+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and...

Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and...

Date post: 19-Jul-2020
Category:
Upload: others
View: 2 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
44
Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration, tree stem water potential, total soil salinity and chloride in a high production almond orchard) Blake Sanden – Irrigation/Soils Advisor, University of California, Kern County
Transcript
Page 1: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation

(Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration, tree stem water potential, total soil salinity

and chloride in a high production almond orchard)

Blake Sanden –Irrigation/Soils Advisor, University of California, Kern County

Page 2: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Blake Sanden

Irrigation & Agronomy Farm Advisor, University of California Cooperative Extension

Blake Sanden is the Irrigation and Agronomy Farm Advisor with the University of CaliforniaCooperative Extension, stationed in Kern County at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. Heconducts county-based, applied research and extension programs focusing on irrigation systemmanagement, salinity/fertility management for all crops, and agronomic field crop production of alfalfa,dry beans and oil crops.

Blake has a BS in International Agricultural Development & Agronomy and MS in Irrigation andDrainage from UC Davis and 35 years of experience in production ag, international ag developmentand extension. Significant projects include: development of salt tolerance thresholds for pistachios inthe San Joaquin Valley, soil moisture monitoring and irrigation efficiency assessment on 12,000 acresin Kern County, deficit irrigation in early citrus navels and almond water use/fertilizer management foroptimal yield.

Page 3: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

Co-investigatorsS. Muhammad – UC Davis, Pakistan Agricultural ExtensionP.H. Brown – UC Davis, Pomology/FertilitlyK.A. Shackel – UC Davis, Pomology/Plant-Water RelationsR.L. Snyder – UC Davis, Extension Specialist Biometeorolgy

CooperatorsParamount Farming Company / Roll InternationalKern County farmers and almond growers

Funding: Almond Board of California

Page 4: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Development of pistachios & almonds on the Westside of the San Joaquin Valley have yielded spectacular results 100

Area of Kern County Salinity / Fertility Trials

Page 5: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Much former flood irrigated cotton ground prone to water logging and salinity problems has been converted to pistachios on drip irrigation. Better ground has been planted to almonds – but this is no guarantee of escaping salt problems.

Page 6: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Boron, chloride and sodium accumulation killing marginal leaf areas at end of season.

Page 7: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Excessive Na, Cl and especially B can burn and desiccate almonds.

Page 8: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Observation: Many orchards would stress and exhibit some defoliation as early as July on through harvest.

Page 9: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

iMonterey

Nonpareil

Chloride toxicity causes marginal burn, general chlorosis at lower levels, near complete defoliation in more sensitive varieties when combined with water stress which also causes mites to increase egg laying

Page 10: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Lime-induced Iron Chlorosis in

Almonds

Page 11: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Wood Colony almonds on vigorous Hanson rootstock (every 4th row) overcomes lime-induced Fe chlorosis

Page 12: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

(CA Water Plan Update 2009: Vol2 Chap18 Salt and Salinity Management)

Page 13: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

What about salinity buildup under super efficient

irrigation when the salt load is ~ ½ mt/ML?

Page 14: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Micro-irrigation system capable of injecting

fertilizer and applying 0.6 to 1.5 inches/day

Page 15: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

• Salinity is the greatest threat to orchard production in California• Our understanding is still limited• Considerable potential to improve management strategies particularly irrigation and leaching

strategies.• Without mitigation (leaching and/or improved water quality), it can only get worse.

Kandelous, Unpublishedppm Nitrate 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

60”

Salinity and Nitrate can accumulate below effective root zone.

X

60”

18 “ Effective Root Zone

Model of salt accumulation under microsprinkler / spray (Fanjet) irrigation.

What Next:

Page 16: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

… or account for “subbing” in a double-line drip?

Page 17: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

0.81.21.6 1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

2

22

2

2

2

2.42.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.8 2.8

2.8

2.8

3.2

0 3 5 6 8 9 0to t e e ( t)

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0ep

t eo

Suac

e (t)

TREE DRIP HOSE

Page 18: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Problem: You can be too efficient. Chloride and salt accumulation contributing to chlorosis and early leaf senescence after harvest cutoff.

