AR_NRRI_2007-08.pdf - krishi icar

EåòpùÒªÉ SÉÉ´É±É +xÉÖºÉÆvÉÉxÉ ºÉÆºlÉÉxÉ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ EÞòÊ¹É +xÉÖºÉÆvÉÉxÉ {ÉÊ®ú¹Énù

Eò]õEò (=c÷ÒºÉÉ) 753 006, ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ

Central Rice Research InstituteIndian Council of Agricultural Research

Cuttack (Orissa) 753 006, India

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ContactsPhone Fax Email

Cuttack+91-671-2367768-83 +91-671-2367663 [email protected] or

[email protected]

Hazaribag+91-6546-222263 +91-6546-223697 [email protected]

Gerua+91-361-2820370 +91-361-2820370

Website: http://www.crri.nic.in

Laser typeset at the Central Rice Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Cuttack (Orissa) 753 006, India,and printed in India, by the Capital Business Service and Consultancy, Bhubaneswar (Orissa) 751 007. Published by the

Director, for the Central Rice Research Institute, ICAR, Cuttack (Orissa) 753 006.

Correct Citation:CRRI Annual Report 2007–08, Cuttack, IndiaCentral Rice Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Cuttack, India

ISBN 81-88409-07-3

©All Rights ReservedCentral Rice Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research

December 2008

Director: T.K. Adhya

Compilation: Sandhya Rani Dalal Hindi Translation: G. Kalundia and B.K. Mohanty

English Data Correction: S.K. Sinha Hindi Data Correction: R. Sahoo

Editor: Ravi Viswanathan

Cover 1, 4: Rice Satya Krishna evolved through doubled haploid breeding was releasedfor cultivation. (Photo: Ravi Viswanathan)

Cover 3: Post kharif rice crops. From top: Maize, groundnut, chickpea, pumpkin, cabbage,potato, chilli and a farmer family with harvested mustard.

(Photo: P.C. Mohapatra, M. Variar and CRURRS)

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Preface

THE past year was a very challenging one with constraints brought about by

floods,drought,and cultivation shifts from foodgrains to oilseeds and biofuels. Cou-

pled with the shortage of cereals and consequential high price realization globally, includ-

ing that of rice brought the issue of food security to the forefront. On the positive side, there

was a hint of higher compensation to the rice farmers for their produce. The tentative im-

pact of climate change further complicated the issue of continued growth in the agriculture

sector.

During the year research at the CRRI was reoriented taking into account the needs of the

XI Five Year Plan that focuses on evolving strategies for livelihood and food security. The

CRRI was very successful in responding to the needs of the farmers by not only releasing

new rice varieties for different rice ecologies but also technologies for tackling newer pests

and diseases. One of these rice varieties released from the CRRI was evolved through path-

breaking research involving double haploids. Various new technologies that were evalu-

ated in the fields were improved and transferred to the farmers. Novel experiments such as

breeding for new plant types, aerobic rice, rice-based farming systems, and precision farm-

ing were promoted. Work on the application of C4 mechanism of photosynthesis in new

plant type was initiated. There is a special focus on accelerating newer technologies to over-

come problems of pests and disease resistance. During the year, CRRI has also received

funding for projects in frontline areas from the National Agricultural Innovation Project of

the ICAR. The CRRI Krishi Vigyan Kendras continue to transfer the technologies to the

farmers through on-farm trials, frontline demonstrations and continued training.

I am sure that this Annual Report will be useful to research managers, researchers, farm-

ers and students.

(T.K. Adhya)

Director

4 Organogram

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Contents

Preface .................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Contents ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Executive Summary/EòÉªÉÇEòÉ®úÒ ºÉÉ®úÉÆ¶É ....................................................................................................................................7

The CRRI: What is it and what it does? ......................................................................................................... 12

Genetic Resources and Seed Technology ...................................................................................................... 15

Genetic Enhancement of Yield ........................................................................................................................ 21

Improvement of Grain and Nutritional Quality ........................................................................................... 45

Breeding for Resistance/tolerance to Biotic, Abiotic and Environmental Stresses ................................. 49

Natural Resource Management and Input-use Efficiency for Improved Crop Production ................... 57

Enhancing and Sustaining the Productivity of Rice-based Farming Systems .......................................... 65

Mechanization for Rice Production and Post-harvest Systems .................................................................. 72

Strategic Research on Pathogens/Pest Population Dynamics, Crop Losses, Forecasting ...................... 75

Developing IPM Technologies for Different Rice Ecologies ....................................................................... 79

Socio-Economic Research for Sustainable Development ............................................................................ 86

Krishi Vigyan Kendras ..................................................................................................................................... 89

Publications ........................................................................................................................................................ 95

RAC, IMC, SRC, SAC Meetings ...................................................................................................................... 97

Participation in Symposia/Conferences/Workshops/Training in India and Abroad ......................... 101

Workshops, Symposia, Seminars, Farmers’ Day Organized .................................................................... 107

Distinguished Visitors .................................................................................................................................... 115

Awards/Recognitions .................................................................................................................................... 117

Personnel .......................................................................................................................................................... 119

Projects and Financial Resources .................................................................................................................. 122

Weather ............................................................................................................................................................ 127

Acronymns ....................................................................................................................................................... 129

Contents

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RICE varieties Satya Krishna, Nua Kalajeera, NuaDhusara, Hanseswari and Chandan were re-

leased for cultivation by the Orissa State Seed Sub-Committee of Agricultural Crop.

Semi-tall, early culture CRR 383-22 (IET 19253) waspromising.

Culture RR 433-2-1 (IET 195252), a very early cul-ture was promising for direct-seeded conditions ofOrissa and transplanted conditions of Maharashtra.

IR 74371-70-1-1-CRR-1 (IET 19576), an early cul-ture was promising for direct-seeded conditions inOrissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and transplanted con-ditions in Tamil Nadu.

Based on the performance in different hybrid trialsduring 2007, hybrid Rajalaxmi was identified as prom-ising for Maharashtra.

Germplasm were collected from Gujarat, UttarPradesh and Orissa.

Various landraces, donors and new collections weregrown to increase seed and seed supply.

A total of 3,451 accessions of rice germplasm in-cluding wild species were characterized and a com-puterized catalogue for passport data prepared.

A total of 2,387 accessions of rice germplasm weredeposited for long-term storage in the National GeneBank, NBPGR, New Delhi as well as at CRRI, Cuttack.

Various lines were evaluated for aerobic adapta-tion in favourable soil conditions.

Suitable lines were tested for shallow favourablelowlands, irrigated conditions, rainfed unfavourablelowlands and flood-prone ecologies.

Out of 600 test-cross hybrids that were evaluatedin kharif and rabi of 2007-08, 25 promising heteroticcombination were identified.

Hybrid seeds of 20 combinations including 12 longduration ones were produced. These were nominatedfor evaluation in SLHRT 2008 at seven locations.

Executive Summary

EòÉªÉÇEòÉ®úÒ ºÉÉ®úÉÆ¶É

=c÷ÒºÉÉ ®úÉVªÉ EÞòÊ¹É ¡òºÉ±É ¤ÉÒVÉ ={É-ºÉÊ¨ÉÊiÉ uùÉ®úÉ ºÉiªÉEÞò¹hÉÉ,xÉÖ+ÉEòÉ±ÉÉVÉÒ®úÉ, xÉÖ+ÉvÉÖºÉ®úÉ, ½ÆþºÉä·É®úÒ iÉlÉÉ SÉÆnùxÉ SÉÉ´É±É ÊEòº¨Éå JÉäiÉÒ EäòÊ±ÉB Ê´É¨ÉÉäÊSÉiÉ EòÒ MÉªÉÓ*

+vÉÇ-±ÉÆ¤ÉÒ, ¶ÉÒQÉ {ÉEòxÉä ́ ÉÉ±ÉÒ ºÉÆ´ÉvÉÇxÉ ºÉÒ +É®ú +É®ú 383-22 (+É<Ç <Ç]õÒ 19253) +É¶ÉÉVÉxÉEò {ÉÉªÉÒ MÉªÉÒ*

=c÷ÒºÉÉ EòÒ ºÉÒvÉÒ ¤ÉÖ+É<Ç nù¶ÉÉ+Éå iÉlÉÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EòÒ ®úÉäÊ{ÉiÉ nù¶ÉÉ+ÉåEäò Ê±ÉB BEò +ÊiÉ ¶ÉÒQÉ {ÉEòxÉä ´ÉÉ±ÉÒ ºÉÆ´ÉvÉÇxÉ +É®ú +É®ú 433-2-1 (+É<Ç<Ç ]õÒ 195252) +É¶ÉÉVÉxÉEò {ÉÉªÉÒ MÉªÉÒ*

=c÷ÒºÉÉ, ZÉÉ®úJÉÆb÷, UôkÉÒºÉMÉgø EòÒ ºÉÒvÉÒ ¤ÉÖ+É<Ç nù¶ÉÉ+Éå iÉlÉÉ iÉÊ¨É±ÉxÉÉbÖ÷EòÒ ®úÉäÊ{ÉiÉ nù¶ÉÉ+Éå Eäò Ê±ÉB BEò +ÊiÉ ¶ÉÒQÉ {ÉEòxÉä ´ÉÉ±ÉÒ ºÉÆ´ÉvÉÇxÉ +É<Ç-+É®ú 74371-70-1-1-ºÉÒ +É®ú +É®ú-1 (+É<Ç <Ç ]õÒ 19576) +É¶ÉÉVÉxÉEò{ÉÉªÉÒ MÉªÉÒ*

´É¹ÉÇ 2007 Eäò nùÉè®úÉxÉ ÊxÉ¹{ÉÉnùxÉ Eäò +ÉvÉÉ®ú {É®ú Ê´ÉÊ¦ÉzÉ ºÉÆEò®ú {É®úÒIÉhÉÉå¨Éå ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ Eäò Ê±ÉB ®úÉVÉ±ÉI¨ÉÒ ºÉÆEò®ú +É¶ÉÉVÉxÉEò {ÉÉªÉÒ MÉªÉÒ*

MÉÖVÉ®úÉiÉ, =kÉ®ú |Énäù¶É iÉlÉÉ =c÷ÒºÉÉ ºÉä VÉxÉxÉpù´ªÉ ºÉÆOÉÊ½þiÉ ÊEòªÉÉMÉªÉÉ*

Eò<Ç ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉVÉÉÊiÉªÉÉå, nùÉiÉÉ+Éå iÉlÉÉ xÉªÉä ºÉÆOÉ½þhÉÉå Eäò ¤ÉÒVÉ =i{ÉÉnùxÉ ¨Éå´ÉÞÊrù iÉlÉÉ ¤ÉÒVÉ +É{ÉÚÌiÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB JÉäiÉÒ EòÒ MÉªÉÒ*

VÉÆMÉ±ÉÒ |ÉVÉÉÊiÉªÉÉå ºÉÊ½þiÉ SÉÉ´É±É VÉxÉxÉpù´ªÉ EòÒ EÖò±É 3,451 |ÉÊ´ÉÎ¹]õªÉÉåEòÉ ±ÉIÉhÉ-´ÉhÉÇxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ iÉlÉÉ {ÉÉºÉ{ÉÉä]Çõ b÷É]õÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB BEò EÆò{ªÉÚ]õ®úEÞòiÉºÉÚSÉÒ iÉèªÉÉ®ú EòÒ MÉªÉÒ*

SÉÉ´É±É VÉxÉxÉpù´ªÉ EòÒ EÖò±É 2,387 |ÉÊ´ÉÎ¹]õªÉÉå EòÉä BxÉ ¤ÉÒ {ÉÒ VÉÒ+É®ú, xÉ<Ç Ênù±±ÉÒ iÉlÉÉ EåòpùÒªÉ SÉÉ´É±É +xÉÖºÉÆvÉÉxÉ ºÉÆºlÉÉxÉ Eò]õEò Eäò®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ VÉÒxÉ ¤ÉéEò ¨Éå nùÒPÉÇEòÉÊ±ÉEò ¦ÉÆb÷É®úhÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB VÉ¨ÉÉ ÊEòªÉÉMÉªÉÉ*

+xÉÖEÚò±É Ê¨É]Âõ]õÒ {ÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉªÉÉå ¨Éå B®úÉäÊ¤ÉEò +xÉÖEÚò±ÉxÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB Eò<Ç´ÉÆ¶ÉÉå EòÉ ¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉÆEòxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

=lÉ±ÉÒ +xÉÖEÚò±É ÊxÉSÉ±ÉÒ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉªÉÉå, =ÊSÉiÉ nù¶ÉÉ+Éå, ´É¹ÉÉÇÊ¸ÉiÉ |ÉÊiÉEÚò±ÉÊxÉSÉ±ÉÒ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉªÉÉå iÉlÉÉ ¤ÉÉgø-|É´ÉhÉ {ÉÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉÊEòªÉÉå Eäò Ê±ÉB ={ÉªÉÖHò ´ÉÆ¶ÉÉåEòÉ {É®úÒIÉhÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

´É¹ÉÇ 2007-08 Eäò JÉ®úÒ¡ò iÉlÉÉ ®ú¤ÉÒ Eäò nùÉè®úÉxÉ ̈ ÉÚ±ªÉÉÆÊEòiÉ 600 ]äõº]õ-GòÉºÉ ºÉÆEò®úÉå ¨Éå ºÉä 25 +É¶ÉÉVÉxÉEò Ê´ÉVÉÉiÉÒªÉ Ê¨É¸ÉhÉÉå EòÒ {É½þSÉÉxÉ EòÒMÉªÉÒ*

¤ÉÉ®ú½þ nùÒPÉÉÇ´ÉÊvÉ ÊEòº¨ÉÉå ºÉ¨ÉäiÉ ºÉÆEò®ú ¤ÉÒVÉÉå Eäò 20 Ê¨É¸ÉhÉÉå EòÉ=i{ÉÉnùxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ* <xÉ Ê¨É¸ÉhÉÉå EòÉä BºÉ B±É BSÉ +É®ú {ÉÒ 2008 ¨ÉåºÉÉiÉ ºlÉÉxÉÉå ¨Éå ¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉÆEòxÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB xÉÉÊ¨ÉiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

Eò<Ç |ÉVÉxÉxÉ ´ÉÆ¶ÉÉå EòÉ ¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉÆEòxÉ EòÉªÉÇ |ÉMÉÊiÉ {É®ú ½èþ iÉlÉÉ =lÉ±ÉÒ

Executive Summary

8

Various breeding lines are under evaluation anddevelopment for new plant type and superior planttype for shallow lowlands and deepwater.

DNA fingerprinting of rice varieties, hybrids andother germplasm was done. A molecular data set wascreated.

Work on new plant type with C4 mechanism ofphotosynthesis was initiated.

During kharif 2007, 50 CRRI varieties and 112 vari-eties of other states were demonstrated.

Improvement of Padmakeshri, a landrace with highquality slender grain rice through mutation breedingresulted in the identification of promising mutants.

Identification of new sources of resistance/toler-ance to major insect pests from various varieties wasconducted.

In favourable rainfed lowlands N-use efficiency ofimproved rice Lalat, IR 64, and new plant types CR2364-25 and CR 2364-27 were tested. These yielded 3.5t/ha. The yield of rice increased significantly up to 80kg N/ha and declined thereafter.

To evaluate suitable modifications of SRI technol-ogy, impact of several agronomic parameters on theWUE of rice was studied with rice Gayatri in kharif

2007. Results indicate that in the absence of chemicalfertilizer there was no difference in the yield and WUEbetween SRI and traditional system of cultivation.

More than 492 bacterial cultures isolated from therhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of rice plantsfrom coastal saline soils were mapped.

ARDRA analysis of 16S rDNA fragments of the twomodel Bacillus sp. capable of degrading p-nitrophenolwas carried out. The analysis showed that the two iso-lates had almost similar restriction sites indicating simi-lar species identity with near match of the two bacte-rial isolates.

In biogeochemical cycling of nutrient in rice soil,the reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) and the accompany-ing increase in the solubility of Fe was the most con-spicuous change caused by flooding.

The 185 Bacillus thuringiensis that were collectedfrom the flooded rice field of Port Blair, Mahe,Mangalore and Srinagar were identified pheno-typically up to the genus, species and sub-species.

ÊxÉSÉ±ÉÒ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉªÉÉå +Éè®ú MÉ½þ®úÉ-VÉ±É Eäò Ê±ÉB xÉªÉä {ÉÉèvÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú iÉlÉÉ ¸Éä¹`ö{ÉÉèvÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú EòÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ EòÉªÉÇ ¦ÉÒ |ÉMÉÊiÉ {É®ú ½èþ*

SÉÉ´É±É ÊEòº¨ÉÉå, ºÉÆEò®úÉå iÉlÉÉ +xªÉ VÉxÉxÉpù´ªÉ Eäò b÷ÒBxÉB Ë¡òMÉ®úË|ÉË]õMÉ EòÉªÉÇ {ÉÚ®úÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ iÉlÉÉ BEò +ÉÎh´ÉEò +ÉÆEòc÷É ºÉ¨ÉÚ½þ iÉèªÉÉ®úÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

|ÉEòÉ¶É ºÉÆ¶±Éä¹ÉhÉ Eäò ºÉÒ 4 |ÉÊGòªÉÉ uùÉ®úÉ xÉB {ÉÉèvÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú {É®ú EòÉªÉÇ+É®Æú¦É ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

´É¹ÉÇ 2007 Eäò JÉ®úÒ¡ò Eäò nùÉè®úÉxÉ, ºÉÒ +É®ú +É®ú +É<Ç EòÒ 50 ÊEòº¨ÉÉåiÉlÉÉ +xªÉ ®úÉVªÉÉå EòÒ 112 ÊEòº¨ÉÉå EòÉ |Énù¶ÉÇxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

=i{ÉÊ®ú´ÉiÉÔ |ÉVÉxÉxÉ uùÉ®úÉ BEò ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉVÉÉiÉÒªÉ +SUôÒ B´ÉÆ ±ÉÆ¤ÉÒ nùÉxÉÉ´ÉÉ±ÉÒ SÉÉ´É±É ÊEòº¨É {ÉnÂù̈ ÉEäò¶É®úÒ EòÉ ºÉÖvÉÉ®ú ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ ÊVÉºÉºÉä +É¶ÉÉVÉxÉEò=i{ÉÊ®ú´ÉÌiÉªÉÉå EòÒ {É½þSÉÉxÉ ½Öþ<Ç*

Eò<Ç ÊEòº¨ÉÉå ºÉä |É¨ÉÖJÉ xÉÉ¶ÉEòEòÒ]õÉå Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ºÉÊ½þ¹hÉÖiÉÉ/|ÉÊiÉ®úÉäÊvÉiÉÉ EäòxÉB »ÉÉäiÉÉå EòÒ {É½þSÉÉxÉ EòÒ MÉªÉÒ*

+xÉÖEÚò±É ´É¹ÉÉÇÊ¸ÉiÉ ÊxÉSÉ±ÉÒ ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉªÉÉä ¨Éå ºÉÖvÉÊ®úiÉ SÉÉ´É±É ±É±ÉÉ]õ,+É<Ç +É®ú ºÉÒ 64 B´ÉÆ xÉB {ÉÉèvÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú ºÉÒ +É®ú 2364-25 iÉlÉÉ ºÉÒ+É®ú 2364-27 EòÒ xÉjÉVÉxÉ-|ÉªÉÉäMÉ EòÉªÉÇIÉ¨ÉiÉÉ EòÉ {É®úÒIÉhÉ ÊEòªÉÉMÉªÉÉ* <xÉºÉä 3.5 ]õ./½èþ.={ÉVÉ |ÉÉ{iÉ ½Öþ<Ç* xÉjÉVÉxÉ EòÉ |ÉÊiÉ ½èþC]õ®ú80 ÊEò.OÉÉ.iÉEò |ÉªÉÉäMÉ Eò®úxÉä {É®ú SÉÉ´É±É EòÒ ={ÉVÉ ¨Éå ¨É½þi´É{ÉÚhÉÇ´ÉÞÊrù ½Öþ<Ç ±ÉäÊEòxÉ <ºÉºÉä +ÊvÉEò xÉjÉVÉxÉ EòÉ |ÉªÉÉäMÉ Eò®úxÉä {É®ú ={ÉVÉ¨Éå Eò¨ÉÒ +ÉªÉÒ*

SÉÉ´É±É iÉÒµÉÒEò®úhÉ |ÉhÉÉ±ÉÒ |ÉÉètÉäÊMÉEòÒ Eäò =ÊSÉiÉ ºÉÆ¶ÉÉävÉxÉÉå EòÉ

¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉÆEòxÉ Eò®úxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB JÉ®úÒ¡ò 2007 Eäò nùÉè®úÉxÉ MÉÉªÉjÉÒ SÉÉ´É±É

ÊEòº¨É Eäò ºÉÉlÉ SÉÉ´É±É EòÒ VÉ±É |ÉªÉÉäMÉ IÉ¨ÉiÉÉ {É®ú Eò<Ç ºÉºªÉ

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{ÉÉ®Æú{ÉÊ®úEò JÉäiÉÒ |ÉhÉÉ±ÉÒ Eäò ¤ÉÒSÉ EòÉä<Ç +ÆiÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ lÉÉ*iÉ]õÒªÉ ±É´ÉhÉ Ê¨ÉÎ]Âõ]õªÉÉå Eäò SÉÉ´É±É {ÉÉèvÉÉå Eäò ̈ ÉÚ±É {ÉÊ®ú´Éä¹ÉÒ iÉlÉÉ +-¨ÉÚ±É

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{±ÉÉ´ÉxÉ Eäò EòÉ®úhÉ SÉÉ´É±É =MÉÉªÉä VÉÉxÉä ́ ÉÉ±ÉÒ Ê¨ÉÎ]Âõ]õªÉÉå ̈ Éå {ÉÉä¹ÉEòEäò VÉè´É¦ÉÉè¨É®úÉºÉÉªÉÊxÉEò SÉGòhÉ ¨Éå ±ÉÉä½þÉ (III) EòÉ ±ÉÉä½þÉ (II) ¨Éå¿ÉºÉ iÉlÉÉ ±ÉÉä½äþ EòÒ PÉÖ±ÉxÉ¶ÉÒ±ÉiÉÉ ̈ Éå ºÉÆ±ÉMxÉ ́ ÉÞÊrù Ê´ÉÊ¶É¹]õ {ÉÊ®ú´ÉiÉÇxÉlÉÒ*

{ÉÉä]Çõ ¤±ÉäªÉ®ú, ¨ÉÉ½äþ, ¨ÉéMÉ±ÉÚ®ú iÉlÉÉ ¸ÉÒxÉMÉ®ú Eäò {±ÉÉÊ´ÉiÉ SÉÉ´É±É JÉäiÉ ºÉäºÉÆOÉÊ½þiÉ 185 ¤ÉäÊºÉ±ÉºÉ mÉÖ<xÉVÉäÎxºÉºÉ Eäò ́ ÉÆ¶É, VÉÉÊiÉªÉÉå iÉlÉÉ ={É-VÉÉÊiÉªÉÉåEòÒ ºÉ¨É±ÉIÉhÉÒªÉ {É½þSÉÉxÉ EòÒ MÉªÉÒ*

Executive Summary

9

Native VAM fungi based microbial consortium bio-fertilizer including native Azospirillum and PSB(Acenetobacteri) were developed.

A field experiment conducted in kharif 2007 re-vealed that the application of N through urea or dif-ferent combination of crop residue and urea/greenmanure (Sesbania) significantly increased the grainyield of rice.

The long-term fertilizer experiment that started in1969 was continued.

Field experiments were conducted during kharif

2007 with 166 cultivars for evaluation of Fe toxicitytolerance. Among these 22 cultivars were moderatelysusceptible, 31 were moderately tolerance and the re-maining were susceptible.

Studies were conducted with groundnut TAG 24in rice-based cropping sequence to identify the opti-mum sowing time during rabi with an analysis of ther-mal environment on crop performance.

Field experiments were continued to standardizethe sowing method and direct weed control practicesfor wet direct-shown summer rice.

Various formulations were evaluated for integratedweed management of rice in kharif and rabi.

Integrated rice-based farming system in irrigatedconditions with components such as rice, fish, poul-try, vegetables and fruit crops was taken up.

Rice-fish-horticultural crop-agroforestry-basedfarming system in deepwater was evaluated.

The technology of growing ornamental fish in low-lands was refined.

A solar-cum-biomass fired dryer was fabricatedand is under refinement.

A power-operated grain cleaner-cum-grader wasdesigned and developed.

Comparison of the biogas plant of 2 cum capacityof HAU and CRRI design revealed that the cost of con-struction of the CRRI biogas plant was half of the HAUbiogas plant.

The five-row multi-crop seed drill designed andfabricated at CRRI was fitted on the back side of powertiller and was tested at CRRI farm for sowing of rice,mungbean and urdbean with a row spacing of 20 cm.

näù¶ÉÒ ´Éè¨É Eò´ÉEò +ÉvÉÉÊ®úiÉ ¨ÉÉ<GòÉä¤ÉÉªÉ±É ºÉÆPÉ VÉè´É =´ÉÇ®úEò, näù¶ÉÒBVÉÉäº{ÉÉ<Ê®ú±É¨É iÉlÉÉ {ÉÒ BºÉ ¤ÉÒ (BCxÉä]õÉä¤ÉèC]äõ®úÒ) Ê´ÉEòÊºÉiÉ ÊEòªÉä MÉªÉä*

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Executive Summary

10

The seed rate was 60 kg/ha for sowing rice and 25kg/ha for sowing mungbean and urdbean.

The six-row bullock drawn weeder designed andfabricated at CRRI, was modified to get a better per-formance.

Working of bullock-drawn three-row inclined plateplanter, three-row manual-drawn seed drill, batteryoperated sprayer, power tiller operated seed drill,blade type twine wheel hoe, finger weeder and Kamcoreaper was demonstrated at the farmers’ fields forpigeonpea, mungbean, urdbean and rice.

Studies on pest outbreaks and resurgence in farm-ers’ field in Puri district revealed that the incidence ofBPH was more when Phorate was applied either asnursery treatment before five days of transplanting orat the time of transplanting or within 10 days of trans-planting.

Quick diagnosis of RTD through molecular mark-ers was carried out with rice Annada, IR 64, Jaya,Satabdi, Tapaswini and TN 1.

Results of evaluation of new fungicidal formula-tions Kocide, Indofil, Result and SAAF for manage-ment of false smut disease under rainfed ecosystem ofHazaribagh showed that Kocide 3000 (@ 2.5 g/l and 3g/l) and SAAF 75 WP (@ 1.5 g/l) significantly reduceddisease severity with concomitant yield increase.

Studies on Chitosan or poly-(1, 4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, a hydrophilic biopolymer were carried out.

Botanical extracts from Calotropis gigantea andThevetia neriifolia leaves tested against BPH showed60% to 100% mortality to 5th instar of BPH in nethouseconditions.

IPM modules for upland rice, irrigated rice, rainfedlowland unfavourable, deepwater and hybrid ricewere developed, evaluated and validated.

The CRRI technology of the use of botanical extractfrom bael/tulsi for controlling blast in rice was suc-cessfully implemented in farmers’ field in Vanipada,Cuttack district, Orissa in rice Lalat.

District-wise database on rice area, production andproductivity of all states of India was created/updatedfrom 1960–61 to 2005–06.

Assessment of adoption and constraint analysis of

SÉÉ´É±É +xÉÖºÉÆvÉÉxÉ ºÉÆºlÉÉxÉ |ÉIÉäjÉ ¨Éå {É®úÒIÉhÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ* SÉÉ´É±É EäòÊ±ÉB ¤ÉÖ+É<Ç nù®ú 60 ÊEò.OÉÉ./½èþ. iÉlÉÉ ¨ÉÚ ÆMÉ¤ÉÒxÉ iÉlÉÉ =c÷nù¤ÉÒxÉ EäòÊ±ÉB 25 ÊEò.OÉÉ./½èþEò]õ®ú ½èþ*

EåòpùÒªÉ SÉÉ´É±É +xÉÖºÉÆvÉÉxÉ ºÉÆºlÉÉxÉ ¨Éå +Ê¦ÉEòÎ±{ÉiÉ iÉlÉÉ ÊxÉÌ¨ÉiÉ Uô:EòiÉÉ®ú ´ÉÉ±ÉÉ ¤Éè±É SÉÉÊ±ÉiÉ JÉ®ú{ÉiÉ´ÉÉ®ú ÊxÉ®úÉ<Ç ªÉÆjÉ EòÉä ¤Éä½þiÉ®ú ÊxÉ¹{ÉÉnùxÉ{ÉÉxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB <ºÉ¨Éå ºÉÆ¶ÉÉävÉxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

ÊEòºÉÉxÉÉå Eäò JÉäiÉÉå ¨Éå +®ú½þ®ú, ¨ÉÚ ÆMÉ¤ÉÒxÉ, =c÷nù¤ÉÒxÉ iÉlÉÉ SÉÉ´É±ÉEòÒ JÉäiÉÒ Eäò Ê±ÉB ¤Éè±É SÉÉÊ±ÉiÉ iÉÒxÉ-EòiÉÉ®ú ´ÉÉ±ÉÉ <xÉC±ÉÉ<xb÷ {±Éä]õ{±ÉÉx]õ®ú, iÉÒxÉ-EòiÉÉ®ú ´ÉÉ±ÉÉ ½þºiÉSÉÉÊ±ÉiÉ ºÉÒb÷ ÊbÅ÷±É, ¤Éè]õ®úÒ SÉÉÊ±ÉiÉº|ÉäªÉ®ú, {ÉÉ´É®ú Ê]õ±É®ú SÉÉÊ±ÉiÉ ºÉÒb÷ ÊbÅ÷±É, ¤±Éäb÷ ]õÉ<{É ]Âõ´ÉÉ<xÉ ´½þÒ±É½þÉä, Ë¡òMÉ®ú ´ÉÒb÷®ú iÉlÉÉ Eèò¨EòÉä ®úÒ{É®ú Eäò EòÉªÉÇ ºÉÆSÉÉ±ÉxÉ EòÉ |Énù¶ÉÇxÉÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

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={É®úÒ¦ÉÚÊ¨É SÉÉ´É±É, ËºÉÊSÉiÉ SÉÉ´É±É, ´É¹ÉÉÇÊ¸ÉiÉ ÊxÉSÉ±ÉÒ¦ÉÚÊ¨É |ÉÊiÉEÚò±É,MÉ½þ®úÉVÉ±É iÉlÉÉ ºÉÆEò®ú SÉÉ´É±É Eäò Ê±ÉB ºÉ¨ÉäÊEòiÉ xÉÉ¶ÉEòEòÒ]õ |É¤ÉÆvÉxÉ Eäò¨ÉÉ{ÉÉÆEò (¨ÉÉìb÷¬Ú±ºÉ) Ê´ÉEòÊºÉiÉ, ¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉÆÊEòiÉ B´ÉÆ ´ÉèvÉÒEÞòiÉ ÊEòªÉä MÉªÉä*

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¦ÉÉ®úiÉ Eäò ºÉ¦ÉÒ ®úÉVªÉÉå Eäò SÉÉ´É±É IÉäjÉ, =i{ÉÉnùxÉ B´ÉÆ =i{ÉÉnùEòiÉÉ {É®ú´É¹ÉÇ 1960–61 ºÉä 2005–06 iÉEò Eäò ÊVÉ±Éä́ ÉÉ®ú +ÉÆEòb÷Éå Eäò bä÷]õÉ¤ÉäºÉ EòÉºÉÞVÉxÉ/+tiÉxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ*

ÊEòºÉÉxÉÉå Eäò +Ê¦ÉOÉ½þhÉ B´ÉÆ ´ªÉ´É®úÉävÉÉå Eäò +ÉvÉÉ®ú {É®ú ´É¹ÉÉÇÊ¸ÉiÉ

Executive Summary

11

the rice-fish farming system under rainfed ecosystembased on adoption and constraints of farmers showedthat the constraints experienced by the farmers werehigh initial investments for developing the system,theft and more labour cost when family labour wasnot used. The constraints in adoption of IPM technol-ogy were identification of insect pests and natural en-emies, technological know-how and availability of re-quired pesticides and appliances.

