ANALYSIS OF THE COIN FINDS FROM THE GRAVES IN THE NORTHERN CEMETERY OF EMONA

Zbrali in uredili / Edited by

Irena Lazar & Bernarda Županek

KOPER 2012

med Akvilejo in Panonijobetween Aquileia and PannoniaEMONA

Posvečeno dr. Ljudmili Plesničar Gec

VSEBINA / CONTENTS:

Irena Lazar, Bernarda Županekpredgovor 9

EMONA IN NJENA DEDIŠČINA / EMONA AND ITS HERITAGE

Iris BekljanovZidanšekgroB1007skongresnegatrgavljuBljani 13

janezdirjeC,tatjanatoMaZoravnik,MijatopliČaneC,BoruttoškanZašČitnaarHeološkaiZkopavanjanalokaCijisngopera(ljuBljana) 27

dénesgaBlersigillategalliCHeMeridionaliadeMonaeinitalia 49

josipkorošeCBronastaposodaiZeMone 61osestavinaH,kisoustvarjajonjenokakovost

vesnapintariČkoCuvanBronastikipCiBoŽanstvaspeterokrakokrono– 77prispevekknjiHoviraZpoZnavi

BojandjuriĆtHeeMonaXiii.8MosaiCFroMtHelateroManperiod 89

tinaMilaveCaglasslaMpWitHBaseknoBFroMeMona 97

MarjetašašelkosdediCationstodivinitiesFroMtHeepigrapHiCColleCtion 105 intHeCitYMuseuMoFljuBljana

Milanlovenjak,andrejgasparinagroBnastelakanCijeviZeMonskeinsuleXiii 123

6

eMona–medakvilejoinpanonijo

EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia

alenkaMiškeCanalYsisoFtHeCoinFindsFroMtHegraves 133intHenortHernCeMeterYoFeMona

BenjaminštularZaČetkisrednjeveškeljuBljanevluČiarHeološkiH 143 iZkopavanjnaMaČkoviuliCi–visokosrednjeveška ljuBljanavluČinajnovejšiHarHeološkiHiZkopavanj

MitjaguštinriMskiZideMone.dedišČinaantikeindoBerpriMer 157aktivnegakonservatorstva

BernardaŽupanekeMona’sHeritageintHeseCondHalFoFtHe20tHCenturY: 169tHeContriButionMadeBYljudMilaplesniČargeC

FedjakoširedvardravnikarinarHeološkadedišČinaeMone 183

anaplestenjakdedišČinavpriMeŽupolitiČniHspletk.priMerdraMe 191 naljuBljanskitrŽniCi

BorisviČiČMedkladivoMinnakovaloM–pogledkonservatorja 205

BoženadirjeC,irenasiveC,BernardaŽupanekljudMilaplesniČargeC,MuZealka 211

MED AKVILEJO IN PANONIJO / BETWEEN AQUILEIA AND PANNONIA

MariapaolalaviZZaripedraZZini 225laCoppa“tiposarius”dipavia

MaurizioBuora 235unanuova“ragaZZanoriCa”daCaMporosso

tinaŽerjalkeraMiČnalanternaali»svetleČaHiška«iZškolariC 245prispodnjiHškoFijaH

MihaMlinar,dragosvoljšak,verenavidriHperkoBeatričeŽBonatrkMankopalniCoiMa:arHeološkeraZiskaveinpreZentaCija 257riMskeHišeZMostanasoČi

janaHorvatskupekkeraMikeiZprvepoloviCe1.stoletjaiZnavporta 273

7



jankaisteniČ,ŽigašMitaraWglassCHunkFroMtHeviCinitYoFnauportus(vrHnika) 301

juditaluX,MilansagadinposkusČasovneuMestitveoBjekta2riMskevilerustike 311priMošnjaH

elenisCHindlerkaudelkalaCeraMiCaaparetisottilidelMagdalensBerg1975–1998–2011 323

Irena Lazar BogatstenskiokrasriMskepredMestnevilepriCeleji 367

daniloBrešČak,MilanlovenjakriMskanagroBnikaiZštatenBerkaingorenjega 377karteljeveganadolenjskeM

philMasonsoMetHingold,soMetHingneW,soMetHingBorroWed… 389roManisationandtHeCreationoFidentitYinearlY roManCentralandsoutH-easternslovenia

ivaCurkpoetoviovprostoru–nekajopaŽanjinposkusov 407

polonaBitenC,timotejkniFiCpoZnoantiČneFiBulevpodoBiptiČeviZslovenije 429

špelakaroZgodnjekarolinškenajdBesslovenskiHnajdišČ 447

slavkoCigleneČkispreMenjenapodoBapoZnoantiČniHurBaniHsredišČ– 459prispevekktransForMaCijiposelitveneslike vjugovZHodnoalpskeMprostoru