Page 19: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

CA Aqueduct (or borehole) water salinity

= 0.41 mt / ML (0.46 t/ac-ft, 0.53 ds/m EC, 339 ppm tds)

=1.6 dS/m EC increase to 3 m depth of soil over 20 years @ 14ML/ha/yr (55.1 inches)

=8.0 dS/m increase for 40% drip volume to 1.5m

1 ML/ha =100 mm depth water(CA Water Plan Update 2009: Vol2 Chap18: Salt and Salinity Management)

CA Water Plan 2009Salinity accumulation over time

Page 20: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Aerial late March2006

Planted 1999

FAN

JET

S DO

UB

LE-

LIN

E D

RIP

Intensive monitoring site with 5 neutron probe access tubes, Watermark/Irrometerlogger, Surface Renewal and Sonic Anemometer heat flux estimates of ET.

Possible PureSense Probe

Page 21: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Patrick Brown fertility trial 2008-2012

30 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *29 * * 48 * * 49 * 144 * * 145 * * 240 * * 241 * * 336 * * 33728 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *27 * * 47 * * 50 * 143 * * 146 * * 239 * * 242 * * 335 * * 33826 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *25 * * 46 * * 51 * 142 * * 147 * * 238 * * 243 * * 334 * * 33924 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *23 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *22 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *21 * * 45 * * 52 * 141 * * 148 * * 237 * * 244 * * 333 * * 34020 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *19 * * 44 * * 53 * 140 * * 149 * * 236 * * 245 * * 332 * * 34118 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *17 * * 43 * * 54 * 139 * * 150 * * 235 * * 246 * * 331 * * 34216 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *15 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *14 * * 42 * * 55 * 138 * * 151 * * 234 * * 247 * * 330 * * 34313 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *12 * * 41 * * 56 * 137 * * 152 * * 233 * * 248 * * 329 * * 34411 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *10 * * 40 * * 57 * 136 * * 153 * * 232 * * 249 * * 328 * * 3459 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *6 * * 39 * * 58 * 135 * * 154 * * 231 * * 250 * * 327 * * 3465 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *4 * * 38 * * 59 * 134 * * 155 * * 230 * * 251 * * 326 * * 3473 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *2 * * 37 * * 60 * 133 * * 156 * * 229 * * 252 * * 325 * * 3481 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

31 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *30 * * 36 * * 61 * 132 * * 157 * * 228 * * 253 * * 324 * * 34929 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *28 * * 35 * * 62 * 131 * * 158 * * 227 * * 254 * * 323 * * 35027 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *26 * * 34 * * 63 * 130 * * 159 * * 226 * * 255 * * 322 * * 35125 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *24 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *23 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *22 * * 33 * * 64 * 129 * * 160 * * 225 * * 256 * * 321 * * 35221 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *20 * * 32 * * 65 * 128 * * 161 * * 224 * * 257 * * 320 * * 35319 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *18 * * 31 * * 66 * 127 * * 162 * * 223 * * 258 * * 319 * * 35417 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *16 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *15 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *14 * * 30 * * 67 * 126 * * 163 * * 222 * * 259 * * 318 * * 35513 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *12 * * 29 * * 68 * 125 * * 164 * * 221 * * 260 * * 317 * * 35611 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *10 * * 28 * * 69 * 124 * * 165 * * 220 * * 261 * * 316 * * 3579 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *6 * * 27 * * 70 * 123 * * 166 * * 219 * * 262 * * 315 * * 3585 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *4 * * 26 * * 71 * 122 * * 167 * * 218 * * 263 * * 314 * * 3593 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *2 * * 25 * * 72 * 121 * * 168 * * 217 * * 264 * * 313 * * 3601 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

30 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *29 * * 24 * * 73 * 120 * * 169 * * 216 * * 265 * * 312 * * 36128 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *27 * * 23 * * 74 * 119 * * 170 * * 215 * * 266 * * 311 * * 36226 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *25 * * 22 * * 75 * 118 * * 171 * * 214 * * 267 * * 310 * * 36324 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *23 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *22 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *21 * * 21 * * 76 * 117 * * 172 * * 213 * * 268 * * 309 * * 36420 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *19 * * 20 * * 77 * 116 * * 173 * * 212 * * 269 * * 308 * * 36518 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *17 * * 19 * * 78 * 115 * * 174 * * 211 * * 270 * * 307 * * 36616 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *15 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *14 * * 18 * * 79 * 114 * * 175 * * 210 * * 271 * * 306 * * 36713 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *12 * * 17 * * 80 * 113 * * 176 * * 209 * * 272 * * 305 * * 36811 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *10 * * 16 * * 81 * 112 * * 177 * * 208 * * 273 * * 304 * * 3699 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *6 * * 15 * * 82 * 111 * * 178 * * 207 * * 274 * * 303 * * 3705 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *4 * * 14 * * 83 * 110 * * 179 * * 206 * * 275 * * 302 * * 3713 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *2 * * 13 * * 84 * 109 * * 180 * * 205 * * 276 * * 301 * * 3721 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

