I

TUe Whole Thln^^

PRIVATS PAPER

EARLY DRAFT

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

Ten copies have been made of this paper to show to particular

people, for two purposes: first, to explain a scope of organlxed Interests

which I have been unable to present to anyone orally or In paxse

pleceaeal writings, and second, in hope of criticism and suggestions

that will take Into account enwrwA the relationship of particular

•.*” acutely this Is only a sketch, any^utllne for

T-— I-

\ • - *. lA a.y

—mWf ihl nimiuby^ I hope It can bea seen from the drift of the ehole

thing, however, why 1 have wttwewm proceeded In this way, attempting se

gaxins certain general formulations before noroowlng to specifics.

1 hope It will not be Inferred from the present form^ that I have any

Intention of publishing It soon or as It stands, 1 have sought, rather,

to unite several trends of my interests In a clear way^ wnwnwdemwimeWmn

I Intend this as a way of resting these general concerns for awhile

i VIn the clearest form I can manage

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1 regret that In previous papers my i choice

been a problem for readers- on the one hand «wMgaww«»«4}ewm*fc«««to.

I .ave tned to .vo. both « practice, here.

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IIN V* Tw|oft.

t It has been especially difficult to avoid n using special terms, eitherwords different

terms of my own or technical tens fran ekhea fields, 1 hope the reader

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will bear with me to the extent I have not been able to wikKpM#,tw

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avoid thlSe

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9,3

* •

It may be that In a descriptive network certaln”pure types'* are taken

for their ease of statement, and other types are allowed aa modifications

of these pure types. The most obvious example Is ‘Vatlonallty" In social

sciences, kmnmxto ’’Rationality" Is often used as a paradigmatic concept—

as by the classical economists, Weber, Parsons, and the game theorists—

to describe e the pure version of whst people would do if they had certain

excellent fbllltles of calculation and considerable freedom of movement in

various situations, ttivintiv Then, within their theories, a large part of

the difference between "rational" behavior and what people actually do can

be attributed to Irrational and non-ratlonal factors, such as m emotion,

inertia, xn and Inflexibility,

M 9,4

It may often be found that the measuring schematic which was originally

set In a network of clear outside predications— for instance, a scale

which has been developed In reference to some particular group of objects--

loses this clarity of outside predication when axiteii applied to a new

universe of objects-- new objects a may be in some senae "off the scale,"

either by ^ing off an end of the scale to a realm In which the old

outside predications are no longer relevant— a simple examplesSs are the

wtowmvswmnmWDiiniwitw^nwm physical laws relating tm the expansion of metals

or the contraction of gases to tempereturer- or be In some new way unrelated

to the old meanings of the scale, aaxwItaR -- for example, mtow when aero-cars

come into use, the old motorcar registrations that count "number of wheels

as a criterion of XMKXMXHXtaxing will be Inappropriate to the new vehicles

which do not even touch the ground, let alone ride on wheels.

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"ay enu™.rate the poeslbie'^

*? It may not ,e ri^.

^«>»ta»n)»iBiiirtwB# Which kind a such a schematl

the term "i^or instanc

unconscious" i„

e

•f system of depth

dimension.

psychology- Is

or a discrete half of a

It will depend

> . discrete •ntlty?

on the system: and In fact the

®*|t as "any s psychoanalyst

the system evolve

UBe it aay change it fromanother.

*• Of these to

“ •“=We may dlstir

^or Instance’ ®°“® "eaaures- Uk. '

oeasufement.

fore*'

In a crystallued

^nd oasa'* i % u.“«»» In physics-^ oxist"otwork of schematl

connections withImplications. i«,

this

a number of precl seThus a measure of something's „* * ®l®o implies, wuhln--y well validated descrlpti ve network

^orc© that would

->-e of the wm„.be necessa 'y to push It. If there were no >lctlon.

I'he termprobability"

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What measures of

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termsinvolved.

Is the Same for n.^ ®chematiro“'®asurlng/„,^t«„ and networks.

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•*

CHAPTER PICVB The Theory Cycle* 18,1

In this chapter we will kzuxi offer what we think Is a preferable

alternative to the axi<xDatlc BDWBtr programme of scientific investigation.

We will treat induction and theory validation as a cyclical process, which

takes place tnxKwto^n1nnWai« by empirical checking and schematic changes

in the model.

recalled.

As tt will be wmumaMm wiA we have Introduced the concept of "induction*'

as the problem of finding stable schematics in some collection of phenomena,

containing many manifest properties and relations, internal and external.

The stable 8chematlcs,dMt we hope, will derive precision and significance

from xkaXs outside predications which gttwewmwaic&iig stabilise and make precise

their meaning. Eventually, it is hoped, these networks will reach a high

state of pxnXxlmxXii specification and crystallization with regard to as many

other theory-systems as possible.

We will divide the problem into a number of stages.

