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Z O O L O G Y Oldřich Sychra University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science Brno Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases
Z O O L O G Y
Oldřich Sychra
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science Brno
Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases
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intended only for internal use by VFU Brno
students during their preparation for exam in
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gr. zoon = animal + logos = to study
studying animals
(animal biology)
Z O O L O G Y
what is an animal?
• vertebrate (by law)
• mammal (by people)
• multicellular opistokonth – Metazoa
• Other possible
explanations …
Kingdom: ANIMALIA
Subkingdoms: Protozoa & Metazoa
Unicellular eukaryotes ??
mostly microscopic (size mm – mm)
intracellular specialization
„PROTOZOA“ – 4 different „kingdoms“
Apicomplexa,
Ciliophora
6 „kingdoms“
amoebas
„protozoa“
with flagella
„animalia“
rhizopodans
plants
Excavata – „protozoa“ with flagella
Trypanosoma spp.
Amoebozoa + Rhizaria – „protozoa“ with pseudopods
Entamoeba histolitica
Chromalveolata Phylum: Ciliophora
Paramecium, Entodinium (symbionts in herbivores)
Anopheles +
Plasmodium =
MALARIA !!!
tse-tse fly
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Coccidia
Kingdom: ANIMALIA
Subkingdoms: Protozoa & Metazoa
Multicellular organisms that arose from one
lineage of unicellulars called Opisthokonta
animals
Ontogeny – development of an individual
• Cleavage – process of nuclear and cell division in zygote
• Blastulation
• Gastrulation
Metazoa (multicellular animals): cellular diffe-
rentiation to tissues, organs and organ systems
Diblastica x Triblastica (body cavities)
ektoderm entoderm mesoderm
Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate (body cavity from blastocoel) (true body cavity) (schizocoel - parenchyma)
METAZOA
gut
circulatory system
nervous system
protostomes deuterostomes
mouth
anus
mouth from
blastopore
anus from
blastopore
• Protostomia
– mouth from blastopore
(about 30 recent phylla:
flatworms, roundworms,
arthropods, molluscs,…)
• Deuterostomia
– anus from blastopore
(echinoderms, chordates)
Triblastica
32–36 recent phyla (1/2 entirely marine) (in 1/3 are parasites) METAZOA
METAZOA
• over 1.6 million described species • need to sort it out = zoological taxonomic system
Classification of animals Taxonomy - hierarchical system
Carl Linné (1707-1778)
Species name similar to simple personal names, 2 words:
Canis lupus – species Canis – genus
Sychra Oldřich – person Sychra – group of people sharing the surname, somehow related
• description of species (binomial nomenclature)
• organization into the groups
Species – reproductive community of population (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature (there are several other definitions)
Passer domesticus • česky: vrabec domácí • United States: English sparrow • England: House sparrow • France: Moineau domestique • Spain: Gorrion • Portugal: Pardal • Italy: Passera oltramontana • Germany: Haussperling • Holland: Musch • Denmark, Norway: Graaspurv • Sweden: Hussparf • Russian: Домовый воробей • Greek: Σπουργίτης • Hungarian: Házi veréb
العصفور الدوري
דרור הביתघरेलू गौरैया
குருவி चिमणी
kingdom
…
…
…
…
…
species Panthera tigris – tiger
Panthera
Felidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
subphylum Vertebrata
genus
family
order
class
phylum
Taxonomy
subclass Placentalia
subfamily Pantherinae
subspecies P. t. tigris – Bengal tiger P. t. altaica – Siberian tiger P. t. sumatrae – Sumtran tiger
– study of kinds, diversity,
evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic
systematic
– common ancestor
– evolutionary tree
gr. phyle/phylon = „tribe, race“
+ genetikos = „relative to birth“
Species concept
morphologic (typological) group of organisms with certain fixed properties. used as a "classical" method of determining species. morphospecies. Importance of typical specimen.
biologic organisms able to reproduce naturally to produce fertile offspring. reproductive barrier
phylogenetic
group that shares an ancestor; a lineage that maintains its integrity with respect to other lineages through both time and space.
