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W ater Users Assoc ia t ion s
Per fo rm ance Assessm ent Repor t
Com par ison o f Per fo r m ance Betw een
Kha r i f & Rab i 2008
Med ium I r r i ga t i on Sub -Pro jec t s
A ndh ra Pradesh I r r i ga t i on and L i ve li hoods I m p rovemen t Pro j ec t
Subm i t t ed To
I r r i ga t i on and Com m and A rea Developm en t Depa r tm en t
Govern m ent o f Andh ra PradeshMay 200 9
Prepared By
Rahul Sen, B. Sw apna & G. Mohana
RS DEVELOPMENT SOLUTI ONS & RESEARCH SERVI CES
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LI ST OF CONTENTS
LI ST OF FI GURES
LI ST OF ANNEXURES
Page
CHAPTER 1: I NTRODUCTI ON
1.1 General Introduction 11.2 Objectives 11.3 Scope of the study 1
CHAPTER 2: W UA PERFORMANCE STATUS OF MEDI UM I RRI GATI ON
PROJECTS UNDER API LI P
2.1 APILIP 32.2
The WUA Self Assessment Tool 3
2.3 Self Assessment of the WUAs 4
CHAPTER 3: W UA PERFORMANCE ANALYSI S OF 11 MEDI UM SUB PROJECTS
3.1 Data Analysis 9
3.2 Data Interpretation 13
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LI ST OF FI GURES
Fig.1 Medium irrigation sub projects under APILIP 4
Fig.2 WUA wise performance status of medium sub projects
for khariff 2008 7
Fig.3 WUA wise performance status of medium sub projects
for rabi 2008 8
Fig.4 Comparison of WUA performance assessment for khariff 10
and rabi 2008
LI ST OF ANN EXURE
Annexure 1 APILIP - Andhra Pradesh Irrigation and Livelihood 15
Improvement Project
Annexure 2 The WUASelf AssessmentTool 17
Annexure 3 Rating Format for Assessing WUA Performance 19
Annexure 4 Steps in Generating Microbars 22
Annexure 5 Steps in Generating Bullet Graphs 23
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CHAPTER 1 I NTRODUCTI ON
1 .1 Ge n era l I n t r o d u c t i o n
Participatory Irrigation Management has primary focus on decentralizing irrigation
management through establishment and strengthening local peoples organization viz.
Water Users Association. The I&CAD, GoAP plans to strengthen these WUAs by providing
inputs not only in terms of training, but also building their capacity for water
management. Main aim is to make these institutions self-reliant in terms of
management, resource mobilization and sustenance. In such a self-help promotion
program, regular review provides an opportunity of reflection and learning. Periodic
reflection is helpful to ascertain the progress towards the goal. The phase II of reforms
in Andhra Pradesh has thrust on using monitoring as a tool for empowerment. Thus, it
was decided to introduce a self- rating system for the WUA.
The performance of a WUA can be evaluated through WUA Self Assessment exercise.
The underline principle of a WUA Self Assessment is to help WUA understand their roles
and responsibilities and assess the functioning status of WUA, create awareness among
WUA members, plan remedial measures and motivate them towards the path of
sustainability. Thus it can become a building block for the entire Monitoring and Learning
systems.
1 .2 Object i ves
The objectives of the study are:
To understand the change in performance from Khariff 2008 to Rabi 2008
To identify the WUAs where the performance has reduced from previous season
To identify the indicators where the performance of WUAs has declined.
To identify the major contributing factors where there is no improvement.
1 .3 Scope o f the s tu dy
The study enables to provide information regarding the present performance of WUA
and compares it with their previous performance.