30 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *29 * * 12 * * 85 * 108 * * 181 * * 204 * * 277 * * 300 * * 37328 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *27 * * 11 * * 86 * 107 * * 182 * * 203 * * 278 * * 299 * * 37426 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *25 * * 10 * * 87 * 106 * * 183 * * 202 * * 279 * * 298 * * 37524 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *23 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *22 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *21 * * 9 * * 88 * 105 * * 184 * * 201 * * 280 * * 297 * * 37620 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *19 * * 8 * * 89 * 104 * * 185 * * 200 * * 281 * * 296 * * 37718 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *17 * * 7 * * 90 * 103 * * 186 * * 199 * * 282 * * 295 * * 37816 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *15 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *14 * * 6 * * 91 * 102 * * 187 * * 198 * * 283 * * 294 * * 37913 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *12 * * 5 * * 92 * 101 * * 188 * * 197 * * 284 * * 293 * * 38011 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *10 * * 4 * * 93 * 100 * * 189 * * 196 * * 284 * * 292 * * 3819 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *6 * * 3 * * 94 * 99 * * 190 * * 195 * * 286 * * 291 * * 3825 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *4 * * 2 * * 95 * 98 * * 191 * * 194 * * 287 * * 290 * * 3833 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *2 * * 1 * * 96 * 97 * * 192 * * 193 * * 288 * * 289 * * 3841 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M NP M38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

NORTH -- SET 2 FANJETS

Neutron probe monitoring & soil sampling

Monitored Treatments for ET(4 replicated neutron probe sites with meters. All UAN32)

1) N125 K200 org/wht

2) N200 K200 blu/wht

3) N275 K200 blk/wht

4) N275 K300 grn/wht

5) N350 K200 yellow

Flat

Flat

Flat

Rep 3

Rep 4

Rep 5

Rep 1

Rep 3

Rep 5

Rep 6

ET - Eddy Covariance Surface Renewal here

UN 200KTS 75

UN 275KTS 75

UN 350KTS 75

CA 200KTS 75

CA 275KTS 75

CA 125KTS 75

CA 350KTS 75

UN 275KTS 40

UN 275KTS 120

UN 275KTS 0

UN 275KCL 200

UN 275KCL 200

UN 275KCL 200

UN 275KCL 200

UN 275KCL 200

UN 275KCL 200

UN 125KTS 75

UN 125KTS 75

UN 125KTS 75

UN 125KTS 75

UN 200KTS 75

UN 200KTS 75

UN 200KTS 75

UN 200KTS 75

UN 275KTS 75

UN 275KTS 75

UN 275KTS 75

UN 275KTS 75 UN 275

KTS 75

UN 350KTS 75

UN 350KTS 75

UN 350KTS 75

UN 350KTS 75

CA 125KTS 75

CA 125KTS 75

CA 125KTS 75

CA 125KTS 75

CA 200KTS 75

CA 200KTS 75

CA 200KTS 75

CA 200KTS 75

CA 275KTS 75

CA 275KTS 75

CA 275KTS 75

CA 275KTS 75

CA 275KTS 75

CA 350KTS 75

CA 350KTS 75

CA 350KTS 75

CA 350KTS 75

UN 275KTS 40

UN 275KTS 40

UN 275KTS 40

UN 275KTS 40

UN 275KTS 120

UN 275KTS 120

UN 275KTS 120

UN 275KTS 120

UN 275KTS 0

UN 275KTS 0

UN 275KTS 0

UN 275KTS 0

UN 275KTS 0

12 treatments total

4 N levels, 2 sources125, 200, 275, 350 lb/ac

3 K levels, 3 sources100, 200, 300 lb/ac

Page 22: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Comparison of University of California Almond ET/Kc Curves

