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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: TV2 BERITA MANDARIN
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW TV2 Berita Mandarin Final
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for TV2 BERITA MANDARIN ....................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for TV2 BERITA MANDARIN
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by TV2 Berita Mandarin, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards morecoverage of BN.
PR were attacked (90.48%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage
(73.49%) and negative coverage (75%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (92%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions is skewed
towards BN (70%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the
neutral category was used very much the most often (91%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more negative and positive coverage was given to BN,while PR was most often attacked.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Chua Soi Lek and Najib Razak were used as sources most often.
Independents/Others were used as sources more often (58%) than both BN politicians (39%)and PR politicians (4%).
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Chua Soi Lek and Najib Razak were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (83%) thanIndependent/Other politicians, and Opposition politicians never engaged in attacked politics.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (30.11%), followed by DAP, MCA, PR, then Others.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 TV2 BERITA MANDARIN
BN
DAPMCA
PR
Other
Gerakan
PAS
UMNO
PKR
MIC
SAPP
SUPP
PSM
PBS
PBB
PRS
PRM
SPDP
UPKO
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
30.11
16.6215.93
10.74
8.99
5.06
3.69
3.50
3.00
1.56
0.44
0.19
0.12
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards more coverage of BN.
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
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BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
56.40
34.04
0.56
8.99
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (92%).
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1%2%
92%
5%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN were the most negatively covered (32.14%), followed by MCA (28.57%), then DAP &Gerakan (10.71% each).
DAP were the most attacked (47.62%), followed by PR (28.57%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
MCA
DAP
Gerakan
Other
PRPKR
UMNO
PAS
MIC
PBB
PBS
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (46.99%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byDAP (20.48%) then MCA (10.84%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
MCA
DAP
PR
Other
GerakanPAS
UMNO
PKR
MIC
SAPP
SUPP
PSM
PBS
PBB
PRS
PRM
SPDP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (90.48%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage(73.49%) and negative coverage (75%).
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.3 5%
Neutral 1 : 0.6 92%
Negative 1 : 0.2 2%
Attacked 1 : 9.5 1%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
9.52
75.00
56.54
73.49
90.48
17.86
32.91
25.30
0.00
7.14
10.55
1.20
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(35.21%), followed by Chua Soi Lek then Lim Kit Siang.
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Chua Soi Lek
Lim Kit SiangLim Guan Eng
Liow Tiong Lai
Muhyiddin Yassin
Anwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Ng Yen Yen
Karpal Singh
Khalid Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Hishamuddin Hussein
Ibrahim Ali
Khalid SamadMusa Aman
Nurul Izzah
Teresa Kok
Alfred Jabu
Azmin Ali
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
35.21
16.67
12.717.08
6.46
5.21
4.79
2.92
2.08
1.25
1.25
0.63
0.42
0.42
0.420.42
0.42
0.42
0.21
0.21
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed towards BN (70%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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70.00
29.58
0.42
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Chua Soi Lek was used as a source most often(18.02%), followed by Najib Razak (17.12%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Chua Soi Lek
Najib Razak
Election Commission Spokesperson
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Kit Siang
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Taib Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
18.02
17.12
3.60
2.70
1.80
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.00
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Independent/Other were used as sources more often (58%) than both BN politicians (39%)and PR politicians (4%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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39%
4%
58%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (91%).
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7%
91%
2%1%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Lim Guan Eng, Chua SoiLek and Ng Yen Yen received the most negative coverage (22.22% each).
Anwar Ibrahim was most attacked (66.67%) followed by Lim Guan Eng (33.33%). Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
Ng Yen Yen
Khalid Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Bernard Dompok
Chong Chieng Jen
Dzulkefly Ahmad
Elizabeth Wong
G. Palanivel
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Hishamuddin Hussein
Ibrahim AliJames Masing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (25%) and neutral coverage (36.85%).
