Source contributions to ambient levels of NO 2 & PM in Spain (main focus BCN):Sources and strategies to take into account for the i mprovement of air quality

X. Querol, A. Alastuey, T. Moreno, M. Viana, J. Pey , M. Pandolfi, M.C. Minguillón, N. Pérez, F. Amato, M. Cusack, C. Reche, N. Moreno, J. Targa*

Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Re search, IDAEA, CSICSpanish Research Council, Barcelona, Spain

xavier.querol@idaea.csic.es* 4sfera Innova, Girona, Spain

Barcelona, June 17 2010

Air Quality: NOAir Quality: NO 22 & PM in Spain& PM in SpainThe problem and the main sources of NOThe problem and the main sources of NO 2 2

The problem and the main sources of PMThe problem and the main sources of PMMain strategies to reduce ambient NOMain strategies to reduce ambient NO 22 & PM & PM ConclusionsConclusions

OUTLINEOUTLINE

EVALUATION OF AIR QUALITY (PM & NO 2) IN THEMETROPOLITAN AREA OF BARCELONA

AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT GUIDELINES FOR SPAIN

Critical parameters (exceedances)

293 °K , 101,3 kPa

Directive 2008/50/CE except PM and metals, Evriron. Cond.

Hourly 350 µg/m 3 SO2 24 times per yearDaily 125 µg/m 3 SO2 3 times per yearAnnual prot. ecos. 20 µg/m 3 SO2 not exceeding annual and mean 1 Oct-31 MarHourly 200 µg/m 3 NO2 18 times per yearAnnual 40 µg/m 3 NO2 not exceedingAnnual prot. vegetation 30 µg/m 3 NOx (reported as NO 2) not exceedingAnnual 30 (5) µg/m 3 Benzene not exceedingMean 8-h max. in a day 10 mg/m 3 CO not exceedingAnnual 500 ng/m 3 Pb not exceedingAnnual 40 µg/m 3 PM10 not exceedingDaily 50 µg/m 3 PM10 n<35 per yearAnual (25 y 20 (18) µg/m 3 PM2.5) not exceeding2010-2020 (reducing 20% PM 2.5 triennial for mean of urban background)

ENVIRONMENTAL STRANDARDS FOR AIR QUALITY: EC

2004/107/CE

Annual 6 ng/m 3 As not exceedingAnnual 20 ng/m 3 Ni not exceedingAnnual 5 ng/m 3 Cd not exceedingAnnual 1 ng/m 3 Benzo[ αααα]pirene not exceeding

NO2 LEVELS SPAIN 2006-2008

0

40

80

120

NO

2 (µ

g/m

3 )

281 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2006), 23% superan el VLA

Rurales y regionalespróximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanas

Estaciones de tráficosub-urbanas y urbanas

4%15%

51%

Rurales y urbanas, 2006

Remotas

Urbanas de fondo

0

40

80

120

NO

2 (µ

g/m

3 )

286 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2007), 22% superan el VLA

Rurales y regionalespróximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanas y urbanas de fondo

Estaciones de tráficorurales, sub-urbanas y urbanas

3% 12%

51%

Rurales y urbanas, 2007

Remotas

0

40

80

120

NO

2 (µ

g/m

3 )

299 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2008), 16% superan el VLA

Rurales y regionalespróximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanas

Estaciones de tráficorurales, sub-urbanas y urbanas

6% 8%

41%

Rurales y urbanas, 2008

Remotas

Urbanas de fondo

0.0

40.0

80.0

120.0

NO

2 (µ

g/m

3 )

191 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2006), 4% superan el VLA

Rurales y regionalespróximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanasUrbanas

6%8%

Industriales, 2006

0

40

80

120

NO

2 (µ

g/m

3 )

197 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2007), 4% superan el VLA

Rurales y regionalespróximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanasUrbanas

5%10%

Industriales, 2007

0

40

80

120

NO

2 (µ

g/m

3 )

197 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2008), 2% superan el VLA

Rurales y regionalespróximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanasUrbanas

3%3%

Industriales, 2008

NO2 MAY-JUNE 2008 (120 PASSIVE DOSIMETRES)

Levels

FabraFabra -- BarcelonetaBarceloneta

NONO22 MAYMAY--JUNE 2008JUNE 2008

G.