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Bi-w

eekl

y Al

mon

d Cr

op C

oeffi

cien

t (Kc

)Older Published KcSanden SSJV Kc2008 - 11 Measured Kc

Avg Kc 4/1 - 11/15 Calculated Avg ET Older Avg Kc = 0.81 1070 mm (4/1 - 11/15)

Sanden Avg Kc = 0.93 1320 mm (year)Measured Avg Kc = 1.04 1510 mm (year)

(Using CIMIS Zone 15 "Historic Eto" = 57.9 in) 1470 mm)

Page 23: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

2008 Kern Almond Crop Coefficients (Kc) Using Satelites & SEBAL 156 Fields

Co-PI: David’s Engineering, SEBAL

International

Page 24: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Differential N rates affected yield but had no effect on individual tree SWP or ET

2010Treatment(N-K lb/ac)

125-200 -0.98 a -1.11 a 14.7 ab 13.3 a 1443 a 1409 a 3996 a 3676 a200-200 -0.97 a -1.19 b 15.9 b 13.9 a 1448 a 1382 a 4235 ab 4025 ab275-200 -0.97 a -1.25 b 16.4 b 15.0 a 1439 a 1396 a 4781 cd 4387 bc275-300 -1.01 a -1.21 b 15.5 ab 13.5 a 1461 a 1400 a 4560 bc 4264 bc350-200 -0.97 a -1.19 b 13.6 a 14.2 a 1433 a 1397 a 5287 d 4668 c

AVERAGE -0.98 -1.19 15.2 14.0 1445 1397 4572 4204LSD 0.05 0.05 0.06 2.3 2.6 93.0 82.6 512 465

2011Treatment(N-K lb/ac)

125-200 -0.93 b -1.03 a 15.8 ab 14.3 a 1366 a 1390 a 4391 a 4101 a200-200 -0.95 a -1.04 a 16.2 ab 14.4 a 1364 a 1356 a 4522 a 4429 ab275-200 -0.93 b -1.05 a 18.0 b 16.7 a 1373 a 1377 a 5180 b 4893 bc275-300 -0.93 b -1.04 a 16.3 ab 14.9 a 1388 a 1364 a 5141 b 5270 c350-200 -0.90 c -1.05 a 14.2 a 15.3 a 1402 a 1340 a 5152 b 4790 bc

AVERAGE -0.93 -1.04 16.1 15.1 1379 1366 4877 4696LSD 0.05 0.02 0.02 2.5 2.7 100.8 73.7 604 529

Stem Water Potential (MPa)

Soil Water to 2.7 m (%)

Total Neutron Probe ET (in)

SWP-NP Tree Kernel Yield (kg/ha)

Drip Fanjet Drip Fanjet

Stem Water Potential (MPa)

Soil Water to 2.7 m (%)

Total Neutron Probe ET (in)

SWP-NP Tree Kernel Yield (kg/ha)

Drip Fanjet Drip Fanjet

Drip Fanjet Drip Fanjet Drip Fanjet Drip Fanjet

Page 25: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.00.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0

FANJET Chloride Concentration (saturation extract, meq/l)

Dept

h (fe

et)

2/7/0811/19/0812/15/091/4/11

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.00.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0

DRIP Chloride Concentration (saturation extract, meq/l)

Dep

th (f

eet)

2/7/0811/19/0812/15/091/4/11

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.00.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

FANJET Soil EC (saturation extract, dS/m)

Dept

h (fe

et)

2/7/0811/19/0812/15/091/4/11

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.00.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

DRIP Soil EC (saturation extract, dS/m)

Dept

h (fe

et)

2/7/0811/19/0812/15/091/4/11

Rootzone salinity profiles with depth

Page 26: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Mean Rootzone ECe (dS/m)

Rela

tive

Yiel

d (%

)

AlmondGrapeOrangePistachioCotton

Almond Relative Yield (%) =100 – 19*(Soil ECe – 1.5)

= 52.5%@ ECrz = 4 dS/m

Ayers, R.S., and D.W. Westcot. (1985). Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 Rev.1, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 174 pp.