morfospecies vs. biospecies
Canis familiaris
morphologic divergence is often not correlated with distance of relatedness
budníček větší
(Phylloscopus trochilus)
budníček menší
(Phylloscopus collybita)
cryptic/sibling species
tzv. „Darwin´s finches“
Hawaiian honeycreepers
• Homology – similar origin, different function
humerus radius and ulna carpus and metacarpus phalanges
Adaptive radiation - formation of new
forms from an
ancestral species in
response to the
opening of new
habitat
• Analogy – similar function, different origin
Convergence - similar structures, unrelated animals
http://thumbnails.visually.netdna-cdn.com/the-great-tree-of-life_505ba0c07cda2.gif
What a mess … do we need to learn it all??
Tree of life
Phylogenetics = study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms, which is
discovered through molecular and morphological data • Ancestry and relatedness are important – ultimate goal – making a „true tree of
life“, that would show the life´s true history.
32–36 recent phyla (1/2 entirely marine) (in 1/3 are parasites)
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Porifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda Nematoda
METAZOA
METAZOA
Echinodermata Acanthocephala
Phylum: sponges (Porifera)
ostia
osculum
ectoderm entoderm
choanocytes
spongocoel
mesoglea
Phylum: sponges (Porifera) Aquatic, mainly marine, sessile, colonies; 9000 species
Filter feeders
Endoskeleton - spongin (=collagen),
spicules (calcareous, siliceous)
Reproduction
asexual – budding - outer or inner = gemmules
(freshwater species – unfavourable conditions, dispersion)
sexual – free-swiming larva
freshwaters species
Phylum: sponges (Porifera)
Phylum: Cnidaria
stinging cells (cnidocytes) with
nematocysts - neurotoxin
gastrovascular cavity
diffuse nerve net
Phylum: Cnidaria formerly: Coelenterata; 9000 species
radial symmetry
undischarged nematocyst with coiled threat
discharged nematocyst
epid
erm
is
epidermis of prey
polyp – asexual r. – budding, strobilation
medusa – sexual reproductioon reproduction - metagenesis
Turritopsis nutricula
– „immortal“ animal
Phylum: Cnidaria
larva
Class: Anthozoa – only polyp stage; sea anemones; hard corals
(calcareous exoskeleton) & horny corals (endoskeleton from protein coenenchym)
Phylum: Cnidaria
Hydra sp.
Class: Hydrozoa hydrocorals; some form polymorphic colonies)
Class: Scyphozoa free-swimming jellyfishes
Class: Cubozoa box jellyfishes the most venomous creatures in the world
freshwater jellyfish
Helminthology = study of worms
endoparasites „worms“ =
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Phylum: Rotifera – Acanthocephala
Phylum: Annelida
Phylum: Nematoda
Phylum: Arthropoda - Pentastomida
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Class: Turbellaria
Class: flukes (Trematoda)
Class: tapeworms (Cestoda)
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Class: flukes (Trematoda) (8000 species) body with oral and ventral suckers GIT: incomplete (no anus) indirect development - difficult life cycles - intermediate hosts (snails, insects) pedogenetic polyembryony
ciliated larva miracidium
intermediate host
Galbula truncatula
sporocyst with rediae redia with cercariae
cercaria
metacercaria
Sheep liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica
egg
final host
adult fluke
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
cysticercus = 1 scolex
oncosphere
Taenia solium (3-8 m) pork
Taenia saginata (4-10 m)
beef
in intermediate host - larva onkosphere – larvocyst (metacestod,
„bladderworm“) – cysticercus (1), coenurus (10), echinococcus (400000 ex.)