http://w3.bcn.es/fitxers/mobilitat/dadesbasiques200 6.222.pdf

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Barce

lona

200

6M

ilán 2

002

Valencia

200

6M

adrid

200

5M

unich

2005

Copenh

ague

2005

Viena

2004

Londr

es 2

001

Roma

2002

Berlín

2006

Bolonia

2005

Estoco

lmo

2006

Frank

furt

2005

Praga

200

4

Budapes

t 200

5

Helsink

i 200

4

Ámste

rdam

2006

Oslo 2

005

Turismos/Km 2 (x1000) 6.1

2.6 2.3

1.4

1.0 0.4

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Lond

res

2001

Roma

2002

Madr

id 2

005

Berlín

200

6M

ilán

2002

Munic

h 200

5Vien

a 200

4

Barcelo

na 2

006

Budap

est 2

005

Praga

2004

Valencia

2006

Frank

furt

2005

Estoco

lmo

2006

Ámste

rdam

2006

Bolonia

2005

Helsink

i 200

4Oslo

200

5

Copen

hagu

e 20

05

Turismos (x1000)

617

2379

139

1398

359

797

1226

Very high density of vehicles (#/km 2)

WHY SO HIGH NOWHY SO HIGH NO22??

NO & NO2 TRENDS 1990-2009

Essen-Ost: Courtesy: Prof. Dr. P. Bruckmann

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

µg/m

3

NO NO2 % diessel fleet Prov. BCN

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

%

%NO2/NOxNOx

Martorell

I

Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Therm odynamics

9S. Hausberger: Brussels, 14. April 2010

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

EU 0 EU 1 EU 2 EU 3 EU 4 EU 5

NO

x [g

/km

]

NONO2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

EU 0 EU 1 EU 2 EU 3 EU 4 EU 5

NO

x [g

/km

]

NONO2

Measurements: type approval vs. real world for PCDiesel NEDC Diesel CADC (hot start)

Courtesy: Prof. Dr. S. Hausberger

0

0 .05

0 .1

0 .15

0 .2

0 .25

1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 5 2 0 2 0

Y e a r

Pas

seng

er c

ars

NO

2 [g

/km

]

0

0 .5

1

1 .5

2

2 .5

HD

V N

O2

[g/k

m]

P a s s e n g e r c a r s g a s o lin e

P a s s e n g e r c a r s d ie s e l

H D V

NO2 Total effect of NO x and NO2 fleet emission reduction may not be sufficient to reach

NO2 air quality targets near roads with high traffic volumes until 2015:

NO2 fleet emission factors in urban traffic (share in m ileage for AUT)

NON TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES

ARE URGENTLY NEEDED

(2015!!!!!!)

EU 6

PM10 IN SPAIN 2006-2008

0

20

40

60

80

PM

10 (

µg/m

3 )

268 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2006), 25% superan VLA

Remotas

Rurales regionalesy próximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanas de fondo

Sub-urbanas de tráficoUrbanas de tráfico

Urbanas de fondo9%

35%

42%

Rurales y urbanas, 2006

4%

27%

0

20

40

60

80

PM

10 (

µg/m

3 )

294 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2007), 20% superan VLA

Remotas

Rurales regionalesy próximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanas de fondo

Sub-urbanas de tráfico

Urbanas de tráficoUrbanas de fondo16%

29%

26%

Rurales y urbanas, 2007

30%

0

20

40

60

80

PM

10 (

µg/m

3 )

293 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2008), 11% superan VLA

Remotas

Rurales regionalesy próximas a ciudades

Sub-urbanas de fondo

Sub-urbanas de tráfico

Urbanas de tráficoUrbanas de fondo

10%

21%

15%

Rurales y urbanas, 2008

11%

0

20

40

60

80

PM

10 (

µg/m

3 )

177 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2006), 24% superan el VLA

Regionales-industrialesy próximas a ciudades-industriales

Sub-urbanas industrialesUrbanas Industriales

5% 6%

29%

40%

Industriales, 2006

0

20

40

60

80

PM

10 (

µg/m

3 )

175 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2007), 19% superan el VLA

Regionales-industrialesy próximas a ciudades-industriales

Sub-urbanas industrialesUrbanas Industriales

2%

21% 43%

Industriales, 2007

0

20

40

60

80

PM

10 (

µg/m

3 )

188 estaciones de vigilancia y control calidad del aire (España 2008), 10% superan el VLA

Regionales-industrialesy próximas a ciudades-industriales

Sub-urbanas industrialesUrbanas Industriales

13%

13% 10%

Industriales, 2008

SPECIFIC INDUSTRIAL AREAS WITH PM EXCEEDANCES

www.ecologistasextremadura.org

PM: A COMMON ORIGIN OF PROBLEMS FOR EU?