FAO 29 Ayers & Westcott Salt Tolerance Curves Compared

Page 27: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

CA groundwater depletion: 1962-2003

Faunt, C.C. ed., 2009, Groundwater Availability of the Central Valley Aquifer: U.S. Geo-logical Survey Professional Paper 1766, 225 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1766/

Page 28: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Nut

Mea

t Yie

ld (k

g/ha

)

Ker

n B

eari

ng A

lmon

ds (1

000

ha)

& R

even

ue ($

1000

/ha)

Bearing (1000 ha) Gross Revenue ($1000/ha) Meat Yield (kg/ha)

Trends in Kern County Almonds

Page 29: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Trends in individual tree salinity and almond kernel yield

Fig. 2.b. All years tree kernel yield by tree number

approximately west to east. Fig. 2.a. All years average rootzone ECe to 1.5 m by

tree number approximately west to east.

Page 30: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Pearson Product “R” Correlation Values of Various Salinity, Water and Almond Yield Characteristics

Chloride SWP NP-ET Yield Previous Year EC

2008 EC 0.970* -0.451 0.189 0.014 -- 2009 EC 0.926* -0.571* -0.188 -0.294 0.786* 2010 EC 0.899* -0.306 -0.045 -0.120 0.550* 2011 EC 0.866* -0.454* 0.170 -0.007 0.507*

All Years Avg 0.920* -0.533* 0.063 -0.266 --

(*Probability < 0.05)

Page 31: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Comparison of “relative yield” as a function of salinity for a 0.9 m and 1.5 m rootzone

Fig. 3.b. Relative kernel yield as a function of average rootzone salinity to 1.5 m for all years and the “classic” almond salt tolerance curve (Ayers and Westcott, 1985).

Fig. 3.a. Relative kernel yield as a function of average rootzone salinity (0-0.9 m) for all years and the “classic” almond salt tolerance curve (Ayers and Westcott, 1985).

Page 32: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Growth and Salt Tolerance ofNonpareil on Different Rootstocks

High Salt

Low SaltControl

Han

sen

536

High Salt

Low SaltControl

Viki

ng

High Salt

Low SaltControlN

emag

uar

d

High Salt

Low SaltControl

Empr

yean

-1

Current Patrick Brown salinity trials at UC Davis

Page 33: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

So how consistent is yield as a function of

applied water and ET?

Page 34: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Do you get 6,000 lb/ac with 60” ET?(Brown fertility trials, 275 lb/ac N yields)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

Sing

le T

ree

Kern

al Y

ield

(lb/

ac)

Single Tree Yearly ET by Soil Water Depletion (in)

20082009201020112012

2010

20082009

2011

2012

1200 – 1600 mm ET

Page 35: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Yield by applied water, Murray-Darling R. Valley Australia

19.7"39.4"

59.1" 78.7"

892 lb/ac

1784 lb/ac

4460 lb/ac

3568 lb/ac

2676 lb/ac

5352 lb/ac"Benchmarking" almond yield by total applied water (rain + irrigation) in the

Murray-Darling Basin of Australia

107 almond orchards, 10 different farms

Yield Boundary Line

Page 36: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Almond yield by light (PAR) & water

Multi year plot averages

Single year orchard or plot average

Single tree reps

Multi year plot averages

Single year orchard or plot average

Single tree reps

Page 37: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

The white line is the maximum potential yield. Any number of factors can decrease your orchard yield relative to it’s potential including water stress (excess or deficit), disease pressure, poor bloom weather, poor nutrient management etc.

Production potential is about 50 kernel pounds/ac of almond for every 1% of incoming light intercepted- so to produce 4000 kernel pounds per acre you need to intercept ~80% of the incoming PAR (Bruce Lampenin data for California).

100

Midday light interception (%)

Midday light interception (%)0 20 40 60 80 100

Ker

nel y

ield

(pou

nds/

acre

)

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500500055006000

WalnutAlmond- Nonpareil Spur DynamicsAlmond- Nonpareil RAVTsAlmond- Nonpareil- Duncan trial

6.05.55.04.54.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.5

0W

alnut yield (tons/acre)

Page 38: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

CERES website image (6/17/2015) of CONDUCTANCE water stress for ETPF trial

Page 39: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

REVISED PLOT PLAN FOR ALMOND ET/YIELD PRODUCTION FUNCTION & PRECISION IRRIGATION TRIAL 2013-2016Tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 10

010

110

210

310

410

510

610

710

810

9 Tree 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2526 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2627 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2728 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2829 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2930 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3031 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1547 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1648 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2355 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2456 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2557 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2658 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1678 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1779 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1880 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2082 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2183 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2486 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2587 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2688 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 10