MatijaČrešnar,dimitrijMlekuŽ,gašperrutar 479laserskoskeniranjepovršjainkulturnadedišČina–nekajnovostiovišinskiposelitvioBsrednjisavi

BrankoMušiČarHeogeoFiZikalneraZiskavevurBaniHokoljiH– 497 spoZnanja,teŽaveinperspektiva

gregorpoBeŽinCrudelisaMor…CrudelistuQuoQueMater– 515 nekajpoMislekovoMotivu»kruteljuBeZni«vlatinskiknjiŽevnosti

SEZNAM AVTORJEV / LIST OF AUTHORS 525

133



alenkaMiškeC

ANALYSIS OF THE COIN FINDS FROM THE GRAVES IN THE NORTHERN CEMETERY OF EMONA

ABSTRACT

An analysis of Roman coins as grave goods in the northern cemetery of Emona revealed that these appear in only 15 % of graves, contesting the classical notion of placing coins in graves to cover Charon’s fare into the afterlife. Namely, Roman written sources convey the following: Charon only demanded a small amount for fare, one or two bronze coins, and the money had to be placed into the mouth. In cases where graves contained several coins, these cannot be considered as fare for Charon anymore, even less so if these were made from precious metals, i.e. silver or gold. These were placed in the graves due to their special significance to the deceased. When coins are part of jewellery, this is a secondary use of coins, functioning as any other jewellery in the grave context. We can conclude that the placing of coins in graves was not an obligatory part of the funerary ritual and people did not nurture this tradition en masse.

Key words: Roman period, numismatics, funerary finds, funerary rites, Emona

Ključne besede: rimska doba, numizmatika, grobne najde, grobni običaji, Emona

134



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

nagykanizsa

II

nagykanizsai

esztergomii

Hegyeshalom

tokod

keszthely-

dobogó

somogyszil

Bátaszék-

kövesd

esztergomi

ságvár

Inte

rcis

a

Csákvár

allgravesgraveswithcoins

afamousfigure fromclassicalantiquity isthe ferrymanCharonwho transports the deadacrosstherivertotheunderworld.sincenoth-inginlifeisfree,Charonexpectstobepaidforhisefforts.Charon'sobolhadtobeplacedinoronthemouthofthedeceased.thisisoneofthereasonswhypeopledepositedmoneyingraves.Butisittheonlyreason?

toanswerthisquestionweanalyzedinde-tailthenortherncemeteryofemona,whichisrelativelywell researchedandpublished.thislarge cemetery stretched out along the roadacrossatrans toCeleia,poetovio, and furthereast.nowadaysitistheareabetweenkongres-ni square and theexhibition andConvention

Centre in slovenska street, which continuesnorthwards asdunajska street.the cemeteryhas been researched by many archaeologistsovera longperiodof timeandasa result thequality of the data on the graves and gravegoodsdiffersgreatly.thegravecomplexesthatwere discovered accidentally or during exca-vations before 1961were published by sonjapetru(petru,1972).Forthepresentanalysisweused only the data from three systematicallyresearched areas: in thefirst one, situatedbe-tweentrdinovaandpražakovastreets,nowot-nyandschmidunearthed664graves;thesec-ondarea,excavatedbyschmidonthelenarčičlot,yielded81graves;inthethirdarea,thegra-

Plesničar Novotny-Schmid Schmid Müllner

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

all graves

graves with coins

Diagram 1: The ratio of all graves to the graves containing coins from the various excavations in Emona.

Diagram 2: The ratio of all graves to the graves containing coins from different sites in Pannonia.

