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Methods

of

Argumentation

WRD104: Composition & Rhetoric II

Winter 2014

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In-C ass Writing:

Aristot e !e ie"e ethos is the most important of theC assica Appea s !ecause if #e trust a spea$er% #e tendto !e ie"e them 242'(

What do )ou fee #i !e the most important Appea in )our*ersuasi"e pro+ect and #h),

Identif):

Who )our readers are

What )ou #ant )our readers to do

he !est reason )ou can gi"e for )our reader for doing #hat)ou #ant them to do

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Methods of Argumentation

C assica .ration

/sed to #in an de!ate

ou min Method

/sed to con"ince & persuade

Rogerian Method

/sed to identif) a compromise

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orma ogic

Inducti"e Reasoning:enera i3ing a conc usion !ased on a num!er of specific e amp es(

5ottom-up ogic: 6A the artic es #e ha"e read in WRD104 are!oring% therefore a reading is !oring7

Deducti"e Reasoning:Reaching a conc usion !) assuming a genera princip e andapp )ing it to a specific e amp e

8) ogism Ma+or *remise: 6A men are morta 7 Minor *remise: 6A ree$s are men7 Conc usion: 6A ree$s are morta 7

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C assica .ration

/sed in Ancient reece to present cases incourts or to ma$e speeches to a senate(

9mphasi3ed a de!ate ha"ing a #inner and a oser Common ) used #hen constructing -paragraph essa)s:

Introduction

5ac$ground

ines of Argument

A ternati"e ArgumentsConc usion

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C assica .ration

raditiona C assica .ration is comprised of ; parts:

9 ordium: Writer attempts to #in attention & good#i of an audience #hi eintroducing a su!+ect

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C assica .ration

; *arts of C assica .ration continued:

Confirmatio: Writer offers detai ed support for the c aim% using !othogica reasoning and factua e"idence

Refutatio: Writer ac$no# edges and then refutes opposing c aims ore"idence Counterargument & refutation'

*eroratio: Writer summari3es the case and mo"es the audience toaction Conc usion'

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he ou min Method

8tephen ou min% 1? @

a"ored !ecause it ac$no# edges thecomp ications of ife > not e"er)thing fits neat )into a s) ogism

/ses Bua if)ing anguage:8ometimes

.ften

/n ess

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he ou min Method

he C aim:Identif) the C aim: is it contro"ersia and de!ata! e,

oo$ for ua ifiers: a"oid a!so ute c aims

ind the 9 ceptions: ac$no# edge the counter-argument

8ummari3e the C aim ua ifier% c aim% e ception(

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he ou min Method

Ana )3ing the Reasons:ist the Reasons

o# can the) !e organi3ed,

ua ified,

9 amine the Reasons

Are the) good reasons,

What are the "a ues imp ied !) )our reasons,Are the reasons relevant to the thesis,

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he ou min Method

Warrants :he ogica and persuasi"e connection !et#een ac aim and the reasons and data supporting it(

/sua ) a genera princip e or "a ue )ou share #ith)our reader the ma+or premise of 8) ogisms'

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he ou min Method

Warrants:What is the Warrant, Is the e amp e 6good7,

at ta es are fairer than progressi"e ta es !ecause the) treat a ta

pa)ers the same #a)(

rades in co ege shou d !e a!o ished !ecause I donEt i$e them(

8mo$ing causes serious diseases in smo$ers and endangers non-smo$ers as #e % so the federa go"ernment shou d !an smo$ing(

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he ou min Method

Ana )3ing the 9"idence:ist the 9"idence:

Anecdotes,

Data,Case studies,

9 amine the 9"idence:

Is it sufficient% credi! e and accurate,Is it re e"ant to the c aim it supports,

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he ou min Method

=oting Refutations:What are the a ternati"e stances,

Are )ou fair ) addressing this stance, =o 8tra# Men (

What is a strong re!utta to that stance,

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he ou min Method

8ummari3ing Four Ana )sis

What is the resu t of )our argument,

8ummari3ing in a paragraph or t#o #i reinforce)our stance and c ear ) dra# together a e ements

of the argument

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he Rogerian Method

De"e oped !) rhetoricians Richard 9( Foung%A ton 5ec$er and Genneth *i$e

5ased on American ps)cho ogist Car RogersEmethods of conf ict reso ution > see$scompromise as opposed to the C assica

.rationEs goa of esta! ishing #inners andosers'

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he Rogerian Method

Introduction: Writer descri!es an issue

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ome#or$:

Read St Martins Handbook Chapters 24 pp(02- 04'% 2 pp( 0?- 14'% and ;; pp( @?0-@?2' .n ) ? pages tota '

Write a 2 0-#ord response to ho# )ou mightapp ) these concepts to )our research pro+ect(