WtW The Sun Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: THE SUN

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for THE SUN.................................................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 THE SUN


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Executive Summary of Key Results for THE SUN

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The Sun, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Both major coalitions were given relatively equal amounts of coverage.

PR were attacked (82.68%) and covered negatively (71.43%) much more then BN, andreceived very little positive coverage as opposed to BN (92.68%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (91%), followed by attacks.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was slightlyskewed towards PR (53%). Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, followed by

Anwar Ibrahim. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the

neutral category was used very much the most often (92%).

However, of the non-neutral material, more positive and negative coverage was given to BN,while PR was attacked more often.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often, and overall, politiciansfrom BN were used as sources much more often (64%) than both PR politicians (19%) and

independent/other political figures (16%).

3 THE SUN


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Muhyiddin Yassin (40.74%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by NajibRazak (38.89%) - these two politicians' were the source of almost 80% of all attack politics.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than eitheropposition politicians.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.

4 THE SUN


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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (28.5%), followed by PKR, PR, PAS then DAP.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.

5 THE SUN

BN

PKR

PR

PAS

DAP

MCA

UMNO

PSM

Gerakan

Other

MIC

PBB

PRS

SAPP

SPDP

PBS

SUPP

UPKO

PRM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

28.50

15.86

12.60

10.41

10.29

7.15

6.61

2.60

1.98

1.86

1.12

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.17

0.12

0.08

0.04

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the two major coalitions receivedrelatively equal volumes of coverage, with the PR coalition receiving 49.15% to BN's46.18%.


6 THE SUN

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

46.18

49.15

2.81

1.86

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (91%), followed by attacks.

7 THE SUN

5%1%

91%

3%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

DAP were the most negatively covered (35.71%), followed by BN (21.43%), PKR and PAS(both 14.29%), then PR and UMNO (both 7.14%).

PR were the most attacked (40.95%), followed by PKR (21.26%), PAS (18.9%), and then BN(12.6%).


8 THE SUN

DAP

BN

PKR

PAS

PR

UMNOMCA

Other

MIC

Gerakan

PBB

PBS

PRS

PRM

PSM

SAPP

SPDP

SUPP

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (84.15%) coverage by a very significant margin, with theopposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.


9 THE SUN

BN

PKR

PR

DAP

PAS

MCAUMNO

PSM

Gerakan

Other

MIC

PBB

PRS

SAPP

SPDP

PBS

SUPP

UPKO

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (82.68%) and covered negatively (71.43%) more then BN, andreceived very little positive coverage as opposed to BN (92.68%).

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.07 3%

Neutral 1 : 1 91%

Negative 1 : 2.5 1%

Attacked 1 : 5.2 5%

10 THE SUN

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

15.75

28.57

46.37

92.68

82.68

71.43

48.61

6.10

1.57

0.00

5.03

1.22

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant margin (28.34%),followed by Anwar Ibrahim, then Lim Kit Siang, Lim Guan Eng and Khalid Ibrahim, in thatorder.

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

11 THE SUN

Najib Razak

Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Muhyiddin Yassin

Chua Soi Lek

Rafizi Ramli

Hadi Awang

Karpal Singh

Nik Aziz

Tian Chua

Mahathir MohamadWong Ho Leng

Ibrahim Ali

Taib Mahmud

Musa Aman

Ng Yen Yen

Ambiga Sreenevasan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

28.34

9.208.31

7.27

6.68

6.53

5.79

4.15

3.86

2.37

2.08

1.78

1.78

1.481.34

1.19

1.19

1.04

1.04

0.59

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed somewhat towards PR (53%).


12 THE SUN

44%

53%

2%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were usedas sources most often (38.62% and 16.61% respectively), followed by EC Spokespeople, LimGuan Eng, then Chua Soi Lek.


13 THE SUN

Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Election Commission Spokesperson

Lim Guan Eng

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Mahathir Mohamad

Lim Kit Siang

Khalid Ibrahim

Anwar Ibrahim

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

38.62

16.61

11.00

9.39

5.18

3.78

3.45

2.37

2.05

1.83

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (64%) than both PR politicians(19%) and independent/other political figures (16%).


14 THE SUN

64%

19%

16%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (92%).

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3%

92%

1%4%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim and Lim KitSiang came first equal (both 33.33%), followed by Khalid Ibrahim, Nurul Izzah and Chua SoiLek (both 11.11%).

Khalid Ibrahim was the most attacked (29.17%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (20.83%), NajibRazak (12.5%), then Hadi Awang and Muhyddin Yassin (both 8.33%).