135



isermeadow lot,Müllner excavated 100 gra-ves(petru,1972,11,145).thismakesa totalof 845 graves. From 1961 to 1968, ljudmilaplesničargecledtheexcavationsoftheceme-terycomplexbetweentrdinovaandlinhartovastreetsandunearthedafurther997gravesandshepublished the resultsof these excavations(plesničargec,1972).Forcomparisonweusedthedataon thegravesof thewesterncemete-riesofpoetovio,publishedbyjankaisteničinKatalogi in Monografijeno.32,cemeteries invenetia (gorini, 1999), and late roman ce-meteries frompannonia (torbágyi, 2009) andnortherngaul(gorecki,1979).

of the total of 1822 emonian graves thatwere excavated and published, at least 100graveswere destroyed by bulldozer action orearlier in the past, and these are not relevanttoour analysis.of the remaininggraves, 276contained coins in addition to other gravegoods.diagram1showstheratioofallgravestothegravescontainingcoinsfromthevariousexcavations. as mentioned earlier, the rela-tivelysmallnumberofgraveswithcoinsfromplesničar’s excavations (plesničargec, 1972)incomparisontothegravesfromtheexcavati-onsofnowotny–schmid(petru,1972,23–90,151–163) most likely results from the highnumber of destroyed graves, of which somecertainlymust have contained coins. put into

percentages, in thepartof thecemeteryexca-vatedbyplesničaronly9.82%gravesyieldedcoins,theareaexcavatedbynowotny–schmid21.08%,thelenarčičlotnearly30%,andthegraisermeadow16%.theoverallaverageis15.4%.

the percentage of graves containing coinsis somewhathigher in thewestern cemeteriesofpoetovio–20.6%(istenič,1999).invene-tia, the practice of depositing coins in gravesdiffersfromperiodtoperiod;itgraduallyinc-reasesuntilthestartofthejulian-Claudianera,whenover50%gravescontaincoins.this isalsothehighestpercentageandinthe2nd centu-ryitgraduallydecreasestodisappearcomple-telyinthe4thcentury.goriniassumesthattheritualofplacingcoinsingravesinvenetiawasintroducedwiththearrivaloftheromans,andthatafterreachingitsclimaxinthejulian-Cla-udianerathecustomslowlyvanished(gorini,1999,75).inthepannoniancemeteriesofke-szthely-dobogóandHegyeshalom,theshareofgraveswithcoins isquitehigh:34.5%in thefirst,andnolessthan58%inthelatter.itmustbementionedhoweverthattheshareofgraveswithcoinsdecreaseswiththenumberofgraves(torbágyi,2009).

Bronze coins from the 1st and 2nd centu-riesdominate in thegraves from thenortherncemeteryofemona.Coinsfromthe1stcentury

Diagram 3: Share of coins from different periods in the graves from the cemeteries in Emona and Poetovio.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

augustus

tiberiu

sCaligula

Claudius

nero

galba

vespasian

titus

dom

itian

nerva

trajan

Hadrian

antoninuspius

M.a

urelius

l.verus

Commodus

1.and2.C

ent.

septimiuss

everus

Caracalla

alexander

Maximinusthrax

gordianusiii

philipthearab

decius

gallienus

Claudiusgothicus

aurelian

diocletian

Lici

nius

IMaximian

Maximinusdaia

Constantinei

Constans

Constantineii

Magnentius

val.i,v

alens,

unid

entif

ied

emona

poetovio

136



represent47%ofallgravecoins, those fromthe2ndcentury18%,andtheythustotal65%.theirsharewascertainlyhigherifwetakeintoaccount anumberof theveryhighportionofunidentifiedcoins–24%.thesharesofcoinsfromthe3rdand4thcenturyarequitenegligibleastheytotalonly11%.thispictureprovidedby the northern cemetery of emona is wellcomplemented by the data from the westerncemeteries of poetovio. 1st-century coins rep-

resent57%ofalldepositedcoins,nearly20%arefromthe2ndcentury,andunidentifiedcoinsfromthe1stand2ndcenturieshaveajoint15%share;thismakesatotalof92%(diagram3).Wemaythusconcludethattheritualofplacingcoins ingraveswasmorecommonin thefirsttwo centuries of the imperial era.even ifweconsiderthatcoinsfromthe1stand2nd centuries wereplacedinlatergraves,thepractiseeffec-tivelyculminatesintheFlavianperiod.

Figure 1: Solidus of Magnentius, National museum of Slovenia, inv. no. LJ 12951.

Diagram 4: Percentages of coin denominations in the graves from the cemeteries in Emona.