Madrid / Barcelona

Direct from localtraffic from thisstreet (T)

60

5045

Fondo urbano (FU)

40

PM

10 (µ

g/m

3 )

Fondo regional (FR)

15

Fondo continental (FC)8

Madrid / Barcelona

60

5045

Urban background

40

PM

10 (µ

g/m

3 )

Regional background (RB)

15

Continental background (CB)8

PM

10(µ

g/m

3 )

45

40

3530

10

Amsterdam

Direct from localtraffic from thisstreet (T)

Urban background

Regional background (RB)

Continental background (CB)

OM+EC (µg/m 3) PM10Maximal dispersion, Trade winds

No local C sources

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Seasonal trend

<33-55-77-1010-1515-18

10-12 traffic and some industrial5-10 urban background3- 4 in rural, regional back.

1414

Claudia Mohr et al., 2010, EGU

16%

BBOA

16%

HOA68%

OOA

Montserrat

Barcelona

7%

BBOA

64%

HOA

29%

OOA

OOA levels closeOrigin???

Mineral matter (µg/m 3) PM10

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Seasonal trend

African contribution

Low re-suspension

Influence from Traffic

Influence from Traffic

<33-55-77-1010-1515-18>18

unnacounted

metals

OC+EC

marine

mineral

NH4+

NO3-

nmSO42-

µg/m

3

PM10/PM2.5

Las Palmas48/18 µg/m3

Barcelona47/28 µg/m3

Llodio33/24 µg/m3

Bemantes19/14 µg/m3

Alcobendas29/17 µg/m3

Huelva36/19 µg/m3

Wien (4)53/38 µg/m3

Illmitz (4)24/20 µg/m3

Berlin (5)40/26 µg/m3

Berlin (5)29/22 µg/m3

Helsinki (1)25/12 µg/m3

Helsinki (1)14/8 µg/m3

Basel (9)28/- µg/m3

Kerbside station

Urban background

Rural background

Sweden (3)10 µg/m3

Krakow (2)100 µg/m3

22/1425/20 30/20UK (7)

25/16

UK (7) 35/24

Gent (8) 24/19

Milano (10)--/47

1. Pakkanen et al., (2001)2. Marelli et al., 2006; Putaud et al., 20063. EC, 20044. EC, 20045. Abraham et al., 20016. Visser et al., 20017. EC, 20048. Viana et al., 2006a9. Röösli et al., 200110. Rodriguez et al., 200711. Perrino and Allegrini, 200612. Querol et al., 2004

The Netherlands(6)

Spain (12)

Roma (11)

28/-

37/-

48/-

Urban dust a major problemin S. Europe

NO3- (µg/m 3) PM10

Thermal instability of NH4NO3along the year

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Seasonal trend

<11-22-33-44-5>5

NH4NO3 Major specie (excluding Canary Isl.)

NaNO3

Ca(NO3)2

EMEP

Preliminary resultsBarri Gòtic and traffic sites

8 and 4 µg/m3 NH3

Fuel oil, 1.5, 3%Marino, 3.5, 8%

Industrial, 1.0, 2% Intrusión

Sahariana, 1.5, 3% Motores, 9.0,

20%

Sulfatos, 7.9, 18%

Nitratos , 4.9, 11%

Road dust, 6.7, 15%

Mineral, 8.8, 20%

PM10

Mineral, 2.9, 10%

Road dust, 2.2, 8%

Nitratos , 4.3, 15%

Sulfatos, 7.8, 27%

Motores, 8.0, 27%

Intrusión Sahariana, 0.9,

3%

Industrial, 0.9, 3%

Marino, 0.9, 3%

Fuel oil, 1.3, 4%

PM2.5

Fuel oil, 0.9, 5%

Marino, 0.1, 1%

Industrial, 0.5, 3% Intrusión

Sahariana, 0.3, 2%

Motores, 6.3, 35%

Sulfatos, 6.1, 34%

Nitratos , 3.0, 17%

Road dust, 0.3, 2%Mineral, 0.2, 1%

PM1

Traffic: 43%

Traffic: 46% Traffic: 50%

Max.Shipping: 3%

Max.Shipping: 5%

Max.Shipping: 4%

Demolition-resuspension (reg.): 10% Demolition-resuspension (reg.): 1%

Dem.-res. (reg.): 20%

Fuente: Tesis doctoralF. Amato CSIC-IJA

AIR QUALITY: THE PROBLEM OF DUST RE-SUSPENSION

Amato et al., 2009. Atmos. Environ.