Analysis of rice exports data for the period 1990–91 to 2006–07 revealed that India had increased riceexports by 533% in quantity and 232% in value in termsin the post-WTO period.

Results of major income generating activities takenup by the tribal women revealed that most of the re-spondents had taken up integration of other cropsoilseeds, pulses and vegetables with rice.

Frontline demonstration with improvement pack-age of practices in rice, oilseeds, poultry, pheromonetraps, maize, groundnut and banana were continued.

The Krishi Vigyan Kendras at Santhapur andJainagar continued to train farmers, farmwomen andrural youths. On-farm trials were also conducted.

The CRRI Foundation Day, Regional AgriculturalFair 2007, National Symposium and National Confer-ence were held at Cuttack.

The Hindi Fortnight 2007 and the Vigilance Aware-ness week were also held.

The CRRI also participated in different exhibitions.The CRRI won the Championship Trophy in ICAR

Zonal and Inter-zonal sports.

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´É¹ÉÇ 1990–91 ºÉä 2006–07 EòÒ +´ÉÊvÉ Eäò nùÉè®úÉxÉ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ Eäò SÉÉ´É±ÉÊxÉªÉÉÇiÉ +ÉÆEòc÷Éä Eäò Ê´É¶±Éä¹ÉhÉ ºÉä {ÉiÉÉ SÉ±ÉÉ ÊEò {ÉÉäº]õ-b÷¤±ªÉÚ]õÒ+Éä +´ÉÊvÉ¨Éå SÉÉ´É±É Eäò ÊxÉªÉÉÇiÉ ¨Éå 533% {ÉÊ®ú¨ÉÉhÉ ¨Éå iÉlÉÉ 232% ¨ÉÚ±ªÉ ¨Éå ´ÉÞÊrù½Öþ<Ç ½èþ*

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Executive Summary

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The CRRI: What is it and what it does?

THE CRRI was established by the Government ofIndia in 1946 at Cuttack, because of the damage

to rice resulting in the great Bengal famine in 1943.The administrative control of the Institute was subse-quently transferred to the Indian Council of Agricul-tural Research (ICAR) in 1966.

The Institute has two research stations, the CentralRainfed Upland Rice Research Station (CRURRS),Hazaribag, in Jharkhand, and the Regional RainfedLowland Rice Research Station (RRLRRS), Gerua, inAssam. The CRURRS was established to tackle theproblems of rainfed uplands, and the RRLRRS forproblems in rainfed lowlands and floodproneecologies. Two Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) also func-tion under the CRRI, one at Santhapur in Cuttack dis-trict in Orissa and the other at Jainagar in Kodermadistrict in Jharkhand. The research policies are guidedby the recommendations of the Research AdvisoryCommittee (RAC), Quinquennial Review Team (QRT)and the Institute Staff Research Council (SRC). TheCRRI also has an Institute Management Committee(IMC), for formulating administrative policies.

Mandate

The goal is to improve the income and quality oflife of rice farmers in India. The objectives are:

Conduct basic, applied and adaptive research on

crop improvement and resource management for in-creasing and stabilizing rice productivity in differentrice ecosystems with special emphasis on rainfed eco-systems and the related abiotic stresses.

Generation of appropriate technology throughapplied research for increasing and sustaining produc-tivity and income from rice and rice-based cropping/farming systems in all the ecosystems in view of de-cline in per capita availability of land.

Collection, evaluation, conservation andexchange of rice germplasm and distribution ofimproved plant materials to different national andregional research centres.

Development of technology for integrated pest,disease and nutrient management for various farm-ing situations.

Characterization of rice environment in the coun-try and evaluation of physical, biological, socio-eco-nomic and institutional constraints to rice productionunder different agro-ecological conditions and in farm-ers’ situations and develop remedial measures for theiramelioration.

Maintain database on rice ecology, ecosystems,farming situations and comprehensive rice statisticsfor the country as a whole in relation to their potentialproductivity and profitability.

Impart training to rice research workers, trainersand subject matter/extension specialists on improved


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rice production and rice-based cropping and farmingsystems.

Collect and maintain information on all aspectsof rice and rice-based cropping and farming systemsin the country.

Thrust areas

Increasing yield potential of rice genotypes throughconventional/wide hybridization, ideotype/heterosisbreeding and genetic engineering.

Breeding for abiotic/biotic stress tolerance.Improving short grain aromatic rice.Functional genomics of resistance to BPH and tol-

erance to submergence.Enhancing nutritional value (biofortification) and

rice grain quality.Increasing input use efficiency and factor produc-

tivity while securing environmental quality (ICM, SRI).Integrated farming system (subsistence

monoculture to diverse commercialized system).Global warming and greenhouse gas emission—

monitoring and mitigation.Integrated nutrient and pest management prac-

tices—better options.Developing farm implements to reduce drudgery

and enhance income. Post-harvest technology andvalue added products.

Socio-economic analysis, IPR issues, governmentfunctioning, private sector participation.

Transfer of technology using innovative extensionapproaches.

Seed production of high-yielding varieties (HYVs)under NSP scheme.

Research Achievements

Released a total of 73 rice varieties including twohybrids for cultivation in upland ecology, irrigatedecology, rainfed lowland ecology, medium-deep wa-terlogged ecology, coastal saline ecology anddeepwater ecology.

Maintains more than 30,000 accessions of ricegermplasm including nearly 6,000 accessions of As-sam Rice Collection (ARC) and 5,000 accessions fromOrissa.

Compiled Passport information on more than30,000 germplasm.

Developed late duration varieties for rainfed low-lands including hybrids.

Developed interspecific hybrid derivatives includ-ing O. sativa and O. longistaminata with tolerance tobacterial leaf blight (BLB).

Used RFLP/RAPD and other DNA markers forgenetic analysis of bacterial blight, blast and gall midgeresistance.

Used marker-assisted selection for pyramiding BLBresistance genes and for developing BLB-resistant ricecultivars.

Developed a rice-based farming system includingrice-fish farming system integrating multiple enter-prise initiatives with a rationale for ensuring food andnutritional security, stable income and employmentgeneration for rural farm family.


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Knowledge-based N management strategy for in-creasing N-use efficiency for rainfed lowlands includ-ing use of integrated N management involving use ofboth organic and inorganic sources of N-fertilizer.

Developed several agricultural implements such asmanual seed drill, pre-germinated drum seeder,multicrop bullock and tractor drawn seed drill, flat discharrow, finger weeder, conostar weeder, rice huskstove, mini parboiler and power thresher with the soleaim of reducing both drudgery and cost of rice culti-vation.

Evaluated, developed and tested several plantproducts with pesticide potential against field and stor-age insects and pathogens.

Developed non-destructive screening techniquebased on chlorophyll fluorescence spectrophotometryto identify submergence tolerant rice germplasm.

Identified biochemical and biophysical parametersfor submergence and other abiotic stress tolerance inrice.

Developed crop modelling of G x E interaction stud-ies that showed that simulation of crop growth undervarious environments could be realistic under bothirrigated and favourable lowlands situations.

Developed suitable rice production technologies forrainfed uplands, lowlands and irrigated ecology in-cluding production technologies for hybrid rice andscented rice that were field tested and transferred tofarmers.

Evaluated and popularized its varieties throughfrontline demonstrations (FLD) in farmers’ fields.

Provided farmers’ advisory service through regu-lar radio talks and TV telecasts on rice production tech-nologies.

Developed 15 training modules for farmers andextension workers.

Imparted short-term and long-term training forpersonnel from the State Departments of Agriculture,State Agricultural Universities (SAU) and other edu-cational institutions.

Imparted advance training and research leading toMasters (M.Sc.) and doctoral degrees (Ph.D.).

Linkages

The CRRI has linkages with several national andinternational organizations such as the Council forScientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian SpaceResearch Organization (ISRO), SAUs, State Depart-ments of Agriculture, and the institutes of the Con-sultative Group for International Agricultural Research(CGIAR), such as the International Rice Research In-stitute (IRRI), Philippines and International CropsResearch Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT), Patancheru.

Location

The Institute is located at Cuttack about 35 km fromBhubaneswar airport and 7 km from the Cuttack rail-way station on the Cuttack-Paradeep State Highway.The institute lies approximately between 85°55’48” Eto 85°56’48” E longitudes and 20°26’35” N to 20° 27’20” N latitudes with the general elevation of the farmbeing 24 m above the MSL. The annual rainfall atCuttack is 1,200 mm to 1,500 mm, received mostlyduring June to October (kharif or wet season) from thesouthwest monsoon. Minimal rainfall is received fromNovember to May (rabi or dry season).


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Exploration and Collection of Rice GermplasmScented rice germplasm was collected from the dis-

tricts of agroclimatic Zone VII (north eastern plain, partof Tarai region) comprising of Maharajganj,Kushinagar, Gorakhpur, Siddharth Nagar, Basti,Azamgarh, Sant Kabir Nagar, Deoria, Mau, Ghazipurand Varanasi, and Zone VIII (eastern plain) in easternUttar Pradesh comprising of rice (5%) of the total grosscropped area. In most of these areas farmers haveadopted high-yielding varieties (HYVs) such as Sarjoo52, Nati Mahsuri and hybrid rice commonly known asDunkel Dhan, developed by Pioneer Seeds. Therefore,very few sources were available for collection of tra-ditional rice varieties or primitive cultivars. The farm-

ers preferred to grow early duration varieties becauseof erratic and scanty rainfall over the last few years,and also due to lack of irrigation facility.

Rice Narendra 97 was very popular in Maharajganjdistrict because of its early maturity duration (90 days).Varieties Rupali, Moti and Komal were grown inVaranasi district. Incidence of false smut was recordedduring the last two years in Varanasi district mostlyin variety Samba Mahsuri. Among the traditional va-rieties that were collected Dhan Rekha, Usha, Sonam,Katarni, Nirmal, Sunkhar and Kala Agahani weredominant. Sunkhar and Kala Agahani were very goodfor preparations such as parched rice, puffed rice andflaked rice. Thirtysix accessions of rice germplasm that

Genetic Resources and Seed Technology

Rice varieties, landraces, donors and new collections were grown for

increasing seed supply to different researchers.

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were collected were conserved in the CRRI gene bank.Five accessions of Kalanamak, an aromatic shortgrained rice, endemic to the districts of Maharajganj,Siddharth Nagar, Gorakhpur and Azamgarh werecollected. The cultivation of Kalanamak was shrink-ing because of its low yield. It is now cultivated byresource rich farmers who grow it for their own con-sumption. Another short round grain rice Kanakjirathat had more aroma than Kalanamak that was previ-ously grown, is now almost extinct in the region.

Two more aromatic short grain rice Tilak Chandanand Banga Juhi were collected from Deoria and Maudistricts, respectively. Tilak Chandan had purple longawns. In Basti district large population of wild ricemostly of O. rufipogon and O. nivara were observed.

Characterization and Conservation of Medicinal andSpeciality Rices

Exploration and collections were undertaken in thedistricts of Nayagarh, Bolangir, Baragarh, Sundergarh,Jharsuguda, Nuapada and Kalahandi in Orissa.Thirtysix aromatic rice accessions were collected. Thepredominant cultivars were Dubraj, Jaiphool,Kalajeera, Gangabali, Sapur, Kalakatibhog,Badshabhog and Banspatri. Among these, Dubraj andJaiphool were cultivated by many farmers for com-mercial use. Many of these are on the verge of extinc-tion.

Rejuvenation of Rice GermplasmMore than 2,600 accessions of Indian rice

germplasm received by the National Bureau of PlantGenetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi from the In-ternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippinesand another set of 700 accessions comprising oflandraces, donors and new collections were grown inthe CRRI experimental fields to increase seed for sup-ply to different researchers as well as for maintenanceof purity and viability.

Germplasm comprising of landraces, donors and new collectionswere grown in the CRRI experimental fields for maintenance of

purity and viability.

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Characterization of Rice Germplasm including WildSpecies

A total of 3,451 accessions were characterized, anda computerized catalogue prepared.

The DFF varied from 75 days (AC 20238) to 139days (AC 19852).

The leaf length varied from 26 cm (AC 20389) to 85cm (AC 20743).

The leaf width varied from 0.6 cm (AC 21137) to1.9 cm (AC 20746).

The ligule length ranged from 0.6 cm (AC 19921)to 3.4 cm (AC 21049).

The culm height ranged from 56 cm (AC 21160) to189 cm (AC 20241).

The culm number was highest in AC 20449 (16) andlowest in AC 20317 (5).

Long panicles (> 30 cm) were in AC 20154, AC20775, AC 19667, AC 20241 and AC 21364.

Heavy panicles (> 5 g) were in AC 21503, AC 21126,AC 20665, AC 20919, AC 21482, AC 20128 and AC20718.

Conservation of GermplasmA total of 2,387 accessions of rice germplasm were

deposited in the National Gene Bank at NBPGR, NewDelhi for long-term storage as well as in the NationalActive Germplasm Site at CRRI, Cuttack for medium-and short-term storage.

Some of the wild species of genus Oryza collectedand acquired from different sources were conservedex-situ in a new site of field gene bank.

A set of 1,326 accessions of rice germplasm weresupplied to researchers within CRRI for screening andevaluation purposes. Besides these, 261 accessions ofgermplasm were given to different researchersthroughout the country on request.

Maintenance breeding of parental lines and nucleus seed production of hybrids was taken up.

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Maintenance of Landraces, Identified Donors andPre-breeding Lines

Upland Ecosystem: Twentytwo germplasm acces-sions received from NDUAT, 342 advance breedinglines and genetic stocks received from IRRI throughNBPGR and 879 germplasm accessions and donorswere rejuvenated for maintenance.

Flood-prone Ecosystem and Boro Rice: Four hundredgermplasm accessions comprising of landraces, iden-tified donors and pre-breeding lines were rejuvenatedfor maintenance.

Genetic Diversity Studies and Development of CoreCollection

A set of 500 accessions of rice germplasm compris-ing of mostly donors for different agronomic, bioticand abiotic stress tolerant traits were grown in the fieldin a replicated trial. These were characterized for 45morpho-agronomic characters, and were grouped ac-cording to the maturity.

Maintenance Breeding of CRRI Released Varietiesand Nucleus Seed Production

Panicle progeny rows of 14 varieties were evalu-ated during kharif and eight varieties (Table 1) duringrabi for rejecting any deviation in the performance ofany of these lines. The resultant selected materials werecarried forward for use as nucleus seed.

Maintenance Breeding of Parental Lines and NucleusSeed Production of Hybrids

Paired crosses were made for both the hybrid com-binations (A x B and A x R) of the released hybridsfrom CRRI. The seeds were collected from the corre-sponding ‘A’ line, ‘B’ line and ‘R’ line along with thecrosses for growing in the next generation.

Use of Molecular Marker Technology for TestingPurity of Parental Lines and Hybrids and DevelopingNew Markers

Identification of DNA Markers Differentiating Paren-

tal Lines and Hybrids: Out of 24 microsatellite primersthat were used to amplify genomes of CMS lines(CRMS 31A, CRMS 32A), hybrids (Ajay and Rajalaxmi)and restorer (IR 42266-29-3), four microsatellite prim-


Table 1. List of the varieties and number of panicleprogeny lines grown.

Progeny lines Progeny linesVariety grown deleted

Kharif

Pooja 320 6

Varshadhan 250 3

Ketekijoha 500 25

Geetanjali 350 18

Hanseswari 520 15

Sarala 350 12

Durga 200 3

Lunishree 250 5

Padmini 350 8

CR 1014 250 15

CR 1009 400 23

CR 1018 320 21

CR 1017 250 12

CR 1030 240 14

Rabi

Naveen 320 37

Satabdi 400 28

Kshitish 200 15

IR 36 320 16

IR 64 350 18

Dhala Heera 260 20

Ratna 2,400 857

Annada 360 4

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ers (RM 19, RM 202, RM 224 and RM 8271) were iden-tified that differentiated hybrids from its parental lines.

Validity of DNA markers for Testing of Purity of Hy-

brids: Genomes of individual hybrids (Ajay andRajalaxmi) were amplified with microsatellite prim-ers, RM 224 and RM 8271. Observations on individualhybrids were recorded after flowering. Correlationbetween phenotype and genotype (amplification pat-tern) was established, indicating that microsatellitemarkers, RM 224 and RM 8271 were suitable for de-tecting impurity in the hybrids Ajay and Rajalaxmi.

Studies on the Genetics of Seed Dormancy and GeneMapping

Based on the percentage of germination at DAHthe dormancy was characterized into:

Non-dormant: Anjali, Vandana, Heera, Dhala Heera,Ratna, Annada, Kalinga III, Satabdi, Khitish,Sadabahar, Annada, Naveen, Tapaswini and IR 36.

Weakly Dormant (5 DAH): Pooja, IR 64, Geetanjali,Vanaprava and Ketekijoha.

Moderately Dormant (35 DAH): Gayatri, Dharitri,Savitri, Durga, CR 1014, Utkalprava, Lunishree, Moti,Samalei, Padmini, Sarala and Seema.

Strongly Dormant (55 DAH): Varshadhan andTulasi.

Management of Seed Microflora for Quality SeedProduction and Storage

Biocontrol: Cultural broth of antagonistic organismswere more effective than cultural filtrate against afla-toxin producing isolates of A. flavus.

Traditional Methods: Cowshed ecosystem, smoke ofDhuna, Havan Samagri and Camphor were effectiveagainst aflatoxin producing isolates of A. flavus.

Management of Storage Pests in Rice for ViabilityEnhancement

An experiment conducted under controlled infes-tation of paddy moth, Sitotroga cerealella showed thatsulphur powder (1 g mixed with 4 g of talc powder orwith 4 g of wood ash) admixed with 25 kg of rice(Ratna) stored in jute bags gave 100% grain protectionfor six months, and enhanced seed viability to 97.75%compared to 60.75% in the control.

Studies on the Relationship between Seed Moisture,Humidity and Temperature and StorageEnvironment on Seed Viability

Freshly harvested seeds of rice IR 8, IR 36,Annapurna, Naveen, Pooja, Ranjeet and N 22 werestored under high (< 90%) RH and temperature (45°C)conditions for seven days.

The control (fresh) and treated seeds were then usedto characterize biochemical and seed parameters (pro-tein, sugar, starch, germination %, and leachate con-ductivity) and the SDC-PAGE banding pattern of seedstorage proteins.

Results indicated that the treated seeds reduced thepercentage of seed germination, protein and starchcontents, but increased seed leachate conductivity andsugar content.

The rice cultivars differed from each other with

Wild species of genus Oryza were conserved in the field genebank at the CRRI in Cuttack.

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respect to the total number of protein bands, thickness,intensity and rate of mobility of bands in SDS-PAGEanalysis.

The total number of bands ranged from 4 to 14. Atotal of 14 bands were observed in the control andtreated seeds of six rice cultivars. But none of theseshowed all the bands.

This study clearly showed that seed deteriorationis accompanied by reduced seed germination percent-age, protein and starch content, but increased seedleachate conductivity and sugar content in all the ricecultivars.

Rice N 22 showed the greatest decrease in germi-nation when stored under high temperature and RHconditions.

The similarity index calculated between the con-trol and treated types of each cultivar showed 78%similarity in rice Ranjit and 50% in rice Pooja, whereas,complete differences were observed in rice Annapurnaand rice Naveen.

Segregating PopulationsDuring kharif 2007, from 15 F2 populations 2,179

single plant selections were made and in F3 generation371 single plant progenies were selected from 15crosses. F1 Nursery of four crosses (Barh Awarodhi/Ranjit//Panikekoa, Panikekoa/Pratikshya// UtkalPrava/Panikekoa, Panikekoa/Mahsuri and Sonjul/Ranjit//Pusa 44) was also grown.

Maintenance Breeding and Seed Production ofVarieties of Rainfed Lowland Ecosystem

During kharif 2007 and boro 2007-08, TL seed ofChandrama (1237 kg), Tapaswini (550 kg), Ranjit (166kg) Sarala (64 kg), Pooja (71 kg) Dharitri (78 kg),Tarkekoa (77 kg), Sonjul (24 kg), Barh Awarodhi (38kg), Sabita (42 kg), Basudeo (48 kg), ( kg), Jitendra (54kg), Vaidehi (51 kg), Padumani (53 kg), Raimukhi (49kg), Pratikshya (157 kg), Varshadhan (44 kg), Swarnasub-1 (50 kg), IR 72 (32 kg), Jaymati (26 kg), IR 42 (30kg) and Pusa 44 (76 kg) were produced.


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Genetic Enhancement of Yield

Varietal Improvement forRainfed Uplands

Development of Varieties Suitable for UnfavourableUplands

Semi-tall, early culture CRR 383-22 (IET 19253) withflowering duration of 69 days, with short bold grainsshowed yield superiority over check varieties. It hadbetter grain quality features. It had resistance to gallmidge, moderate resistance to leaf blast and brownspot and was moderately tolerant to reproductive stagedrought stress.

Performance of Cultures in National Coordinated tri-

als: After three years of testing RR 433-2-1 (IET 19252),a very early culture with semi-tall stature with mod-erate resistance to leaf blast, brown spot and gall midgebiotype 1, with very good drought tolerance was prom-ising for direct-seeded conditions of Orissa and trans-planted conditions of Maharashtra.

Semi-tall, IR 74371-70-1-1-CRR-1 (IET 19576), anearly culture with 78 days flowering duration, goodgrain quality with long bold grains having resistanceto leaf blast and moderate resistance to stem borer andtolerance to drought stress was promising for direct-seeded conditions in Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarhand transplanted conditions in Tamil Nadu.

Entries RR 427-1, RR 440-167, RR 433-1 and RR 267-9 were promoted to the final year of testing (AVT 2E/VE). Seven entries were promoted from IVT-VE to AVTVE.

Hybridization, Selection and Evaluation of Breeding

Materials: Twenty new cross combinations were madeto improve the grain quality, drought tolerance, earlyvigour and resistance to blast besides the grain yieldof upland rice varieties during kharif 2007.

In the pedigree nursery for unbunded uplands atotal of 2,861 progenies and 22 F2 populations were

CRR 383-22 (IET 19253) was a promising culture for unfavourable uplands.

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grown and 2,710 single plant and 186 uniform bulkselections were made from 238 crosses. In F3 genera-tion 694 single plant progenies were selected from 24crosses. Based on plant type, panicle characters, reac-tion to abiotic and biotic stresses, in F4, F5, F6, F7 and F8

generations 249, 274, 76, 45 and 12 single plants wereselected from 35, 48, 47, 26 and 6 crosses, respectively.Besides these 186 uniform bulks were also selected forpreliminary yield testing. Advanced fixed lines werealso screened for resistance to blast and brown spot inthe nursery and 39 and 17 lines were resistant to blastand brown spot, respectively.

Preliminary Yield Trial: None of the 35 entries alongwith checks yielded significantly better than checkvariety Vandana under unbunded transplanted con-ditions whereas, in bunded conditions eight entrieswere significantly better than the best check Vandana.The highest yielding entries in bunded condition wasRR 498-4-1-1-1-B (5 t/ha) that outyielded Vandana (2.6t/ha).

National Coordinated Trials: During kharif 2007 twocoordinated trials AVT-VE and IVT-VE were con-ducted. In AVT-VE, RR 433-2-1 (3.6 t/ha) gave thehighest yield followed by CRR 383-22 (3.6 t/ha) andRR 433-1 (3.5 t/ha). These entries were also screenedfor drought tolerance with rain-out shelter. Entries RR267-9, RR 440-167, BAU 398-02 and Vandana showedtolerance with score 3 (SES). In IVT-VE the top rank-ing entries were RR 393-6 (4.1 t/ha) and OR 1509-4(4.1 t/ha) followed by HURSB 2-5-6 (4 t/ha).

INGER Nursery IURON: The top-yielding entrieswere IR 78933-B-24-B-B-3 (3.9 t/ha), IR 78933-B-24-B-B-4 (3.8 t/ha), IR 78937-B-3-B-B-3 (2.9 t/ha), BP 227D-MR-2-5 (2.8 t/ha) and BP 223E-MR-8 (2.7 t/ha). Theseentries gave 0.5-1.7 t/ha more yield than the best checkVandana. Among these IR 78933-B-24-B-B-3 was prom-ising with flowering duration of 68 days that wascomparable to Vandana with a phenotypic acceptabil-ity score 1.

After three years of testing RR 433-2-1 (IET 19252), was promising for direct-seeded conditions of

Orissa and transplanted conditions of Maharashtra.

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Development of Aerobic Rice forFavourable Soil Conditions

Development of HYV for Aerobic AdaptationTwo hundred and thirtynine genotypes were evalu-

ated in advanced yield trial (AYT 1), advanced yieldtrial (AYT 2) and observational yield trial (OYT) forhigher yield, other agronomic characters and suitabil-ity for aerobic conditions.

AYT 1: Twentyfive genotypes (100–110 days dura-tion) including three checks were evaluated in alphalattice design with three replications. The maturity ofthe genotypes was from 90 days to 110 days. The checkmatured in 90 days to 100 days. The plant heightranged from 94 cm to 152 cm, whereas, the check vari-eties were 113 cm to 132 cm. Genotypes with strongearly vegetative vigour were WR 3-2-6-1, IR 55423-01(Apo), IR 74371-3-1-1, IR 80013-B-141-4-1, CR 691-58,IR 79909B-141-4-1, and IR 79909B-192-2-1 had 9 in thescale 0-9 whereas, the check varieties had a score of 5–6. The grain yield ranged from 1.8 t/ha (IET 18665) to3.8 t/ha (B 6144F-MR-6-0-0). The promising five geno-types based on yield were B 6144F-MR-6-0-0, WR 3-2-6-1, IR 78877-181-B-1-2, IR 55423-01 (Apo), and IR78878-53-2-2-4 that produced grain yield of 3.5 t/hacompared to 3.1 t/ha in the best check variety Annada.

AYT 2: Twentyfive promising entries (110–120 daysduration) were evaluated in alpha lattice design withthree replications. These genotypes matured in 102days to 115 days. Most of these genotypes were verytall from 121 cm to 181.8 cm. A majority of the geno-types did not possess early vegetative vigour to com-pete with the weeds except CR 2340-3, which had astrong early vegetative vigour (score 9). Five genotypesIR 36, IR 72176-140-1-2-2-3, IR 70213-10-CPA-4-2-3-2,IR 77298-14-1-2 and Daya, produced more than 400EBT/m2 with a maximum of 454 EBT/m2. The paniclelength of these genotypes ranged from 21.3 cm to 29.2cm. Fifty percent of the genotypes had panicles greaterthan 25 cm. The average panicle length of rice Satabdiand PTB 39 were 23.5 cm. IR 70215-65-CPA-2-UBN-2-B-1-1 had the longest panicle (29.18 cm) followed byCR 2340-3 (28.79 cm). The grain yield ranged from 1.24t/ha (CR 681-380) to 3.5 t/ha (IR 74963-262-5-1-3-3).

The promising five genotypes were IR 74-963-262-5-1-3-3, IR 36 (Check), IR 72176-140-2-2-3, IR 71700-247-1-1-2 and IR 72875-94-3-3-2.

OYT: One hundred and eightynine genotypes wereevaluated in augmented block design with three checksunder aerobic situation. The plant height ranged from70 cm to 146 cm, although, the check varieties werefrom 95 cm to 116 cm. The panicle length of the testgenotypes ranged from 16 cm to 31 cm. The maturityduration ranged from 90 days to 120 days. On the ba-sis of overall performance the top five ranking entrieswere IR 81432-B-B-116 (5.8 t/ha), IR 81431-B-B-2 (5.6t/ha), IR 81431-B-B-162 (5.6 t/ha), IR 81430-B-B-94 (5.5t/ha) and IR 78877-208-B-1-2 (5.4 t/ha).

Breeding Lines: Single plants (3,111) were selectedfrom F4 and F5 generations of 29 crosses the progeniesof each single plant was planted in four rows for ad-vancement and evaluations.