137



the graves from the cemetery of emonamainlyyieldedcoinsoflowernominalvalues:alittleover60%areasses,3.5%dupondii,andnearly3%sesterces.ofthe23.5%unidentifiedcoins,themajorityprobablyareassesaswell.therearepracticallynocoinsmadeofpreciousmetals.denariiwerefoundinonlytwograves;inhumation grave 320 contained a necklacemadeof5denarii (petru,1972,44,155), andgrave663adenariusofdomitian(petru,1972,64,158).aquiteexceptionalfindisthesolid-us ofMagnentius from grave 513, excavatedby nowotny–schmid (petru, 1972, 53, 156;jeločnik,1971,116–117).

only a small share of the graves in thenorthern cemetery of emona contains largernumbers of coins: 0.4%or eight graves (fig.2). they were deposited in four inhumationgravesandfourcremationgraves.thecrema-tiongravesareolderasisevidencedbythecoinfinds.the example of grave 251,which con-tainedanasofaugustus,anasofgermanicus,andacoinofConstantiusii,clearlyshowsthat

coins are not always the best source for dat-inggraves.BecauseofthecoinofConstantiusii, thisgravemustbedated toafter361eventhoughitcontainedtwocoinsfromthe1st cen-tury,whichwerecertainlynolongerincircula-tioninthe4thcentury.intheotherthreecasesaswell,thecoinsarenottemporallyhomogenous,since grave 32 contained in addition to an asofagrippatwoassesofantoninuspius.inthewesterncemeteryofpoetovio, largernumbersof coinswere found in four graves or 0.5%,andthisnumberiswellinlinewiththenorth-erncemeteryofemona.asurveyofsomelargepannonian cemeteries showed that the mostcommonpracticewastoplaceoneortwocoinsinagrave.depositinglargernumbersofcoinsinagravebecamemorecommoninthe4th cen-tury. a particular case are graves with morethan five coins: in the pannonian cemeteriestherearesevengraveswithover40coins,andinfourcasesremnantsofleatherortextilewerefoundclosetothecoins,whichwerecertainlypartofapouch.theywereusuallyfoundnext

denomination emperor mint dategrave 32 as gaius(agrippa) rom 37–41

as antoninuspius rom 138–161as antoninuspius rom 138–161

grave 251 as augustus rom 16–6BCas Claudius(germanicus) rom 50–54Cen/ae3 Constantiusii sis 337–361

grave 877 as tiberius(divusaugustus) rom 22–30

as vespasian rom 69–79as vespasian rom 69–79

grave 932 as augustus rom 16–6BCs nero rom 64coin ? ? ?coin ? ? ?

grave 320 d Hadrian rom 117–138d antoninuspius rom 138–161

d antoninuspius(divaFaustinai) rom from141

d antoninuspius(divaFaustinai) rom from141

d M.aurelius rom 169–170

Figure 2: Graves in the northern cemetery of Emona containing more than two coins.

138



to the hips of the deceased (torbágyi, 2009).there are no such cases in the northern cem-eteryofemona.

somefindsareparticularlyinteresting,e.g.from grave 320 in the northern cemetery ofemona,which contained5 silver coins: 1de-narius ofHadrian, 3 ofantoninuspius and 1ofMarcusaurelius(petru,1972,44,155,fig.2).twocoinsrevealedaremnantofasilverearandthesewerecertainlypartofanecklace.inthis connection wemust mention the famousgraveformkarlovškastreetnearthesamassavilla: discovered in 1914 it contained in ad-dition to small glass bottles and balsamaria anecklacemadeofgoldcoinsofgallienusandglassmedallions.unfortunately,thenecklaceislost(petru,1972,122–123;173).Botharecas-esofsecondaryuseofcoinsandtheyhavethesamefunctioninthegravesasotherjewellery.

Coins were found in both inhumation andcremationgraves:ofthetotal1882graves,221areinhumationgraves,agood12%,andthere-maining88%consistof1601cremationgraves.Cremationgravesaremorecommonand theyhave different forms (diagram 5).Most coinswere found in graveswhichwere simplydugintheground–36.5%.theyarefollowedbygravesmadeofbricksortegulae,representing30%ofthegraveswithcoins.thesetwotypesofgravesaregenerallythemostcommonones.