Glories

Diagonal Av.

Meridiana Av.

0102030405060

0 15 3045

60

75

90

105

120

135

150

165

180195210225

240

255

270

285

300

315

330345

Vale

ncia

Av.

ROAD SWEEPING AND WASHING: 3 experiments2 in Barcelona, 1 in Madrid

F. Amato PhD, 2010

Abatement of other emissions (e.g. exhaust, demolition/construction) and washing streets in

large areas will abate deposition

ROAD SWEEPING AND WASHING: 3 experiments

Duration of cleaning effect

Time

DUST LOAD <10µm

(mg m -2)

* Amato et al., (2009) ATM ENV** Amato et al., (2010) STOTEN ***Bukowiecki et al. (2010) ATM ENV

EMISSION RATEmixed fleet

(mg veh -1 km -1)

Barcelona

Zürich

82**

27***

8.9*

0.7

)(d

dDLDLfDep

t−=

Deposition = Emission

Deposition > Emission

Dus

t loa

d m

g/m

2

Rai

nfal

l ~1

L/m

2

Rai

nfal

l > 3

L/m

2 Roa

d cl

eani

ng

Time of recovery

Abating deposition

Time of recoveryDeposition abated

F. Amato PhD, 2010

BARCELONA, PM10, PM2.5 & PM1 TRENDS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PM

10 (µ

g/m

3 )

Total without NAF

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PM

2.5

(µg/

m3 )

1.060.000

1.080.000

1.100.000

1.120.000

1.140.000

1.160.000

1.180.000

1.200.000

1.220.000

1.240.000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Mea

n tra

ffic

flow

in th

e ac

ces

road

s to

Bar

celo

na

(mea

n fo

r wor

king

day

s)

200000

220000

240000

260000

280000

300000

320000

340000

360000

380000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Tra

ffic:

Bar

celo

na a

irpor

t

10.000

10.500

11.000

11.500

12.000

12.500

13.000

13.500

14.000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Tar

ffic:

Bar

celo

na h

arbo

urs

-8% 2007-2009

-17% 2007-2009

-21% 2007-2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PM

1 (µ

g/m

3 )

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

% D

iese

l and

N o

f veh

icle

flee

t*

Vehicle fleet/25000 % Diesel

Ajuntament de Barcelona

AENA

Port de Barcelona

840.000

860.000

880.000

900.000

920.000

940.000

960.000

980.000

1.000.000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

N v

ehic

les/

year

Ajuntament de Barcelona

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

Sb

Data

Sen's estimate

99 % conf. min

99 % conf. max

95 % conf. min

95 % conf. max

Residual

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

Cd

Data

Sen's estimate

99 % conf. min

99 % conf. max

95 % conf. min

95 % conf. max

Residual

PM10 Industrial emissions

0

5

10

15

20

25

µg m

-3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PM10 Fuel oil + ammonium sulphate

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

µg m

-3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PM10 Ammonium nitrate

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

µg m

-3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PM10 Mineral matter

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

µg m

-3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PM10Primary road traffic

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

µg m

-3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

PM10 Aged marine aerosols

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

µg m

-3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

BARCELONA, PM10, source apportionmentvtrends

CONCLUSIONS• Limit and target values of NO2, PM10 & PM2.5 are exceeded , specially in areas with high

road traffic loads. A few specific industrial hotspots register also exceedances.• The climate and urban architecture of Spanish cities favor accumulation of pollutants and

consequently special measures are needed.

NO2• Drastic measures are needed to solve the problem. High traffic density, very high

dieselization (a high proportion are new!!), high NO2 emissions of new diesel cars are causing this problem.

• Non technological road traffic measures (reducing t he number of cars in the city centre) are required for NO2.

PM10• Mineral matter (road and construction dust), carbonaceous PM (exhaust) and nitrate

(exhaust reacting with ammonia) are the target components to abate.• Drastic and non technological traffic measures are also required for PM.• In addition to Euro standards and SCRT in buses (TMB), control of construction

emissions (works and transport of powdered material), urban ammonia , and road dust cleaning over large areas, are the most needed PM abatement measures.

• There are still uncertainties on the origin of secondary organic aerosol (a large fraction of the carbonaceous material).

Thank you very much for your attention !xavier.querol@idaea.csic.es