Cross-Cultural Leadership and Diversity

14-1Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

Understand why cross-cultural research on leadership is important.

Understand the difficulties of studying cross-cultural leadership.

Understand how cultural values are related to leader behavior.

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations 14-2

Understand how gender issues have been studied and the limitations of this research.

Understand the findings in research on gender differences in leadership.

Understand how to manage diversity and provide equal opportunities.

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Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations 14-4

Understand why cross-cultural research on leadership is

important

Globalization

Need to influence people from other cultures

Validate leadership theories in other cultures

Broader range of variables and processes

Validate taxonomies in other cultures

Culture-dependent situational variables

Methodological challenges

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Understand the difficulties of studying cross-cultural leadership

Types of research questions:

Behavior, skills and traits

Beliefs about effective behavior, skills and traits

Differences in leadership patterns

Relationships between leadership and subordinate outcomes

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Equivalence of meaning for measures

Confounding effects of demographic or situational variables

Response bias

Representative sample

Level of analysis

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Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations 14-9

Understand how cultural values are related to leader behavior

Internalized values influence unconscious ways

Cultural values and societal norms

Cultural norms and societal laws

Cultural conformity

Organizational values versus cultural values

Non-exposure to different types of leadership

Change in values and traditions over time

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Power distance

Uncertainty avoidance

Individualism versus collectivism

Gender egalitarianism

Performance orientation

Humane orientation

Culture clusters

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The GLOBE project

Many unexamined research questions

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations 14-12

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations 14-13

Understand how gender issues have been studied and the limitations of this research

Sex-based discrimination

Glass ceiling explanations

Feminine advantage theories

Research findings on gender differences

Research limitations on gender differences

Identifying causes and reducing discrimination

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Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations 14-15

Understand the findings in research on gender differences in

leadership

Debate and scholarly disagreement

Gender differences on leadership behavior

Gender differences on leader effectiveness

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations 14-16

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice-Hall Leadership in Organizations 14-17

Understand how to manage diversity and provide equal

opportunities

Steps can be divided into two categories

Fostering appreciation and tolerance

Providing equal opportunity

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Leadership in Organizations 14-18