Diagram 5: The share of coins in different types of graves from the cemeteries in Emona.

in10%ofthegravesthecoinswerefoundinburialsinadoliumoramphora.Coinsarerarerininhumationgraves–only17%.theburialmethodallowsus toestablish towhich socialclass the deceased belonged.Müllner thoughtthatthedeceasedburiedinadoliumwereatap-proximatelythesamepositiononthesociallad-derasthoseburiedinbrickcists(?),becauseadoliumcostaboutasmuchasfivebricks.Con-cerninginhumationgraves,wehaveenoughac-curatedataonthepositionofthecoinsonlyinpetru’spublication.inthe25inhumationgravescoinswerefoundontheneckvertebrae,belowthemandibleornext totheskull intencases;thesepositionsmayindicatethatthecoinswereplaced in the deceased’smouth. in two casesthecoinsweredepositedatthelegs,andinonenearahandoronthebreast.therearenoac-curatedatafor11graves.

interpretation: in the cemetery of emonacoinswerefoundinonly15%ofallgraves.ifwe associate placing coins in graveswith theclassical ideaof the transition into theunder-worldfromantiquesources,wecanhardlysaythattheyrepresentCharon’sfee.antiquewrit-tensources(especiallyromanones)indeedin-formusthatCharonrequiredonlyamodestfeeforthetransfer–oneortwobronzecoins,tobeplacedinthemouthofthedeceased.inthecas-eswhereseveralcoinswerefoundinagrave,

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

inhumationgraves

simplycremationgraves

burialinadoliumoramphora

cremationgraves:madeofbricks

burialinanashurn

burialinatomb

undefi

ned

allgravesgraveswithcoins

139



theycannotbeassociatedwithCharon’sfee.inparticularnotwhenthisinvolvedcoinsmadeofpreciousmetalslikesilverandgoldcoins.

Conclusion

–Whenagravecontainsoneortwobronzecoinsandtheyarefoundnearthehead,wemayassociate themwithCharon’s fee for thepas-sagetotheunderworld.

– some coins may have been placed ingravesbecauseofthespecialvalueandsignifi-cancetheyhadtothedeceased,especiallygoldcoinsandmedallions.

–Wherecoinsarepartofapieceofjewel-lery, thismeansa secondaryuseof coinsandtheyhavethesamefunctioningravesasotherjewellery.

–Coinswere found in inhumation aswellas cremationgraves; thepositionof thecoins

canbeestablishedonly in inhumationgraves.However,wecannotexcludethatinthecaseofcremation graves a coinwas put in or on themouthbeforethecremationtookplace.

–Consideringthatcoinswerefoundinveryfew graves,wemay conclude that depositingcoinsingraveswasnotanobligatorypartoftheburialritualandthatpeopleobviouslydidnotbelieveinthecultingreaternumbers.

–Coinfindsmaybemisleadingwhendat-inggraves;thebestevidenceforthisaregraveswhichcontainseveralcoins,sincetheymaybefromdifferentcenturies.insomecasesgravescontainbigbronzecoinsmintedinthe1stor2nd century togetherwith coins and other objectsfromthe4thcentury.

–depositingcoinsingraveswasnotrelat-edtothestatusofthedeceased,becausecoinshavebeenfoundingraveswithdifferenttypesofburial.