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Najib Razak

Lim Kit Siang

Khalid Ibrahim

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Chua Soi Lek

Anwar Ibrahim

Hadi Awang

Muhyiddin Yassin

Ibrahim Ali

Lim Guan Eng

Nik Aziz

Rafizi Ramli

Alfred Jabu

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Bernard Dompok

Chong Chieng Jen

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Elizabeth WongG. Palanivel

Hassan Ali

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (52.17%) and neutral coverage (27.53%).

Anwar Ibrahim received the second most neutral coverage (9.29%) followed by Lim Kit Siang.

Lim Guan Eng received the second most positive coverage (21.74%), followed by Tian Chua(8.7%), then Khalid Ibrahim and Muhyiddin Yassin (both 4.35%).


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Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Nurul Izzah

Lim Guan Eng

Khalid Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Chua Soi Lek

Rafizi Ramli

Hadi Awang

Karpal Singh

Nik Aziz

Tian Chua

Mahathir Mohamad

Wong Ho Leng

Taib Mahmud

Ibrahim Ali

Musa Aman

Ng Yen Yen

Ambiga SreenevasanAzmin Ali

G. Palanivel

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, more positive and negative coverage was given to BN, while PR was attacked moreoften.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.6 3%

Neutral 1 : 1.2 89%

Negative 1 : 0.8 1%

Attacked 1 : 3.6 4%

18 THE SUN

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

20.83

55.56

43.45

60.87

75.00

44.44

54.06

39.13

4.17

0.00

2.49

0.00

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muhyiddin Yassin (40.74%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by NajibRazak (38.89%) - these two politicians' were the source of almost 80% of all attack politics.


19 THE SUN

Muhyiddin Yassin

Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Chua Soi Lek

Lim Guan Eng

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Musa Aman

Nazri Aziz

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

40.74

38.89

6.48

3.70

3.70

1.85

1.85

0.93

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent and other figures.


20 THE SUN

90%

6%4%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.


21 THE SUN

39%

61%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy and Development, then Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security.


22 THE SUN

38%

4%

27%

4%

2%

15%

4%1%

6%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byDemocracy & Human Rights, then Electioneering.


23 THE SUN

31%

6%

24%

15%

3%

4%

18%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 sans weekends (nd = 22 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 9001

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 326

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 14.8

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

24 THE SUN
http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

25 THE SUN

TABLE 1

Par ty Percentage

BN 28.501

DAP 10.285

Gerakan 1.9827

MCA 7.1458

MIC 1.1152

PAS 10.409

PBB 0.20653

PBS 0.12392

PKR 15.861

PR 12.598

PRS 0.20653

PRM 0PSM 2.6022

SAPP 0.20653

SPDP 0.16522

SUPP 0.08261

UMNO 6.6088

UPKO 0.041305

Other 1.8587

TABLE 2

Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 28.501

BN 46.179615

Gerakan 1.9827

MCA 7.1458

MIC 1.1152

PBB 0.20653

PBS 0.12392

PRS 0.20653

SPDP 0.16522

SUPP 0.08261

UMNO 6.6088

UPKO 0.041305

PR 12.598

PR 49.153DAP 10.285

PAS 10.409

PKR 15.861

PRM 0

Independent 2.80873PSM 2.6022

SAPP 0.20653

Other 1.8587 Other 1.8587

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 12.598 21.429 27.41 84.146 145.583

DAP 1.5748 35.714 10.964 0 48.2528

Gerakan 0 0 2.1014 2.439 4.5404

MCA 1.5748 0 7.7204 1.2195 10.5147

MIC 0.7874 0 1.1878 0 1.9752

PAS 18.898 14.286 10.279 0 43.463

PBB 0 0 0.22841 0 0.22841

PBS 0 0 0.13705 0 0.13705

PKR 21.26 14.286 15.943 4.878 56.367

PR 40.945 7.1429 11.421 1.2195 60.7284

PRS 0 0 0.22841 0 0.22841

PRM 0 0 0 0 0

PSM 0 0 2.8323 1.2195 4.0518

SAPP 0 0 0.22841 0 0.22841

SPDP 0 0 0.18273 0 0.18273

SUPP 0 0 0.091366 0 0.091366

UMNO 0.7874 7.1429 7.0352 4.878 19.8435

UPKO 0 0 0.045683 0 0.045683

Other 1.5748 0 1.9644 0 3.5392

Parties &Coalitions


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26 THE SUN

TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 15.7476

Negative 30.9341

Neutral 46.368449

Positive 92.6825

PR

Attacked 82.6778

Negative 71.4289

Neutral 48.607

Positive 6.0975

Attacked 1.5748

Negative 0

Neutral 5.02511

Positive 1.2195

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.29674

Alfred Jabu 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.59347

Anwar Ibrahim 9.1988

Azmin Ali 0.59347

Baru Bian 0

Bernard Dompok 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 4.1543

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0

Elizabeth Wong 0.14837

G. Palanivel 0.59347

Hadi Awang 2.3739

Hassan Ali 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0Ibrahim Ali 1.1869