Chua Soi Lek and Liow Tiong Lai received the second most positive coverage (both 18.75%),followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (15.63%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakChua Soi Lek
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Liow Tiong Lai
Muhyiddin Yassin
Anwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Ng Yen Yen
Karpal Singh
Khalid Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Hishamuddin Hussein
Ibrahim Ali
Musa Aman
Nurul Izzah
Teresa Kok
Khalid Samad
Alfred Jabu
Azmin AliJeffrey Kitingan
Maximus Ongkili
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more negative and positive coverage was given to BN, while PR was most oftenattacked.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.22 7%
Neutral 1 : 0.43 89%
Negative 1 : 0.5 2%
Attacked 0 : 100 1%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.00
66.67
69.48
84.38
100.00
33.33
30.05
15.63
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.00
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Chua Soi Lek was most often engaged in attack politics (50%), followed by Najib Razak(33.33%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Chua Soi Lek
Najib Razak
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Anwar Ibrahim
Baru Bian
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Nazri Aziz
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
50.00
33.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (83%) thanIndependent/Other politicians, and Opposition politicians never engaged in attacked politics.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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83%
17%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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43%
57%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, the Economy/Development and Domestic Policy, Crime &National Security were given the most coverage, followed by Education and Vision Policiesand Programmes.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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18%
4%
26%
18%
2%
26%
6%0%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byElectioneering.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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46%
4% 11%
11%
3%
3%
23%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 4625
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 291
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 9.4
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
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TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 30.106
DAP 16.615
Gerakan 5.0593
MCA 15.928
MIC 1.5615
PAS 3.6852
PBB 0
PBS 0.062461
PKR 2.9981
PR 10.743
PRS 0PRM 0
PSM 0.12492
SAPP 0.43723
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.18738
UMNO 3.4978
UPKO 0
Other 8.9944
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 30.106
BN 56.402441
Gerakan 5.0593
MCA 15.928
MIC 1.5615
PBB 0
PBS 0.062461
PRS 0
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.18738
UMNO 3.4978
UPKO 0
PR 10.743
PR 34.0413DAP 16.615
PAS 3.6852
PKR 2.9981
PRM 0
Independent 0.56215PSM 0.12492
SAPP 0.43723
Other 8.9944 Other 8.9944
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 9.5238 32.143 29.887 46.988 118.5418
DAP 47.619 10.714 15.612 20.482 94.427
Gerakan 0 10.714 5.2743 3.6145 19.6028
MCA 0 28.571 16.245 10.843 55.659
MIC 0 0 1.3361 6.0241 7.3602
PAS 9.5238 0 3.7271 0 13.2509
PBB 0 0 0 0 0
PBS 0 0 0.070323 0 0.070323
PKR 4.7619 3.5714 3.0239 1.2048 12.562
PR 28.571 3.5714 10.549 3.6145 46.3059
PRS 0 0 0 0 0
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0 0.14065 0 0.14065
SAPP 0 0 0.49226 0 0.49226
SPDP 0 0 0 0 0
SUPP 0 0 0.21097 0 0.21097
UMNO 0 3.5714 3.5162 6.0241 13.1117
UPKO 0 0 0 0 0Other 0 7.1429 9.9156 1.2048 18.2633
Parties &Coalitions
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TABLE 4
BN
A ttacked 9.5238
Negative 74.9994
Neutral 56.539893
Positive 73.4937
PR
A tta cked 90.4757
Negative 17.8568
Neutral 32.912
Positive 25.3013
Attacked 0
Negative 7.1429
Neutral 10.54851
Positive 1.2048
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0
Alfred Jabu 0.20833
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Anwar Ibrahim 4.7917Azmin Ali 0.20833
Baru Bian 0
Bernard Dompok 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 16.667
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0.20833
Hadi Awang 0
Hassan Ali 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.41667
Ibrahim Ali 0.41667
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.20833
Karpal Singh 1.25
Khalid Ibrahim 1.25
Khalid Samad 0.41667
Lim Guan Eng 7.0833
Lim Kit Siang 12.708
Liow Tiong Lai 6.4583
Mahathir Mohamad 2.9167
Maximus Ongkili 0.20833
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 5.2083
Musa Aman 0.41667
Najib Razak 35.208
Ng Yen Yen 2.0833
Nik Aziz 0.625
Nizar Jamaluddin 0
Nurul Izzah 0.41667
Rafizi Ramli 0Rosmah Mansur 0
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0
Teresa Kok 0.41667
Tian Chua 0
Tony Pua 0.20833
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0
Percentage(mention)
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TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 25.2086
BN 69.99993
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.20833
Alfred JabuPBB 0.20833
Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.20833
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 44.16634
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 21.6663
PR 29.583
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 1.04167
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 6.87503
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0
0.41667
Hassan Ali Independent 0
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.41667
Rosmah Mansur 0
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 18.018
BN 38.7386
Mahathir Mohamad 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 2.7027
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 17.117
Nazri Aziz 0
Taib Mahmud 0.9009
Anwar Ibrahim 0
PR 3.6036
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0.9009
Lim Guan Eng 0.9009
Lim Kit Siang 1.8018
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.9009
Independent 57.658
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 18.919
Vox Pop Female 4.5045
29.73
3.6036
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.23474 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0
Anwar Ibrahim 66.667 0 3.9906 3.125
Azmin Ali 0 0 0.23474 0
Baru Bian 0 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 22.222 16.432 18.75
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0 3.125
Hadi Awang 0 0 0 0
Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.46948 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.46948 0
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0.23474 0
Karpal Singh 0 0 1.4085 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0 11.111 1.1737 0
Khalid Samad 0 0 0.23474 3.125
Lim Guan Eng 33.333 22.222 6.8075 6.25
Lim Kit Siang 0 0 14.085 3.125
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 5.6338 18.75
Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 3.2864 0Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0.23474 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 11.111 4.2254 15.625
Musa Aman 0 0 0.46948 0
Najib Razak 0 11.111 36.854 25
Ng Yen Yen 0 22.222 1.6432 3.125
Nik Aziz 0 0 0.70423 0
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0
Nurul Izzah 0 0 0.46948 0
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0 0
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0 0
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.46948 0
Tian Chua 0 0 0 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0.23474 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 0
Negative 66.666
Neutral 69.48324
Positive 84.375
PR
Attacked 100
Negative 33.333
Neutral 30.04745
Positive 15.625
Attacked 0
Negative 0
Neutral 0.46948
Positive 0
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 50
BN 83.333
Mahathir Mohamad 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 33.333
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0
PR 0
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 0
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 16.667
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 16.667
Vox Pop Female 0
0
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 3.1274
Policy Issues 17.543968
Environment 0.6865Economy/Development 4.5004
Education 3.1274
Foreign Policy 0.38139
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 4.5767
Oppressive Legislation 1.0679
Health 0.076278
Religion 0
Ethnicity 10.45
22.88327
Religion 0.83905
Democracy & Human Rights 2.5934
Socioeconomic Status 2.4409
Mudslinging 0.6865
Gender 0.61022
Electioneering 5.2632
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other