It can be effectively used for monitoring the management of WUAs / project
Assists in improving farmers participation in irrigation management
Facilitate the use of GIS and graphic software for data analysis
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It is a very useful tool, right from the section officer to Chief Engineer level, to
understand the critical issues involved and thereby facilitate technology and
management practices for improving water use efficiency and productivity
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CHAPTER 2: W UA PERFORMANCE STATUS OF MEDI UM I RRI GATI ON
PROJECTS UNDER API LI P
2 .1 API L IP - An d h ra Pra d e sh I r r i g a t i o n a n d L ive l i h oo d I m p ro ve me n t Pro j e c t
I&CAD Department, GoAP is implementing the Andhra Pradesh Irrigation and Livelihoods
Improvement Project with support from JICA, Japan. The aim of the project is to
improve agricultural productivity, stabilize irrigation potential, enhance efficiency of
water use and alleviate poverty with diversified livelihood programs. The project
comprises of the following primary components (Annexure 1):
1. Civil Works - Construction of 59 new minor irrigation tanks to create new irrigation
potential of 30, 521 ha and rehabilitation of 11 medium irrigation projects to stabilize
command of 69, 890 ha
2. WUA Strengthening - Identify and involve the beneficiaries/WUAs during the planning
and design stage of the relevant sub-projects and build their capacities in the 59 minor
irrigation and 11 medium irrigation projects
3. Sector Reforms - strengthening and capacity building of WUAs in major and medium
irrigation projects in the state and establishment of Field Training centres in major and
medium irrigation circles
2.2 The WUA Sel f Assessm ent Tool
To assess the performance of the WUA I&CAD Department has developed a WUA Self
Assessment Tool. The WUA Self Assessment Tool is designed to monitor the status of
the WUAs on four main parameters covering 15 indictors, which are as follows
(Annexure 2):
1. Participation & Dialogue
i. No of Management Committee meetings held annually
ii. General body meetings and % of farmers participation
iii. Transparency - Information to all Members (Wall paintings, Social Audit etc,)
2. Performance
iv. Water Use Efficiency (Acres per MCFT)
v. Tax collection (self sufficiency, O&M MR)
vi. Area under Second crop
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vii. Additional resources mobilization (higher tax rates, other means)
3. Self Managementviii. Tail end issues & adequacy of water received by the tail ends
ix. Updation of records
x. Water release schedule
xi. Warabandi implementation
xii. Joint Azmoish (estimation of tax collection)
xiii. Conflict resolution
xiv. O&M works
4. Innovations & Technology adoptionxv. Innovations in water management, water sharing, Conjunctive use, Water
Audit, Collective action, Cropping practices (SRI, ID, Horticulture) etc.,
2 .3 Se l f Assessm ent o f the WUAs
A WUA Self Assessment study has been carried to monitor the performance of 96 WUAs
of 11 medium irrigation projects under APILIP (see Map below).
Fig. 1
The methodology for conducting WUA performance analysis comprises of data collection,
data entry, data consolidation and data analysis.
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1. Data Collection - WUA self-assessment exercise is proposed to be conducted twice a
year before the Kharif and Rabi seasons. The present exercise was done for Kharif and
Rabi seasons for the year 2008. The Project Support Organization (SO) staff facilitated
the exercise with the WUA Managing Committee by using the WUA Self Assessment
Posters. WUA Managing Committee knew the status of each parameter and indicators
and the SO staff collected the data in the prescribed format. The rating of WUA was
done based on the indicator measurement criteria as per the predefined weightage for
an indicator and the marks are allotted for that indicator in the tool. Based on the
indicator description, the WUAs were assessed and the corresponding marks were
allotted. The assessment poster was then sent to the project PMU for evaluation. The
rating format for assessing WUA performance is given in Annexure 3.
2. Data Entry - The assessment data of the WUAs was then entered in a Spreadsheet
with details of each WUA covered in a single worksheet. Thus a single Spreadsheet file
covered the details of all WUAs of a single project. The similar process was carried out
for all the 11 medium irrigation projects.
3. Data Consolidation - The data was then compiled and consolidated so that the
information of all the 15 indicators for 96 WUAs was tabulated into a single
Spreadsheet. Further the 15 indicators were reorganized into 3 parameters namely
Water Management, Sustainability and Administration thus each parameter consisting of
5 indicators. This was done to group those indicators that are interrelated and also to
understand whether the WUA performance in an indicator had an impact on the
performance of related indicators in a particular group.
The Water management parameter deals with water use efficiency, tail end issues, water
release schedule, warabandi implementation and innovations in water management.
Thus the water management plays a pivotal role in understanding water sensitive issues.
Sustainability handles O&M works, area under second crop, tax collection, additional
resource mobilization and joint azmoish. Finally administration covers general body
meetings, management committee meetings, maintenance of records, resolving conflicts
and transparency.
4. Data Analysis Each indicator has been assessed and evaluated based on 4
categories Poor, Average, Good and Excellent. The total weightage marks allotted for
each indicator was not equivalent. For example the total marks defined for O&M works
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indicator was 5, tax collection was 10 and water use efficiency was 15, which did not
have a standard base to carry out the comparative analysis. Hence the percentage of
marks scored by an indicator to that of the total marks of that indicator was calculated
to ensure uniformity.
Since the percentage values for each category varied from indicator to indicator
therefore the ranges for each category was redefined to have a common platform. The
ranges for the above-mentioned categories are as follows:
Poor (C) 0 30%
Average (B) - 31 50 %
Good (A) - 51 80 %
Excellent (A+) - 81 100%
Graphics software was used to prepare an analytical chart of all the indictors as
comparative bar graphs (Annexure 4).