J9,l

First, the problem of notiaing and assimilating. In its orellminarvtixwt ^

stages this is a wvwtotaB matter of noticing that there is a domain, and mt

noticing possiblepwrwmwirkMw ways of segmenting and otherwise schematizif^ the domain.

These are hunches, problems of "notion schematics" as discussed earlier,

and only of passing Interest to us here.

The later stages xx. of noticing and assimilating Xncaixx demand finding

categories, dimensions, entities and general "codings" which seem to take into

account the significant phenomena to be described. In this it is necessary

things, distinctions, etc.to throw into relief those/MvtiWiivmwma which seem to be significant,

wmmmw9 searching for cutting-points, category-boundaries and so on.

The vlalbillty of kk what sems significant must be increased!

Nrnwmg mnxi8wmtiBwyiT.,Tw« crucial problems at this stage must be mentioned.

continuedOne of these is the vnmtaMWmwp noticing and assimilating of features of

the phenomena which do not fit into the code, in such a way that they may

be later vinWifiy re-considered for possible modifications of the model*

Unfortunately several considerations militate against this. One is

purely economic, ihwmtmwmwrnwiB the allocation of available labor and facilities

for M±am gathering data that seems irrelevant—a scarcely a "reasonable"

activity, in light of the first construal, and yet obviously reasonable

in the long run*

" -i*'......

19,2

coding may cone dubtly to take on new meanings nktfmwnnwmmrmn which were

Initially expected,not 9mwAwmmenwAw or come to have phenomenal connotations

which result in the gathering of data not slanted toward the original

plan of research,outside of the mxi focal research concerns may be frustrated by the drift of

T* ||/( \ Kthe code back toward the focal categories.

Basically the effort to collect side materials, not apparently

of directty relevance, is a matter ofthe actual configurations of the subject-

matter. For In some cases this material will be expensive and unrelated tothe first activity, in others virtually identlcalJtg and concomitant.

w)^tr K ^‘*'jcT&vv.

'Hly^ These problems of noticing me may be regarded as zxa one aspect of the

problem of computability . wnwAngav or asslmlltatlon. What data may be

successfully examined W^nvutim by the builder of the theory have clear

import for the generality. rad clarity and suitable emphasis of the theory

that results.1 ^ 1, H ' 'M,

X

19,3

If X put it in,NB lack of deri-vational direction

of t-8.

The problem of the evolving theory is WtowinvBra that which confronts any

evolving thought-system. A thought -system, as we remember, is some networkevolve,

of schematic connections which can ahragay by and large, only by discrete

schematic wwwAwmtnnvmvdiwiiWBgb changes. While "leaps" are possible, they

are not easy, and depend largely on the kinds of Information that have

entered through the notlclng-system.

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21,1

We come now to the nx crux of the foregoing arguments about procedure*

That Is the fifth step, theory Improvement and correction*

It is stated as self-evident by the axiomatic theorists^ that tk

an axiccoatic model can be corrected and Improved in a simple fashion, by

ascertaining which of the fundamental propositions are false and need

replacement. This fall^a to recognize the things that taappwBvtiitmWtiw

can have gone wrong throughout the referential network, and assumes that

t in the canonical form which the theory has happened to assume the difficultiesone or

may be localised to/a few axioms.

That this la not so should be clear from amp reviewing the different

steps through which the theory has gone in its development. Certain thingsityi

Natural categories and divisions may have been missed; schematics ofa model./ In crystallizing his model the theorist may have arbitrarily gaatgat

, everre^ed^

definitions may have been WmwmwirwmWD unsuitable.

The Impraovement of the theory, then, must top proceed through all means

Which seem ressonable and appropriate to the subject-matter; that is, the

theorist should not fail to consider any schematic changes in his«

model which will increase its apparent probability of better fit. To expect

1

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that the axiomatic method will localize the piivtoWeHB incorrectness of a theoryWfawm

is very much like amh wmwinwm

w

miqipnpftw^)#ewmWmwfc^wiawmgii

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wmwy

vmnpmviflwmwWwtfwirta handing a man a map of Boston torn in three pieces ano

KMktmg expecting that he can make it into a map of New York. «

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1 The problem o*f kttm humen life and deat) la w^kr one of the frontiers on

(Which the^cate^^ories are degenerating* -<»«)9.rtlon,.

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noittor example 18, of course^ the the rnonucleer bomb. Mvmvnarnen1

vifiw&MeiueueapiitevB Its abidlDg presence In the moral climate today— particularlyt

for the young— has been discussed sufficiently elsewhere. A Mvnnvsrw

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,puppoi^ thftt

.-f._ ^ SkK%raln-program«lng

whole perflonalltleB aad nemory-aeta could b« storeda for wwwiwad

loading and re-loading a human mechanism? What about the BCtnrt r*I»lr

the eonaeetleo pl-<ie^»eFp to the jiepvous systee?