Development of HYVs for Alternate Wetting andDrying Situation (AWD)

Advanced Yield Trial 1 (AWD): A total of 25 geno-types were tested during rabi 2007 with three checks.The promising entries were B 6144F-MR-6-0-0, IR78875-131-B-1-1, IR 55419-04, IR 78878-53-2-2-4, IR79906-B-5-3-3 and IR 74371-3-1-1 (Table 2).


Table 2. Grain yield and yield attributes of AYT 1 un-der AWD condition during rabi 2007.

Plant EarDuration height bearing Yield

Genotypes (days) (cm) tillers (t/ha)

IR 74371-3-1-1 108 105 331 6.8

B 6144F-MR-6- 0- 0 108 123 380 6.6

IR 78875-131-B-1-1 108 114 318 6.5

IR 79906-B-5-3-3 107 117 325 6.1

IR 55419-04 101 105 374 6.1

IR 78878-53-2-2-4 109 118 311 5.9

Anjali 90 113 488 3.5

IET 18665 94 123 343 2.8

24

Advanced Yield Trial 2 (AWD): A total of 25 geno-types were tested during rabi 2007–08 including threechecks. The promising entries were GR 7, CR 749-20-2-15-5, CR 681-380, Daya, CRK 9 and PTB 45 (Table 3).

Varietal Development for Favourable UplandsHybridization, Selection and Evaluation of Breeding

Materials: Twentyfive new cross combinations weremade involving aerobic varieties developed at IRRI/national programmes (Apo, IR 74371-70-1-1, UPLRI7, B 6144F-MR-6, ARB 6) with locally adapted varie-ties for bunded uplands/rainfed shallow lowlandswith the objectives to improve aerobic adaptation,drought tolerance, weed competitiveness and blast re-sistance besides grain yield. Fifteen F1s generated inthe previous year were multiplied for large F2 popula-tion. Segregating populations of different generationswere evaluated and selections were made based onmaturity duration, plant height, panicle length,number of grains/panicle, sterility percentage anddisease and pest reaction.

INGER Observational Nurseries (AERON and

IRDTN): INGER observational AERON and IRDTNcomprised of 70 and 73 entries that were evaluatedduring kharif 2007 in the field and raised bed droughtscreening nursery, respectively. In AERON, IR 78933-

B-24-B-B-4 (5.8 t/ha), IR 78985-B-13-B-B-B (5.4 t/ha)and IR 78339-157-3-6-B-B (5 t/ha) yielded more than 1t/ha over local check Anjali (4.2 t/ha) and were iden-tified as highly promising.

In drought tolerance nursery (IRDTN) none of theentries yielded better than drought tolerant checkVandana but two longer duration entries IDSA 62 andWAB 176-42-HB were identified as vegetative stagedrought tolerant with no sign of leaf rolling and dry-ing (SES score 1) compared to tolerant check Vandana.

IVT E-Aerobic: An aerobic trial was conducted forthe first time under DRR coordinated system with 20test entries and three checks. There was no droughtstress during the season and R 1033-968-2-1 (5.9 t/ha)was the only entry that outyielded the checks with 5.5%yield superiority over the best check.

Varietal Improvement forShallow Favourable Lowlands and

Irrigated Ecosystem

Development of Varieties for different Seasons withWider Adaptability

Fortyone fixed cultures from seven crosses wereevaluated under two replications along with checksNaveen, Lalat, IR 64 and Pusa 44 to assess yield per-formance. Some of the promising cultures were CR2341-31 (6.6 t/ha), CR 2342-10 (6.1 t/ha), CR 2341-32(5.1 t/ha), CR 2342-11(4.9 t/ha) and CR 2342-12 (4.9t/ha).

In the F4 generation of five crosses Pusa 44/Parijat,IR 64/Pusa 44, Pusa 44/Ratna, IR 64/Parijat and IR64/WITA 12,400 plants with good plant type wereselected. Hybridization among widely grown high-yielding rice Tapaswini, Khandagiri, WITA 12,Chandrama, Satabdi and Naveen were attempted togenerate new breeding materials for the irrigated eco-system.

Twenty advanced cultures were evaluated in trans-planted conditions with two checks Gayatri andSwarna for evaluation under shallow favourable low-land. CR 2543-83 and CR 2458-68 were better culturesthan the checks with yields of more than 5.5 t/ha. Gen-eration advancement of 765 breeding lines in differ-


Table 3. Grain yield and yield attributes of AYT 2 un-der AWD condition during rabi 2007–08.

Plant EarDuration height bearing Yield

Genotypes (days) (cm) tillers (t/ha)

PTB 45 113 105 342 6.9

CR 681-380 117 109 366 6.8

CR K9 116 95 383 6.7

GR 7 116 95 373 6.7

Daya 118 93 386 6.7

CR 749-20-2-15-5 118 119 417 6.6

Satabdi 21 129 369 2.1

Naveen 17 182 321 1.8

25

ent generations were made, 836 single plants were se-lected, and 25 lines were bulked based upon its uni-formity, grain yield and plant type.

Evaluation of Genotypes for High N-use EfficiencyA total of 27 genotypes each from early group (up

to 125 days duration), medium group (126–135 days)and late group (more than 136 days) were evaluatedalong with five most proven N-use efficient checks(Lalat, IR 36, Swarna, Savitri and Ranjit) and non-effi-cient cultivar Dubraj at N0 and N120 during kharif 2007keeping both P and K @ 60 kg/ha.

Vijetha (5.6 t/ha) was the most responsive in termsof yield followed by Prasad (5.5 t/ha) and Sravani (5.3t/ha) among the early group. The most efficientcultivar in agronomic N-use efficiency were IR 72(191.67), Narendra 2 (158.3), Ananga (158.3), IR 50(150), Bhoi (150) with checks Lalat (178) and IR 36(166.67). PR 111 (25) and Dubraj (58) were useful forsubsistence farming as these were low in agronomicN-use efficiency.

In the medium duration group, Birupa (7.1 t/ha),MTU 1071 (6.6 t/ha) and Sonasali (6.3 t/ha) were mostresponsive. Check Swarna yielded 6.4 t/ha. Sonasaliand Vikramarya utilized soil N better as yield differ-ence among fertilized plot and non-fertilized plotswere minimum. The most N-use efficient genotypeswere Birupa (325), Mahsuri (200) and Urbashi (175),with check Swarna (94.4) based on agronomic N-useefficiency.

In the late group none of the cultivars were betterthan check Savitri (7.4 t/ha, 275), and Ranjit (7.2 t/ha,199.1). However, Gayatri (6.9 t/ha, 275), Pratikshya(6.8 t/ha, 250) and Pooja (6.4 t/ha, 216) were at parwith the checks.

Based on the maximum yield difference obtainedfrom fertilized and unfertilized plots, 18 straw as wellas grain samples were short-listed for N-content esti-mation with checks. Among these Birupa had the high-est percentage of N (1.626) in grain followed by Swarna(1.377), Bhanja (1.341), IR 36 (1.321) and IR 72 (1.31).From the straw samples, the concentrations of N% washighest in Narendra 2 (1.043) followed by IR 36 (0.906),IR 50 (0.878) and IR 72 (0.809).

Evaluation of Genotypes for Identification of Donorstolerant to Zn Deficiency Stress

During kharif 2007, 18 genotypes that were identi-fied as tolerant from an earlier screening trial were re-evaluated in a replicated trial for Zn deficiency toler-ance along with resistant checks Ratna, IR 36 andLunishree, and susceptible checks Pooja, Swarna andSurendra. The trial was conducted at the research farm,RRTTS, Ranital, Bhadrak that has Zn-deficient soil. TheSES score for Zn deficiency was recorded one monthafter transplanting. Based on visual symptoms of yel-lowing and/or appearance of bronzing on leaves, PTB43, Abhaya, Ratna, IR 36 and Bhoi were tolerant to Zndeficiency with SES score 2. CR 661-236, Ramakrishna,Poorva, Gouri and Jaya were moderately tolerant toZn deficiency with SES score of 2.6 to 3.6. Pooja, Ranjit,Pusa 44 and Tapaswini were highly susceptible to Zincdeficiency with SES score of 5 or more. Although,Swarna and Savitri expressed the symptoms of Zndeficiency, the yield loss was not substantial. There-fore, for varietal development rice Ratna, PTB 43,Abhaya and Bhoi were identified as donors.

Varietal Improvement for RainfedUnfavourable Lowlands

Development of Varieties for Medium Duration withTolerance to Major Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Evaluation of Promising Lines for Drought Tolerance:

The performance of 25 entries including lowland and

Symptoms of Zn deficiency are seen in rice Tapaswini.

CR

RI P

hoto

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26

upland cultures with three check varieties were evalu-ated. The promising lines were RR 363-2-1 (2.9 t/ha),WAB 272-B-B-5-H4, (2.8 t/ha), CR 2340-15 (2.7 t/ha),CR 2464-23 (2.7 t/ha) and RR 349-2. CR 2461-21 hadthe highest yield followed by CR 2340-10, CR 2350-1and CR 2340-11. Among the check varieties, Narendra97 gave the highest yield of 2 t/ha followed byVandana (1.9 t/ha) and Annada (1.8 t/ha).

Twentyfive cultures including those for lowlandsand uplands were evaluated in CRRI, Cuttack duringrabi 2007-08. Cultures CR 2461-21 (2 t/ha), CR 2340-11(2 t/ha), CR 2340-10 (1.9 t/ha), CRR 383-22 (1.9 t/ha)and RR 388-2 (1.8 t/ha) were promising. ChecksVandana, Narendra 97 and Annada yielded 1.6 t/hato 1.7 t/ha. DAF ranged from 75–95 days. Except CR2340-7 none of the lowland entries flowered.

Evaluation and Selection of Segregating Materials for

Drought Tolerance: During kharif 2007 and rabi 2007-08,2,172 single plant progenies along with 30 F2 bulks and40 F1’s from 119 cross combination were grown undertransplanted condition. At the time of flowering andmaturity 1,193 single plants were selected from 77 crosscombinations. The F3 and F4 generations were grownduring rabi 2007-08 for further selections.

Evaluation of Pre-screened Rice Genotypes forTolerance to Fe Toxicity

A field evaluation trial with 17 varieties was con-ducted at the Central Farm, OUAT, Bhubaneswar un-der Fe toxic conditions during kharif 2007. Resistantchecks Swarna and Mahsuri and susceptible checksSavitri, Jajati and Konark were also evaluated. Swarna,Mahanadi, PTB 43 and Bhavani were highly tolerant(score 1.6 to 2) based on first and second seeding score.Shaktiman, Urbashi, Mahsuri, Sambha Mahsuri,Gajapati and CR 661-236 were moderately tolerant(score 2.3 to 3.8). Moderately susceptible cultivars wereIR 36, Komal 9, Abhaya and Shrabani. Konark, Savitri,Udaya , Sabita and IR 72 were highly susceptible (score5.3 to 5.8). Swarna, Mahanadi and PTB 43 were gooddonors for Fe toxicity.

Development of HYVs of Mid-late to Late Durationfor Medium-deepwater areas

Screening for Tolerance to Waterlogging: Two hundredand eighty germplasm lines were tested for toleranceto waterlogging with checks Varshadhan, Swarna,Swarna Sub1, Gayatri and Sarala.

Among the check cultivars, Varshadhan was thebest under medium (0-50 cm) water conditions. Thereduction in grain yield was insignificant due to main-tenance of higher panicle weight and lesser reductionof panicle/tiller number under waterlogged condi-tions. Rice Swarna Sub1 exhibited greater reduction ofpanicle weight due to greater sterility under water-logged conditions. Genotypes tolerant to waterloggedconditions were Mugei, Gitanjali, Dodheswar, SunaMugdi, Dudh Kalam and Pandhali. These genotypeshad greater panicle weight under waterlogged condi-tions due to lesser sterility. The decrease in tillernumber/panicle number per unit area was also insig-nificant and was comparable to the control.

Generation, Selection and Advancement of Breeding

Material: Out of 463 progenies from 83 cross combina-tions that was grown during kharif 2007 under me-dium-deep waterlogged conditions, 963 single plantsand 85 uniform progenies were selected on the basisof plant and panicle characters.

Evaluation of Advanced Breeding Lines (Station Trial):

None of the 40 advanced breeding lines tested per-

Various lines are under screening for Fe toxicity.

The symptoms of Fe toxicity can be seen in the

susceptible lines.

CR

RI P

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libra

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27

formed better than the best check Varshadhan. Amongthe different entries CR 2377-2-1-1-2 gave the highestyield of 3 t/ha followed by CR 2400-12-1-1-1 (2.9 t/ha) and CR 2378-13-1-1-1 (2.7 t/ha) as against checkvarieties Varshadhan (3.6 t/ha), Purnendu (2.6 t/ha)and Sabita (2.2 t/ha).

All-India Coordinated Rice Improvement Programme

(AICRIP): Submergence Screening: Among 18 entriestested only IET 19163 had 78% survival. The survivalof check entries Swarna Sub1, Sabita and Purnenduwere 79%, 31% and 30%, respectively. The survivalpercentage of other entries varied from 0% to 24%.

Tolerance to Waterlogging: Among the 18 entries thatwere tested IET 19171, IET 20066, IET 20072 and IET20078 were tolerant, and were better than the checks.

Development of Varieties for Anaerobic SeedingScreening for Anaerobic Seeding Tolerance: Two hun-

dred germplasm lines collected from different partsof rainfed lowland areas of eastern India were screenedfor anaerobic seeding tolerance. The seeds harvestedin the previous season were used in the experiment.The cultivars that had more than 70% establishmentwere JRS 160 (Jalal), JRS 171 (Bhusa), JRS 178(Bansmulsari) and JRS 193 (Katari Bhog). Establish-ment of susceptible cultivars were 0% to 10 %. Theplant height after 15 days of sowing was more than 20cm in these cultivars.

Generation of New Crosses and Advancement of Breed-

ing Material: Crosses, Savitri/EC 516607, Savitri/EC516602, Gayatri/EC 516602, Gayatri/Panikekoa,Gayatri/AC 1631, Sarala/EC 516602, Sarala/EC516607, Utkalprabha/Panikekoa, IR 42/Panikekoa, IR42/AC 1631 and IR 42/EC 516602, and mappingpopulations IR 42/Panikekoa, IR 42/AC 1631 and IR42/EC 516602 were made involving donors for anaero-bic seeding tolerance with popular high-yielding low-land varieties. Generation advancement of availablebreeding material including mapping populationswere taken-up during kharif.

Development of Suitable Varieties for delayedMonsoon/early Flooding

Sixteen advanced cultures were evaluated in trans-

planted condition in kharif 2007 for yield and yield at-tributing characters with five checks (Durga,Varshadhan, Gayatri, Pooja and Sarala) with both nor-mal and aged seedlings. Under delayed planting withnormal seedling none of the 16 entries gave better yieldthan the best check Varshadhan (4.3 t/ha) followedby Durga (3.7 t/ha) and CR 683-124 (3.6 t/ha). Underplanting with aged seedlings CR 683-169 (3.7 t/ha) wasthe highest yielder closely followed by the check vari-ety Varshadhan (3.4 t/ha) and Durga (3 t/ha). In gen-eral planting with aged seedlings delayed the flower-ing, whereas the plant height and grain yield were re-duced. New cross combinations were attempted in-volving Varshadhan, Gayatri, Durga and submergencetolerant genotypes Swarna Sub 1 and Khadara.

Breeding High-yielding Varieties for DeepwaterRice with Tolerance to Major Biotic and Abiotic(drought) Stresses

Identification of Parental Lines/donors Possessing Elon-

gation Ability, Kneeing Ability and Resistance to Major

Biotic Stress: During kharif 2007, 250 deepwater ricegermplasm lines including landraces and exotic col-lections were evaluated. The following genotypes wereobserved to be donors for the different traits.

Elongation ability: Ravana, Boitalpakhia,Hanseswari, Ambika, Rangbao, CR 2242-3-2-1-1, CR 2285-4-1-2-1, GP 12 and CR 2244-4-5-1-1.Kneeing ability (> 45°): CR 2251-1-1-1-1, CR 2256-1-3-2-1, CR 2259-2-1-1-1, GP pk, CR 2080-169-1-1, CR 2308-2-1-1-1 and CR 2061-1.Kneeing ability (< 45°): CR 2080-169-2-1, CR 2304-4-2-1-1, CR 2308-1-2-1-1 and CR 2304-2-1-2-1.YSB tolerance/resistance: NDR 402, Kariwa 4,Nalihazara, Bazail 65 and LPR 14.BLB tolerance/resistance: CR 2268-1-3-1-1, CR2080-169-1-1, CR 2611-3-2-1-1, CR 2305-1-3-2-1,CR 2304-1-2-1-1, CR 2285-4-2-1-1, CR 2268-3-2-1-1 and CR 2304-2-1-2-1.Hybridization Programme for Recombination of more

Desirable Traits to the Existing Crosses: The followingsingle crosses were used as female parents and differ-ent male parents possessing elongation ability, sub-mergence tolerance and other deepwater rice traits


28

were selected and hybridized as male parents for in-corporation of more desirable traits to the F1 genera-tion of various crosses.

CR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//JalmagnaCR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//AtirangCR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//KhodaCR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//PurnenduCR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//HanseswariCR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//SudhirCR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//GolakCR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//BhagirathiCR 662-2211-1-1/Kariawa 4//NirajCR 661-1937-2-1/DRR 308//NDR 402Atirang/NDR 9930377//NDR 402CR 661-236-2-1/DRR 776//CR 2277-3-4-2CR 2080-169-2-1/SavitriCR 780-1937-2-1/DRR 308//PanikekoaSelection and Evaluation of On-going Segregating Ma-

terials: The promising derivatives of 44 crosses wereadvanced from F3 to F4 generation. Four hundred andtwenty superior single plant progenies were advancedto F4 on the basis of submergence tolerance, elonga-tion ability, flowering duration, panicle numbers andother various traits.

Seed Multiplication of Promising Cultures for Various

Trials: Seed multiplication of promising fixed culturesCR 2080-169-1-1, CR 780-1937-1-3, CR 661-236-1-1, CR780-1937-2-1, CR 662-2211-1-1, CR 491-1590-330-1-1and CR 491-1590-330-2-1 for AICRIP and other trialswere multiplied for sending to various trials.

Genetics and Mapping of Kneeing Ability Trait inDeepwater Rice

Identification of Donors for Kneeing Ability: Two hun-dred and fifty germplasm lines were evaluated includ-ing landraces for identification of donors possessingkneeing ability.

Kneeing ability (> 45°): CR 2251-1-1-1-1, CR 2256-1-3-2-1, CR 2259-2-1-1-1, CR 2611-3-2-1-1,CR2080-169-1-1, CR 2308-2-1-1-1 and CR 2061-1. Kneeing ability (<45°): CR 2080-169-2-1, CR 2304-4-2-1-1, CR 2308-1-2-1-1 and CR 2304-2-1-2-1.

Breeding for Floodprone Ecologies

Development of Post-flood Rice Suitable for Mid-September Planting

Twentyeight-days-old seedlings of 21 rice varietieswere evaluated for suitability as a post-flood crop.Kanaklata (3.6 t/ha), Kapilee (3.5 t/ha) and Dikhow(3.3 t/ha) had better grain yield than local checkManohar Sali (3 t/ha) under mid-September planting.

Improvement of Rice for Floodprone AreasDuring kharif 2007, 20 genotypes were evaluated

at two locations, one at RRLRRS, Gerua and the otherat farmer’s field in Nadia village. At Gerua, the cropwas naturally submerged in water, one week aftertransplanting, whereas in the farmer’s field at Nadiawater depth 42 cm was naturally maintained in thefield throughout the crop growth. The top three en-tries at Gerua were Swarna (5.7 t/ha), Swarna sub-1(4.8 t/ha), and Sabita (4.6 t/ha). Check Jal Priya yielded4.5 t/ha. At Nadia the top three entries were Padumani(2.9 t/ha), Jitendra (2.2 t/ha), and Basudeo (2.2 t/ha).Check Jal Priya yielded 3.1 t/ha.

Development of Varieties for Boro SeasonNew crosses, namely, Gautam/IR 57934-4,

Gautam/IR 57934-2, Gautam/CRM 49, Gautam/IR 72,Kajlaboro/IR 73688-82-3 and Pusa 44/IR 72 were madeduring boro 2007-08 for development of boro rice vari-ety.

In a station trial conducted during boro 2007-08,Pusa 44 (7.9 t/ha) and CRL 88-BR 4828-54-4-1-4-9 (7.6t/ha) with phenotypic acceptability score of 1 and 3,respectively gave significantly higher yield than localcheck Chandrama (6.9 t/ha).

AICRIP TrialsThree trials during kharif 2007 and two trials dur-

ing boro 2007-08 were conducted under AICRIP.In NSDWSN, OR 1898-32-69 (6.63 t/ha) gave high-

est grain yield followed by OR 2329-13 (6.3 t/ha). Thebest check Sabita yielded 4.5 t/ha. In AVT 1-SDW,NDR 9930077 (5.81 t/ha), NDR 9830099 (4.88 t/ha) andCR 2008-111 (4.7 t/ha) gave significantly higher grainyield than the best check Sabita (3.6 t/ha). Similarly,


29

in IVT SDW only two entries, CN 1265-5-10 (6.1 t/ha)and OR 2162-5 (5.4 t/ha) were significantly superiorto check Sabita (4.6 t/ha) in terms of grain yield. Noneof the test entries were significantly superior to thecheck Dinesh in IVT-DW trial.

In AVT-1 boro only CRHR 5 (7.9 t/ha) among the10 test entries yielded significantly better than checkChandrama (7.1 t/ha). Similarly, in IVT-boro only onetest entry viz. CR 2342-8289-26-123-25-1 (8.3 t/ha) wassignificantly superior to local check Chandrama (7.4t/ha) in terms of grain yield.

Hybrid Rice Technology

Production and Evaluation of Test Cross HybridsAbout 670 test cross hybrids were evaluated in

kharif and rabi of 2007 and 25 promising heterotic com-binations with high spikelet fertility, long panicles andwith good yield potential were identified in the 130–150 days duration. Few promising iso-cytoplasmic re-storers in Swarna duration were identified from A x Rcrosses (Table 4).

Some of the promising maintainers identified fromtest cross were HR 20-543, HR 20-1259, HR 20-1962,HR 22-2039, HR 22-2051, HR 20-1949, HR 20-1932, HR20-1968, HR 16-1219, HR 20-1944, CRL 30, CRL 32, CRL13, HR 20-pk-07-37 and HR 22-pk-07-45.

The restorers identified were HR-25-1191, CR 2234-08-68, HR 26-157, CR 2234-08-1693, FF-3-08-1751,CRMP 1-9-1943, CRL 18-08-64, CR 2234-07-1058, E 50,CRMP 2-04-27, CR 2234-07-30, IR 71590-3-23-84, EC492593 and CR 2241-07-1050.

Maintenance and Evaluation of CMS LinesFifteen CMS lines were evaluated for different

agromorphological characteristics. Six CMS lines in-cluding the long duration line CRMS 24A were multi-plied in field scale in kharif 2007 and rabi 2007-08.

Transfer of Characters into CMS LinesTransfer of characters into the parental lines was

taken up for BLB resistance, stigma exsertion and eui

gene for better outcrossing. F1 hybrids of CRMS 31Band CRMS 32B with Tapaswini pyramided lines withBLB genes, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 were developed.

Pyramiding of Rf genes into potential partial restor-ers for exploitation as restorers was taken up andcrosses made between partial restorers, Mahalaxmi,Gayatri and PK 06-1 with IR 42266-29-3R. F1 hybridswere grown.

Status of Back-crossing to Develop New CMS LinesFifteen backcross progenies (BC2-BC6) were evalu-

ated and carried forward to develop new CMS linesin two cytoplasm backgrounds, WA and Kalinga I.Nine backcrosses were initiated during rabi 2007–08.Promising new backcrosses are listed in Table 5.

Seed Production of CMS Lines and HybridsHybrid seeds of 20 combinations (including 12 long


Table 4. Results of test cross hybrids.

Plant Spikeletheight fertility

Cross (cm) (%) DFF

CRMS 31A x HR-20-1259 112 87 112

CRMS 32A x HR-20-1962 117 84 114

CRMS 31A x HR-22-2039 115 89 112

CRMS 32A x HR-22-2051 116 82 115

CRMS 31A x HR-20-1949 112 87 114

CRMS 32A x HR-20-1932 116 88 112

CRMS 31A x HR-20-1968 112 85 119

CRMS 31A x HR-16-1219 114 86 112

APMS6A x HR-20-1944 115 92 120

APMS6A x HR-20-1949 109 88 117

CRMS 31A x CRL-30 112 90 119

CRMS 32A x CRL-30 110 92 115

CRMS 31A x CRL-32 118 86 113

CRMS 32A x CRL-32 116 89 115

CRMS 31A x CRL-13 104 88 106

PMS 10A x HR-20-pk-07-37 115 84 115

PMS 17A x HR 22-pk-07-45 118 85 117

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Seed production of hybrids was taken up.

B. B

eher

a


Table 5. New back-crosses initiated in kharif 2007 and rabi 2007–08.

Type of BackcrossLine under conversion Source of cytoplasm cytoplasm Pedigree generation

CR 2234-823 CRMS 32A Kalinga I CRMS 32A/CR 2234-823 BC2

IR 71590-784-693 CRMS 31A WA CRMS 31A/IR 71590-784-693 BC2

IR 71590-784-694 CRMS 31A WA CRMS 31A/IR 71590-784-694 BC2



CR 2236-807 CRMS 31A WA CRMS 31A/CR 2236-807 BC2



Satabdi CRMS 31A WA CRMS 31A/Satabdi BC2

CRMP 1/31B-395 CRMS 32A Kalinga I CRMS 32A//CRMP 1/31B-395 BC1

HR 27-46 CRMS 32A Kalinga I CRMS 32A/HR 27-46 BC1

EC 492593 CRMS 31A WA CRMS 31A/EC 492593 BC1

244B/PMS 17B-48 CRMS 31A WA CRMS 31A//244B/PMS 17B-48 BC1

31

duration) were produced for conducting different tri-als. Twelve long duration hybrid combinations wereproduced during rabi 2007–08. These combinationswere nominated for evaluation in SLHRT 2008 at sevenlocations during kharif 2008.

Seeds of seven CMS lines (CRMS 8A, CRMS 24A,CRMS 31A, CRMS 32A, CRMS 45A, PMS 10A andPMS 17A) were produced on field scale that are beingused for further multiplication of ‘A’ line and/or forhybrid seed production. The two promising CMS lines,CRMS 31A (165 kg) and CRMS 32A (150 kg) were pro-duced in larger quantities as these two lines are exten-sively used for hybrid seed production.

Development of Breeding Material for Two-lineHybrids

Twenty test crosses were attempted with TGMSlines 1703 and 2448, involving elite pollen parents be-longing to different ecosystems such as Annada,Satabdi , Naveen, Ratna, Lalat, PR 1008 and Tapaswini.One popular variety Swarna and three restorer lines,CRMS 31B and CRMS 32B were irradiated withgamma rays of 25 Kr for generating new TGMS mu-tants.

Restorer and Maintainer BreedingPopulation Improvement: Four random mating

maintainer populations and three restorer populationswere grown in kharif 2007 in isolated plots and ran-dom mating cycles were continued. Selections weremade from each of the populations and were grownin pedigree method (Table 6). Test crosses were madewith some of the promising selections to identifymaintainers and restorers. Two new populations, oneeach for maintainer (CRMP 3) and restorer (CRRP 2)involving 10 highly promising maintainers and 12newly identified long duration restorers respectivelywere constituted during rabi 2007–08.

Recombination Breeding: About 690 selections in F2–F6 generation from 32, B x B, R x R and A x R crosses

In the test cross nursery at CRRI, Cuttack,

hybrids were observed for various traits.

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Table 6. Population improvement of restorers andmaintainers (kharif 2007).

Number ofselections Generation

Maintainer population

IR 71590 15 F8

IR 71591 14 F8

CRMP 1 35 F6

CRMP 2 45 F5

Restorer population

CP 138 25 F8

CP 139 10 F8

CRRP 1 (long duration) 45 F4

At the CRRI different hybrids are under

evaluation in the SLHRT.

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were grown in pedigree nursery. Selections fromhighly fertile progenies of A x R crosses and R x Rcrosses were used for making crosses with selectedCMS lines. Some heterotic combinations were identi-fied from crosses with CRMS 31A, CRMS 32A, PMS10A, PMS 17A and APMS 6A.

Evaluation of HybridsNational Hybrid Rice Trial–Shallow Lowland Hybrid

Trial (SLHRT): Twelve hybrids (nine from CRRI) and11 long duration hybrids were tested at six locationsin replicated trials (SLHRT) during kharif 2007 (Table7). CRHR 42 was the top-yielder on over all mean ba-sis with an yield advantage of 22.36% over checkSwarna. Ten hybrids in this trial were in the Swarnaduration group. Over locations CRHR 42, CRHR 32,RTNRH 14, CRHR 39 and CRHR 35 had more than10% yield advantage over Swarna.

National Hybrid Rice Trial–Multilocation Trial of Hy-

brids: In a trial on multilocation evaluation (MLT) of

hybrids, nine hybrids including the CRRI bred hybridsAjay and Rajalaxmi were tested during kharif 2007 (Ta-ble 8). Ajay gave the highest yield of 5 t/ha followedby CORH 3 (4.9 t/ha) and Rajalaxmi (4.5 t/ha).

In another trial of medium duration hybrids(IHRTM), 21 hybrids (including five CRRI hybrids)were evaluated for yield performance with appropri-ate checks. The yield of these hybrids ranged from 1.3t/ha to 4.9 t/ha. Hybrids US 329, TNRH 5, DRRH 59and CRHR 24 showed low spikelet fertility. The topfive hybrids were PNPH 927 (4.9 t/ha), CRHR 28 (4.7t/ha), CRHR 4 (4.6 t/ha), RTNRH 3 (4.6 kg/ha) andDRRH 58 (4.4 t/ha).