The status of performance of all WUAs of the 11 medium irrigation projects under APILIP
for Khariff 2008 and Rabi 2008 is shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively.
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Fig . 2 : WUA w ise per fo rm ance s ta tus o f m ed ium i r r i ga t ion p ro j ec ts fo r
Kh a r i f f 2 0 0 8
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Fig . 3 : WUA w ise per fo rm ance s ta tus o f m ed ium i r r i ga t ion p ro j ec ts fo r
Rab i 20 08
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9
CHAPTER 3: W UA PERFORMANCE ANALYSI S OF 11 MEDI UM SUB PROJECTS
3 .1 Da ta Ana lys is
The WUA wise self-assessment data collected for two seasons (Khariff and Rabi 2008) is
consolidated into a single table to compare and evaluate the performance of each WUA
for every indicator thereby concluding whether the WUA has achieved its target or not
and also identify the indicators where the performance of WUA has dwindled.
The analysis has been carried out for 95 WUAs as the data could not be collected for
Gonaboinapally WUA in Dindi project since the WUA was reluctant to participate and
hence the self-assessment exercise could not be conducted.
It will be useful to compare the performance of WUA and to perceive how WUAs are
performing against the previous season. Thus to represent this change in performance in
a highly sophisticated graphical form, a bullet graph is used (Annexure 5).
The analysis is done on the basis of percentage marks calculated as explained in the
previous chapter. Based on the percentage of increase / decrease, five categories has
been classified which is shown below.
Category Condition Color
E B < A
D B = A, if A < TargetC B = A, if A = Target
B B >A (< 60%)
A B >A (>= 60%)
Where A Past Data (Khariff 2008)
B - Present Data (Rabi 2008)
Target Total marks of the indicator
If the performance of WUAs in Rabi 2008 has improved greater than or equal to
60% of the performance in Khariff 2008 then it means that the WUAs are performing
efficiently and thus it has been categorized as A. Similarly if the performance has
declined in comparison to the previous season then it has been categorized as E.
The Comparison of WUA performance assessment for Khariff and Rabi 2008 in shown in
Fig.4.
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Fig . 4 : Com par i son o f WUA per fo rm ance assessment f o r k har i f f
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3 .2 Da ta I n te rp re ta t i o n
Gajuladinne is the best performing project among the 11 medium irrigation projects. Its
performance is good in Water Management and Administration where most WUAs have
shown improvement. As few WUAs have maintained their previous performance but not
achieved the target there still is a scope for improvement in Water Management. In
Sustainability parameter, WUAs have performed well in joint azmoish, area under
second crop and tax collection. In O&M and additional resource mobilization a number of
WUAs have maintained their performance but not achieved the target. Also four WUAs
in O&M and 1 WUA in additional resource mobilization show diminished performance
indicating that there is much scope for improvement in this parameter for the project.
The data for second season i.e Rabi 2008 is not available for Pedakanaparthy WUA in
Swarnamukhi project. For this WUA, the performance bar is not shown and only thereference bar is noticeable indicating the performance in the previous season. As the
comparative difference between the two performances can not be computed all the
indicators by default are falling in category E.
Indicator wise the total number of WUAs under each category has been computed and
is shown in the table below.
Category Wate r Managemen t Sus ta inab i l i t y Admin i s t r a t i on
W UE TE
I WM WR WI
O&M
ASC Tax JA
ARM Rec MC GB T CR
A 0 14 5 1 1 2 3 2 5 0 27 15 15 4 11
B 34 28 0 32 25 31 28 22 39 13 33 64 46 55 24
C 0 0 57 17 12 2 0 0 0 0 15 5 1 0 13
D 46 47 19 24 43 41 51 49 37 66 17 5 32 31 28
E 15 6 14 21 14 19 13 22 14 16 3 6 1 5 19
There is no major concern if the indicators are graded in C, B and A categories. While
the WUAs graded in C category are those which had achieved the target performance
during kharif 2008 and have maintained their performance also during Rabi 2008, the
number of WUAs achieving this category is comparatively very less. On the other hand,
the WUAs achieving B and A category are those which show improvement in
performance during Rabi 2008 over that of performance during kharif 2008. However,
these WUAs still have to achieve the target performance and hence need to continue
improving their performance. These categories constitute nearly 50% of the WUAs.
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One needs to concentrate on those WUAs where the performance is poor i.e. category E
and also on those where the WUAs have maintained their performance though they do
not achieve the target i.e. category D. Thus, the key concern is the WUAs in Sathnala
project where all the indicators except Managing Committee meetings are either in
category E or D. This shows that the WUAs in this project are not enhancing their
performance and reach the required target.
