The 2nd International Network for Government Science Advice (INGSA) Conference

30 September 2016

Yasushi Sato Japan Science and Technology Agency

Growing attention to scientific advice in post-Fukushima Japan coincided with expanding international exchange on this topic.

OECD

International

Scientific Unions National

Academies

ESOF

International Organizations

International Societies /Academies

Network of Funding Agencies

UN and related bodies

UNESCO

WHO WMO FAO ITU

WIPO UNEP IAEA

High Level Groups Carnegie Group

International Forums

GRC

NESTI TIP

CSTP

Regional Bodies

Science Europe

APEC

ASEAN

AAAS

ICSU IAP IAC

IUPAP

IUPAC IAU

NAS (USA) RS

(UK)

SCJ （JP)

G7, G20

IPCC

EU

Belmont Forum

Universities, Research Institutes, and Think Tanks

ESFRI JRC

ISSC

CSA’s network INGSA

Future Earth

Global Young Academy

TWAS

Agora

CAST WSF

Africa

STS Forum

IEA NEA

IPBES

EASAC SDGs-STI Forum UN-SAB

GSF

International Development Banks

ADB AfDB

World Bank

KOFAC

International mechanisms related to scientific advice

Surge of attention to scientific advice in the last five years - to address global issues - to learn from each other

２０１２ ２０１３ ２０１４ ２０１５ Developing

networks and system of systems

SAM

The earthquake, tsunami, and the nuclear accident

Serious discussion on scientific advice in Japan was triggered by the triple disasters of March 11, 2011.

- The Great East Japan Earthquake, the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan

- Tsunami, which was caused by the earthquake and resulting in the loss of 18,500 lives

- The Fukushima nuclear disaster, which evacuated people within 20km from the site

“The absence of a strong and independent scientific voice to advice the government.” – Nature 480, 291 (15 December 2011)

Loss of public trust in science

Survey results. Question: Should the direction of research and development be decided by experts who are well-versed in the subject? Source: adapted from Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Summary of a White Paper on science and technology, 2011, July 2012.

Failed expectations for seismic science, fall of the nuclear safety myth, attention to the closed nuclear community, poor mobilization of science in emergency situations, all contributed to the loss of public trust in science.

Chief Scientific Advisor in Japan?

Sir John Beddington bestowed an order by the Japanese government, 26 June 2014.

Creating the position of Chief Science Advisor to the Prime Minister was seriously considered in Japan.

- Great attention paid to the role played by Sir John Beddington, then U.K. Government Chief Scientific Advisor, who advised not to evacuate U.K. nationals in Japan, reassuring not only the British but also Japanese people.

- A series of international symposia were held in Tokyo.

A Cabinet Office’s study group in late 2011 recommended creating such a position, but the proposal did not materialize.

But in September 2015, the first Science and Technology Advisor to the Minister for Foreign Affairs was appointed.

A “one-size-fits-all” model of scientific advice would not work.

Codes of conduct in Japan

Basic concepts shown in UK Department of Business, Innovation, and Skills, "Principles of Scientific Advice to Government"（ March 24, 2010）.

respect & value academic freedom

professional status & expertise

respect & value

When the policy is not consistent with scientific advice, the government shall ・publicly explain the reasons ・accurately represent the evidence

Independence

prejudice and political interference

Scientific advisers

Government

Transparency and openness

Principles, guidelines, and codes of conduct overseas was studied, and original codes of conduct was developed in Japan.

Maintaining mutual trust by prescribing the roles and responsibilities of both sides

Democratic mandate of the government

Dialogue between policy fields, and that between the risk analysis community and the scientific advice community, are needed.

Food safety

Advice for regulation

Based on Risk Assessment

Advice for strategy making

Based on Benefit Assessment

Medical drug

Nuclear regulation

Labor regulation

Global environment

Earthquake prediction

Care and nursing Education

Social Infrastructure

Science and technology

Scientific advice in diverse policy areas

Conception of the structure of advice for regulation and advice for strategy

It is important to note the diversity of policy areas that are subject to scientific advice.

- In many cases, risk assessment is expected of scientific advice. - Risk assessment is always accompanied by benefit assessment, which is more important

than risk assessment in some policy areas. - Social science plays a particularly large role with regard to advice for strategy making,

where assessment of the effects of public expenditure is critical.

Comparing scientific advice in diverse policy areas

For example, realms of responsibility of scientific advisory bodies in Japan differ from one policy area to another.

the “Honest Broker” model

Thank you for your attention –

Yasushi Sato Japan Science and Technology Agency

sato.yasushi@gmail.com

For more information on this topic, please refer to - Tateo Arimoto and Yasushi Sato, "Rebuilding Public Trust in Science for Policy-

Making," Science 337 (7 September 2012), pp. 1176-1177. - Tateo Arimoto and Yasushi Sato, "Crisis, renewal and the prospects for science

advice in Japan, Guardian," 28 August 2014, The Guardian. - Yasushi Sato, Hirokazu Koi, and Tateo Arimoto, "Building the Foundations for

Scientific Advice in the International Context," Science & Diplomacy 3:3 (September 2014).

- Yasushi Sato and Tateo Arimoto, "Five years after Fukushima: scientific advice in Japan," Palgrave Communications 2:16025 (7 June 2016).

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