In a trial for identifying MS grain hybrids with BPT5204 type grain, 10 hybrids were evaluated along withcheck BPT 5204. In this trial, CRHR 4 (5.5 t/ha) wasthe top yielder followed by TNRH 160 (4.1 t/ha) andJKRH 1212 (3.9 t/ha). KJTRH 7 was the lowest yielderwith very low spikelet fertility (47.6%).


Table 7. Grain yield (t/ha) of entries in SLHRT (kharif 2007).

% advantageEntry Raipur CRRI Maruteru Masodha Patna Chinsurah Mean over Swarna

CRHR 32 4.5 5 6.5 4.9 2.9 2.1 4.3 13.37

CRHR 33 3.2 4.2 6.7 5 3.1 3 4.2

CRHR 34 4 4.3 6.6 4.5 2.9 2.7 4.2

CRHR 35 4.5 4.2 6.3 4.7 2.9 3.3 4.3 12.71

CRHR 36 3.2 4.1 6.9 4.8 2. 7 2.9 4.1

CRHR 38 2.7 4.8 7.3 4.8 2.8 2.4 4.1

CRHR 39 4.4 5.1 7 4.1 2.6 2.5 4.3 12.08

CRHR 40 2.9 4.7 4 4.9 - 1.9 3.7

CRHR 42 4 5.4 8.1 5.5 2. 7 2.5 4.7 22.36

IRH 20 3.1 1.7 3.5 4.1 1.6 2 2.7

RTNRH 10 2 3.3 6.9 3.8 3 2.7 3.6

RTNRH 14 2.9 3.8 8.8 5 3 3.4 4.5 17.04

KRH 2 (HC) 4 - - 3.6 1.7 3.1 3.1

Swarna 4.3 4.1 6.2 2.8 2.6 3 3.8

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Performance of Hybrids in National Trials andNomination of Hybrids for National Trials

Based on the performance in different hybrid tri-als/breeding trials during 2007, Rajalaxmi was iden-tified as promising for Maharashtra (AVT-2 IM). CRHR29 was promoted to AVT-2 (IM). Rajalaxmi was pro-moted to third year of testing for saline alkaline hy-brid trial. Ajay and Rajalaxmi were promising in theMLT of hybrids in the medium duration. CRHR 10,CRHR 32 and CRHR 42 were promoted to AVT-1 (L).CRHR 25 and CRHR 28 were promoted to AVT-1 (IM)and CRHR 25 was identified as having multiple re-sistance to neck blast, brown spot, sheath blight andsheath rot diseases.

Long duration hybrids CRHR 32, CRHR 33, CRHR34, CRHR 35, CRHR 36, CRHR 37, CRHR 38, CRHR39, CRHR 40, CRHR 41 and CRHR 42) were nominated

for shallow lowland hybrid trials conducted duringkharif 2007.

Hybrids CRHR 4, CRHR 24, CRHR 25, CRHR 26and CRHR 28 were nominated for IHRT (IM) duringkharif 2007.

Studies on Quality Characteristics of HybridsDuring kharif 2007, 11 hybrids from medium slen-

der grain trial, 10 hybrids from multilocation trial(MLT) and 12 hybrids from shallow lowland hybridtrial (SLHRT) conducted at CRRI were tested for mill-ing, cooking and biochemical characterization.

The results indicated that in MS grain trial, exceptKJTRH 7, B10 428 and HR 1-26 all the entries had HRRmore than 52%. The highest HRR (61.75%) was inDRRH 44 followed by JKRH 12-12 (61.5) and BPT 5204(60). All the hybrids had intermediate alkali value (3.5–5) and intermediate amylose content, except HR 1-26where the amylose content was 19.2% and CRHR 4(26.51%).

Development of Super Rice forDifferent Rice Ecologies

Evaluation of New Plant Type/Advanced Generationunder Shallow Lowland Ecosystem

OYT: Thirtyseven elite breeding lines of NPT in-cluding three checks Naveen, IR 64 and Lalat wereevaluated. Among these IR 76444-78-1-3-2 gave sig-nificantly higher yield (6 t/ha) as against the best checkNaveen (4.9 t/ha).

AYT: Seventeen elite breeding lines of NPT withthree checks Naveen, IR 64 and Lalat were evaluated.IR 73895-33-1-3-2 gave the maximum grain yield (6.4t/ha) with high total biomass production, HI and grainfilling, followed by IR 73933-8-2-2-3 and IR 73439-11-1-3-1 as against check IR 64 (4.87 t/ha).

Evaluation and Selection of Segregation Materials:

During kharif 2007, 511 single plant progenies includ-ing 30 F2 bulks from 70 cross combination were grownunder transplanted condition. At the time of flower-ing and maturity 747 single plants were selected from63 cross combinations. The F3 generations were grownduring rabi 2007–08 for further selection.


Table 8. Multilocation trials of hybrids kharif 2007(CRRI).

Plant Panicleheight length SPF Yield

Variety DFF (cm) (cm) (%) (t/ha)

DRRH 2 114 94 26.5 71 4.4

PSD 3 118 76.5 26 65.8 3.9

CORH 3 105 89.5 25.5 73.3 4.9

HKRH 1 116 91.5 26.5 69.4 3.8

PA 6444 125 85 26 60.5 4. 5

Suruchi 118 83.5 25.5 75.8 4.4

JKRH 2000 122 87 26 60.4 2.7

Rajalaxmi 118 101 27.5 76.8 4.5

Ajay 119 99.5 28 74.9 5

Annada 106 76 22 72.2 0.6

Kalinga III 90 98.5 22.5 76.7 0.6

Jaya 115 96 26.5 75.9 4.3

KRH 2 112 94.5 25.5 77.9 4.4

Lalat 114 88 24.5 76.1 3.7

34

Development and evaluation of Superior Plant Typesfor Deepwater Ecosystem

Identification of Donors: During kharif 2007, 250deepwater rice germplasm lines and 50 tropicaljaponica lines were evaluated. The following geno-types were observed to be donors for the differentdesirable traits.

Donors for Moderate Elongation Ability: RD 19, Durgaand CR 2080-169-1-1.

Thick and Sturdy Stem: AC 38606, AC 38599, AC38687 and AC 38679.

More Spikelet/panicle: AC 38669, AC 38687, AC38600, AC 38603, Varshadhan and CR 2080-169-1.

Upright, thick and broad leaf: AC 38679, AC 38700,AC 38597 and AC 38671.

Long Panicle, High Seed Test Weight: AC 38606, AC38687, AC 38679, AC 38699 and CR 491-1590-330 1-1.

Evaluation and Selection of Existing Segregating Ma-

terials: Three HYVs of lowland were used as femaleparents and 15 tropical japonica lines were used as maleparents for generating 45 F1 hybrids. During kharif 2007,402 promising single plants of F4 generation deriva-tives of the inter sub-specific crosses were planted.Selections were carried out both within and betweenlines and 190 superior single plant progenies were se-lected and advanced to F5 generation.

Biotechnological Approaches

DNA Fingerprinting of Rice Varieties, Hybrids andother unique Germplasm and Development ofDatabase

Fortyseven lowland rice genotypes were grown inkharif 2007. The genomes were amplified with selectedrice microsatellite primers. Based on bands/allelesamplified, these genotypes were grouped into twomajor groups at 40% level of genetic similarity. Basicmolecular dataset was created, which will be usefulfor future reference.

Development of Transgenic for Biotic and AbioticStresses and Nutritional Enhancement

Putative transgenics were developed using bothbiolistic and Agrobacterium-mediated approaches in-corporating Bt (Cry 1AB) for conferring resistance

against YSB, Trichoderma derived chitinase for confer-ring resistance against rice sheath blight and DREB1Afor conferring tolerance against drought. The plantswere grown to maturity and no morphological abnor-malities were observed.

Tagging Genes for Aroma, Micronutrients (Fe andZn) and Development of Markers

Identification of Cultivars for High 2-AP and Fe Con-

tent and Development of Mapping Population: NuaKalajeera with high 2-AP content and Chinikamini(41.5 ppm) and Nua Dhusara (40.6 ppm) with high Fecontents were identified. In order to develop mappingpopulations crosses were made and F1 seeds were col-lected.

Cross Combinations: For aroma, Gayatri/NuaKalajeera, Pusa 44/Nua Kalajeera, for Fe content,Swarna/Chinikamini, Pusa 44/Nua Dhusara.

Doubled Haploid Breeding in RiceOne of the lines CRAC 2221-43, a DH derived from

PHB 71 was released as Satya Krishna by the OrissaState Seed Sub-Committee of Agricultural Crops in2008.

Non-lodging, dwarf (105 cm) Satya Krishna yielded5 t/ha in kharif and 6 t/ha in rabi in 135 days. It is suit-able for cultivation in irrigated and rainfed lowlands.It has 65%, HRR, long kernels (6.65 mm) with a highL/B ratio of 3.33, high KLAC of 11.4 mm, high elonga-tion ratio of 1.72, intermediate gel consistency, alkalivalue and amylose content. It is resistant to neck blast,sheath rot and YSB, and is moderately resistant to gallmidge and whorl maggot.

Molecular Characterization of Insect PestPopulations

PCR-based RAPD technique was used to detectgenetic variability between populations of plant hop-pers. Thirteen arbitrary 10-mer oligonucleotide prim-ers were used for amplification of genomes of BPHpopulations from four locations of Orissa and BPHpopulations from five locations in Andhra Pradesh.All the primers successfully amplified a total of 123reproducible bands of which 116 (94.3%) were poly-


35

morphic. Cluster analysis grouped all the 14populations into four major groups at 45% level ofgenetic similarity. The first and third major groupsconsisted of one population each (Pipili andJagatsinghpur, respectively) whereas, the second ma-jor group consisted of two populations, Salepur andCuttack. All the populations from Andhra Pradeshbelonged to the fourth major group. The low similar-ity index between populations was a reflection of thehigh genetic diversity that is obvious because planthoppers are highly migratory, and the frequency ofrecombination and selection is high.

Morpho–physiological and Molecular Charact-erization of Microflora Associated with Rice BlastLesions and Rice Seeds

Pathogenic Microflora of Rice Blast Lesions: Twentyoneisolates of Pyricularia spp. associated with rice blastlesions from UBN, CRRI and Santhapur were isolated.Genomes were amplified with ITS primers (1 and 4).Polymorphic bands were isolated from gel, sequencedand searched for sequence alignment. Sequences pro-ducing significant alignments with the collected iso-lates were as follows: Magnaporthe grisea, Magnaporthe

oryzae and Pyricularia angulata (maximum identity 98%;E value 0).

Morpho-physiological and Molecular Charact-erization and Development of Database for BacterialBlight

Sixtyseven bacterial blight isolates were collectedfrom Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Orissa andmaintained in the laboratory and the nethouse. Thirtyisolates were artificially inoculated for virulence on aset of six national differential varieties IR 8, IR 20, BJ 1,DV 85, Java 14 and Cemposelak. On the basis of dis-ease reaction, five pathotypes xa 17, xb 5, xb 9, xc 1and xb 1 were identified. Two pathotypes, xb 1 and xa17 were the most virulent types producing suscepti-ble reaction on most of the differentials.

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Rice Satya Krishna developed through doubled haploid

breeding was released for cultivation.


36

Isolation, Characterization and Development ofTransgenics for Root-knot Nematode Resistance

To fine map the location of the gene 14 ricemicrosatellite specific primers producing phenotypespecific markers were used to scan genomes of 101 RILsalong with susceptible cultivar, Annapurna and resist-ant, Ramakrishna. Linkage analysis using MAP markerprogram led to the identification of four microsatelliteprimes, RM 495, RM 499, RM 218, RM 213 and RM232 linked to root-knot nematode resistance genes inRamakrishna.

Genomics and Biotechnology of EnvironmentalMicrobes

Plasmid profile, RFLP, crystal protein, isozyme ofthe stress tolerant Bacillus thuringiensis were analyzedto understand molecular and physiological differencesto utilize the information for biotechnological appli-cations.

Plasmid Profile of the Bt Isolates: Plasmid composi-tion of 12 salt-tolerant Bacillus thuringiensis wereanalyzed to reveal the plasmid composition and itscomparison with the plasmid profile under stress con-ditions. The organisms produced 1-8 plasmids of 1.38-29.57 kbp sizes. No difference in plasmid compositionof the isolates could be obtained under normal andstress condition. Plasmid profile of the organisms hadno relation with the origin of the Bt isolates. Stress tol-erance of the isolates also could not be correlated withplasmid composition of the organisms. Wide variationof the plasmid compositions of the isolates provedhigh diversity of the salt tolerant Bt isolates.

RFLP Analysis and Restriction Map of the Salt-toler-

ant Bt: The DNA of salt tolerant Bt was digested withEcoR1, HindIII and both, and differentiated on agarosegel to establish the restriction map of the organism andto develop the identity of the organisms. The organ-ism produced 13–17 fractions of 5.1-22.9 kbp sizes (Ta-ble 9). The restriction fragments for the two enzymeswere different and double digest of the DNA producedmore fragments. However, the RE map could not beconstructed as all fragments could not be recovered.

Genomic and Proteomic Analysis of the Pathogens:

From the coastal saline soil of Gadakujang, a novel Bt

was isolated, which had swollen sporangium. Electronmicroscopic studies showed that the organism pro-duces bipyramidal crystals and it was confirmed as aBt. However, the catalase isozyme profile, 16S rRNAgene sequence and phylogenetic grouping of the or-ganism were different from other Bt. The organismclustered with B. fumarioli unlike other Bt that clus-tered with B. cereus. The results proved that indigenousBt resources need to be studied thoroughly to under-stand the Bt gene pool for exploitations.

Identification of QTLs associated with BlastResistance and Development of QTL and NILs

Emergence of new races of blast pathogen rendersthe resistance of existing cultivars ineffective. Thisproblem can be overcome by strategic deployment ofpyramided genes based on pathogen population in aregion or by developing broadspectrum/non-specificresistance. For the first approach, it is essential to haveNear Isogenic Lines (NIL) carrying major genes in anappropriate background that can be used as pre-breed-ing lines in rice improvement. Choosing Vandana andPoornima as recipient parents, seven cloned blast re-sistance genes (Pi b, Pi kh, Pi ta, Pi z, Pi 5 and Pi 9) wereused for developing NILs. The first cycle of hybridi-zation was completed and linked markers selected forforeground selection (Table 10). Polymorphism sur-vey of donors and recipient parents will be done nextto identify 5-6 polymorphic markers/chromosome atregular intervals for background selection.


Table 9. Fractions (kbp) of gDNA digested by differ-ent REs.

RE Molecular size (kbp)

gDNA 23.8

EcoR1 20.9, 18.2, 16.9, 15.9, 14.4, 12.6, 11.5,10.5, 8.9, 7.8, 6.9, 5.9, 5.1

HindIII 22, 19.7, 18.2, 16.3, 14.1, 12.3, 11.7,10.4, 9.9, 8.3, 7, 6.2, 5.3, 5.1

EcoR1 and HindIII 22.9, 22.4, 21, 18.6, 16.8, 14.4, 12.3,10.7, 10, 9.5, 8.7, 8.3, 6.8, 6.1, 5.6, 5.3,5.1

37

intensity in the nursery was high in susceptible checkvariety with score 8-9. Four entries CR 2340-1, CR 2340-11, RR 433-1 and RR 356-74 were resistant among theearly and very early group in NSN 1 and RR 393-1, RR393-6 RR 551-39-1-B, RR 389-9 and CR 2340-13 wereresistant in NSN 2.

Seven crosses using resistant and susceptible par-ents, Benibhog x Ch45, Benibhog x Kalinga III, RR 159-90 x Dudhkanti, Brown Gora x Ch45, RR 159-90 xKalinga III, Vandana x CH 45, and Azucina x KalingaIII were made in 2007 and the F1 seeds were collected.

Identification of QTLs Associated with DroughtTolerance

Development of Mapping Population: To identify theQTLs for drought tolerance, two populations ofrecombinant inbred lines (RILs) are being developedwith Kalinga III as susceptible parent and Salumpikitand Moroberekan as donor parents (Kalinga III/Salumpikit and Kalinga III/Moroberekan). About 250random single plant selections made in F2 of each crosswere advanced to F3 through single seed descentmethod.

Identification of QTLs Associated with TraitsConferring Weed Competitiveness

Screening Cultivars for Weed Competitiveness: Fortyupland rice cultivars and breeding lines belonging toaus, indica and japonica varietal group were evaluatedin adjacent, once weeded and weed free trials duringkharif 2007. There was a 24.8% decrease in grain yieldin once weeding treatment than the weed free treat-ment (Table 11). Significant differences were observedfor plant height, biomass and panicle number but daysto flower and early vigour were not affected by weed-ing treatment. Significant differences were also ob-served among cultivars for all the traits studied.Among the genotypes screened, VL 3288, B6144F-MR-6 and Kalakeri had the least reduction in grain yielddue to differences in weeding treatment. These wereidentified as promising genotypes for weed competi-tiveness (Table 12).

Identification of QTLs for Brown Spot Resistanceand Deployment

One thousand and six hundred lines comprising ofgermplasm, segregating breeding lines, advancedbreeding lines, Coordinated nurseries (NSN 1, NSN2,DSN, NHSN and NSN-H) were screened againstbrown spot in the nursery in kharif 2007. The disease


Table 10. Blast resistance genes, donors, associated mo-lecular markers with genetic distance selected for QTL–NIL development in the background of Vandana andPoornima.

Linkage group,Gene Donor Markers distance (cM)

Pi-b BL 1 b2 2 (0)

Te-Quing b28 2 (1.2)

IRAT 13 b3989 (SNP) 2 (1.2)

RM 208 (SSR)Pibdom 2 (0)

Pi5 Moroberekan

IRBL 5-M RG 498 (RFLP) 4 (0.8)

Piz-5 C101A51 RM 527 (SSR) 6 (0.26)

AP 5930 6 (0.1)

Pi-9 GM4 S 47656 (In Del ) 6 (1.3)

WHD 75-1-127 pB8 6 (<1)

IRBL9W

PiKh Tetep TRS 26 11 (0.5)

TRS 33 11 (0.7)

RM 206 (SSR) 11 (<1)

Pi-1(t) C101 LAC RM 1233 and

RM 224 (SSR ) 11 (0)

Pi-ta Yashiromochi ta3, ta801 andta577 (SNP) 12 (0)

Tetep and Katy YL 153/YL 154and YL100/YL102 (STS) 12 (0)

38

Development of Monosomic AlienAddition Lines (MAALs) and introgressionof alien genes for resistance to YSB andBPH

In a backcross programme theinterspecific F1’s and BC1F1’s were furtherbackcrossed with the recurrent parents fol-lowed by embryo rescue technique. Out of5,197 pollinations, 188 embryos were inocu-lated in the culture medium and out of thisseven embryos were rescued.

Interspecific F1 hybrids of O. sativa cv.Swarna and Udaya/Oryza ridleyi werebackcrossed with recurrent parents employ-ing embryo rescue technique with hormo-nal treatments before and after pollination.Out of 2,013 pollinations 221 expected ferti-lized embryos were harvested, and 19 ex-cised embryos were rescued by culturing in¼th MS medium, and two backcross hybridswere obtained.

Phylogenetic Relationships in GenusOryza

Wild rice Oryza alta, Oryza grandiglumis,

Oryza officinalis, Oryza eichengeri, Oryza

rhizomatis, Oryza nivara, Oryza rufipogon,

Oryza longiglumis, Oryza brachyantha, andOryza ridleyi were collected and maintainedin the nethouse. Morphological andpalynological studies were conducted (Ta-ble 13). Microscopic observations on thestructure, and viability studies using vitalstaining of the pollen grains of O. rufipogon,

O. ridleyi, O. longiglumis, O. brachyantha, O.

eichengeri and O. sativa, cv. Swarna were un-dertaken. The living pollen grains of thesewere spherical except that of O. rufipogon,

which was oblong.Evaluation of Rice Cultivars of Crosses be-

tween PR 114 and Wild Species such as O.rufipogon and O. nivara for Rainfed Uplands:

One hundred and ninetyfour lines of crossesbetween elite rice cultivars PR 114 and wildspecies O. rufipogon, and O. nivara were


Genetical and Cytogenetical Studies

Rice Chandan Released for CultivationRice Chandan (IET 17612) was released by the Orissa State

Seed Sub-Committee of Agricultural Crops at its meeting on 25Mar 2008 held in Bhubaneswar for cultivation in Orissa for boro/rabi summer. It yields 5.5 to 6 t/ha in 125 days. It is tolerant toYSB in natural conditions and to SB and BPH. Chandan is resist-ant to lodging and shattering.

Table 12. Means for selected entries evaluated under onceweeded (OW) and weed free (WF) conditions.

Plant Panicle BiomassYield (t/ha) height (cm) number (g)

Varieties OW WF OW WF OW WF OW WF

VL 3288 3.6 4.3 87 97 55 70 220 320

B 6144F-

MR-6 3.1 4.4 72 83 49 68 245 300

Kalakeri 2.9 3.3 91 97 66 86 175 225

NDR 97-12 2.9 3.3 71 74 48 65 258 260

Anjali 2.9 3.4 69 78 46 62 170 210

BVD 109 2.9 3.1 81 89 66 82 165 245

RR 383-22 2.8 3.6 78 83 51 70 160 235

RR 354-1 2.8 3.4 64 74 51 71 160 200

DDR 105 2.8 3.5 57 64 74 94 225 248

BVD 110 2.7 3.5 84 95 52 74 210 270

LSD (0.05) 777.2 8.8 21.9 85.8

Table 11. Means for different traits evaluated under once weeded(OW) and weed free (WF) conditions.

PlantDTF height Panicle Biomass Yield

Treatment EVV (DAS) (cm) number (g) (t/ha)

Once weeding 4.3 65.3 72.3 52.1 175.6 2.4

Weed free (WF) 4.3 65.6 81.3 76.8 240.4 3.1

% reduction - 0.01 11.1 32.1 27 24.8

LSD (0.05) NS NS 1.4 3.5 13.6 122.9

39

grown at the Santhapur Upland Rainfed Farm duringkharif 2007. It was noticed that five lines showed earlyflowering at 70 DAS. Seven lines that showed earlyflowering were tested for drought resistance out ofwhich one was resistant to drought with score 1 in theSES. The experiment was also conducted in rabi 2007–

08 for growth and yield performance and also for mul-tiplying seeds.

Improving Biochemical/Physiological Efficiency of Varieties

Physiological and Biochemical Characterization ofNPT Lines

Twenty NPT lines were tested for morpho-physi-ological characteristics and yield potential during rabi

2007–2008. Among the twenty lines tested IR 74714-141-3-3-2-3 gave the highest grain yield of 8.1 t/ha fol-lowed by IR 73933-8-2-2-3 (6.37 t/ha) and IR 72967-12-2-3 (5.67 t/ha). However, the highest erecto-foli-age leaf orientation coupled with highest photosyn-thetic rate (49.1 μ mole CO2/m2/s1) and maximum pho-tosynthetic quantum yield efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm)in IR 73933-8-2-2-3 (0.8085) with high performanceindex (2.206) indicated its better yield potential thanother NPT lines.

Rice Chandan (IET 17612) released for cultivation in Orissa for

boro/rabi summer yields 5.5 to 6 t/ha in 125 days.

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Table 13. Microscopic observations on pollen structureand pollen viability.

Diameter (μ) % ofLiving Dead living

Rice pollen pollen pollen

O. rufipogon 95 68.75 76

O. ridleyi 125 79.5 53.5

O. longiglumis 122 98.2 65.5

O. brachyantha 81 77.3 38.4

O. eichengeri 101 75.5 31.5

O. sativa, cv. Swarna 127.5 84 85.5

40

Development of New Plant Type with C4Mechanism of Photosynthesis

Literature collection and development of infrastruc-ture for the new plant type with C4 mechanism ofphotosynthesis in rice was initiated. Further, strength-ening of the facilities with research activities will con-tinue from the NAIP supported project on “TowardsDevelopment of a Single Cell C4 Photosynthetic Sys-tem in Rice.“

Hybridization Nursery, Demonstrationsand Off-season Facility

Demonstration of Popular Varieties Developed atCRRI and Other States

During kharif 2007, 50 CRRI varieties and 112 vari-eties of other states were demonstrated. Gene

pyramided lines such as Swarna sub-1, SambhaMahsuri sub-1, IR 64 sub-1, and Lalat MAS (BB) andTapaswini MAS (BB) were also field grown. Duringrabi 2007-8, 34 CRRI and 96 other varieties were dem-onstrated.

National (AICRIP) andInternational (INGER) Trials

Trials for Lowland EcologyInitial deepwater rice trial was direct seeded dur-

ing kharif 2007. The results are given in Table 14.National Semi-deepwater Screening Nursery

(NSDWSN): The trial was direct seeded during kharif

2007. The trial comprised of 63 entries including threechecks. The results are given in Table 15.

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At the CRRI in Cuttack new plant type lines were tested for yield.


41Genetic Enhancement of Yield

Table 14. Initial deepwater trials of kharif 2007.

Plant height Panicles/ Seedling Sub. Kneeing Phenotypic YieldEntries (cm) DF m2 survival tolerance Elongation ability acceptability (t/ha)

IET 19646 152 135 205 89 5 5 3 1 4.8

IET 20217 155 136 202 87 5 5 5 3 4.5

IET 20215 148 137 200 90 3 3 5 3 4.5

IET 20210 152 126 203 86 5 5 7 5 4.4

IET 20214 142 127 203 92 3 3 3 3 4.6

Jalmagna 165 138 171 90 5 3 3 3 3

Dinesh 169 140 182 91 5 3 5 3 3

Varshadhan 162 141 213 90 5 5 3 3 3.2

CD 5% 1

CV% 13.4

Table 15. NSDWSN trials direct seeded during kharif 2007.


IET 20075 148 137 225 91 3 5 - 3 4.2

IET 20347 132 106 202 74 5 5 - 7 4.1

IET 20351 135 136 180 70 5 5 - 3 4.4

IET 20350 152 97 216 90 3 5 - 5 4.1

IET 20354 148 106 213 77 5 5 - 7 4.2

IET 20360 125 97 213 68 5 7 - 5 4

IET 20362 139 137 229 65 7 5 - 3 4.9

IET 20372 142 131 202 92 3 3 - 3 4.5

Sabita 154 128 163 94 3 5 - 3 2.9

Purnendu 164 132 179 86 3 5 - 3 3.1

Varshadhan 173 139 168 90 5 3 - 3 3.6

CD 5% 0.7

CV% 17.4

42

At the CRRI in Cuttack different rice varieties were demonstrated.

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Table 16. Results of IVT-SDW during kharif 2007.


IET 20039 158 136 202 92 5 3 5 1 4.6

IET 20042 132 118 211 90 3 5 5 5 3.6

IET 20082 138 129 212 88 3 5 7 3 3.6

Sabita 163 126 180 86 3 5 7 3 3.1

Purnendu 157 132 189 90 3 5 5 3 3.3

Varshadhan 168 135 184 92 5 3 5 3 3.6

CD 5% NS

CV% 14.8

43

Initial Variety Trial—Semi-deepwater Rice (IVT-SDW):

The trial was direct seeded during kharif 2007 to evalu-ate the promising entries under semi-deepwater situ-ation. The trial comprised of 12 entries including threechecks. The results are given in Table 16.

Advanced Variety Trial-1—Semi-deepwater Rice (AVT-

1 SDW): The trial was direct seeded during kharif 2007to evaluate the promising entries under semi-deepwater situation. The trial comprised of nine en-


Table 17. Results of AVT-1 SDW during kharif 2007.


IET18782 122 115 225 90 3 7 - 5 4.1

IET 19185 144 136 236 87 5 3 - 3 3.7

IET 19189 135 133 207 90 3 5 - 7 3.6

Sabita 153 125 179 87 5 3 - 7 3

Purnendu 162 132 187 89 5 3 - 5 3.1

Varshadhan 171 135 179 91 5 3 - 5 3.7

CD 5% NS

CV% 18.8

Table 18. Results of IRLON during kharif 2007.

Plant height Panicles/ Seedling Phenotypic YieldEntries (cm) DF m2 survival (%) acceptability (t/ha)

IR 77512-111-2-1-2 133 116 210 90 3 4.6

IR 78128-67-3-1-2 128 118 206 90 3 4.4

IR 78222-20-8-53-2-B-B-B 124 120 216 90 3 4.2

IR 78221-19-6-15-B-B-B-B 127 119 192 90 3 4.1

IR 78877-181-B-1-4 120 122 198 90 3 4.1

WAR120-1-9-1-2-B-B-2 134 117 202 95 3 4

Sabita 147 126 185 85 3 3.8

Mahsuri 142 125 216 80 1 3.8

CR 1009 123 128 222 80 1 4.3

Swarna 117 117 205 35 1 3.9

PSBRC 70 155 131 190 90 3 3.7

CD 5% 0.5

CV% 12.4

44

IR 64 sub-1 was demonstrated at CRRI in Cuttack.

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tries including three checks. The results are given inTable 17.

International Rainfed Lowland Observational Nursery

(IRLON): The trial was transplanted during kharif 2007to evaluate the promising entries. The trial comprisedof 95 entries including six checks. The results are givenin Table 18.

Evaluation of Materials Received under AICRIP andInternational Trials

A total of 594 test entries of rice were evaluated in24 trials from different ecosystems to identify high-yielding, disease and insect/pests resistant genotypesunder rainfed and irrigated ecology.