While a large number of WUAs have improved their performance in all the three
categories, it is only in Administration that many WUAs have improved by greater than
or equal to 60%. On the other hand, about 40% of WUAs have maintained their
previous performance and still need to improve to achieve the target. Lastly, there are
about 10% WUAs that show decline in their performance. These WUAs are of most
concern and need special care so that they can improve back their performance.
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An n e xu re 1
API L IP - An d h ra Pra d e sh I r r i g a t i o n a n d L i vel i h o od I m p ro ve me n t Pro j e c t
The project aim is to improve the agricultural productivity, stabilization of irrigation
potential, enhance the efficiency of water use and alleviate poverty with diversified
livelihood programs.
Componen ts
The project comprises four components:
Civ i l Wor ks
This component consists of construction of 59 new minor irrigation tanks to create new
irrigation potential of 30, 521 ha and rehabilitation of 11 medium irrigation projects tostabilize command of 69, 890 ha.
WUA Com ponen t
This component refers to sub-projects taken up under the APILIP. The project aims to
identify and involve the beneficiaries/WUAs during the planning and design stage of the
relevant sub-projects and build their capacities
Secto r Re fo rm s
This component covers all medium and minor irrigation sub-projects engineering staff
with the following activities capacity building of I & CAD staff at various levels
Development of Data base - Preparation of River Basin wise Water Atlas of Andhra
Pradesh, Water Quality database, including drinking water
Tank memoirs of tanks (
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projects, 462 WUAs are in the medium irrigation projects balance 8432 WUAs are in the
minor irrigation projects. As part of sector reforms under APILIP (which is supported by
JICA) is 2648 WUAs, 323 Distributary Committees and 21 project Committees of major
and medium irrigation projects are proposed to be strengthened by organizing training
and capacity building activities. It is necessary to build the capacities of the Farmers
Organisations. A separate budget has been allotted under sector reforms in APILIP for
training and capacity building activities of the Farmers Organisations (FOs).
To assess the performance of the FO, WUA Self Assessment tool has been developed by
I&CAD. Using this tool WUA self-assessment exercise had been taken up on pilot basis in
96 WUAs of 11 medium irrigation sub projects under APILIP. The process report is
furnished below. The same exercise will be take-up in all the WUAs of major and
medium irrigation projects in the state.
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An n e xu re 2
The WUA Sel f Assessm ent Tool
To assess the performance of the WUA I & CAD Department has developed a WUA Self
Assessment Tool. Using the tool, APILIP carried out WUA self-assessment exercise in 96WUAs of the 11 medium irrigation sub projects under it. The WUA self-assessment tool
is designed to monitor the status of the WUAs on four main parameters covering 15
indictors, which are as follows:
1 . Par t i c ipa t ion & D ia logue - The Participation & Dialogue parameter facilitates the
WUAs in explaining them the need for conducting the Management Committee
meetings, General body meetings and farmers participation in irrigation management.
The total marks defined under this parameter are 15 equally distributed for all
indicators. The list of indicators is as follows
1. No of Management Committee meetings held annually
2. General body meetings and % of farmers participation
3. Transparency - Information to all Members (Wall paintings, Social Audit etc,)
2 . Per fo rmance - The performance is one of the major contributing parameter. The
total marks defined under this parameter are 35. This gives a good understanding in
water use efficiency, percentage of tax collection, crop wise tax charges, payment
process, extra revenue generation and the management of plough back funds in O&M
works. The weightage for indicator is not same unlike Participation & Dialogue.
Since area irrigated per unit of water is a critical factor, thus water use efficiency
indicator plays a vital role and has a highest weigtage of 15. Similarly the amount of tax
collected is another significant factor and it is prioritized as second highest with a
weightage of 10. The other two indicators have equal weightage of 5 marks. The list of
indicators is as follows
4. Water Use Efficiency (Acres per MCFT)
5. Tax collection (self sufficiency, O&M MR)
6. Area under Second crop
7. Additional resources mobilization (higher tax rates, other means)
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3. Se l f Managem ent - The self management assists in identifying the tail end area, the
strategies to reduce tail end issues, adoption of warabandi method to provide water to
tail end farmers, participation in Joint Azmoish, plough back amount received by WUA,
identification and implementation of O&M works, mechanism to resolve the conflicts,
maintenance of WUA records, preparation and implementation of water release
schedule.