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tontfBY

drastic questions eh of both cost and allocation. If these developments

and programingin neurology/should follow the trends we have mentioned in medical

and within the reach

sciences, the costs will be dnormous//*mwitowm«Bf» only of public

authority. To whom will these poraonality-rostoratlons be allocated,

and in what altuatlona? Of course, breakthroughs in tmsh computer

technology— say. biotic digital computers requiring infinitesimal

power and apace- might make «.wpw.-d>W the existence possible of

warehouses of imp bottles, filled with regenerations of the minds

of people dead and living mMxd elsewhere. WhwmpmwpwmwnrtwuWpwph*

^wmw The purpose or possible uses of It are unclear. Yet, ttke as with

the mass-production of the prayer

and the banning of contraceptW|*^ ^g*^^oaj.She-bmm^

desUug^ with / —SttwttwSfca consciousness,

write out the manifold names of OodVthere are institutions snd persons

that ««1W favor the production of artificial or simulated consciousness

to the limit of capacity, *«* xVaxs

VBWsnwnAymBfttmtrmwuvakmwpwstDBwMB

We must emphaslxe again the incredible importance of the distribution

> _

be;

%

of declaioa. if these leeuee theDselves are of any importance* There

have been many times and situations when einrvwno Important decisions

mk were made in the clear sight of an approving public— peace or warsp

the National Recovery Act* The changes of the kinds of things that

are happeoing and available make that less and less«

a likely model of what will happen with decisions Involving both

technicalities and humanity*

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69,1

Other new generalities of systems unite vtosw things that had beento machlae,

now widely Interchangeable from system to system aod machine/disparate— for example, "data,/ and soon

the storage of photographs* But along with these generalities we may also

expect the correuption of a number of unlversals-* accounting systems,

dimensions of measurements*- on which we formerly arrayed these things.

^

The ease of transformation by/mechanlcal means may well wvWTbwvWB

make theMwmw less unified/systems of array and ordering tKxtha presented to people

without the equipments. Daylight saving time is one such transformatlonj

We may well expect^^ that, as with the different speeds of phonograph records

and the different types of radio receiver, more and more things will be

unavailable to people without the proper equlpiment*

>

Technology has also made possible certain kinds of drastic new distln-

gulshabilltles-ln*proxlfflity« It is no longer necessary to be prepared and

keyed*up WmwdvnSr to commit action A to suddenly do it— for instance, war*

Garbage can be wrapped In polythplene near lovely things; p messages, files,

etc*, can be sharply segregated in waysac that permit

complete Inattention to them-* things which are nearby but do not seem to be.

68,18SM

in .aay ways p tKe problems of decision and syste. today ste™ froa.

- a generality and option^- new and different ranges of possible

alternatives have been made possible.

The unity and generality of problems prevent th. dlvlslo competence bv

and peace;, thermonuclear threat and aramm.

Indlvlsibly tools in the same game/

arms-control negotiations arem

Q Not only wltb weapons systems f but with all forms of famcilltles» a generalisation

of abilities has come about that permits a tremendously vide option as In their

as

use* Stnv vmpuvmwmpmwuavmsmwmwpnivnimA

w

mSuBlivnp4iwsvm aazxswiicwVvpeiunwmw^lU)

nSm vmwtfimtywtririQliib'li^ While strategic considerations greatly restrict tbe

possible use of these weapons systemsp they are like other facilities subject

to the widest possible consideration of vast ranges of alternatives*

neiT:^etems«

^r’' -

^ /A Hw %,y •/highly subject to opt long, or. In a

^

facilitiesloose sensop ^'arbitrary." What things are done with existing aystna is a

vastly more modifiable than ever before*

WmWmwmwmWmywWWBgawipfcTmWii iSmwUw

Poods and meat packing are anoMm example* At an earlier time, what

pwmwmwmW things ware saa possible were contingent on natural forms. There

were standard cuts of beef and porkgpand, as residual categories* sa hamburger

eX *

19

and sausage; there were the known and grainy "aM potatoBaj— Kow, by

contrast, much of what is consumed are sane sort of unlfono mash, made to

a consistency and shape that will be appealing. Bt* Baloney and "sliced cheese

are mainly milk solids obtained in a centrifuge; "fish sticks" ai\d "chopettes"

"Fm1are artificially formed of formerly unusab

with Its layers and fractions of chocolates* syrpps and crunchy elements,

s'* an<j

'‘FojtKb'^TE ^ •i&llusable s fragments* The candy bar.ts

A

Is an extr^e case of total fabrication* Andy The wmwmna Impending advent

of prepared cellutose for bultlng is another sucO development. *.w,wto««,w

And, symbolically, we see the vast success of the a foodless food, Uetrecal,

totally constituted of basic olls.awd sugars and residues. However, Metrecal

is merely the most explicit development along these lines, and by no means

tto first*

Here