Evaluation of Entries under Rainfed UplandConditions

A total of 80 test entries were evaluated for grainyield, plant height, maturity and other related traits.The top ranking two genotypes along with best checkin different trials were:

Promising entry/ Best checkTrial/test entry grain yield (t/ha) (t/ha)

AVT 2-E-DS/10 IET 19576 (2.2), Vandana (1)IET 19555 (1. 8)

AVT 1-E-DS/21 IET 20148 (4), Annada (2.2)IET 20151 (3.9)

Evaluation of Entries under Semi-deep andDeepwater Ecosystem

A total of 107 test entries were evaluated in fourtrials under semi-deep water and deepwater condi-tions. The first and second ranking test genotypes alongwith best check in each trial were:

Promising entry/ Local checkTrial/test entry grain yield (t/ha) (t/ha)

AVT 1-SDW/6 IET 18782 (4.1), Varshadhan (3.7)IET 19185 (3.7)

IVT SDW/12 IET 20039 (4.6), Varshadhan (3.6)IET 20042 (3.6)

NSDWSN/63 IET 20362 (2.4), Varshadhan (1.8)IET 20390 (2.4)

IVT DW/25 IET 19646 (4.8), Durga (3.2)IET 20214 (4.6)

Evaluation of Genotypes for Coastal Saline AreasA total of 90 genotypes for coastal saline areas in

two trials were evaluated in farmer’s field at Erasma.On the basis of yield performance the top two rankinggenotypes in each trial were:


SATVT/40 IET 18703 (4.6), CS 17-1 (2.8)IET 18696 (4.6)

NSASN/46 IET 20343 (8.7), Jaya (4.7)IET 20344 (8.4)

Evaluation of Breeding Materials for DroughtTolerance under Lowland Conditions

Twentyfive lines with three checks were evaluatedin station trials at CRRI, Cuttack and KVK, Santhapurunder drought conditions during rabi and kharif 2007.On the basis of yield performance the top two rankinggenotypes in each trial were:


Station-I/28 CR 24620-9 (2.9),(kharif) CR 2340-77 (2.8) Annada (2.3)

Station –II/28 CR 2340-15 (3),(rabi) CR 2461-25 (2.9) Annada (2.2)

45

Breeding for Quality Rices

Varieties ReleasedNua Kalajeera: Developed through pure line selec-

tion, photosensitive aromatic rice Nua Kalajeera (IET18393) was released by the Orissa State Seed Sub-Com-mittee of Agricultural Crops for cultivation in therainfed shallow lowlands of Orissa. It yields 3 t/ha in145–150 days. The grains are short bold. It has highHRR (61%), better elongation (2.01), fluffiness, inter-mediate amylose (22.68%) and soft GC (63 mm) com-bined with longer retention of its strong aroma dur-ing prolonged storage. Nua Kalajeera is resistant toneck blast and RTV.

Nua Dhusura: Released by the Orissa State SeedSub-Committee of Agricultural Crops, photosensitivetall, medium-late aromatic rice Nua Dhusura (CR2579-1, IET 18395) yields 3 t/ha of short-mediumgrains with a pleasant aroma. It has a high grain elon-gation (2), HRR (67%), fluffiness on cooking, interme-

diate amylose content (23%), soft GC (50 mm) com-bined with translucent kernel. It is resistant to neckblast, sheathrot and RTV.

Evaluation and Improvement of Yield of Aromatic(Long- and Short-grained) Varieties usingConventional and Molecular Approaches

Single plant progenies in F2–F7 (1,850) from 65crosses were selected on the basis of desirable qualitycharacters including aroma in the background ofhigher yield for further advancement of generation andevaluation. Out of the fixed lines two promising aro-matic cultures were nominated for evaluation in theAICRIP-ASGON trials.

Fiftyfour new crosses were attempted to generaterecombinants between selected donors (Ratna, AC34499, Satabdi, BPT 5204, PR 111, PR 114, NPT 25, NPT14, NDR 359, Swarna, Sarala, Gayatri, Aromatic IRRIand WCG plant types with aromatic varieties TaroariBasmati, Basmati 386, Kalanamak, Tilackchandan,

Improvement of Grain and Nutritional Quality

Nua Kalajeera released for cultivation in

the rainfed shallow lowlands of Orissa yields 3 t/ha in 145–150 days.

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Ketekijoha, Dhusara, Katarni, KDML 105, Kalajeera,Chinikamini, Pimpudibas and Gobind Bhog.

Promising mutants (50) of Dubraj, Kalanamak,Kalajeera, Ketekijoha and Chinikamini were selectedfrom M5/M6 generation. These mutants possess re-duced height with erect plant type, reduced maturityperiod and higher yield than the parents.

Development of HYVs with Good Grain Qualitywith Special Reference to Slender Grain

Improvement of Padmakeshari, a landrace withhigh quality slender grain rice through mutation breed-ing resulted in identification of promising mutantswith higher yield, shorter plant height and duration.Yield evaluation of gamma irradiated population inM5 generation led to the identification of five entrieswith yields of 3.8 t/ha as against 2.7 t/ha in the par-ents. One selection was nominated for evaluation un-der AICRIP-IVT-Late trial.

Development and Evaluation of Quality Rice withImproved Yield Potential under OrganicManagement Conditions

During kharif 2007, out of a total of 72 genotypes(mutants and recombinants) that were evaluated, eightwere identified with yields of 3.3 t/ha to 4.4 t/ha thatwas higher than checks, indicating possibility of iden-tifying genotypes with higher yield under organicmanagement (Table 19). The organic nutrient was sup-plied through FYM @ 10 t/ha followed by incorpora-tion of dhaincha (Sesbania).

Grain Quality and Biochemistry

Biochemical Basis of Grain Quality Enhancementthrough Organic Management Practices

An experiment on organic farming with PusaBasmati 1 was conducted during kharif 2007. The or-ganic management and cultural practices were fol-lowed as per the standard practices. The results indi-

Photosensitive, tall aromatic Nua Dhusura released for cultivation yields 3 t/ha.

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cated that treatment (T6) FYM + oil cake (groundnut)gave the highest HRR of 53% followed by (T7) Azolla+ GM and (T3) GM (Sesbania aculeate) (51%) comparedto 50.5% in the control. Treatment (T6) FYM + oil cake(groundnut) also showed highest elongation ratio(1.92) and highest protein content (8.47%). The amy-lose content was intermediate (24.12-25%) in all thetreatments. The treatments did not have any adverseeffect on aroma content rather in treatment (T6) FYM+ oil cake (groundnut) and (T7) Azolla + GM the aromaappeared to be higher as judged by organoleptic tests.

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm and AdvancedBreeding Lines for Grain Quality and Aroma

AICRIP samples of AVT-BT and IVT-BT that weredeveloped through varietal improvement programmein traditional Basmati growing areas were analyzedfor 15 physico-chemical characteristics. A panel testwas conducted to assess the consumer acceptability.Based on the data and information so obtained IET19441 from AVT 1 BT was the best followed by IETS

Various lines are under evaluation in the AICRIP-ASGON trials at the CRRI in Cuttack.

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Table 19. Evaluation of genotypes under organic man-agement.

Cultures Height (cm) Yield (t/ha)

Padmakeshari M-14 139.8 4.5

Chinikamini M-9 121.9 4.4

AP 44-8-11-2-1 138.9 3.9

AP 143-4-3-2-9 100.5 3.8

AP 44-8-11-1-2 137.5 3.7

Padmakeshari M-12 142.6 3.7

Chinikamini M-6 120.6 3.7

Padmakeshari M-8 136 3.3

CR 1014 (Check) 154.4 3.1

Ketekijoha (Check) 143.8 2.8

Dubraj (Check) 148.3 2.4

Padmakeshari (Parent) 173.5 2.8

48

19491, IETS 18973 and IETS 19492. Among the entriesof IVTBT, IET 19783 was best followed by IETS 19784,IETS 19772, IETS 19773, IETS 19777 and IETS 19775.

A total 129 entries of rice along with standardchecks Savitri, Sabita, Swarna, Swarna Sub 1 and JalLahari were evaluated from three trials under RainfedLowland Shuttle Breeding Programme (RLSBP) for 14quality traits. Entries from Observational Yield Trial(OYT) and entries from replicated yield trial (RYT) LPR0700, CR 2543-83 and CR 2544-70 among medium slen-der (MS) grain, CR 719-2 and LPR 07-005 among shortbold (SB) and OR 2315-6 (MS) and NDR 8030 (SB)-Shallow and entries from RYT semi-deep OR 2109-2(SB) were the best.

Thirtynine released varieties were evaluated forphysicochemical characteristics. Most of these varie-ties had more than 60% HRR. The promising varietieswith good HRR % were Gouri, Sebati, Bhabani, Birupaand Pratikhya. The water uptake was 240 ml/100 g inGouri, 255 ml/100 g in Sarathi, 300 ml/100 g in Bhoi,305 ml/100 g in Samanta, 280 ml/100 g in Bhabani,250 ml/100 g in Birupa and 255 ml/100 g in Daya.The amylose content was intermediate (20-25%) in allthe varieties. The elongation ratio was highest inSamanta (1.98) and Bhabani (1.97).

High Temperature Stress Effects on Rice GrainQuality

The experiment was carried out with rice Ajay (LS),Rajalaxmi (LS), CRHR 24 (LS), CRHR 25 (LS), CRHR26 (LS), CRHR 27 (LS), CRHR 28 (LS), IR 8 (LB), IR 36(LS), N 22 (LB), Annapurna (SB) and Naveen (SB) tostudy the effects of temperature during grain fillingon quality parameters. All the cultivars were subjectedto six different temperature regimes transplanting atsix different dates, namely 15 Jan, 15 Feb, 15 Mar, 15Apr, 15 May and 15 Jun.

The results showed that the effect of high tempera-ture during grain filling changed the components andstructure of starch that reflects on grain quality in termsof excessive chalkiness in the endosperm. Though the

treatment had no direct effect on cooking and eatingquality, its marketing quality was obviously reduceddue to poor milling recovery percentage, decrease inHRR, lower amylase and protein content.

Biochemistry of Micronutrient Dense RiceGrain Zn content of 199 rice cultivars was deter-

mined in kharif 2007. After harvesting, the grains weresun dried to a moisture content of 12-14%. Dehulledgrains (brown rice) were digested and evaluated forZn content by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotom-eter. Madhuban, ASG 4022, Mahamaya, White Ponni,Ranbir Basmati, Kalinga III, Purnima, Vikas, NLR 3365,Yamini, Basmati 370, Bhudev, Moti, Super Sugandha,Vandana, Jalpriya, and Panvel 3 had very high (> 50ppm) Zn content. Milling @ 10% level with a Kett Labo-ratory Miller resulted in a loss of 16.77% (IR 64) to55.56% (Amulya) in grain Zn content.

Study of Iron Homeostasis in Rice PlantEfforts were initiated to develop transgenic rice

plant over-expressing ferritin cDNA. Binary vectorcarrying ferritin cDNA was mobilized intoAgrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. Co-cultiva-tion is being carried out for transformation of rice calli.

Iron Metabolism in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Plants withEmphasis on Translocation and Assimilation

Grain Fe content of 199 rice cultivars was deter-mined in kharif 2007. After harvesting, grains were sun-dried to a moisture content of 12–14%. Dehulled grains(brown rice) were digested and evaluated for iron con-tent with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Ranbir Basmati, Erramaltha, Purnima, Taraori Basmati,Sharbati, Basmati 370, EC 33603, Mounica, Bhudev,Radhi, BR 26-55, Panachi and CN 430-12-2 had veryhigh (> 20 ppm) Fe content. Basmati rice Type 3showed minimum milling losses (56.7% and 57.98%)in Fe content @ 5% and 10% milling levels, whereas,Panvel 3 had the maximum milling loss (90.67% and97.19% ) at similar milling levels.


49

Breeding for Resistance/tolerance toBiotic, Abiotic and Environmental Stresses

Identification of New Sources ofResistance/tolerance to

Pests and Diseases

Identification of New Sources of Resistance/tolerance to Major Insect Pests

Yellow Stem Borer: Out of 710 rice cultivars fromCRRI that were evaluated against YSB in 2007, resist-ant cultivars with score 1 (below 5% WEH) in SES, wereNDR 402, CR 580-5, CR 309-262, CR 309-266, CR 57-MR1523, LPR 256, LPR 85, LPR 97, LPR 14, LPR 96-10,LPR 56-49, LPR 50, Kariawa 4, TCA 12, Bazail 65, NaliHazara, Sankhuli, Sudha, Janaki, RAU 500-86-4, OR1898-2-15, OR 1358-RGA-4, OR 1529-28-2, Ambika,GEB 24, PTB 18, TKM 6, W 1263, ARC 10660, CNM 31,CT 6510-9-1-1, Litipiti, BG 90-2, Daonara, ChadheiNakhi, Dahijhil, Brahmanbojni, Mahalakshmi, Jogen,Achinhamati, Cempocelac, Punshi, Tara, Triveni, CRRIAC No. 38888 (Philippines cultivar), Cheera, Vitilla 4,Chettivirippu, Ayyam Pilly Pokali (NBPGR, NewDelhi collection), Gujari, Ambika 2, Saket, Sodam,Gujrat II, Karchat, GR 102, Narmada, Ponachia andHighti (Gujarat collection), Poijam, Ranjit, Kainchali,Biran, Katriksal, Black Binni, Red Binni, Maime Kalai(Tripura collection) as against Jaya the susceptiblecheck with score 9 (28.1% WEH).

Leaf Folder: Out of 180 genotypes that were scoredfor LF damage under field conditions. Konarak, Rudraand Mahalakshmi had less than 5% leaf damage.

Brown Plant Hopper: Out of 153 varieties from CRRIthat were screened under greenhouse conditionsagainst BPH, CRRI AC 39737 (Champae), AC 39752(Basmati), AC 39879 (Birun) and AC 39885 (Red Binni)had resistant reaction with score 3. Out of 70 entriesthat were screened from IRRI, IR 69726-29-1-2-2-2, IR70454-144-1-1-3-2 and IR 72894-35-2-2-2 scored 3.

White-backed Plant Hopper: Out of 51 germplasmreceived from PAU that were evaluated against WBPHunder nethouse conditions and 1552 (2) and 1552 (8)

were resistant, whereas 1545 and 1553 (9) were mod-erately resistant. IR 64 was resistant check and TN 1the susceptible check.

Identification of New Sources of Resistance/tolerance to Blast

A total of 989 entries consisting of NSN 1, NSN 2,NHSN, DSN, and HYVs were tested in the UniformBlast Nursery (UBN) during kharif 2007 under N 120,N 60 and K 60 for leaf blast incidence. HR 12 was grownall around as bombardment lines.

NSN 1: Out of 140 entries of NSN 1 that werescreened for leaf blast, 30 entries were resistant withscore 1 and 2 in SES scale. These entries were tested in18 locations in India. CRRI, Cuttack had high diseasepressure with S.I. (5.5) that was second to Lonavala(6.7). Out of these 30 resistant entries four entries IET19913 (CR 662-2211-1-1), IET 19576, IET 19738 and IET19755 had S.I (2-2.9) at all these test locations.

NSN 2: Out of 542 entries, 62 entries were resistantto leaf blast with score 2 and 3. One entry IET 20268(CR 2495) had S.I 3.8 when tested at 12 test centres.

DSN: Out of 49 entries 12 entries were resistant toleaf blast with score 1 and 2. These were tested in 21locations in India. The susceptible index of these 12entries varied from 2.6 to 3.6. Notable among thesewere TNRH 110H, CB 04-25, CB 04-08, CB 04-20, VL30687, VL 30686 and TTB 303-14-1.

NHSN: Out of 86 entries that were screened, onlyIET 20462 was moderately resistant to leaf blast withscore 3.

HYV of Rice: Out of 170 HYVs, including 46 CRRIvarieties that were tested under simulated epiphytoticcondition (UBN), 22 HYVs Anjali, Ajay, Abhisek,Chandrama, Gajapati, Gurjari, Gitanjali, IR 64, Moti,Naveen, Lunishree, PR 115, Panidhan, Pathara, PusaSugandha 3, Radhi, Sarasa, Sneha, Samalei, SambaMahsuri (Sub-1), Savitri and Tulasi were resistant toleaf blast with score 1 and 2.

Breeding for Resistance/tolerance to Biotic, Abiotic and Environmental Stresses

50

Identification of New Sources of Resistance/tolerance to Bacterial Blight

Out of 774 rice germplasm collections of NSN I(168), NHSN (88), DSN (61), DRR differentials (26),INGER materials (152), CRRI breeding materials (148),scented rice (115) and hybrid rice parental lines (16)that were screened against a virulent strain ofXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by clipping method ofinoculation in the field, 63 entries showed resistantwith score 1-3 in the SES scale (Table 20).

Identification of New Sources of Resistance/tolerance to Sheath Blight

NSN 1: Out of 168 entries screened for sheath blightresistance/tolerance, entries WGL44, NDR 9830145(IR68821-355-NDR-1-1-1-1), CR 2340-5, CN 1234-12-1, JGL 11097, Bidhan Dhan 2, HR 1-157 (Hybrid), CN1 383-5-11, RP 4668-2-IR-74293-95-1-1-2-2-B, TaororiBasmati and PA 6201 were tolerant.

NHSN: Out of 88 entries screened entries Bio 404,AARH 11, US 313, MPH 222, RTNRH 15, HR 1162,CRHR 25, JKRH 1212, KJTRH 7, MTU 1010, Triguna,Swarnadhan and IR 50 were tolerant.

DSN: Out of 61 entries screened, entries VL 30685,VL 30687, RGL 21349, RGL 20547, PAU 3418-1-2-3-1,CB 04-08 and RP 4419-PSP-9-3-2-2-1-1 were tolerant.

Identification of New Sources of Resistance/tolerance to RTD

During kharif 2007, rice were screened in NSN1(168), DSN (61), NHSN (88) and from the NationalSeeds Project (34) at Cuttack for RTD under simulatedepiphytotic conditions. The disease pressure was highat CRRI (6.7).

Among the 168 entries tested under NSN 1, entriesCR 662-2211-1-1, BAU-GVT-437-06, CR 2340-11, CR2340-5, BAU-GVT 436-06 and CRHR 29 (hybrid) werepromising with SES score of 3.

Under DSN, among the 61 entries screened for RTDentries, RGL 21066 and CB 04-33 were promising withscore of 3.

Under NHSN, out of the 88 entries screened, 19were promising with score of 1 to 3 (SES scale) for RTD.Among these, only one entry IET 20431 scored 1.

Among the 34 entries tested from the NSP Projectat Cuttack, none of the entries were tolerant to tungro.

Mechanism of Resistance to Major Insect PestsRate of feeding of BPH observed through Ninhy-

drin test was 70% less in resistant donor (Salkathi) thanin TN 1 (susceptible). The probing was also less bythree times than TN 1 in 24 h observation. There wasno difference in the epidermal and hypodermal layersbetween these two lines.

Among the test cultures screened using artificialinfestation DR 93, IRGC 105445, IRGC 100178, IRGC101410 and IRGC 100969 showed complete resistance(zero DH) against YSB. Under choice test as secondstep for intensive screening, potted plants of each cul-ture with single plant were arranged inside a cham-ber with each of three replications and 54 field col-lected gravid females of YSB were released. After 7 to


Table 20. Germplasm resistant to BLB.

Resistant

lines Designation

DRR differential cultivars10 IRBB 14, IRBB 21, IRBB 52, IRBB 53, IRBB 54,

IRBB 58, IRBB 59, IRBB 60, RP Bio. 226

INGER materials13 IRBB 61, IRBB 64, DV 85, IR 20, IR 8,

Kinmaze, BR 5267-3-2-2, C 712001, Cherno

fingo, Guajing 4, WAB 56-104, CAMOR,

IRBB 210

CRRI breeding materials developed for BLB39 CR 2421-1, CR 2421-2, CR 2421-3, CR 2421-7,

CR 2421-8, CR 2421-9, CR 2421-10, CR 2421-

11, CR 2421-12, CR 2421-13, CR 2421-14,

CR 2421-15, CR 2421-16, CR 2428-20,CR 2429-10, CR 2429-11, CR 2429-12,

CR 2429-13, CR 2430-1, CR 2430-6, CR 2430-

7, CR 2421-31, CR 2421-27, CR 2421-28,

CR 2423-3, CR 2423-10, CR 2424-7, CR 2427-18, CR 2427-24, CR 2427-25, CR 2427-26,

CR 2427-28, CR 2427-29, CR 2427-31,

CR 2428-1, CR 2428-9, CR 2428-6, CR 2428-14, CR 2428-17

51

10 days, the plants were observed for egg masses.Based on the deposition of the egg mass, test entriesIRGC 105162, IRGC 105095, IRGC 101410 recorded noegg laying indicating non-preference for oviposition.

Breeding for Resistance toMajor Insect Pests

Breeding for Multiple Pest Resistance with Emphasison BPH and YSB

F1 seeds of cross between six elites namely, Swarna,Samba Mahsuri, Tapaswini, Pusa 44, Pooja andNaveen, and BPH resistant donor Salkathi were ob-tained.

Segregating populations of different generationscomprising of 784 single plants progenies in F3 to F5

generation from 17 cross combinations for the BPHresistance breeding were grown for selecting promis-ing progenies and generation advancement. Based ondesired agro-morphological traits, 479 single plant se-lections were made.

From 239 single plant progenies of F5 generationthat were screened in the nethouse for BPH resistancewith artificial insect pressure, 62 resistant plants wererecovered.

Breeding for Multiple Pest Resistance with Emphasison YSB and Gall Midge

Identification of New Sources of Donors for Resistance/

tolerance to YSB and Gall Midge: During kharif 2007, 100germplasm lines including landraces, exotic collections(IRSBN) and existing identified donors were screened.Artificial supplementation of egg mass was done 15days before flowering. The following genotypes weretolerant to YSB.

1-5% WEH: NilWEH (6-10%): B 5332-13D-MR-1-1, BR 729-45-3-2-

3-1-1-1, IR 13754-12-3, IR 21141-24-2, IR 25077-KKN-38-PMI-2-1, IR 49689-84-2-1-2, IR 70949-R-R-B-7-1 andYungeng 135.

Generation Advancement of Existing Breeding Materi-

als: Twenty eight crosses CR 661-236-2-1/Bazayl 65,CR 661-236-2-1/Nalihazara, CR 661-236-2-1/LPR 14,CR 661-236-2-1/CR 383-10, CR 661-236-2-1/Hatidanta,CR 661-236-2-1/LPR 97, CR 661-236-2-1/LPR85, CR

661-236-2-1/RAU 500-86-4, CR 661-236-2-1/Pauli, CR661-236-2-1/TCA12, Gayatri/LPR 97, Gayatri/LPR 85,Gayatri/Bazayl 65, Gayatri/LPR 14, Gayatri/Pauli,Gayatri/Kariawa 4, Gayatri/CR 383-10, Gayatri/LPR256, Swarna/Bazayl 65, Swarna/Nalihazara, Swarna/LPR 14, Swarna/CR 383-10, Swarna/Hatidanta,Swarna/LPR 97, Swarna/LPR 85, Swarna/RAU 500-86-4, Swarna/Pauli and Swarna/TCA 12 were ad-vanced from F2 to F3 generation. Two hundred andthirty promising single plant progenies were selectedfrom these 28 crosses.

Hybridization Programme for Population Approach: Apopulation improvement work was started duringkharif 2007 to develop a population possessing multi-ple resistance. Four donors for stem borer tolerance (B5332-13D-MR-1-1, Ramaboita, Ratna and R 729-45-3-2-3-1-1-1), one for BPH (Salkathi), one for gall midge(Abhaya) along with three high yielding parents (CR780-1937-2-1, Naveen and IR 64) were incorporated togenetic male sterile background through hybridization.

Breeding for Resistance toMajor Diseases

Breeding for Multiple Disease Resistance withEmphasis on Bacterial Blight and Blast


Material: Seventyfour progenies (F5–F7 generation)from four cross combinations were grown during kharif

2007. All the lines were artificially inoculated with avirulent field isolate at maximum tillering stage. Atthe time of flowering and maturity 23 uniform prog-enies were selected on the basis of plant and paniclecharacters for further evaluation.

Evaluation of Advanced Breeding Lines for Grain Yield

and Bacterial Blight Resistance: During kharif, 148 ad-vanced breeding lines from nine cross combinationsalong with four checks Gayatri, Sarala, Durga andTapaswini were evaluated. All these lines were alsoscreened for resistance to BLB. Among the differentlines CR 2428-11 gave the highest yield of 5.9 t/ha fol-lowed by CR 2427-11 (5.3 t/ha) and CR 2424-14 (5.2 t/ha). The best check variety Tapaswini yielded 4.1 t/ha. About 40 lines yielded more than 4 t/ha.


52

Breeding for Resistance to Sheath BlightOut of 17 genotypes tested in the nethouse condi-

tions under artificial inoculation, IET 17885, IET 17886and IET 19346 were tolerant.

Breeding for Resistance to RTDOut of 116 fixed lines from 14 crosses involving elite

varieties such as Swarna, Pooja, Sarala, Tapaswini andUdaya, and RTD resistant donors IET 16952,Vikramarya, CR 682-165-1 and IET 16611 that werescreened under simulated tungro epiphytotic condi-tion, 54 lines with higher degree of resistance to RTDuniformly were selected. Seven new donors were iden-tified from Tungro Screening Nursery of 2007-08.These were IET 19171, IET 20150, IET 19784, IET 20121,IC 515756, IC 516579 and IC 516210.

Breeding for Tolerance toMajor Abiotic Stresses

Breeding for Drought ToleranceDuring kharif 2007, crosses Salumpikit/Naveen,

APO/PS (1086), CR 143-2-2/Naveen, CR 143-2-2/Swarna, CR 143-2-2/Naveen, Naveen/Salumpkit,Salumpikit/Lalat, CR 143-2-2/Swarna, Naveen/Salumpikit, Salumpikit/Swarna, IR 20/Dandi,Selumpikit/APO, Salumpikit/Swarna, Selumpikit/Swarna, IR 20/APO, Salumpikit/Dandi, IR 20/APO,IR 20/Naveen, CR 143-2-2/APO, Naveen/Vandana,CR 143-2-2/IR 20, Dandi/APO, Salumpikit/Dandi,Naveen/CR 143-2-2, Naveen/CR 143-2-2, CR 143-2-2/APO, Salumpikit/Naveen, Salumpikit/Naveen,Salumpikit/IR 20, Salumpikit/Naveen, CR 143-2-2/Swarna, CR 143-2-2/Swarna, Salumpikit/Swarna,Salumpikit/APO, Naveen/CR 143-2-2, IR 20/Naveen,Salumpikit/Naveen, Naveen/Vandana, Dandi/APOand Naveen/APO were made and generation ad-vanced during rabi 2007-08.

Breeding for Submergence ToleranceScreening for Submergence Tolerance: Two hundred

and sixty germplasm lines under direct seeding con-ditions were tested for submergence tolerance. LinesKalaketaki, Asina, Gelheigeti and Hirakani had sur-vival percentage comparable to tolerant cultivar FR

13A. The elongation ability of these were comparablewith FR 13A. The mortality of the susceptible ones was100%. Morphologically these cultivars were differentfrom FR 13A.


Material: Crosses were made involving donors for sub-mergence tolerance (IR 49830-7, IR 82809-237 and IR84193-62-36), bacterial blight resistance (CRMAS 2232-71 and CRMAS 2232-85) and popular lowland ricevarieties during kharif 2007. The generation advance-ment of available breeding material for submergencetolerance including MAS and mapping populationswas also taken-up during kharif. The crosses wereSavitri/IR 49830-7, CRLC 899/IR 49830-7,Varshadhan/IR 82809-237, Savitri/IR 84193-62-36,Gayatri/IR 84193-62-36, Durga/IR 84193-62-36,Durga/IR 82809-237, Gayatri/Varshadhan//IR 49830-7, Gayatri/Varshadhan//IR 82809-237, Sarala/EC516602//IR 82809-237, Gayatri/EC 516602//IR 82809-237, IR 82809-237/CR 2232-85, Gayatri/Varshadhan//CR 2232-85, Sarala/Varshadhan//CR 2232-85,Savitri/IR 49830-7//CR 2232-71, Gayatri/IR 49830-7//CR 2232-85 and Sarala/IR 49830-7//CR 2232-85.

Mapping Populations for Submergence Tolerance and

Regeneration Ability: Four mapping populations IR 42/Khoda, IR 42/Kalaputia, IR 42/Atiranga and IR 42/Matiaburusu developed for mapping the genes forsubmergence tolerance and regeneration ability weregeneration advanced (F3–F4) during kharif 2007.

Eastern India Rainfed Lowland Shuttle BreedingNetwork (EIRLSBN)

Observational Yield Trial (OYT): Among the 85 en-tries including five standard checks (Savitri, Sabita,Swarna, Swarna (Sub 1) and Sarala evaluated underrainfed lowland conditions during kharif 2007, CN1366-3-2 produced the highest grain yield (4.5 t/ha)followed by IR 71314-15-CN 4-1-5 (3.7 t/ha) and CN1232-33-7-4-1-1 (3.5 t/ha) as against the best checkvariety Savitri (2.5 t/ha). Most of the entries floweredduring the third and fourth week of Oct.

Advanced Yield Trial (AYT): Among the 22 entriestested in a replicated trial under rainfed lowland con-ditions for grain yield and other associated characters


53

IR 53945-CN-35-8-3 gave the highest grain yield of 4.3t/ha followed by CR 925-2 (3.5 t/ha) as against thebest check Sabita (3.5 t/ha).

Physiology ofAbiotic Stress Tolerance

Mechanism of Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance inRainfed Lowland Rice

Behaviour of Salt-tolerant Cultivars under Complete

Submergence: The experiment was conducted with FR13A (tolerant to submergence), Pokkali (tolerant to salt)and IR 64 (susceptible) for studying the dynamics ofdifferent antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxidedismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutath-ione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR) and malondehydroascorbate reductase(MDAR) after seven days of complete submergencefollowed by one day air adaptation and non-sub-merged control set. The activities of antioxidant en-zymes were significantly lower in salt-tolerant rice thansubmergence tolerant FR 13A after seven days of com-plete submergence and air adaptation. However, com-pared to susceptible cultivar IR 64, the activities ofSOD, GR and DHAR were significantly higher inPokkali. It showed that salt-tolerant Pokkali couldwithstand submergence stress to some extent. The re-tention of chlorophyll and damage of leaves was alsoless in Pokkali than in IR 64.