The distribution of water throughout the system plays a pivotal role i.e the percentage of
identified tailend areas that receive water is a major concern and hence it gets the
weightage of 10 and other indicators have equal weightage of 5 marks. The indicators
list is as follows
8. Tail end issues & adequacy of water received by the tail ends
9. Updation of records
10.Water release schedule
11.Warabandi implementation
12.Joint Azmoish (estimation of tax collection)
13.Conflict resolution
14.O&M works
4 . In nova t ions & Techno logy adop t ion - This parameter provides a unique method in
understanding the novel activities initiated by WUA. It initiates discussion on various
ways and means of solving the WUA problems. The indicator has a weightage of 10
marks.
15.Innovations in water management, water sharing, Conjunctive use, Water
Audit, Collective action, cropping practices (SRI, ID, Horticulture) etc.
The advantages of the WUA Self Assessment tools are as follows:
It helps group members to keep a track of their own progress
It works as a facilitative tool for the group members
Members themselves can plan corrective actions
It can be integrated with regular meetings of WUA
It can be a building block for the entire M& L system
It increases awareness among all the members
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An n e xu re 3
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An n e xu re 4
Steps in Genera t ing Microbars
1. The dataset is the percentage values for 15 indicators for all the 96 WUAs and a
sample data is shown for a single project in table below.
Percentage values for 15 indicators for Swarna Project
Wate r Managemen t Susta inab i l i t y Admin i s t r a t i onWUAName WR WI WUE TE IWM O&M ASC Tax JA ARM CR Rec MC GB T
Aloor 100 100 100 80 20 100 60 20 20 20 100 40 60 60 60
Kowthala B 100 100 73 20 20 100 40 50 20 20 100 40 60 40 20
Sarangapur 100 60 53 50 20 100 40 50 40 20 60 40 60 100 100
Vengvapet 100 40 53 20 20 20 60 80 40 20 100 60 60 20 40
Chincholi 100 20 33 20 20 100 40 50 40 20 100 40 60 40 40
The description for the indicators is as follows:
WR Water release schedule JA Joint Azmoish
WI Warabandi implementation Tax Tax collection
O&M Operations & Maintenance works ARM Additional resources mobilization
WUE Water Use Efficiency IWM Innovations in water management
TE Tail end issues Rec Updation of records
ASC Area under Second crop GB General body meetings
CR Conflict resolution MC Management Committee meetings
T Transparency
2. Microbars are created based on the percentage values. The size of the bar varies
with the percentage value.
3. Further to improve the data visualization, microbars are colored using conditional
formatting.
4. Microbars are colored based on 4 categories Poor, Good, Average and Excellent
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An n e xu re 5
Steps in Generat ing Bul le t Graphs
The bullet graph features a single, primary measure (for example, current year-to-date
revenue), compares that measure to one or more other measures to enrich its meaning(for example, compared to a target), and displays it in the context of qualitative ranges
of performance, such as poor, average, good and excellent. The qualitative ranges are
displayed as varying intensities of a single hue to make them discernible and to restrict
the use of colors on the dashboard to a minimum. A sample bullet graph is shown below.
Reference Value for com arative measurePerform ance bar
Background colours indicate the qualitative ranges of performance, suchas poor, average, good and excellent
The steps for generating Bullet Graphs are as follows:
1. The dataset is the time series data of percentage values for 15 indicators for 5
WUAs and a sample data for technical category showing 6 indicators are shown
in table below.
Percentage values of 6 indicators for two seasons
WUA WR_A WR_B ASC_A ASC_B O&M_A O&M_B WI_A WI_B WUE_A WUE_B TE_A TE_B
Aloor 100% 100% 60% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 73% 80% 100%
Vengvapet 100% 100% 60% 100% 20% 100% 40% 100% 53% 73% 20% 80%
Kowthala B 100% 100% 40% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 73% 73% 20% 50%
Sarangapur 100% 100% 40% 100% 100% 60% 60% 60% 53% 73% 50% 80%
Chincholi 100% 100% 40% 100% 100% 60% 20% 60% 33% 73% 20% 80%
Note: A Past Data (Khariff 2008), B - Present Data (Rabi 2008)
2. Bullet graphs are created based on the percentage values. The size of the
performance bar varies with the percentage value.
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3. Calculate percentage of increase /decrease for all indicators based on data in the
table.
4. For E.g. ASC_A 60%, ASC_B 100%
5. Hence the percentage increase is 40%
6. Based on the percentage of increase / decrease, five categories has been
classified which is shown below.
Category Condition Color
E B < A
D B = A , if A < Target
C B = A , if A = Target
B B >A (< 60%)
A B >A (>= 60%)
Where A Past Data (Khariff 2008)
B - Present Data (Rabi 2008)
Target Total marks of the indicator
7. Fill the background color of bullet graphs using conditional formatting.