Class: tapeworms (Cestoda) (3500 species) - no digestive tract
- Molluscs Phylum Mollusca
Phylum: Mollusca - Molluscs
head-food portion cross section
50000 species; head, foot, visceral mass
Phylum: Mollusca - Molluscs
with mantle, which encloses the mantle cavity with gills or lungs; it secretes the shell (calcareous with conchiolin)
GIT: radula - rasping organ
Phylum: Mollusca - Molluscs Class: snails & slugs (Gastropoda)
Class: mussels (Bivalvia)
Class: squids & octopuses (Cephalopoda)
Important as 1) intermediate hosts of flukes (snails),
2) as seafood (abalone, oyster, blue mussel, cockle, cuttlefish, squid),
3) „pet animals“ (African land snail, applesnail)
abalone
Roman snail oyster
blue mussel pearl oyster cockle
cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) squid (Loligo)
African land snail (Achatina)
applesnail
Octopus
- Segmented worms Phylum Annelida
15000 species homonomous metamerism body cavity: coelom (hydrostatic skeleton) epidermis: chitinous setae circulatory system closed NS: ladder-like R: asexual, sexual direct or indirect
development - larva trochofora
food – predators, ectoparasites;
saprotrophs, decomposers
= GIT: chloragogen tissue
(„liver“), typhlosole
(increasing intestine surface area)
pair of coelomic
compartments
blood vessels
ventral nerve cord
nonchitinous cuticle
with chitinous setae
- Segmented worms Phylum Annelida
- Segmented worms Phylum Annelida Class: marine worms (Polychaeta)
Class: Clitellata = Oligochaeta + Hirudinea
Samoan palolo worm
clitellum – glandular section that secretes (1) slime for transport of sperms
and (2) viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited (cocoon)
earth & freshwater worms
Tubifex tubifex
Lumbricus terrestris
Important as decomposers, food of fishes; paratenic hosts of parasites
leeches – predators, ectoparasites
(hirudin with a blood anticoagulant property)
Piscicola geometra „medicinal leech“
(Hirudo medicinalis)
Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda)
Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda) BILATERIA – TRIBLASTICA
PROTOSTOMIA
Superphylum ECDYSOZOA
30 000 species
free-living (aquatic, terrestrial) & parasitic,
body elongated vermiform, body cavity pseudocoel
Epidermis with collagenous noncellular cuticle
(sometimes molted = ecdysis)
GIT: digestive tract complete (mouth-to-anus)
R: gonochorists, rarely hermafrodites or partenogenesis,
Indirect developmnent: 3-5 juvenile stages separated by moulting
with (biohelminths) or without intermediate host (geohelminths)
♀
♂
Class: Adenophorea = Aphasmida
Order: Trichocephalida = Enoplida
trichina worm or porkworm (Trichinella spiralis) -
biohelminth
juveniles in muscle, adults in intestine
rat-pig (human) or (now more frequently) wild boar,
wild carnivores, dog (human)
Trichuris = Trichocephalus - geohelminth
Trichuris egg
Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda)
excretion: only
gland cells
Class: Secernentea = Phasmida
Order: hookworms (Strongylida)
Order: Rhabditida
Caenorhabditis elegans
– experimental model – 3 Nobel prices
hermafrodite,
eutely = constancy in number of cells/nuclei
gapeworm (Syngamus trachea)
♀ ♂
Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda) excretion: protonephridialcanals
Large roundworm of human
(Ascaris lumbricoides)
Order: Ascaridida – geohelminths
No organ migration; autoinfection
possible (anal pruritus in children) organ migration – substitution for the absent
intermediate host, autoinfection impossible
2-3 weeks
Enterobius vermicularis
pinworms (Oxyuris, Enterobius)
Phylum: roundworms (Nematoda)
4-6 hours
Phylum: Arthropoda
about 1.000.000 species
Viruses
1.000 Procaryotes
4.800
Fungi
69.000
Algae
26.900
Protozoa
30.800
invertebrates
without
arthropods
150.000
vertebrates
47.000
plants
248.400 insects
900.000
arthropods
without insects
120.000
Phylum: Arthropoda
coxa
trochanter
femur
tibia
tarsus
hypotethic
ancestor
head thorax abdomen
cephalothorax
trunk
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
• heteronomous metamerism and tagmatization
