Sub‐Sahara Africa

Least Developed Countries 1/

1/ Based on definition by United Nations.

Medium‐term Growth Expectations(5‐year ahead forecast for real GDP growth; change from April 2004 WEO)

Page 15: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

‐5

0

5

10

15

20

1979 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

Average of GDP Growth(1979‐2009)

China Contribution to Global GDP Growth(percent)

China GDP Growth(percent)

Growth in China expected to moderate. Risks of stronger real estate slowdown?

‐0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

‐5

0

5

10

15

20

Contribution to Global Growth

PPP Share (Right scale)

Source: IMF staff estimates15

Page 16: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Scenario: Only a modest recovery of potential output growth in AEs 

6

Advanced Economies 1/

Source: IMF staff estimates.1/ Consists of Australia, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Spain, U.K., and U.S. 

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

2001‐04 2005‐07 2008‐14 2015‐20

Capital growth Potential employment growth TFP Potential output growth

(Averages in percent; contributions by components in percentages 

Page 17: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Scenario: Decreasing  potential output growth in large EMs

7

Emerging Markets excluding China 1/

Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook. 1/ Consists of Brazil, India, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey.

‐1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2001‐04 2005‐07 2008‐14 2015‐20

TFPPotential employment growthCapital growthPotential output growth

China

‐2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2001‐04 2005‐07 2008‐14 2015‐20

TFPTrend employment growthCapital growthPotential output growth

(Averages in percent; contributions by components in percentages points)

Page 18: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

A more balanced distribution of risks to global growth

• Upside:  Greater global demand boost from lower oil pricesMore conservative growth baseline for EMs

• Downside:  Financial market turmoil

Risk of capital flow reversal in emerging market economies

Stagnation risks in the euro area and Japan Lower potential growth

Expectations of lower potential growth can slow investment today Geopolitical risks remain high

Page 19: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Policies• Advanced economies: demand and supply

Demand support to the recovery Boost to public investment Structural reform to boost potential output (country specific)

• Emerging and developing economies Address vulnerabilities Increase potential output (country specific) Oil exporters: 

use fiscal space for a gradual adjustment of public spending to the lower oil prices.  Allowing substantial exchange rate depreciation will be the main means available to 

others to cushion the impact of the shock on their economies. • All economies

Lower oil prices are an opportunity to reform energy subsidies and taxes

Page 20: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Thank you

May 22, 2013May 22, 2013

Page 21: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

Leading indicators suggest that global growth will pick up, but unevenly across countries and still at a moderate pace

2010 11 12 13 14 Feb.15

‐5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Manufacturing PMI(deviations from 50)

Industrial production

World trade volumes

World Trade, Industrial Production, and Manufacturing PMI(three‐month moving average, annualized percent change)

‐6

‐4

‐2

0

2

4

6

8

2012 13 14 Feb.15

UnitedStates

Euro area

Japan

‐3

‐2

‐1

0

1

2

3

4

5

2012 13 14 Feb.15

China

Emerging Asiaexcl. ChinaLAC

Manufacturing PMI(three‐month moving average; deviations from 50)

Page 22: WorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven · PDF fileWorldEconomicOutlook April 2015 Uneven Growth Short‐term and long‐term factors Research Department International Monetary Fund

In both advanced and emerging market economies, financial conditions have eased since October 2014

0

40

80

120

160

200

DJ Euro Stoxx

S&P 500

MSCI Emerging Market

TOPIX

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 172 343 514 685 856 10271198

Japan 10 Year Government Bond Yield

United States 10 Year Government BondYieldUnited States 30 Year Fixed Mortgage

Equity Markets(national currency)

Key Interest Rates(percent)

Government Bond Yields(percent)

2010 11 130

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Germany

Italy

Spain

France

12 Mar.15

2010 11 12 13 Mar.15

2010 11 12 13 Apr.15

May 22, 2013

May 22, 2013


Recommended