Physiological Basis of Salt Tolerance in Rice withReference to Coastal Saline Ecosystem

Salinity Tolerance at Seedling Stage: Eight landracesof rice that were identified as tolerant in previous yearswere re-evaluated for salinity tolerance at seedlingstage. Of these, Kamini, Talmugra, Rahspanjar,Nangalmutha and Ourmundakan were tolerant andwill be used for studies on the mechanism of salt tol-erance. Besides, 14 landraces collected from coastalOrissa during kharif 2006 were evaluated for salinitytolerance at seedling stage. Landrace Ravana was tol-erant.

A set of 36 breeding lines from CRRI was evalu-ated for salinity tolerance at seedling stage. Lines CR

2473-4-126-1, CR 2473-19-169-1 and CR 2473-1-26-177-1 were tolerant.

Another set of 30 advanced breeding lines wereevaluated for salinity tolerance under simulated con-dition at soil ECe of 10-12 dS/m. Lines CR 2473-9-123-3 and CR 2472-1-6-1-2 were promising.

Identification of Germplasm/Breeding Lines forDrought Tolerance at Seedling and ReproductiveStages and Mechanism of Drought Tolerance

Identification of Germplasm/Breeding Lines for Drought

Tolerance at Vegetative Stage: Two sets of 734 entriesincluding germplasm lines, breeding lines developedfor upland, lowland and irrigated conditions werescreened under field conditions during rabi 2007-08to identify vegetative stage drought tolerant lines. Outof 734 lines screened, 135 lines were identified as veg-etative stage drought tolerant lines with delayed leafrolling and early recovery by SES score ‘1’.

Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Lines for Yield Poten-

tial: Twentyeight identified drought tolerant lines wereevaluated for yield potential under rainfed uplandcondition at KVK, Santhapur during kharif 2007. Adrought spell of 12 days was experienced during earlyvegetative stage (20-days-old-seedlings). Entries IET18816 and Indira had the highest yield of 3 t/ha fol-lowed by four entries with 2.5-3 t/ha, eight entries with2-2.5 t/ha and rest 14 entries with 1-2 t/ha.

Evaluation of Elite Lines for Drought Tolerance (AICRIP

Trial): Fortysix IVT-E early cultures with three checkswere grown under rainfed upland condition at KVK,Santhapur during kharif 2007. During early vegetativestage, a drought spell of 12 days and six days durationwas experienced by the 20-days and 40-days-old seed-lings, respectively. Though the germination under os-motic stress was poor under laboratory test (42%, 13%and 2% @ PEG to provide -6, -8 and -10 bar respec-tively), it was > 50% in most of the varieties under field.The average grain yield of 2.3 t/ha with a range of 3.7t/ha (IET 19855) to 1.2 t/ha (IET 20500) and averagebiomass accumulation of 2.8 t/ha during grain fillingperiod was recorded at maturity. However, among thechecks Annada was at par with yield potential of 3.1t/ha.


54

IRRI-India Drought Breeding Network Project: Fourtrials, AYT < 100 days (30 entries), AYT 100-120 days(56 entries), AYT > 120 days (60 entries), and OYT (215entries) were conducted under field condition duringrabi 2007-08 to screen for vegetative stage drought tol-erance. All the trials were conducted both under con-trolled and stress conditions. Nine entries from AYT< 100 days, 10 entries from AYT 100-120 days and 13entries from AYT > 120 days showed high tolerance todrought stress under more than 45 days stress and re-covery after re-irrigation scoring SES ‘0’ and SES ‘1’respectively. However, among the OYT entries, 87entries had drought score of SES ‘1’ under stress treat-ment for more than 30 days.

Physiological Basis of Grain Yield under AerobicCondition

Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying Condition on

Growth and Yield of Rice Varieties: Nine varieties includ-ing rice hybrids PHB 71, PA 6201, PA 6444, Ajay,Rajalaxmi, HYVs BPT 5204, Krishnahamsa, and twochecks Jaya and Naveen were grown in the field dur-ing rabi 2007-08. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)irrigation schedule was given at seven days intervalsin aerobic plots and at 3–4 days interval in control plots.However, 37% of water was saved under AWD treat-ment during the growing period. Grain yield was re-duced by 12.8%. The total biomass got reduced by 6.2%than the control at the cost of 37% water saved underAWD treatment. The highest grain yield (683 g/m2)was in PA 6444 under both the conditions. The yieldloss was lowest (6.2%) in PA 6201 and Ajay indicatingadaptiveness to water shortage.

Photosynthetic Efficiency and Low LightAdaptability for Higher Grain Yield in Hybrid Rice

Photosynthetic Efficiency and Grain Yield of Hybrids

and Parents (R and B Lines): Two hybrids, Ajay andRajalaxmi with B lines (CRMS 31B and CRMS 32B) andR line (IR 42266-29-3R) were evaluated for photosyn-thetic efficiency and grain yield. Rajalaxmi showedhigher photosynthesis (PN) and stomatal conductance(gs) at both the vegetative and flowering stages. Higherheterosis percentage (15.55 and 16.32 for PN and 110.24

and 86.06 for gs at vegetative and flowering stages,respectively) were also recorded in both the param-eters in the hybrid Rajalaxmi. Higher leaf area index(LAI) was recorded in Rajalaxmi at vegetative and inAjay at the flowering stage with high heterosis per-centage. The total dry matter production was at par inboth the hybrids at the vegetative stage. However, atthe flowering stage the maximum dry matter produc-tion was in Ajay. The total chlorophyll was also re-corded as per the total dry matter production in boththe hybrids. At harvest Rajalaxmi was superior overAjay in terms of highest tillers/m2, panicle/m2 andtotal dry matter/m2. The grain yield in Rajalaxmi was7.2 t/ha, whereas in Ajay it was 6.6 t/ha with a har-vest index of 53.77 and 54.87, respectively. The steril-ity was 20.86% in Rajalaxmi and 25.46% in Ajay. Higherheterosis percentage was also seen in Rajalaxmi at har-vest stage.

Grain Filling Efficiency of Hybrids as Influenced by the

Application of Ethylene Inhibitor: Hybrids CRHR 24 andCRHR 25 were tested for grain filling efficiency by theexogenous application of ethylene action inhibitor, sil-ver nitrate (AgNO3) and ethylene synthesis inhibitor,cobalt nitrate (CO(NO3)2) in two concentrations of0.0001% and 0.001%. The chemicals were injected tothe panicles at the booting stage consecutively for aweek or up to emergence of the panicles. Spikelets werecollected on every alternate day for enzymes such assucrose synthase and invertase activity. The spikeletsterility percentage were also recorded at harvest (Ta-ble 21). Both the hybrids responded in the same man-ner in respect to the decrease of sterility percentage inthe basal spikelets by the application of the ethyleneinhibitor. The ethylene inhibitors improved starch syn-thesis in the kernel of basal spikelets. During the pe-riod of grain filling, sucrose synthase activity washigher than that of invertase in the kernel. In the dis-tilled water treated panicles the activities of sucrosesynthase and invertase were higher in the apical thanin the basal kernel. However, by the application of eth-ylene inhibitors the activities of both the enzymes in-creased only in the basal kernel resulting in the increasein the fertile spikelets in the basal region of the pani-


55

cles as compared to the control (distilled water). Theresults indicate that starch filling and grain quality ofthe basally positioned underdeveloped rice kernelswas affected by ethylene and the key enzymes of su-crose metabolism were also affected in the process.

Biophysical Studies onGlobal Climate Change and

Rice Production

Characterization of Grain Filling in Rice under HighTemperature Induced Stress Conditions

Studies were conducted to determine temperatureeffects on rice pollen germination (PG) and to detectgenotypic differences. Pollen collected from 11 geno-types grown outdoors were subjected to in vitro tem-peratures from 15°C to 50°C @ 5°C intervals in a plantgrowth chamber. Genotypes differed significantly forin vitro PG percentage (mean of 81%) and tube length(mean of 437 mm). Mean cardinal temperatures (Tmin,Topt and Tmax) were 13.2°C, 30.2°C, and 37.2°C for

PG and 12.1°C, 31.1°C, and 37°C for pollen tubegrowth. Genotypes differed for leaf cell membranethermostability (CMTS), but CMTS did not correlatewith pollen parameters. Cumulative temperature re-sponse index, CTRI (unit less), of each genotype cal-culated as the sum of eight individual stress responses(ISRs) derived from maximum PG, maximum pollentube length (PTL), and maximum (Tmax), minimum(Tmin), and optimum (Topt) temperatures for PG andfor PTLs were used to group genotypes for tempera-ture tolerance. Heat-tolerant Annapurna was less sen-sitive to high temperature (38°C/30°C) compared withheat-intermediate IR 36 and heat-sensitive IR 8 thathad deformed pollen, with reduced apertures andcollumellae heads. Hence, pollen can be used as ascreening tool for heat tolerance. Most sensitive to tem-perature was IR 8 with a CTRI of 6.8, whereas,Annapurna was most tolerant with a CTRI of 7.5. Thestudy also revealed that heat tolerance of vegetativetissue had little or no relationship with the heat toler-


Table 21. Enzymatic changes and spikelet sterility percentage of two hybrids as influenced by ethylene inhibi-tor.

CRHR 24 CRHR 25

Sucrose Sucrosesynthase Invertase Spikelet synthase Invertase Spikelet

(units/mg (units/mg sterility (units/mg (units/mg sterilityEnzymes/sterility (%) protein) protein) (%) protein) protein) (%)

Distilled water Upper spikelet 33.14 26.41 32.32 34.62 28.16 29.46

Distilled water Lower spikelet 24.26 21.03 36.42 22.11 22.34 33.12

Co(NO3)2 10-4% Upper spikelet 34.69 29.12 29.16 36.14 30.35 26.16

Co(NO3)2 10-4% Lower spikelet 39.52 35.62 26.42 40.13 38.13 24.62

Co(NO3)2 10-3% Upper spikelet 36.49 30.24 30.12 39.62 32.11 27.12

Co(NO3)2 10-3% Lower spikelet 42.12 39.62 28.31 42.91 40.32 22.15

AgNO3 10-4%Upper spikelet 33.96 31.13 29.12 34.62 34.21 30.12

AgNO3 10-4%Lower spikelet 38.91 36.95 26.66 39.14 38.32 24.16

AgNO3 10-3%Upper spikelet 40.32 43.21 28.42 41.3 37.37 28.62

AgNO3 10-3%Lower spikelet 46.46 47.35 24.12 44.2 42.31 22.63

CD at 5% 14.56 12.87 8.54 18.65 16.87 9.56

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ance of reproductive tissue. The maturity groupslacked a specific trend for tolerance to high tempera-ture.

Improving Productivity ofCoastal Saline Soils

Nutrient ManagementDuring kharif 2007, Sesbania green manuring and

Sesbania + Azolla dual cropping in shallow lowlands

increased grain yield of rice SR 26B by 17-59% and 54-96% over the no-N control, respectively. In rabi 2007-08, on-farm trial on the use of Azolla biofertilizer con-ducted at 12 sites showed that Azolla dual croppingproduced 3.4-6.1 t/ha rice yield, as against 2.8-4.9 t/ha in no-Azolla treatment, registering an increase of14.7-59.7% (average 31.5%).


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Enhancement ofResource-use Efficiencies

Evaluation of Genotypes for Enhanced Water andNutrient-use Efficiency in Favourable RainfedLowland Ecologies

N-use efficiency of improved rice Lalat, IR 64, andnew plant type (NPT), CR 2364-25 and CR 2364-27were tested during kharif in direct-seeded crop underfavourable rainfed wetland conditions. All the geno-types produced comparable grain yields ranging from3.4 to 3.5 t/ha. Rice grain yield increased significantlyup to 80 kg N/ha and declined thereafter. The increasein N-use efficiency was 34.44 kg grain/kg N @ 90 kgN/ha in NPTs.

Simulation Approach for Optimization of Nutrient-use

Optimization of fertilizer-N application timing torice using MANAGE-N model did not suggest anybasal application of N. Field experiments were con-ducted during kharif 2007 to compare the above rec-ommendation with the existing practice of basal-Napplication. While the grain yield responded only upto 90 kg N/ha with the conventional practice the high-est yield of 5.5 t/ha was obtained @ 120 kg N/ha us-ing the model derived application schedule. At N ap-plication levels of 40–60 kg N/ha, the crop biomass,N uptake and yield of rice was higher in conventionalpractice. But at higher rates of N application of 90–120 kg N/ha, the timing of N application based onMANAGE-N was superior to conventional practice.However, as this model does not take percolation rateinto consideration, the CERES-RICE model was usedto simulate the effect of percolation rate on the cropperformance. Results indicated that simulated grainyield improved with increase in percolation rate from5 to 20 mm/d. At moderate percolation rate (10 mm/d), skipping of basal N application was comparablewith conventional recommendation of N application

with 50% N as basal and remaining 50% N in two equalsplits at maximum tillering and PI stage. Thus, in caseof low and high percolation rates, skipping of basal Napplication would result in lower rice yield than con-ventional recommendation of N application.

Physiological and Simulation Studies on ImprovingInput-use Efficiency of Rice Cultivation

Experiments were conducted with rice Pooja andRanjit with different combinations of N (0, 60, 90 and120 kg N/ha), splits (two and three splits), time ofapplication (basal, maximum tillering and PI; 10 DAT,maximum tillering and 15 days after PI). Rice Ranjitwas more N responsive than Pooja. N application bythree splits resulted in 15–20% increase in yield thantwo split application. Irrespective of the level of N ap-plied, the time of application influenced yield. Treat-ment with 60 kg N/ha with three splits at basal, maxi-mum tillering and PI showed that the best input-useefficiency with an yield of 4.4 t/ha and 5.6 t/ha was inPooja and Ranjit, respectively during kharif. Amongthe different levels of N applied Ranjit gave the high-est yield of 7.7 t/ha @ 120 kg N/ha. High levels of Ndid not improve the agronomic efficiency and photo-synthetic rate of rice Pooja, whereas the AE was main-tained for rice Ranjit even at higher N levels.

Increasing Nutrient-use Efficiency in Irrigated Rice-based Cropping Systems

In a field experiment with rice Swarna, eight dif-ferent methods of improved N management were com-pared for higher N-use efficiency under irrigated con-ditions. Although, SIRA (Savant’s Integrated RiceAgro-technique) method improved the quality of nurs-ery seedlings with greater biomass than with thosedeveloped in a conventional nursery, yield of 4.78 t/ha in SIRA was comparable with other treatments. Themaximum N-use efficiency in SIRA was 43 kg grain/kg N that was comparable with that of LCC based Nmanagement (score < 4).

Natural Resource Management andInput-use Efficiency for Improved Crop Production

Natural Resource Management and Input-use Efficiency for Improved Crop Production

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Increasing Water-use Efficiency ofCrops under Rice-based CroppingSystems

Water use efficiency (WUE) ofmustard variety Pusa Bahar wascompared with that of a local vari-ety Rajasthan grown in rabi after theharvest of the rice crop in a rice-based cropping system. The totalwater required to grow mustardwas 145 mm provided in the formof residual moisture, rainfall andtwo irrigations. The yield of varietyRajasthan was 0.6 t/ha with WUEof 4.2 kg ha/mm and that of PusaBahar was 0.8 t/ha with WUE of 8.8kg ha/mm.

Standardization and Validation ofOptimum Crop Configuration andIntegrated Water, Nutrient andWeed Management in SRI

Results of a rabi field experimentto standardize the age of seedlingswith different crop densities for re-alization of higher yield in SRI, withrice Naveen indicated that 14-daysold seedlings planted at 16 hills/m2

gave significantly higher grain yieldof 6.62 t/ha than any other treat-ment. Grain yield of crops plantedat 11 hills/m2 was less with seed-lings of all ages probably due to lessnumber of panicles/m2.

Evaluation and SuitableModification of SRI Technology

In order to evaluate suitablemodification of SRI technology,impact of several agronomic pa-rameters on the WUE of rice wasstudied through component analy-sis with rice Gayatri grown duringkharif 2007. Results (Table 22) indi-cate that in the absence of chemical


Table 22. Grain yield and WUE of rice Gayatri grown under differentcultural practices.

Yield WUEAdopted cultural practice (t/ha) (kg/ha mm)

Traditional, no fertilizer, water as received from

rainfall, weeding twice 2.5 3.1

Traditional, no fertilizer, water control to lead to

hairline crack, weeding twice 2.3 2.8

Traditional, fertilizer applied, water control to lead to

hairline crack, weeding twice 4.5 5.5

9-days-old seedlings, 22 hills/m2, 2-3 plants/hill,

fertilizer applied, water control to lead to hairline

crack, weeding twice 4.7 5.7

9-days-old old seedlings, 22 hills/m2, 1 plant/hill,



9-days-old seedlings, 27 hills/m2, 1 plant/hill,


crack, no weeding 3.7 4.5

9 days-old seedlings, 27 hills/m2, 1 plant/hill,



9-days-old seedlings, 27 hills/m, 1 plant/hill,

no fertilizer, water control to lead to hairline crack,

weeding twice 2.4 2.9

Table 23. Optimum crop configuration for SRI in boro season.

Crop Panicles/ Panicles/ Grains/ Panicle Yieldconfiguration hill m2 panicle weight (g) (t/ha)

15 cm x 15 cm 8.2 365.5 110.6 2.7 7.7

20 cm x 15 cm 9.2 307.8 118.4 3 7

15 cm x 15 cm (3 : 1) 9.6 319.5 117.2 2.9 7.2

25 cm x 25 cm 15 239.8 124.2 3.4 6.5

30 cm x 25 cm 16.2 216 125.8 3.4 6

CD (P = 0.05) - 37.2 9.2 0.3 0.4

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fertilizer application, there was no difference in yieldand WUE between SRI and traditional system of culti-vation. On the contrary, application of NPK 60 : 30 : 30kg/ha increased WUE by 100% and straw yield by 22%in SRI.

In a standardization of optimum crop configura-tion, and integrated nutrient and weed managementfor SRI in boro of 2007-08 the highest grain yield of 7.7t/ha was recorded under the close spacing of 15 cm x15 cm. This was followed by skip row planting of 3 : 1under close spacing of 15 cm x 15 cm and uniform rowspacing of 20 cm x 15 cm. Poor grain yields were re-corded under wider spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm and 30cm x 25 cm (Table 23). Yield decrements under widerspacing were mainly due to less panicles/unit area inspite of high panicles/hill.

Nutrient Management for Organic RiceA field experiment on organic nutrient resource

management was conducted during kharif 2007 usingrice Geetanjali as the test variety. The grain yield atharvest ranged from 1.64 t/ha in control to 2.38 t/hain the treatment FYM + Azolla (1 : 1 on N basis). Allthe treatments received slowly mineralizable organicsource (FYM) and easily mineralizable sources

(Sesbania aculeata/Azolla/oil cake, 1 : 1 on N basis ap-plied @ 60 kg N/ha) significantly increased both grainand straw yields than with application of rice straw.

Standardization of Agromanagement Practices forOrganic Rice Production

A comparative field study on the performance ofnine quality rice cultivars/ genotypes/landraces wascarried out under organic nutrient management con-ditions during kharif 2007. The yield of rice varied from1.72 t/ha to 2.45 t/ha with most of the landraces per-forming better. The highest grain yield was obtainedin landrace Chinikamini (2.45 t/ha) closely followedby MTU 1071 (2.27 t/ha) and Katrani (2.15 t/ha).

AICRIP—Agronomy TrialsIn AICRIP agronomy trials, N response of selected

rice cultures under high and low input managementwas evaluated. Under AVT-2 Early (transplanted) tri-als, out of four selected cultures, the highest yield wasobtained in IET 17430 (4.2 t/ha) and standard checkNarendra 97. All entries responded significantly upto 60 kg N/ha. In AVT 2 late trials, rice Pooja andSavitri recorded the highest grain yield and signifi-cantly responded up to 80 kg N/ha. In AVT 2 boro tri-

The yield of mustard Pusa Bahar was 0.8 t/ha with WUE of 8.8 kg ha/mm.

P.C

. M

ohap

atra


60

als, rice IET 17612 performed well in terms of grainyield (4.8 t/ha) and significantly responded up to 60kg N/ha. In AVT 2 SATVT (coastal saline) category,IET 18250 recorded the highest grain yield (4.31 t/ha)and responded significantly up to 80 kg N/ha.

Agrotechniques for Hybrid Rice Seed ProductionExperiments were conducted on standardizing

hybrid rice seed production technology for the hybridAjay through agronomic manipulation of row ratiosof A and R lines during rabi 2007-08. Out of three rowratios of 6A : 2R, 8A : 2R and 10A : 2R tested withstandard agronomic management, the row ratio of 8A: 2R gave the maximum seed yield of 1.47 t/ha.

Rhizosphere Effect on Soil Chemical Environmentand Nutrient-use Efficiency for Sustainable RiceProduction

A technique for collecting and analyzing the rootexudates of rice under flooded condition was stand-ardized. Uniformly grown seedlings of rice IR 28 (P-tolerant cultivar), IR 36 (P-susceptible cultivar) andDular (tall rice cultivar) were transplanted in threesoils, viz. P-deficient (Khuntuni soil), P-medium andZn-deficient (ranital soil) and P-medium soils (CRRIsoil) in pots under greenhouse conditions. Root exu-dates were collected at 21 DAT, PI and flowering stagesby placing the plants in 0.01M CaSO4 for 2 h, and char-acterized for TOC and organic acids. Organic acidswere extracted by ethyl acetate immediately after thecollection of exudates and analyzed through HPLC.The exudation rates were highest at 21 DAT (in mg/g/day basis) followed by PI stage. Significantly, moreroot exudation (1.7-3.5 times) was noticed in P-defi-cient soils at 21 DAT irrespective of cultivars. Amongthe organic acids in root exudates, malic acid showedthe highest concentration followed by tartaric, citricand acetic acids.

Nutrient Management Strategy forRainfed Upland Rice

Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Varieties onProductivity of Direct-seeded Rice (AICRIP)

N-requirement of direct seeded rice IET 19252, IET

19253 and IET 19258 were tested along with local checkAnjali during kharif 2007. The interaction effects be-tween varieties and N levels were significant (Table24).

Upland Rice Productivity under different CroppingSystems with Liming and Nutrient Application

In a cropping system, rice grown after two cyclesof pigeonpea (grown in 2005 and ratooned in 2006)produced maximum grain yield (2.45 t/ha) with theapplication of recommended dose of NPK with limethan that of the control and recommended dose of NPKapplication without lime. The minor millet andpigeonpea cropping system also followed a similartrend as that of pigeonpea-rice.

Effect of Phosphorus and Green Manuring on SoilHealth in Upland Ecosystem

Yield of rice Anjali that was grown under a combi-nation of different levels of N (0 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha, 60kg/ha) and P, with P and N levels but decreased whenP was applied with green manuring (30 dayssunnhemp crop was incorporated in soil). Soil analy-sis data revealed the soil pH, available P and K wereimproved with the incorporation of green manure.


Table 24. Effect of different levels of N productivity ofdirect seeded upland rice.

Yield (t/ha)

N-levels IET IET IET(kg N/ha) 19252 19253 19258 Anjali Mean

30 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.1 2

60 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.3 2.5

90 2.3 3.3 2.4 3.1 2.8

Mean 1.8 2.7 2.4 2.8 -

LSD (0.05) N 0.18

V 0.21

N x V 0.27

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Development of ProductionTechnologies for Aerobic Rice

Development of Agromanagement Practices forAerobic Rice and Water Saving

In a field experiment, response of rice Anjali, IR 64,Rajalaxmi and Ajay to variable methods and levels ofN management was studied under both aerobic andAWD conditions. Results in kharif showed higher grainyield in rice Rajalaxmi (5.1 t/ha) and Ajay (5.11 t/ha).Anjali and Rajalaxmi showed maximum N responseof 35.6 kg grain/kg N in SPAD-based N application.In rabi also Rajalaxmi produced the highest grain yieldof 5.85 t/ha, that was 7% and 2% higher than IR 64and Anjali, respectively. A similar trend in N-responsewas noticed accounting for 40.4 kg grain/kg N inSPAD-based N application.

Integrated Tillage and Crop Management forEfficient Water Productivity

In a field experiment, impact of deep tillage to adepth of 18-20 cm vis-à-vis conventional tillage to adepth of 6-8 cm was studied on grain yield and WUEof rice varieties Naveen and Anjali under AWD con-ditions. Three levels of irrigation management, viz. 5cm ponding water (I0), irrigation at saturated soil (I1)and at hair crack stage (I2) were maintained from 10-day onward to 20-day before maturity. The irrigationwater requirement was 2,240 ha-mm, 1,280 ha-mm and800 ha-mm in I0, I1 and I2 producing grain yields of 5.1t/ha, 4.9 t/ha and 4.7 t/ha, respectively accountingfor 20.5% and 41.9% water saving in the last two treat-ments. WUE was at a maximum of 5.86 kg grain/hamm in I2, followed by 3.8 grain/ha and 2.3 kg grain/ha mm in I1 and I0, respectively. As regards tillagemanagement, crops under deep tillage produced agrain yield of 5.1 t/ha deriving higher WUE of 4.2 kggrain/ha mm compared to 3.8 kg grain/ha mm in con-ventional tillage with grain yield of 4.72 t/ha. With12.5% more yield, overall performance of Naveen wasbetter than Anjali.

Microbial Resource Management andDiversity Analysis

Microbial Resource Mapping of Indian Rice SoilsAmong 492 bacterial cultures isolated from the

rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of rice plantsfrom coastal saline soils, 229 (46%) isolates showedIAA production potential in pure culture. Isolates fromtryptone soy yeast extract medium diluted 100 times(TSY/1,000) gave the best result with 100% of the iso-lates from CRRI rhizospheric soil being indole posi-tive. Isolates from rhizosphere soil at CRRI were goodindole producers than the saline soils. The highest IAAproduction (136.4 μM/ml medium) was recorded in anon-rhizosphere bacteria isolated from Sukinda soilin LB medium.

Role of Microbes in Nutrient Acquisition and PlantGrowth Promotion

Colony PCR was performed on two heterotrophicnitrifying bacterial isolates (culture 4 and 5) fromcoastal saline soils of Orissa to amplify 16S rRNA genefragments from the freshly streaked bacterial isolates.Sequencing PCR was conducted with four differentprimers in BG 1, BG 2, Beu 2 and Beu 5. Twenty asym-metric polymerase chain reactions were performedwith above-mentioned individual primers for 16SrRNA gene fragment of five isolates. The sequencingPCR was followed by a precipitation of asymmetri-cally amplified DNA. 16S rRNA gene sequencing wascarried out in an automated DNA sequencer (PerkinElmer, ABI PRISM 377). Results indicate that both thecultures belonged to Bacillus sp. with a similarity ma-trix of ~92%. However, culture 5 formed a single cladwith Lysinibacillus sp. The 16s rDNA sequences weresubmitted to NCBI and assigned accession numbersEU 169572 and EU 169573, respectively.

Pesticide Biodegradation in Rice SoilsARDRA (Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction

Analysis) of the 16s rDNA fragments of the two novelBacillus sp. capable of degrading p-nitrophenol wascarried out to understand the relationship between thetwo isolates. PCR of the genomic DNA was carriedout with F 27 and R 1495 (eubacterial primers). PCR


62

products, after agarose gel purification were subjectedto digestion by endonucleases AluI and MspI. ARDRAanalysis showed that the two isolates had almost simi-lar restriction sites indicating similar species identitywith near match of the two bacterial isolates.

Microbial Function in Biogeochemical Cycling ofNutrients in Rice Soils

The reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) and the accompa-nying increase in the solubility of Fe was the most con-spicuous change caused by flooding. The kinetics ofFe reduction was characteristic to each soil type; thereducible Fe concentrations varied among rice soilscollected from Cuttack, Hazaribagh, Gerua, Ranital,Bhubaneswar, Canning, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Theconcentrations of dissolved Fe in flooded soils, whenincubated @ 20 + 2°C ranged from 0.16 ìmol/g to 0.55ìmol/g. At 50°C + 2°C, the concentrations of dissolvedFe became two-fold higher. Fe reduction in these soilswas significantly influenced by the quality and quan-tity of electron donors used as amendments.

Development and Evaluation of Standard Chemicaland Microbiological Tests for Water Quality andEcological Health

Irrigated agriculture competes for fresh water re-sources and can contribute to the contamination of wa-ter, if improper agricultural practices are followed. The

chemistry and microbiology of water before and afterirrigation was monitored in the field plots, planted torice Naveen and IR 36. The dissolved oxygen concen-tration of floodwater showed diurnal changes withmaximum concentration @ 1500 h. The biological oxy-gen demand (BOD) ranged from 0.8 mg/l to 6.1 mg/l.Nitrate concentrations increased immediately after theapplication of fertilizer; concentration of nitrate washigher in pore water collected from fields planted atwider spacing than closer spacing. The populationdensities of oligotrophic microorganisms in porewaterwere more than that of copiotrophic microorganisms;spacing effected changes in the population densitiesof copiotrophic microorganisms in floodwater.

Entomopathogenic Microbes inRice Ecologies

From the flooded rice field soils of Port Blair, Mahe,Mangalore and Srinagar, 185 Bacillus thuringiensis wereisolated. The organisms were checked for 97 cultural,morphological, physiological and biochemical charac-ters. The organisms were identified phenotypically upto genus, species and subspecies. All isolates belongedto the genus Bacillus, species thuringiensis but 11 iso-lates belonged to Bt subspecies israelensis (4), sotto (3),subtoxicus (2) and finitimus (2), whereas, one isolate

Seen in the photograph is ARDRA analysis of 16s rDNA of two Bacillus sp. degrading p-nitrophenol.


63

remained unidentified. Similarity coefficients of the Btsubspecies were analyzed. At about 86% similaritycoefficient level, the isolates formed two distinct clus-ters of 4 and 8. On that basis of similarity, Bt isolates 1,4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were identical but Bt 5 and Bt 2 wererelatively different from these. In the other cluster, Bt3 was similar to Bt 6 and Bt 11 was similar to Bt 12.