• jointed (segmented) appendages
biramous
uniramous
patela
Chelicerata Crustacea Insecta (Hexapoda)
• No antenae
• chelicerae, pedipalps,
• adults have 4 pairs of legs
• 1 pair of antennae,
• mandibulae, maxillae, labium, labrum, palpi labiales, palpi maxillares
• 3 pairs of legs
• 2 pairs of antennae
• mandibulae, 2 pairs of maxillae
• different numbers and types of legs
sclerotised exoskeleton from chitin (needs to be shed =„ecdysis“ as the body grows), open vascular system, various respiratory systems (body surface, gills, book lungs, tracheae)
3 important subphyla:
Phylum: Arthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Trilobites (Trilobitomorpha)
Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Crustacea
Hexapoda
cladogram
body tagmata - cephalothorax and abdomen head appendages - chelicerae and pedipalps (claws and fangs) cephalothorax bears four pairs of legs spinning glands predators - venom to kill their prey (black widow)
Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites about 80.000 species
Araneae -Spiders Scorpiones - Scorpions
Opiliones –Harvestmen
Acari - Ticks & Mites about 40.000 species very important vectors of many diseases of viral or bacterial origin
Ixodes ricinus – a three-host tick
vector of endemic infectious diseases (encephalitis, Lyme disease, tularemia)
♂
♀
Subphylum Crustacea - Aquatic mandibulates about 40.000 species
body tagmata - cephalothorax and abdomen.
head appendages - 2p.antennae, 1p. mandibles, 2p. maxillae.
biramous appendages
Class
Branchiopoda
water fleas
often microscopic forms that drift as plankton in oceans or in lakes, important food source for many other animals
Class Maxilopoda
(a) planktonic: copepods
(b) parasitic: fish lice,
(c) sedentary: barnacles
(c)
(b)
(a)
Class Malacostraca
lobster common spiny
lobster
crayfish
crab
shrimps
important edible species
body almost cylindrical; usually two pairs of legs
to a somite; usually herbivorous
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Dipopoda - millipedes
Class Chilopoda - centipedes
body tagmata - head and trunk, all appendages uniramous;
head appendages 1p. antennae, 1p. mandibles, 1-2p. maxillae
about 13.000 species
dorsoventrally flattened body;
each somite with one pair of legs;
usually carnivorous predator
Scolopendra
Lithobius
Julus
Subphylum Hexapoda- Terrestial mandibulates
Class Insecta - insects about 900.000 species
body tagmata - head, thorax, abdomen
four types of mouthparts
(1) chewing,
(2) piercing-sucking,
(3) sucking,
(4) sponging
thorax bears three pairs of jointed legs
and two pairs of wings (x primary wingless)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) elytrae
silverfish
secondary wingless
METAMORPHOSIS
Hemimetabola Holometabola (88% species)
eliminates intraspecific competition
(larva x imago)
hemimetabolous metamorphosis - nymphs are similar to adults
Class Insecta - insects about 900.000 species
Ephemeroptera Odonata Blattodea Orthoptera Mantodea
Phasmatodea Dermaptera Plecoptera Isoptera
Psocoptera Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera Heteroptera
Homoptera
holometabolous metamorphosis - egg - larva - pupa - adults
Class Insecta - insects about 900.000 species
Megaloptera Raphidoptera Neuroptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera
Mecoptera Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Siphonaptera Diptera Hymenoptera
Phylum Echinodermata
about 6.000species living Phylum Echinodermata
Deuterostomia branch madreporite
circumoral ring radial channel
with tube feet
In protostomes In deuterostomes
Deuterostomia branch
only marine, ambulacral system
(filled by seawater)
endoskeleton - calcareous plates
and about 20.000species fossil
larval stage -
bilateral symmetry adult - radial -
pentamerous
symmetry
sea urchin
sea cucumber
Phylum Echinodermata Class: sea lilies – sessile
Class: sea stars (starfishes) – carnivores
Class: britttlestars
Class: sea urchins
herbivores
used as food (sushi)
Class: sea cucumbers
used as food (trepang)
sea lilies
sushi
starfish
trepang
brittlestar