James Masing 0.14837

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.14837

Karpal Singh 2.0772

Khalid Ibrahim 6.6766

Khalid Samad 0.14837

Lim Guan Eng 7.27

Lim Kit Siang 8.3086

Liow Tiong Lai 0.29674

Mahathir Mohamad 1.4837Maximus Ongkili 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.29674

Muhyiddin Yassin 5.7864

Musa Aman 1.0386

Najib Razak 28.338

Ng Yen Yen 1.0386

Nik Aziz 1.7804

Nizar Jamaluddin 0.14837

Nurul Izzah 6.5282

Rafizi Ramli 3.8576

Rosmah Mansur 0.59347

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 1.1869

Teresa Kok 0

Tian Chua 1.7804

Tony Pua 0.59347

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 1.3353

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0

(mention)


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27 THE SUN

TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 5.48964

BN 44.36182

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.59347

Alfred Jabu PBB 1.1869Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

James Masing PRS 0.14837

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 36.94344

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa AmanNajib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 19.58457

PR 53.26416

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 4.74778

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 28.93181

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.59347

2.37384

Hassan Ali Independent 0

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 1.1869

Rosmah Mansur 0.59347

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0

Independent/

Other'1st lady'


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28 THE SUN

TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 5.178

BN 64.40137

Mahathir Mohamad 3.452

Muhyiddin Yassin 16.613

Musa Aman 0Najib Razak 38.619

Nazri Aziz 0.53937

Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 1.8339

PR 19.4174

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 3.7756

Jeffrey Kitingan 0


Lim Guan Eng 9.3851

Lim Kit Siang 2.3732

Nik Aziz 0


Independent 16.1809

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 1.726

Vox Pop Female 1.0787

1.9417

11.003

Percentage

(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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29 THE SUN

TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 11.111 0.16584 0

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.66335 0

Anwar Ibrahim 20.833 0 9.2869 0

Azmin Ali 0 0 0.66335 0Baru Bian 0 0 0 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 0 11.111 4.4776 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.16584 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.66335 0

Hadi Awang 8.3333 0 2.3217 0

Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0 0Ibrahim Ali 4.1667 0 1.1609 0

James Masing 0 0 0.16584 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0.16584 0

Karpal Singh 0 0 2.1559 0

Khalid Ibrahim 29.167 11.111 5.9701 4.3478

Khalid Samad 0 0 0.16584 0

Lim Guan Eng 4.1667 0 7.131 21.739

Lim Kit Siang 4.1667 33.333 8.6235 0

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.33167 0

Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 1.6584 0

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0.33167 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 8.3333 0 4.9751 4.3478

Musa Aman 0 0 1.1609 0

Najib Razak 12.5 33.333 27.529 52.174

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 1.1609 0

Nik Aziz 4.1667 0 1.8242 0

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.16584 0

Nurul Izzah 0 0 7.2968 0

Rafizi Ramli 4.1667 0 4.1459 0

Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.66335 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 1.1609 4.3478

Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0

Tian Chua 0 0 1.6584 8.6957

Tony Pua 0 0 0.66335 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 1.3267 4.3478

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0


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30 THE SUN

TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 20.8333

Negative 55.555

Neutral 43.4495

Positive 60.8696

PR

Attacked 75.0001

Negative 44.444

Neutral 54.06283

Positive 39.1303

Attacked 4.1667

Negative 0

Neutral 2.4876

Positive 0

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 3.7037

BN 89.8152

Mahathir Mohamad 6.4815

Muhyiddin Yassin 40.741Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 38.889

Nazri Aziz 0

Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 0

PR 6.48153

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0


Lim Guan Eng 3.7037Lim Kit Siang 0.92593

Nik Aziz 0


Independent 3.70376

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 0.92593

Vox Pop Female 0

0.92593

0

Percentage

(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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31 THE SUN

TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 7.8396

Policy Issues 20.784

Environment 0.866Economy/Development 5.6062

Education 0.72926

Foreign Policy 0.41021

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.0994

Oppressive Legislation 0.77484

Health 0.22789

Religion 1.2306

Ethnicity 10.073

32.58898

Religion 1.9143

Democracy & Human Rights 7.794

Socioeconomic Status 4.7402

Mudslinging 0.91158

Gender 1.1851

Electioneering 5.9708

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living

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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

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