In a study on the characterization of the epizooticpathogen Pseudomonas spp. of LF, 250 bacteria wereisolated from the larvae of LF and grouped into Pa1,Pa2 and Pf based on cultural and morphological char-acters. The organisms were gram negative, motile rodswithout poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid; oxidase, catalase,protease, lipase and lecithinase positive; amylase nega-tive; acid was produced from glucose, fructose andsome other carbohydrates, and fluoresced under UVlight. The Pa1 and Pa2 produced the phenazine andpyocyanin pigments. The GC content of Pa1, Pa2 andPf were 67.12%, 67.03% and 59.46%, respectively. Thephenotypic characters identified the Pa1 and Pa2 asPseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pf as P. fluorescens. Theorganisms were also characterized for similarity coef-ficients to verify phenotypic identification results. Simi-larity coefficients also grouped these into three groups’viz. P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens.

In rabi 2007-08, 27 indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis

isolates were tested in the field along with the com-mercial Bt formulations Bactospeine, Dipel, Bioasp andAgree with chemical pesticide Monocrotophos andbotanical pesticide Nimzam. Out of these one isolatewas more and two isolates were equally effective tothe commercial Bt formulations Bactospeine, Dipel,and chemical herbicide Monocrotophos. The organ-isms were analyzed for 16S rRNA gene sequence. Theorganisms grouped along with B. cereus and their iden-tity was confirmed as Bt. The organisms were assignedaccession number MTCC 9201, MTCC 9202 and MTCC9203.

Catalase isozyme pattern of the salt-tolerant effec-tive Bt isolates were checked to understand physiologi-cal differences. Three types of isozyme patterns of salt-tolerant and potent Bt could be obtained. Bt 160, Bt161 and Bt 261 were bizymic but the other isolates were

mohozymic. However, the bizymic forms of Bt 160 were

different from those of Bt 261, which was similar with

Bt 161. The latter two Bt isolates were most effective or

even better than the commercial products in the field.

From the indigenous collection, 79 Bt were selected

and screened for pathogenicity related toxin and crys-

tal toxin (δ-endotoxin) or insecticidal crystal protein

(ICP) production as well as salt and NaCl tolerance on

solid and liquid media. Six isolates were tolerant and

suitable for further studies. On nutrient agar medium,

the isolates tolerated 5–12% NaCl but in nutrient broth,

isolates Bt 1, Bt 3 and Bt 9 tolerated <5% and Bt 7, Bt 8

and Bt 11 tolerated 5–8% NaCl and 7–8% sea salt. The

results revealed that NaCl was detrimental to Bt than

sea salt. Isolates Bt 7, Bt 8 and Bt 9 were further as-

sessed for possibilities of biotechnological application,

mass production and formulation. The organisms were

characterized for pathogenicity-related enzyme produc-

tion and crystal protein composition to realize the host

range of the isolates for mass production and formula-

tion. The isolates produced toxins protease, lipase,

phospholipase and lecithinase. The δ-endotoxins of the

organisms were Cry2, 11 and Cyt that were toxic to

lepidopteran, coleopteran and dipteran insects. Isolates

Bt 1 and Bt 3 were suitable for control of rice pests as

these produced toxins effective against lepidopteran

and coleopteran pests.

Three potent Bt isolates required different energy

sources, vitamins, growth factors, nitrogen sources,

surfactants, metals and chelators and pH to enhance

growth. But all organisms preferred pH 7 at a tempera-

ture of 27°C. Under optimum conditions, growth of these

organisms was enhanced by 5–50% over the control.

Effect of NaCl and salt were also studied at optimum

growth condition. Non-tolerant organisms were unable

to grow in the presence of NaCl and salt. However,

NaCl and salt inhibited growth of Bt 7 but salt had

positive effect on growth of Bt 8 and Bt 9 over that at

optimum conditions.

Salt-tolerant Bt isolates were mass produced and

formulated as wettable powder and stored at room

temperature. Shelf-life of the formulation was checked


64

at monthly intervals up to nine months. No signifi-cant difference of the spore population of the formu-lation was recorded up to nine months.

Solid media of rice grain + urea, wheat grain + urea,cattle feed, poultry feed and rice husk + urea weretested for mass production of M. anisopliae and N. rileyi.Broken wheat, rice, rice husk and cattle feed supple-mented with dry fish and urea were most suitable formass production of the two fungi.

Improvement of Nutrient-use Efficiencyof Upland Rice through Native Beneficial

Microorganisms

Development of Biofertilizer combining VA-mycorrhiza, Azospirillum and PSB for Upland Rice

Native VAM fungi (VAMF) based microbial con-sortium biofertilizer including native Azospirillum andPSB (Acenetobacter) were developed during 2007-08.Azospilrillum and PSB were introduced into the nu-cleus inoculum (NI) of native VAMF for which pro-duction methodology has already been standardized.The NI of microbial consortium was multiplied in par-tially sterilized (by soil solarization during mid-Aprilto mid-May) micro-plots on sorghum root during mid-May to mid-June to produce mass inoculum (MI). NIof all possible combinations of the three microorgan-isms viz. VAMF (V), Azospirillum (A) and PSB (P) wereprepared and tested in the field at pre-standardizeddose of 1.25 t/ha for VAMF using rice Vandana. VAMFinoculation enhanced its colonization (% root lengthcolonization, RLC) in rice with additive effects in com-bination with Azospirillum owing to enhanced N nu-trition. This resulted in significantly higher P acquisi-tion with concomitant yield increase (38% over con-trol) mediated through improvement in panicleweight. While PSB alone did not show any effects,synergistic effects were evident in its combination withVAMF and Azospirillum.

Integration of Combined Biofertilizer (VAM,Azospirillum and PSB) with Rice-based CroppingSystems for Increasing Productivity of RainfedUplands

Three suitable rice-based (upland) cropping sys-

tems (RBCS) that were identified for improved P nu-trition of rice by encouraging native VAMF activity insoil were supplemented with VAMF based inoculum(VAMF + Azospirillum of native consortium) with anobjective to obtain synergistic/additive effects if any.The RBCSs were two years’ cropping rotations of maize(Zea mays) relay cropped by horsegram (Dolichos

biflorus L.) in the first year followed by rice in the sec-ond year (M-HG/R), pigeonpea rice in alternate year(PP/R) and rice + fingermillet intercropping (R + FM)every year. The results of the first rotation (kharif 2006and kharif 2007) revealed that inoculation with VAMbased inoculum (MI) significantly enhanced VAMFcolonization (RLC) in rice with highest effect in M-HG/R followed by R + FM and PP/R in order. HigherVAMF colonization with Azospirillum back up, en-hanced P and N acquisition leading to yield increaseof 50% over control (un-inoculated rice sole) throughimproved panicle weight in M-HG/R and PP/R.

On-farm Trials on improving P-nutrition throughExploiting Native Beneficial Microflora

The potential of rice-based cropping system (twoyears’ cropping rotation of maize relay cropped byhorsegram (M-HG) in the first year followed by up-land rice (R) in the second year) identified for improv-ing P acquisition efficiency of upland rice and thereby,grain yield mediated through enhanced native VAMFactivity, was validated in farmers’ field during kharif

2006 and kharif 2007. This cropping system was com-pared with farmers’ existing rice-based crop rotation/systems. The farmers’ cropping systems were: twoyears’ rotations of mungbean (GG; Phaseolus aureous);urdbean (BG; Phaseolus mango) and radish (Ra) solecropping in the first year followed by rice in the sec-ond year. Farmers introduced horsegram after radishas the relay crop on their own. M-HG in 2006 encour-aged maximum colonization of rice (2007) by nativeVAMF through maintaining higher soil activity of thefungus supported by susceptible crops (maize andhorsegram) in the previous year. This enhanced P ac-quisition with concomitant yield increase (2.25 t/ha)of upland rice (Vandana) by 15-39% over three farm-ers’ rice-based cropping systems.


65

Development of Integrated NutrientManagement Technologies for System

Productivity and Quality

A uniform fertility trial was conducted during kharif

with rice Gayatri. During rabi, urdbean was sown af-ter rice under three tillage operations viz., no tillage/utera cropping, reduced tillage/sowing in stubble andconventional tillage to compare the relative advantagesof different tillage operations on crop performance. Abetter crop stand was recorded under conventionaltillage with highest fresh biomass of 1.16 t/ha followedby 0.6 t/ha in zero tillage and 0.4 t/ha in reduced till-age with seed yield of 0.6 t/ha, 0.5 t/ha and 0.4 t/ha,respectively.

Results of a field experiment conducted duringkharif 2007 with rice Tapaswini revealed significantlyhigher straw yield (3.9 t/ha) with dry tillage practicesthan wet tillage (3.5 t/ha). The difference in yield ofrice grain between wet and dry tillage, shallow anddeep tillage or no FYM and FYM treatments was notsignificant indicating that intensive tillage/puddlingper se was not necessary for rice. During winter,mungbean (PDM 54) was established on residual soilmoisture after preparing the land with shallow dry till-age in all the rice plots using nine tyne cultivator. Theplots which were dry tilled during the preceding kharif

had higher yield (0.4 t/ha) than the plots that werepuddled during the preceding kharif (0.3 t/ha). Theyield advantage was attributed to better soil physicalcondition in dry tilled plots. In another experiment onzero tillage with straw mulching, it was found that thegrowth and yield of both mungbean and cowpea in-creased with the increase of mulch rate from 0 to 10 t/ha. Straw mulch @ 5 t/ha and 10 t/ha gave an yieldadvantage of 32% and 55% in mungbean, and 134%and 200% in cowpea (forage yield), respectively.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif

2007 to study the effect of substitution of a part of

chemical N/green manure with crop residue or superimposition on crop residues with recommended doseof chemical fertilizer/green manure with uniform Ndose of 60 kg N/ha. It was revealed that the applica-tion of N through urea or different combinations ofcrop residue and urea/green manure (Sesbania) sig-nificantly increased the grain yield of rice. Substitu-tion of chemical N (25%) with crop residue gave com-parable grain and straw yields as that of chemical N.Superimposition of 60 kg chemical N/ha (urea) on 2.5t/ha crop residue increased the grain and straw yieldof rice over sole application of urea. When the dose ofcrop residue (rice straw) was increased to 5 t/ha, su-perimposition of 60 kg chemical N/ha (urea) or easilymineralizable source of N (Sesbania) gave grain yieldcomparable to 60 kg chemical N/ha. In rabi, it wasobserved that the application of N gave significantlyhigher grain and straw yields and N uptake by rice(Lalat) over no-N control. But the fertilizer or combinedapplication of vermicompost and fertilizer N did notgive any significant residual effect in terms of yieldsand N uptake by rice.

The long-term fertilizer experiment that started in1969 with treatments was continued: control, N, NP,NK, NPK with (C1) and without (C0) application ofcompost. Compost was applied @ 5 t/ha in kharif withrice Gayatri as the test variety. In kharif 2007, there wasno significant difference in grain yield between com-post and no compost treatment. However, the total Nuptake was significantly higher in compost treatmentthan no compost treatment. An yield advantage of 0.58t/ha was recorded in compost treatment. The highestgrain yield of 5.8 t/ha was obtained with N super im-posed on compost. The total N uptake ranged from67.3 kg/ha to 116.7 kg/ha. Soil analysis data revealedthat available N was highest in the compost control.Treatment NK without compost, led to very low lev-els of available N than other treatments. Compost ap-plication with N or NP considerable decreased avail-

Enhancing and Sustaining the Productivity ofRice-based Farming Systems

Enhancing and Sustaining the Productivity of Rice-based Farming Systems

66

able N, than compost control. These results indicatedthat there might be changes in the composition of ni-trogenous substrates in these soils.

The concentrations of ammonium in these soils fol-lowed the order: C0 > C0 + NK > C1 + NP > C1 + N > C0

+ NPK > C0 + NP > C0 + N > C1 + NPK > C1 + NK.Apparently, there was no direct relationship betweenthe available N and ammonium concentrations. Thevariations in the concentrations of ammonium suggestthat the composition of nitrogenous materials avail-able for the utilization of microorganisms differedamong these treatments.

Management of Problem Soils

Groundwater samples from nine sites, Kimilo,Sarba, Nagari, Ambiki, Gangadevi, Chaulia, Patna andKankan (2) villages in Ersama block of Jagatsinghpurdistrict, Orissa were collected periodically during rabi

and analyzed for EC, pH and ionic composition. TheEC of irrigation water from the river, creeks or pondswas also measured periodically. The EC and pH ofgroundwater samples varied widely in the range of2–22 dS/m and 5.1–8 dS/m, respectively. The concen-trations of Cl-, SO4

- , Na+, Ca++, K+, HCO3- and CO3

- alsovaried widely in the range of 14–200 meq/l, 0.6–4.6meq/l, 15–172 meq/l, 0.9–16.5 meq/l, 0.7–7 meq/l, 1.2–10.8 meq/l and trace–1.6 meq/l, respectively. Thegroundwater EC increased with increasing concentra-tions of Na+ and Cl- ions. The EC of creek and pondwater ranged from 0.3 to 2.9 dS/m and 0.1 to 5.6 dS/m, respectively. The EC of river water before and af-ter the sluice gate was 0.4–0.6 dS/m and 11.3–37.3 dS/m, respectively. This indicates that construction of thesluice gate helped in storage of freshwater that can beutilized for irrigation during rabi. Although,groundwater EC at four sites was very high, it waspossible to grow rice because of low creek water EC.At two sites, EC of pond water was high but EC ofgroundwater was relatively low and certain salt toler-ant non-rice crops could be grown successfully. At onesite, both groundwater and irrigation water werehighly saline and the salt-tolerant crop (sunflower) didnot perform well. The remaining two sites had lower

EC on groundwater and irrigation water. Both rice andnon-rice crops could be grown successfully.

A field experiment was carried out during kharif

2007, at OUAT, Bhubaneswar with 166 cultivars forevaluation of Fe toxicity tolerance with Swarna,Mahsuri and Lalat as tolerant checks, and Jagannath,Jajati and Sebati as susceptible checks. Fifty cultivarswere tolerant to Fe toxicity. Eight cultivars were sus-ceptible with a score of 7-9. Another 22 cultivars weremoderately susceptible and 31 cultivars were moder-ately tolerant to Fe toxicity (score 3). Among cultivars,Swarna gave the highest grain yield (4 t/ha), whereas,Shankar produced the lowest yield (0.21/t ha). Chemi-cal analysis of samples revealed that Fe content in thestraw varied from 1,243 ppm to 4,660 ppm in the tol-erant and susceptible cultivars, whereas, Mn and Znwere in the range of 91 ppm to 496 ppm and 17 ppmto 148 ppm, respectively. Cu content was highly in-consistent in the range of 1 ppm to 5 ppm. The suscep-tible cultivars accumulated high quantities of Fe thanothers. The Fe content in the grain was 18 ppm to 106ppm, whereas, Mn and Zn were 25 ppm to 173 ppmand 6 ppm to 53 ppm, respectively. The Cu contentalmost remained constant ranging from 2 ppm to 5ppm. The total Fe content of soil was 240 mM/kg. Thenon-crystalline form of Fe accounted for about 23% ofthe total content. The reducible Fe concentration of thefield soil increased immediately after flooding andtransplanting, declined soon after, stabilized after 42days of flooding, and then showed a declining trend.The peak concentration of reducible Fe was 18 mM/kg. The lowest concentration was 1.2 mM/kg after 77DAT.

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Re-search Station of OUAT at Ranital, Bhadrak district ofOrissa during kharif with 106 rice cultivars for evalua-tion of Zn deficiency tolerance. IR 36 and Ratna weretolerant checks and IR 64 and Ranjit were susceptiblechecks. Fortyeight cultivars were tolerant (Score 1).Another 33 cultivars were moderately tolerant.Twentythree cultivars were moderately susceptible(Score 5) to Zn deficiency. The highest grain yield (3.8t/ha) was recorded with Daya. The content of Zn inthe straw was in the range of 34 ppm (Lalat) to 155


67

ppm (Naveen). In the grain it was 14 ppm (Lalat) to 66ppm (Radhi).

Development of Cropping Systems forDifferent Rice Ecologies

Studies were conducted to identify the optimumsowing time of groundnut (TAG 24) in rice-based crop-ping sequence during rabi with an analysis of thermalenvironment on the crop performance. The crop wassown at 10 days interval starting from 4 Dec 2007 to 23Jan 2008. The highest seed yield of 2 t/ha was recordedin the 4 Dec sown crop. Gradual reduction in yieldwas recorded up to 13 Jan. Growing degree days(GDD), heliothermal units (HTU) and photothermalunit (PTU) from sowing to maturity were more in earlysowing during first week of Dec and gradually reducedup to mid-Jan. Heat use efficiency (HUE) in terms ofeconomic yield was more (1.28) in early sowing dateof 4 Dec. The least HUE was recorded in case of sow-ing during third week of Dec to second week of Jandue to poor crop growth.

Weather Behaviour during the Cropping SeasonField experiments were conducted to standardize

the sowing method and weed control practices for wetdirect-sown summer rice. Results showed that thehighest grain yield (6.12 t/ha) was with rice Naveentransplanted @ 15 cm x 15 cm spacing with 2-3 seed-lings/hill. But comparable yield (5.9 t/ha) was alsoobtained when the crop was established by dibbleseeding i.e., by putting 3–4 pre-germinated seeds/hill(seed rate 70/kg ha) at 15 cm x 15 cm spacing undersaturated puddled condition.

The efficacy of some potent new generation low-dose high efficacy herbicides was evaluated as directweed control practices. Herbicides Azimsulfuron @ 35g/ha and Bensulfuron methyl @ 50 g/ha (applied aspost-emergent 18 days after sowing, DAS) and tank-mix application of Trisulfuron + Pretilachlor @ 6 + 500g/ha (7 DAS) were effective for controlling the pre-dominant weeds viz., Cyperus difformis, Sphenochlea

zeylanica, Fimbristylis miliacea, Marsilea quadrifoliata andLudwigia parviflora with WCE of 89%-93%. The reduc-

tion in grain yield of rice was 46% due to competitionfrom weeds in weedy plots.

Precision Farming for Rice andRice-based Production System

Spatial variability with rice Naveen was studiedduring rabi 2007-08 in 2 ha of land, clay loam in tex-ture where rice Sarala was grown during kharif of pre-vious year without any amelioration and being left fal-low during rabi. The site was marked by difference ingradient with variable levels of standing water due torain (10 cm to 30 cm). It was transplanted with recom-mended package of practices in the second fortnightof Jan with uniform application of all critical inputs,viz. seed, fertilizer and plant protection chemicals.Spatial variability was studied in larger grids of 20 mx 20 m (total 48 grids). The grain yield of rice variedfrom 4.37 t/ha to 8.42 t/ha, straw yield from 4.29 t/hato 10.47 t/ha, effective tillers from 133 to 298 and pani-cle weight from 2.38 g to 3.68 g. The coefficient of vari-ation @ 20 m x 20 m grid points for grain yield, strawyield, effective tillers and panicle weight was 15.2%,21.3%, 20.4% and 10.8%, respectively. The grain yieldwas positively correlated to effective tillers/m2 andbiological yield and negatively correlated with harvestindex and panicle weight.

Ecologically-basedIntegrated Weed Management in Rice

The population dynamics of major weed flora indifferent rice ecologies at CRRI, Cuttack revealed thatthe predominant weed flora recorded at 30 DAS indirect sown rice of rainfed shallow lowlands wasEchinochloa colona (75% of the total weed population)with Cyperus rotundus and Cleome viscosa during kharif.It revealed that grasses constitute 75.4%, sedges 14.6%and broad leaf weeds 10% at this stage. In weedy plotsof transplanted rice, the relative density of importantweeds @ 30 DAT was 14.3% Echinochloa spp., 25.3%Cyperus iria, 20.9% Fimbristylis miliacea, 12.1%Sphenochlea zeylanica, 17.6% Ludwigia parviflora and9.8% Aeschynomene indica. Grasses constitute 14.3%,


68

sedges 46.2% and broad-based weeds 39.5% of the to-tal weed population. Broad-based and aquatic weedsviz., Commelina benghalensis, Monochoria vaginalis, Ipo-

moea aquatica, Marsilea quadrifoliata, Trianthema

portulacastrum and Sagittaria sagitifolia were predomi-nant @ 60 DAT and contributed 71.3% of total popula-tion. In deepwater, the major weed species @ 30 DASwere Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus

iria, Fimbristylis miliaceae, Scoparia dulcis, and Cleome

viscose. Grasses constituted 51.4%, sedges 34.1% andbroad-based weeds 14.5% of the total weed popula-tion.

During rabi, the mean relative density of importantweeds @ 30 days were E. colona (9.6%), C. difformis

(21.9%), Fimbristylis miliacea (19.2%), Sphenoclea

zeylanica (26.3%) and Ludwigia parviflora (23%) in weedyplots of wet direct-sown summer rice. Grasses consti-tuted 9.6%, sedges 41.1% and broad-based weeds49.3% of the total weed population. The importantweed species predominant @ 60 DAS were Sphenoclea

zeylanica, Marsilea quadrifoliata, Leptochloa chinensis andFimbristylis miliacea with a population distribution ofgrasses 8.4%, sedges 39.6% and broad-based weeds52%.

The bio-efficacy of Metsulfuron-methyl 20 WGagainst important broad leaf weeds in transplanted ricefield were evaluated with rice Naveen during kharif

2007. The highest grain yield of 5.11 t/ha was in theweed free check plot. Among the herbicide treatedplots, Metsulfuron-methyl 20% WG (8 g ai/ha) andMetsulfuron methyl + Chlorimuron ethyl (4 + 6 g ai/ha) controlled the weeds effectively with WCE 89%and 83%, respectively. The yield reduction due to weedinfestation was 42% in weedy plots.

In another trial, the efficacy of some potent low-dose high efficacy sulfonylurea herbicides were evalu-ated in transplanted rice Moti. HerbicidesAzimsulfuron @ 40 g/ha and Bensulfuron methyl @60 g/ha (applied as post-emergent 20 DAT, Trisulfuron@ 9 g/ha and tank-mix application of Trisulfuron +Pretilachlor @ 6 + 500 g/ha (applied as early post-emergence 7 DAT) were effective for controlling theweeds with WCE of 94%, 87%, 85% and 91% respec-tively. Among the herbicides, Azimsulfuron @ 40 g/

ha was the most effective in controlling weeds andproduced the maximum grain yield (5.4 t/ha). Thiswas at par with Trisulfuron + Pretilachlor (6 + 500 g/ha) and weeds free check in terms of WCE and grainyield. The reduction in grain yield of rice was 44% dueto competition with weeds in weedy plots.

Field experiments were conducted during kharif

2007 with rice Moti and Naveen in rabi 2007-08 toevaluate the efficacy of Azimsulfuron (AZM) alone andAzimsulfuron + Metsulfuron methyl as post-emergentapplication against broad spectrum weeds under bothdirect-sown and transplanted conditions. In kharif, thepredominant weed, Echinochloa colona in direct-sownplots was controlled effectively by application of AZM@ 40 g ai/ha. At later stages (60 DAS), the infestationof both Leptochloa chinensis and Cyperus iria was alsoreduced. Broad-based weeds Cleome viscose,Aeschynomene indica and Sphenochlea zeylanica thatoccurred at later stages of crop growth was suppressedeffectively by the application of AZM + MSM @ 30 gai/ha + 2 g ai/ha. Among the different herbicidetreated plots, the highest yield of 5.1 t/ha was recordedin AZM + MSM (40 + 2 g/ha) plots but it was compa-rable with AZM (40 g/ha) with WCE 90% and 87%,respectively. The yield reduction due to weed infesta-tion was 52%. In transplanted rice, the highest yield(5.73 t/ha) was recorded with weed free check. Amongthe herbicide treated plots, tank-mix application ofAZM + MSM (40 + 2 g/ha) and AZM alone (40 g/ha)were equally effective for controlling all types of weedswith WCE 95% and 90%, respectively and producedcomparable yield of 5.62 t/ha and 5.5 t/ha. Both AZM+ MSM (35 + 2 g/ha) and AZM (35 g/ha) producedcomparable yield with respective higher doses of 40 +2 g/ha and 40 g/ha, respectively.

During rabi, the highest yield of 5.82 t/ha was re-corded in AZM + MSM (40 + 2 g/ha) followed by AZM@ 40 g/ha (5.76 t/ha) with WCE of 95% and 91% amongherbicides plots. Both the treatments were compara-ble with weed free check. AZM @ 35 g ai/ha and 40 gai/ha produced comparable yield that indicated thatAZM even at lower dose of 35 g ai/ha was equallyeffective for controlling the major weeds in wet-directsown summer rice. In transplanted rice, the highest


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yield of 6.14 t/ha was recorded in AZM (40 g/ha) fol-lowed by AZM @ 35 g/ha (5.76 t/ha) with WCE of96% and 94%, respectively. AZM @ 35 g ai/ha and @40 g ai/ha produced comparable yield that indicatedthat AZM even @ 35 g ai/ha was equally effective forimproving rice yield during rabi.

Integrated Farming Systems inDifferent Rice Ecologies

A field experiment was conducted in kharif 2007 tocompare the effect of replacement of two rice rows withcowpea. The results revealed that intercropping of riceVandana with cowpea C 1111 and C 1042 gave 1.25 t/ha and 0.9 t/ha higher rice equivalent yield over solecrop of rice, respectively. Skipping two rice rows toaccommodate two rows of cowpea did not decreaserice yield significantly.

Integrated rice-based farming system with compo-nents such as rice, fish, poultry, vegetables and fruitcrops was taken up in 0.24 ha under irrigated condi-tions. Three rice crops with Vandana (aus), Gayatri(kharif) and Naveen (boro) produced a total grain yieldof 12 t/ha. On the bunds, about 1.5 t of vegetables andfruits were produced, about 2 q of fish and 2,000fingerlings were harvested from the tanks in the sys-tem that generated an income of Rs 20,000.

A total of 40,000 early fry of Indian major carpsstocked in the nursery tanks and raised for a period ofone month. Poultry and vermi-compost enterpriseswere integrated during 2007 in the model and werecompatible and feasible.

Rice-fish-livestock-horticultural and agroforestry-based

diversified farming system for rainfed waterlogged lowland:The system of one ha integrates different compatiblecomponents such as improved rice varieties, fish,prawn, ducks, poultry, and goats, and different cropsafter rice in the main fields such as mungbean, water-melon, bittergourd, cucumber and okra. The vegeta-bles, fruit crops, floriculture, apiculture, mushroomcultivation and other horticultural crops andagroforestry plants were grown on the bunds. RiceVarshadhan yielded 3.5–4 t/ha and Durga 2.6–3 t/ha.Among fishes, the maximum average growth was ob-

served in catla (865 g) followed by rohu (544 g) andpuntius (500 g). In rainfed lowland system with theintegration with poultry, duckery and goatery the ex-creta were directly applied to the rice-fish pond ref-uge, thereby, no fertilizer and artificial feed for fishwas needed. Poultry varieties Gram Priya and BlackRock were reared with an average body weight of 3.5kg and 3 kg, respectively of male and female birds.Duck Khaki Campbell yielded 60 kg meat and 5,000-6,000 eggs. During rabi different vegetables such asokra (5.7 t/ha), cowpea (6.5 t/ha), watermelon (9 t/ha) and mungbean (0.9 t/ha) were produced. In bunds,vegetables radish (Chetaki, 60 t/ha), tomato (47 t/ha),carrot (40 t/ha) and leafy vegetables (palak, 8 t/ha)and Amaranthus (6 t/ha) were grown. Horticulturalcrops such as papaya (250 kg), banana fruits (3,560numbers) and coconut (300 numbers) were produced.Cultivation of oyster mushroom cultivation duringwinter yielded 1 kg mushroom/bed. The system pro-duced about 17–20 t of food crops, 0.6 t of fish andprawn, 0.78 t of meat and 6,000 eggs in addition toflower, fuelwood and fodder as rice straw and othercrop residues.

Rice-fish-horticultural Crops-agroforestry-based Farm-

ing System in Deepwater: The grain yield of rice Gayatriand Sarala grown in tier III of the system varied from3.5 t/ha to 4.3 t/ha, whereas, in tier IV deepwater riceVarshadhan gave the highest grain yield of 4.5 t/ha.During rabi, rice Anjali grown in tier IV produced grainyield of 3 t/ha. Organic amendment with FYM andrice straw @ 2 t/ha in zero tillage establishment ofsweet potato (Sourin) after lowland rice Gayatrishowed higher tuber yield (13–18 t/ha) compared towithout organics (12–16 t/ha). The tuber yield withirrigation in general was better (12–19 t/ha) than with-out irrigation (9–16 t/ha), indicating benefit of organicamendment and irrigation in zero tillage establishedsweet potato. Mungbean (PDM 139) grown in residualmoisture after lowland rice Sarala yielded 0.75 t/ha.The growth of perennial fruit crops (sapota, guava andmango) in tier-I (raised land) after two years of plan-tation was good. The fruit yield of guava was 7.2 kg/plant. Papaya (Pusa Dwarf) and banana (tissue cul-tured Pathkapoora and Bantal varieties) yielded 21 to


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The rice-fish-livestock-horticultural and agroforestry-based farming system was remunerative.

24 kg/plant and 8-8.3 kg/plant, respectively. Elephantfoot yam (Gajendra) grown as intercrop with papayayielded 6.1 t/ha with NPK @ 80 : 40 : 40 kg/ha and 4.4t/ha with half of recommended dose compared to 25.2t/ha tubers in the sole crop.

Different vegetable crops were grown round theyear in tier-II (raised land) with an yield of 5.9 t/ha to9.7 t/ha in kharif and 5.2 t/ha to 28 t/ha in rabi. Duringkharif 2007, cowpea Arka Garima (7.6 t/ha), okra ArkaAnamika (6.8 t/ha) and ridge gourd Arka Sujata (9.7t/ha) were the highest yielder. During rabi, tomatoArka Ananya (28 t/ha), French bean Arka Anoop (8.7t/ha) and Pusa Chetki in radish performed best.Among the tuber crops, sweet potato Kishan producedsignificantly higher tuber yield (12.5 t/ha), whereas,yam bean (RM 1) recorded a tuber yield of 10 t/ha.