010

110

210

310

410

510

610

710

810

9 Row

Row

Smartfield InfraredCanopy Temp Sensor

Pyhtech Dendrometer, etc

Climate MinderHortau H

N

Soil Moisture

use existing manifolds & valves wired to controller

Cano

py

This north tier production acreage to be irrigated @ 100% using existing manifolds & valves wired to controller

70%

80%90%

Soil

Moist

ure

100%

110% Ca

nopy

80%

110%

100%90

%

70%

Cano

py

80% 110%

100%

90%

70%

Cano

py 70%

80%

90%

100%11

0%

Cano

py

110%

100%

70%80%90

%

Canopy80%

110%

100%90

%

70%

SAMPLE TREE LOCATIONS & NUMBERS(Note: Sample tree numbers are used for nutrients, SWP and neutron probe readings but are NOT the same numbers for flowmeters in the GALLILEO Controller.

02.00

.00

Hull

Split

RDI

Hull

Split

RDI

Hull

Split

RDI

Hull

Split

RDI

Hull

Split

RDI

Hull

Split

RDI

Soil

Moist

ure

Soil

Moist

ure

Soil

Moist

ure

Soil

Moist

ure

04.00

.00

06.00

.00

08.00

.00

10.00

.00

12.00

.00

14.00

.00

16.00

.00

18.02

.08

20.04

.07

22.06

.06

24.08

.05

26.10

.04

28.12

.03

30.14

.02

32.16

.01

34.00

.00

36.00

.00

01.00

.00

03.00

.00

05.00

.00

07.00

.00 09.00

.00

11.00

.00

13.00

.00

15.00

.00

17.01

.09

19.03

.10

21.05

.11

23.07

.12

27.11

.14

25.09

.13

29.13

.15

31.15

.16

33.00

.00

35.00

.0072

.00.00

70.00

.00

68.00

.00

66.00

.00

64.00

.00

62.00

.00

60.32

.17

58.30

.18

56.28

.19

54.26

.20

52.24

.21

50.22

.22

48.20

.23

46.18

.24

44.00

.00

42.00

.00

40.00

.00

38.00

.0074

.00.00

76.00

.00

78.00

.00

80.00

.00

82.34

.40

84.36

.39

86.38

.38

88.40

.37

90.42

.36

92.44

.35

94.46

.34

96.48

.3395

.47.48

93.45

.4791.43

.46

89.41

.45

87.39

.44

85.37

.43

83.35

.42

81.33

.41

79.00

.00

77.00

.00

75.00

.00

73.00

.00

101.4

9.49

102.0

0.49

104.0

0.50

103.5

0.50

113.0

0.00

114.0

0.00

115.0

0.00

116.0

0.00

109.0

0.00

110.0

0.00

111.0

0.00

112.0

0.00

105.0

0.00

106.0

0.00

107.0

0.00

108.0

0.00

BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2

BLOCK3

37.00

.00

39.00

.00

41.00

.00

43.00

.00

45.17

.25

47.19

.26

49.21

.27

51.23

.28

53.25

.29

55.27

.30

57.29

.31

59.31

.32

61.00

.00

63.00

.00

65.00

.00

67.00

.00

69.00

.00

71.00

.00

BLOCK 5BLOCK 4

BLOCK 6

Number Key: Valve.Meter.TreePlot deesignations are valve number, meter number, then tree number. "--.00.00" indicates valve only, no flowmeter/tree.

HH

GALC

ON

GALL

ILEO

CONT

ROLL

3 den-dromtrs

302.5 gpm needed for CANOPY plots

Statewide Almond Water Production Function Trial – Kern County Site

Irrig. Treatments70%80%90%

Hull Split RDI100%110%

Page 40: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

y = 6.6033x + 65.416R² = 0.7271

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

30 40 50 60 70

Avg

Cond

ucta

nce

3/25

-9/2

2/20

15

(mm

olH

2O/m

^2/s

ec

2015 Irrigation + Rain (1/27-11/14, inches)

Applied Inches vs. Avg COND

Canopy Temp/Water Stress by Irrigation Treatment (CERES Spectral Imaging 6/17/2015)