140



POVZETEK

Zelo znana predstava iz klasične antike je brodnik Haron, ki z brodom pelje mrtvece čez reko v pod-zemlje. Za svoje delo pa Haron pričakuje plačilo – Haronov obol, ki mora biti položen na ali v usta pokojnika. To je eden od razlogov, zakaj so ljudje polagali denar v grobove. Pa je to edini razlog?Za odgovor na vprašanje smo podrobneje analizirali severno emonsko grobišče; to se je razpro-stiralo vzdolž ceste, ki je vodila prek Atransa, Celeje, Poetovione in naprej na vzhod. Grobišče so raziskovali številni arheologi in temu primerno so podatki o grobovih in pridatkih zelo različne kakovosti.Med skupno 1822 emonskimi grobovi, ki so bili izkopani in objavljeni, je vsebovalo 276 grobov poleg drugih pridatkov tudi novce, kar znese 15,4 %. Delež grobov z novci je na poetovionskih zahodnih grobiščih nekoliko večji, saj znaša 20,6 % vseh grobov. Na severnem emonskem grobi-šču v grobovih s 65 % prevladujejo bronasti novci iz 1. in 2. stoletja. Praktično zanemarljiva sta deleža novcev iz 3. in 4. st., ki skupaj znašata slabih 11 %. Sliko na severnem emonskem grobišču lepo dopolnjujejo podatki z zahodnih poetovionskih grobišč. Novci iz 1. st. predstavljajo 57 % vseh pridanih novcev, iz 2. st. skoraj 20 %, neopredeljeni novci iz 1. in 2. st. pa 15 %; skupaj torej 92 %. V grobove na emonskem grobišču so pridajali predvsem novce nižjih nominalnih vrednosti, saj med njimi prevladujejo asi z dobrimi 60 %, dupondijev je 3,5 % in sestercijev skoraj 3 %. Novci, narejeni iz plemenitih kovin, se praktično ne pojavljajo. Na severnem emonskem grobišču se ve-čje število novcev pojavlja v manjšem deležu grobov, le v 0,4 %, kar pomeni osem grobov. Bili so pridani v štirih skeletnih in štirih žganih grobovih. Na poetovinskem zahodnem grobišču se večje število novcev pojavlja v štirih grobovih, kar znese 0,5 %, število je popolnoma primerljivo s sever-nim emonskim grobiščem. Pregled nekaterih velikih panonskih grobiščih je pokazal, da je navada prilaganja enega ali dveh novcev v grob najpogostejša. Pridajanje večjega števila novcev v grob se pogosteje pojavlja v 4. st. Novci se pojavljajo v grobovih z obema načinoma pokopa, v žganih in skeletnih grobovih: med skupno 1822 grobovi je 221 skeletnih grobov, to je dobrih 12 %, preostalih 88 % pa predstavlja 1601 žgan grob.Na emonskem grobišču se novci pojavljajo zgolj v 15 % vseh grobov. Če pridajanje novcev v gro-bove povezujemo s klasično predstavo o prehodu v onstranstvo, kot jo poznamo iz antičnih virov, težko govorimo, da ti novci predstavljajo plačilo za Harona. Iz antičnih pisnih virov (zlasti rimskih) namreč izvemo naslednje: Haron je za prevoz zahteval le skromen prispevek, en ali dva bronasta novčiča, in denar je moral biti položen v usta. Kadar je v grobu več novcev, ne moremo več govoriti o plačilu za Harona. Zlasti ko gre za novce iz plemenitih kovin.

141



BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gorecki, J. (1979):auswertungsmöglichkeitenvonMünzfundeninrömerzeitlichengräbernamBeispieldesnordgallischenraumes.in:alföldi,M.r.(ed.):ergebnissedesFMrd-Colloquiumsvom8.-13.Februar1976inFrankfurtamMainundBadHomburgv.d.H.studienzuFundmünzenderantike,Bd.1.Mainz,Zabernverlag.Gorini, G. (1999):ladocumentazionedelvenetoperuna«numismaticadellamorte».in:dubuis,o.F.,Frey-kupper,s.andperret,g.(eds.):trouvaillesmonétairesdetombes,actesduduxièmecolloque international du groupe suisse pour l’étude des trouvailles monétaires. Études denumismatiqueetd’histoiremonétaire,2.lausanne,editionsduZebre,71–82.Istenič, J. (1999):poetovio,zahodnagrobiščai.grobneceloteizdeželnegamuzejajoanneumavgradcu.katalogiinmonografije,32.ljubljana,narodnimuzejslovenije.Jeločnik, A. et al. (1971):nekajdragocenostiizzbirknarodnegamuzeja.argo,10,85–159.Petru, S. (1972):emonskenekropole:(odkritemedleti1635–1960).katalogiinmonografije,7.ljubljana,narodnimuzej.Plesničar Gec, L. (1972): severno emonsko grobišče. katalogi in monografije, 8. ljubljana,narodnimuzej–Mestnimuzej.Thüry, G. E. (1999):CharonunddieFunktionenderMünzeninrömischengräbernderkaiserzeit.in:dubuis,o.F.,Frey-kupper,s.andperret,g.(eds.):trouvaillesmonétairesdetombes,actesduduxièmecolloqueinternationaldugroupesuissepourl’étudedestrouvaillesmonétaires.Étudesdenumismatiqueetd’histoiremonétaire,2.lausanne,editionsduZebre,17–30.Torbágyi, M. (2009):“purseFinds”inthelateromangravesinpannonia.in:Bíró,B.etal.(eds.):exofficina…studiainhonoremdénesgabler.györ,Mursellarégészetiegyesület,525–534.Tušek, I. (1985):Zlatinakitnipredmetivrimskihgrobovihnaptuju.ptujskizbornik,5,405–417.

Date post:	07-Feb-2023
Category:	Documents
Upload:	nms-si
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

ANALYSIS OF THE COIN FINDS FROM THE GRAVES IN THE NORTHERN CEMETERY OF EMONA

Documents