AERIAL IMAGERY CAN IDENTIFY IRRIGATION/STRESS NON-UNIFORMITY

GALCON GALLILEO

CONTROLLER

Can

op

y

70%

80%

90%

So

il M

ois

ture

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

100%

110%

Can

op

y

80%

So

il M

ois

ture

110%

100%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

90%

70%

Can

op

y

So

il M

ois

ture

80%

110%

100%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

90%

70%

Can

op

y

70%

80%

90%

So

il M

ois

ture

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

100%

110%

Can

op

y

So

il M

ois

ture

110%

100%

70%

80%

90%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

Can

op

y

80%

110%

100%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

90%

70%

BLOCK 6

BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2

BLOCK3

BLOCK 4

BLOCK 5

18 7 6 5 4 3 2

169 10 11 12 13 14 15

1724 23 22 21 20 19 18

3225 26 27 28 29 30 31

3340 39 38 37 36 35 34

4841 42 43 44 45 46 47

50

49

So

il M

ois

ture

(e

xtra

big

plo

t)

PULSE ------->

CONTINUOS ------->

PULSE ------->

<------ PULSE ------>

CONTINUOS ------->

CONTINUOS ------->

70%

80%

90%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

Can

op

y

So

il M

ois

ture

100%

110%

3/25-9/22/2015 average almond plot CONDUCTANCE by 2015 applied irrigation (10 flyovers)

Page 41: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

3/25-9/22/2015 average almond plot NDVI by 2015 applied irrigation (10 flyovers)

NDVI/Biomass by Irrigation Treatment (CERES Spectral Imaging 6/17/2015,

Shackel, et al. Yield Production Function Trial)

NDVI (vigor/biomass) not as strongly correlated with applied water

y = 0.0038x + 0.3761R² = 0.2639

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

30 40 50 60 70

Avg

ND

VI 3

/25-

9/22

/201

5 N

orm

aliz

ed D

iffer

entia

l Veg

etat

ive

Inde

x

2015 Irrigation + Rain (1/27-11/14, inches)

GALCON GALLILEO

CONTROLLER

Ca

no

py

70

%

80

%

90

%

So

il M

ois

ture

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

10

0%

11

0%

Ca

no

py

80

%

So

il M

ois

ture

11

0%

10

0%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

90

%

70

%

Ca

no

py

So

il M

ois

ture

80

%

11

0%

10

0%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

90

%

70

%

Ca

no

py

70

%

80

%

90

%

So

il M

ois

ture

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

10

0%

11

0%

Ca

no

py

So

il M

ois

ture

11

0%

10

0%

70

%

80

%

90

%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

Ca

no

py

80

%

11

0%

10

0%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

90

%

70

%

BLOCK 6

BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2

BLOCK3

BLOCK 4

BLOCK 5

18 7 6 5 4 3 2

169 10 11 12 13 14 15

1724 23 22 21 20 19 18

3225 26 27 28 29 30 31

3340 39 38 37 36 35 34

4841 42 43 44 45 46 47

50

49

So

il M

ois

ture

(e

xtr

a b

ig p

lot)

PULSE ------->

CONTINUOS ------->

PULSE ------->

<------ PULSE ------>

CONTINUOS ------->

CONTINUOS ------->

70

%

80

%

90

%

Hu

ll S

plit

RD

I

Ca

no

py

So

il M

ois

ture

10

0%

11

0%

Page 42: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Both CONDUCTANCE & APPLIED WATER were poorly correlated to final kernel yield. Bloom density and other factors can be just as important as

stress on your final yield.

Page 43: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

Conclusions

• Almonds are capable of much higher yields under even more saline conditions than old published standards.

• The presence of clay exchange sites, good to high levels of free Ca in the field soil and better attention to optimal irrigation help overcome toxicity problems documented in earlier sand tank and field studies.

• Development of new almond salinity thresholds should somehow include these variables.

Page 44: Yield as a function of evapotranspiration and irrigation · 2019-05-30 · evapotranspiration and irrigation (Original title: Correlation of individual tree nut yield, evapotranspiration,

The Global Perspective: Paul Ehrlich’s “Population Bomb” has not disappeared

• Global food production will need to increase by 38% by 2025 and 57% by 2050.

• It is estimated that about 15% of the total land area of the world has been degraded by soil erosion and physical and chemical degradation, including soil salinization.

(Wild A. 2003. Soils, land and food: managing the land during the twenty-first century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.)


Recommended