Around 73 kg of fish and prawn were harvested leav-ing a standing crop of around 100 kg. The estimatedproductivity of fish and prawn was 800 kg/ha withina period of 10 months. Fish Catla attained the highestgrowth of about 500 g, whereas, the weight of fresh-water prawn was 75 g.

Ornamental Fish in Lowlands: To utilize rainfed low-land rice ecology for value-added aquaculture, breed-ing and culture of ornamental fishes undertaken insemi-deep (0–70 cm water depth) ecology. Among egglayer species, Blue gourami, Red gourami (Trichogaster

trichopterus) and Pearl gourami (T. leeri) were taken.Among live bearers, Guppies (Poecilia reticulata), Redsword tail (Xiphophorus helleri), Black molly, Whitemolly and Rosy barb were included. Matured speci-mens of male and female fishes were released in the


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rice field in the third week of Jul with the standingcrop of semi-deepwater rice variety, Durga. Breedingof guppy species was observed within 15 days whilegouramies bred after one month. The gourami lay eggsby preparing bobble nests using rice plants assubstrate. In both the cases, fry of 1–2 cm size wererecovered and were left for further rearing in the field.

Biocontrol of Aquatic Weeds: Biocontrol of aquaticweed by fish in lowland rice ecology was studied un-der controlled rice-fish condition using lowland ricevariety Sarala during kharif 2007. The dominant aquaticweed flora were Ludwigia parviflora, Marsilea quadrifolia,

Sphenoclea zeylanica, Ottelia alismoides , Brachiaria mutica

and Lemna sp. Among the five potential weed control-ling fish species grown, Puntius sarana exhibited high-est WCE (61%) followed by grass carp (54.5 %) andcommon carp (36.4%). Among two Indian major carps,

rohu was more effective (WCE 25.5%) for weed con-trol than mrigal (WCE 20.7%).

Biocontrol of Insect Pests: Efficacy of four potentialfish species on biocontrol of YSB was evaluated undercontrolled rice-fish condition using rice varietyNaveen. During the vegetative stage of the rice crop,fish Magur showed highest biocontrol efficiency (3.8%DH) followed by common carp (6.3% DH) and Koi andColisa (7.1%). The incidence of YSB without fish washigher (9.3% DH). Identical results were achieved withmagur under rice (Naveen), fish in field condition re-cording DH of 3.4% compared to 10.1% without fish.Lower levels of YSB incidence (4.6% WEH) was alsoobserved in reproductive stage of the crop in the caseof magur species in comparison to 10.7% in control(without fish).

Value added aquaculture with ornamental fishes in rice in lowlands gave additional income to farmers.

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Development and Evaluation of Solar-Cum-BiomassFuelled Dryer for Grain and Food Production

The solar-cum-biomass fired dryer was designedconsisting of a drying chamber, biomass fired furnacewith blower and solar air heaters. A small LSU typedryer to hold 300 kg of paddy at about 20% moisturecontent was designed and fabricated for the study.

Design and Development of Power-operated GrainCleaner-cum-grader

Preliminary testing was done for the cleaner-cum-grader of 8 q/h capacity by cleaning threshed paddy.Grain flow on the top screen and the discharge chutewas not proper. There was a need to reduce the noisewhile the cleaner was in operation. Based on the expe-rience, the grader component was redesigned and fab-ricated. After modification, grain flow on the top screenand the discharge chute was proper. The cleaner pro-duced less noise while in operation. The estimated costof this cleaner was about Rs 25,000. A low capacitywinnower-cum-grader of 2–3 q/h capacity was fabri-cated. The estimated cost of this unit was Rs 10,000.

Development, Evaluation and Improvement ofPower Weeder for Rice and Rice-based CroppingSystem

The power weeder was evaluated with rice at KVK,Santhapur in kharif. The crop was grown in uplandswith a row spacing of 22 cm. The machine weededtwo rows at a time. It was observed that there was nodamage to the rice due to the machine. In the firstweeding, 20 DAS, 68% of the weeds were removed ina single pass of the weeder. Besides removing weeds,the weeder loosened the soil that helped in aerationand moisture retention. The field capacity of theweeder was 0.07 ha/h. The remaining weeds betweenthe plants were weeded with a finger weeder. Theprocess was repeated during the second weeding af-ter 15 days.

Design and Development of Rice Transplanter forRoot Washed Seedlings

A transplanter was designed to use seedlingsgrown in nursery. The machine was a manually oper-ated one with three rows. The row spacing was keptat 20 cm. Fixed fork type fingers were designed to pick-

Mechanization for Rice Production andPost-harvest Systems

A solar-cum-biomass fuelled dryer for grain and food

production was fabricated and is under refinement.

The CRRI cleaner-cum-grader can clean

threshed paddy at 8 q/h.

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Mechanization for Rice Production and Post-harvest Systems

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up the seedlings from the tray. Arrangement was madeto change the length of the fingers. The finger assem-bly was attached to the handle. The to-and-fro motionof the handle enabled the finger to pick up the seed-lings from the tray and plant in the field. A mecha-nism was designed to obtain reciprocating motion ofthe seedling tray. The tray moved a little after eachpicking of the seedlings and moved in the reverse di-rection when the tray compartment reached a side.Seedlings of the tray were fed to the fingers throughanother mechanism. The plant-to-plant distance couldbe maintained by stepping up of the operator.

Performance and Evaluation of Biogas PlantsFive numbers each of HAU and CRRI designs of

biogas plant of 2 cum capacity were constructed in thefarmers’ courtyards in a participatory mode. In HAUdesign, the gas production was stabilized by maintain-ing the level of the slurry at the inlet, top of the domeand outlet points. In CRRI design, the gas productionwas maintained at inlet and outlet points of the di-gester chamber. In both the cases the performance wassatisfactory. But the cost of construction of CRRI plantwas half of the HAU plant. By feeding 60 kg cow dungdaily, with dung-water ratio of 1, an average of 1,137litres and 1,113 litres of gas was obtained from HAUand CRRI plants respectively during Jan to Mar.

Design, Development and Testing of Power-tillerOperated Multi-crop Seed Drill

The five-row multi-crop seed drill designed andfabricated at CRRI was fitted on the back side of powertiller and was tested at CRRI farm for sowing of rice,mungbean and urdbean with a row spacing of 20 cm.The seed rate was 60 kg/ha for sowing rice and 25kg/ha for sowing mungbean and urdbean. Flaps ofseed metering device were kept in down position whilesowing rice to protect seeds from damage and kept inraised position for sowing mungbean and urdbean tostop free flow of seed through metering rollers. Thefield capacity of the machine was 0.13 ha/h at powertiller speed of 1.83 km/h. The yield of mungbean andurdbean was 10 q/ha and 8.7 q/ha, respectively.


Performance Evaluation and Development ofBullock and Power Tiller Operated Weeder for DrySeeded Rice

The six-row bullock drawn weeder designed andfabricated earlier at CRRI, was modified to get a bet-ter performance. It was converted to seven-row weederwith working width of 140 cm. Tynes were fitted intwo rows, four in front and three in the back. The dis-tance between tynes in a row was kept at 40 cm. Reartynes frame bar height from ground was made adjust-able to keep all the tynes in touch with the groundduring operation. The machine was tested in line sownrice with a row spacing of 20 cm. The field capacity ofthe machine was 0.35 ha/h for one pass of weeder.The percentage of weeds destroyed in two pass ofweeder was 35%. The crop damage was 9.4%.

The six-row weeder was further modified to accom-modate eight rows with the use of power tiller thatenhanced the working width to 160 cm. Fabrication iscomplete.

Energy Requirements in Rice-based CroppingSystem

Study on energy and water requirements for thecultivation of rice-based crop groundnut (TMV 2) re-vealed that the total energy requirement for the culti-vation of groundnut with different bed widths was25,027 MJ/ha with 45 cm, 24,397 MJ/ha with 120 cm,24,789 MJ/ha with 500 cm, 25,272.6 MJ/ha with 750cm and 26,790 MJ/ha with 1,000 cm. Raised bed wasmore efficient in saving irrigation water. However, ad-ditional energy of 1,279 MJ/ha was required for mak-

Table 25. Yield and WUE of rice-based groundnut.

Irrigation WUE

Bed Bed water applied Yield (kg ha/

condition width (m) (cum/ha) (t/ha) mm)

Flat 5 2,328 1.5 6.4

7.5 2,426 1.7 7

10 2,608 1.6 6.1

Raised 0.45 2,109 1.1 5.2

1.2 2,219 1.3 5.9

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ing beds. The yield and WUE of groundnut was sig-nificantly higher in flat bed system than raised bedsystem (Table 25).

FLD of Improved Implements and Machinery forMajor Crops

Working of bullock-drawn three-row inclined plateplanter, three-row manual-drawn seed drill, batteryoperated sprayer, power tiller operated seed drill,blade type twine wheel hoe, finger weeder and Kamcoreaper was demonstrated at CRRI, KVK, Santhapurand farmers’ fields for pigeonpea, mungbean, urdbeanand rice. A total of 24 demonstrations covering an areaof 7.5 ha were made. Field capacity of three-row bul-lock-drawn inclined plate planter was 0.2 ha/h. Three-row bullock-drawn inclined plate planter was acceptedby farmers as it gave uniform plant population withrequired seed rate of pulse and placed the seed at re-quired depth. The cost of sowing with bullock drawninclined plate planter was Rs 300/ha, that was almosthalf of the cost of sowing with conventional methodof sowing, broadcasting and covering by bullockplough.

FLD of Self-propelled Rice Transplanter, Tractor-operated Rotary (Lug wheel) Puddler and AnimalDrawn Lug Wheel Puddler

Working of eight-row self-propelled rice trans-planter was demonstrated for transplanting of rice, ina total area of three ha. The field capacity of the ma-chine was 0.2 ha/h with field efficiency of 52%. Insandy soils, wheel sinkage was more than that of loamysoil. The seed requirement was 60 kg/ha. The numberof trays required was 150/ha. The diesel consumptionwas 3.75 litres/ha. The machine transplanted rice

Khandagiri yielded 4.5 t/ha, whereas the manuallytransplanted one yielded 3.5 t/ha. Transplanting withthe machine and growing mat type nursery saved 77%of human labour, compared to conventional practicesof nursery raising, uprooting nursery and manualtransplanting.

Working of bullock-drawn lug wheel puddler wasdemonstrated at CRRI, Cuttack for puddling the ricefield after initial ploughing in an area of 0.5 ha. Its fieldcapacity was 0.24 ha/h with forward speed of 3.6 km/h and a depth of operation of 4 cm to 5 cm. The tractoroperated lug wheel puddler was demonstrated in 1.5ha. Its field capacity was 0.25 ha/h.

The CRRI power tiller operated multi-crop seed drill was

fabricated. It can sow rice, mungbean and urdbean.

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Studies on Pest/Natural EnemyPopulation Dynamics

Studies on Off-Season Biology of Major Pests of RiceWith the increase in temperature from 34°C to 36°C

during the second to fourth week of Apr, the egg lay-ing of N. lugens decreased to 38% out of which about56% nymphs were dead at hatching. Among the alivenymphs, none could reach the 5th instar stage. Withthe further increase in temperature to a range of 38°C–41°C during May, there was nil or few oviposition andno hatching.

Survey on non-rice habitats to identify plants sup-porting population of LFs during the cropping seasonindicated that besides rice, two species of LFs viz.Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia exigua were ob-served on weed Echinochloa stagnina. The populationcompositions of different LF were Marasmia sp.(81.5%), C. medinalis (14.9%) and M. exigua (3.5%).

Studies on Pest Outbreaks and Resurgence in RiceEcosystem

Incidence of BPH was more where application ofPhorate was done either as nursery treatment beforefive days of transplanting or at the time of transplant-ing or within 10 days of transplanting @ 0.75 kg ai/hain farmers’ field in Pipili block of Puri district. Theaverage number of insects was 78/hill in Phoratetreated field compared to 32/hill in treatment withCarbofuran @ 0.75 kg ai/ha and 43/hill in the un-treated control field. Population of the spider was al-most nil in treatment with Phorate, whereas, it was 3-7 in treatment with Carbofuran and 8-15 in the un-treated plots.

There was a severe outbreak of rice swarming cat-erpillar Spodoptera mauritia in Tangi block of Cuttackdistrict in Aug 2007. In initial state, 6-8 larvae/hill wererecorded and it declined after two weeks. Cranes werefound devouring the larvae in large numbers. The

cause of the outbreak was determined by roving sur-vey in the locality. The highest incidence was noted insubmerged unweeded fields.

Incidence of LF was low in kharif 2007. Sunshinehour and maximum temperature were positively cor-related (correlation coefficient 0.2803 and 0.3336) withLF incidence and negatively correlated with rainfall(correlation coefficient-0.3353).

Three insecticides Carbofuran, Phorate and Cartapwere tested in the field for efficacy in controlling thepopulation of LF. Observations on larvae indicated thata maximum of 14.5 larvae were observed in the un-treated control followed by 11.5 in Carbofuran, 9.5 inPhorate and 5 in Cartap treated plots. The percentageof larval parasitism was minimum in Phorate (2%),22.5% in Cartap, 18% in Carbofuran and 27.5% in thecontrol.

Seasonal Prevalence and Forecasting of Rice InsectPest through Light Trap

The first brood of YSB started increasing from thesecond week of Jan 2008 (102 moths/week). The firstmoth emergence peak was during 5 to 11 Feb (14,942moths/week). Two more smaller peaks were observedfrom 26 Mar to 1 Apr (220 moths/week) and anotherbetween 14 to 20 May (108 moths/week).

During rabi 2007-08, YSB remained abundant in therice field for 12 weeks starting from the second weekof Jan to the last week of Mar. The population declineddue to rise in atmospheric temperature except for apeak in May. After Mar there was rise in atmospherictemperature for which moth numbers, egg laying andegg hatching decreased. Therefore, the number ofmoths in the May brood was very less.

During kharif 2007, stem borer started increasingfrom 3 to 9 Sep (52 moths/week). The borer popula-tion was very low, the highest peak being 253 moths/week during the second week of Oct.

Among the four types of stem borer, YSB was 94.8%,

Strategic Research on Pathogens/Pest Population Dynamics, Crop Losses, Forecasting


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Chilo sp. (4%), WSB (1.1%) and PSB (0.1%), but afterharvest, population of Chilo was more than 70%. Thepopulation of other borers was low.

LF had one peak in rabi during 5 to 11 Feb (198moths/week), and two peaks in kharif. One from 3 to 9Sep (103 moths/weeks) and another from 8 to 14 Oct(175 moths/week).

Natural enemy population such as Ophionea sp. andCyrtorhynus lividepennis were observed in the light trapduring the last week of Sep and first week of Oct, whichwas below 5 adults/week in the light trap. Anotherparasite, Stenobracon haebator was observed only once.

GLH, though a pest of kharif prevailed in smallnumbers during Mar, Apr and May with a peak of 131hoppers/week (26 Mar to 1 April). In kharif it prevailedin very high numbers between Sep to mid-Dec with apeak of 85,080 hoppers/week during 15 to 21 Oct.

Global Warming and Dynamics ofMajor Rice Pathogens

Studies on Dynamics of Major DiseasesThe effect of temperature and RH on the growth of

Rhizoctonia solani was studied in vitro. A temperatureof 30°C and a RH of 100% were most congenial. UVradiation for 1 h was lethal for the growth of Rhizoctonia

solani.

Pathogenic Dynamics in Relation to SyntheticPesticide Molecules and Monitoring of Resistancedue to their Long-term Application

Rice Tapaswini, Annapurna and Swarna were ar-tificially inoculated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

(bacterial blight) and Rhizoctonia solani in the field andsprayed with Streptocycline + Copper oxychloride (150mg + 1 g/l) and Sheathmar-3 (2.5 ml/l), respectively.BB was controlled by 63% to 66% in kharif and 66% to67% in rabi. Sheath blight was controlled by 62% to66% in kharif and 65% to 67% in rabi.

Rice HR 12 and Lalat were artificially inoculatedwith Pyricularia grisea in the field in kharif 2007 andrabi 2007-08. These were sprayed with Sivic (0.6 g/l)and Bavistin (2 g/l). Blast was controlled by 63% to65% in kharif and 64% to 70% in the rabi. The incidenceof BLB, sheath blight and blast diseases was less in

rabi than in kharif due to the prevalence of higher tem-perature, less rainfall, less rainy days and non-congen-ial microclimate.

Quantitative and Qualitative DiseaseSeverity Assessment

Estimating Crop Losses caused by Major RiceDiseases

A crop loss study due to sheath blight disease wascarried out as on-station trial with rice Tapaswini andNaveen. Plant protection measures were taken for oneset whereas, another set was the unprotected control.In case of plant protection the seeds were treated withseed dressing fungicide Streptocycline + Copper oxy-chloride (150 mg + 1 g/l) followed by a spray withfungicide Sheathmar @ 2.5 ml/l of water on the ap-pearance of lesions. It was again repeated eight daysafter the first spray. Incidence of sheath blight washighest (34.3%) in rice Tapaswini under unprotectedand high levels of fertilizer.

There was an overall higher incidence (58%) of dis-ease in Tapaswini than in Naveen irrespective of thefertilizer level. Timely plant protection measure re-duced sheath blight by 65.4% in Tapaswini and 31%in Naveen. Overall there was 34% loss of yield in un-protected plots over protected plots.

The percentage of chaff was highest (28.4%) in riceTapaswini with high NPK under no protection fol-lowed by the same variety (19.3%) with low NPK andunprotected.

The panicle length was highest (28.3 cm) in Naveenwith high NPK under protection.

Development of Diagnostic Tools underIn-vitro and In-vivo Conditions for

Quick Evaluation of Disease Incidenceand Severity

Quick evaluation of False Smut Disease of Rice In-vitro and In-vivo

Precise disease severity assessment is mandatoryfor this study. Significant negative correlation of yieldrepresentative (YR) was observed with ball number,ball weight and chaff percentage. The disease repre-


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sentative (DR) was calculated by empirical formula,based on the above mentioned disease parametersdepicted the impact of the disease.

DR = Single spikelet wt. x chaff % x ball numberYR = Single spikelet wt. x filled grain %The relation between YR (yield representative), DR

(disease representative) and “yield attributes” on falsesmut disease of rice was studied. YR had significantnegative correlation with the DR in all the cultivarsi.e. tolerant/susceptible. Significant positive correla-tion was observed between YR and single ball weight(false smut ball) in tolerant landrace Mayurkantha.Maximum YR was observed in rice Gayatri. The maxi-mum DR was observed in rice Lunishree followed byUtkalprabha, Pooja, Sarala, Savitri, and Gayatri.

The cultivars were classified into six groups on thebasis of YR/DR ratio. Mayurkantha was highly toler-ant. Lunishree was most susceptible to false smut,among the cultivars studied.

Management of False Smut of Rice Disease underRainfed Ecosystem

Four new fungicidal formulations (Kocide, Indofil,Result and SAAF) in various concentrations and doseswere evaluated for management of false smut diseaseunder rainfed ecosystem of Hazaribag using two sus-ceptible hybrids (PHB 71 and ARIZ 6444) under simu-lated epiphytotic conditions.

PHB 71 received comparatively higher disease pres-sure. Among the fungicides tested, Kocide 3000 (@ 2.5g/l and 3 g/l) and SAAF 75 WP (@ 1.5 g/l) signifi-cantly reduced disease severity with concomitant yieldincrease.

Quick Diagnosis of RTD through Molecular Markersand Other Techniques

Quick diagnosis of RTD through molecular mark-ers was carried out involving rice Annada, IR 64, Jaya,Satabdi, Tapaswini and TN 1. PCR was routinely fol-lowed for the detection of RTBV and confirmation oftungro. PCR could detect RTBV easily both from thenethouse and field samples from the marker preparedbased on the sequence of West Bengal isolate of tungro.Most of the NSP varieties of rice Anjali, Annada,

Vanaprabha, CR 1014, Dharitri, Durga, Gayatri, Heera,IR 36, IR 64, Jaya, Moti, Padmini, Panidhan, Ranjeet,Satabdi, Savitri, Tapaswini, Tulasi, TN 1 andUtkalprabha had variable degree of susceptibility toRTBV at Cuttack. Many non-yellow plants both fromthe field as well as from the nethouse could yield posi-tive for RTBV under PCR which necessitates its ex-amination under Electron Microscopy. Additionally350 genotypes from tungro infected fields and in thenethouse were analyzed for RTD detection throughPCR, to monitor the incidence of RTD in the field.

Evaluation of Toxins andMetabolites produced by Fungi on

Host Genotypes

Evaluation of Toxins/other Metabolites produced byFungi on Host Genotypes

Twenty Fusarium isolates were classified into sixgroups on the basis of colour development on PDA.These Fusarium isolates induced quick germination andcould break dormancy of rice cultivars.

Effect of nine isolates on germination and vigourindex of rice cultivars was studied. Vigour Index ofseedlings of rice Savitri treated with F 14A, F 47 and F82 was 1.5–2 times higher than the seedlings treatedwith F 42, F 81, F 72, F 44 and F 91. F 47 was a fastgrowing isolate. Its pathogenic ability seems to belesser than the other isolates. It may be useful for man-agement of pathogenic Fusarium by PDR (PathogenDerived Resistance).

Survey, Collection, Characterization ofPathogen Biocontrol Agent Isolates and

Development of Database

Standardization and Development of Formulations,Assessment of Shelf-life and Efficacy of BotanicalFormulation against Rice Blast Incitant P. grisea

Two formulating agents T-20 and EXRN were se-lected and initially bioassayed for neutrality againsttest pathogen P. grisea. It exhibited 87% mean conidialgermination in both, compared to control (98%).


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Structured Studies on Exploring Fungitoxic Potentialof Renewable Botanical, Survey, Collection,Identification and Classification from PlantBiodiversity

Five new plant sources, namely, H. cordifolia, P.

amaryllidifolius, S. asper, S. cumini and T. abelerica be-longing to family Rubiaceae, Pandanaceae, MoraceaeMyrtaceae and Combretaceae, respectively. Thesewere bioassayed in aqueous extract at concentrationsof 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% against rice blast incit-ant P. grisea under in vitro conditions. Preliminary re-sults indicate that P. amaryllidifolius produced the leastconidial germination of 2% @ a concentration of 0.1%.

Analysis of Population Dynamics ofBlast, Brown Spot and BLB

Development of Monogenic Differentials andCharacterization of P. grisea Populations

A set of differentials in the background of LTH wasdeveloped in Japan, which was used for multi-envi-ronment testing during 2007 to estimate efficacy indetecting variation and identify effectiveness againstthe prevailing population of the fungus in differentlocations. NILs carrying 24 different genes were ex-posed to fungal population in outdoor blast nurseriesin four locations. None of the genes were effective atall locations though, NILs carrying Pi z/Pi z5 did notharbour infection at Semiliguda, Hazaribag andJagdalpur, and had a few lesions at Almora indicatingeffectiveness against most of the prevailingpopulations. Previous studies using NILs in the back-ground of Co 39 showed broad spectrum resistance ofPi 2 (C 101 A 51) and Pi 9 (WHD 1S-75-1-127) both ofwhich were clustered near the centromere on chromo-

some 6 along with Pi z and Piz5. This locus appearedto be highly conserved as genotypes of diverse origin(Indica 5173, Japonica Fukunishiki and O. minuta WHD1S-75-1-127) harboured these genes. Pi ta-2 was effec-tive against the population of the fungus at three loca-tions but highly susceptible at Almora. Among theother genes that showed distinct differential reactionwere Pi 1, Pi 4 and Pi k-s. In several cases, the donorsremained resistant but the monogenic lines derivedfrom these were susceptible indicating either that theresistance of the donors is attributed to other genespresent or that derived lines had genes that were noteffective in the new genetic environment. As only afew effective genes could be detected using this set ofNILs it is necessary to develop a new set preferably ina productive, indica background.

Collection, Isolation and Characterization ofBipolaris oryzae and X. oryzae

Twentyseven disease samples from the districtsHazaribag, Chatra and Ranchi of Jharkhand were col-lected and isolated. The culture is being maintained.Bipolaris oryzae from diseased samples Rewa, Almora,Cuttack and Jagdalpur were isolated.

Eighteen disease samples of BLB from differentplaces of Jharkhand were collected and isolated. Viru-lence monitoring for BLB pathogen Xanthomonas

compestries-pv-oryzae population was monitored byusing differentials with different gene combinations.It was observed that xa4, xa5, xa13 exhibited resistantreaction in the artificial inoculation with combinations.xa4 + xa5, xa4 + xa13 and xa5 + xa13 that gave the re-sistant reaction but if it was combined with xa4 + xa5 +xa13 + Xa21, it exhibited susceptible reaction.


79

Studies on Components of IPM

Chemical Control Measures against Field PestsEvaluation of New Molecules against Major Pests of

Rice: Five insecticides, Thiamethoxam 25 WG,Imidacloprid 200 SL, Bifenthrin 10EC @ 50 g ai/ha andProfenphos 50EC and Monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 500g ai/ha were evaluated for effectiveness against ricehispa under field conditions. All the insecticide treat-ments reduced leaf damage to more than 95% com-pared to 46.6% the in untreated control.

E2Y45-0.4G (Chlorantraniliprole) was evaluatedwith doses of 10 g ai/ha, 20 g ai/ha, 30 g ai/ha, 40 gai/ha, 50 g ai/ha, 80 g ai/ha and 160 g ai/ha) alongwith a check insecticide Monocrotophos @ 500 g ai/ha and untreated control during kharif 2007 and rabi

2007–08. During kharif incidence of DH caused by YSB@ 50 DAT was 12.1% in the untreated control com-pared to 6.7% in E2Y45 applied @ 160g ai/ha and 8.6%under 80 g ai/ha. The grain yield was 3.3 t/ha underE2Y45 treated @ 80 g ai/ha in comparison to 2.7 t/haunder untreated control. During rabi 2007-08, incidenceof DH @ 30 DAT ranged from 0% to 1.3%. At 50 DATthe incidence was 6.8% under untreated control com-pared to 1.6% under E2Y45 applied @ 50 g ai/ha and2.2% under Monocrotophos @ 500 g ai/ha. The grainyield was 4.2 t/ha under E2Y45 applied @ 50 g ai/hacompared to 3.4 t/ha under untreated control.

Studies on Persistence Toxicity of Pesticides:

Thiomethoxam was evaluated for its LC50 value andpersistent toxicity against BPH. Bioassay by free feed-ing method showed LC50 value to be 0.0003. The re-gression equation was Y = 14.863 + 2.7675X. The in-secticide persisted with 100% mortality up to two daysin concentration of 0.01% and for 3-4 days at concen-trations of 0.02–0.05%. It persisted effectively @ 0.04%and 0.05% concentrations up to seven and nine days,respectively (above 50% mortality).

Monitoring of YSB with Pheromone Traps: Moth popu-lation in kharif 2007 was monitored with pheromonetraps. The catch was 2 to 7 moths/trap/week with nodistinct peak. During rabi 2007-08, a distinct peak of145 moth/trap/week was recorded during that thefirst week of Jan.

Evaluation of Botanicals against Insect Pests of RiceGreenhouse Evaluation: A series of solutions rang-

ing from 1% to 25% (1-25 g/100 ml) of Calotropis

gigantea and Thevetia neriifolia leaf extract was testedagainst BPH in nethouse conditions. Calotropis gigantea

leaf @ 1 g and above concentrations and Thevetia

neriifolia leaf @ 3 g and above showed 60-100% mor-tality to 5th instar nymphs.

Field Evaluation: Aqueous leaf extracts of Calotropis

gigantea and Thevetia neriifolia leaf application @ 1% (1g/100 ml) were evaluated in a field experiment onvariety Ketekijoha along with neem oil (0.5%), Kochilaseed decoction and water pepper leaf extract. The treat-ments were applied twice at the commencement ofhispa, gall midge and LF towards the third week ofSep and another at flowering stage for incidence ofgundhi bug. Incidence of gall midge remained the low-est (0.3% SS) in neem oil treatment and highest (2.8%)in the untreated control. Leaf infestation by LF larvaeranged from 0.8% to 1.69% in all the botanical treat-ments as against 7.36% in the untreated control. Popu-lation of hispa remained low (0-5 insects/plant) asagainst 11 insects/plant in the control. The popula-tion of gundhi bug gradually increased towards thefirst week of Nov. A spray application of botanicalsbrought down bug population to 2-3/net sweep in bo-tanical treatments as against 27/net sweep in the un-treated control. The grain yield of Ketekijoha was sig-nificantly higher in Calotropis gigantea (3.37 t/ ha) andneem oil (3.43 t/ ha) in the treated plots than in theuntreated control (2.36 t/ ha).

Developing IPM Technologies forDifferent Rice Ecologies

Developing IPM Technologies for Different Rice Ecologies

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Faunal Diversity and Utilization of Predators andParasitoid and Pathogens for Management of InsectPests of Rice

Species richness was 32 in hybrid Ajay and 24 inHYV Swarna. A total of nine species of spiders wererecorded during kharif. Eight species were recordedon Ajay and six species on Swarna. Tetragnatha javana

was the dominant species followed by Argiope sp. andOxyopes sp. Chironomids were more (33/sweep) onAjay than Swarna (18/sweep). Similarly, among theinsect predators damsel flies were also more on Ajay(25/sweep) than on Swarna (15/sweep). Heavy inci-dence of black bug Scotinophora sp. was observed inthe transgenic greenhouse, which was hitherto notobserved in Orissa. The symptoms resembled that ofhopper burn. Survey of bird fauna indicated that therewas a definite succession of bird species from nurseryto the harvesting of the crop.

Effect of seven insecticides on the faunal diversitywas studied in the field. Among the four insecticides,Monocrotophos @ 0.5 kg ai/ha affected the faunal di-versity in the most species (five) compared to 11 spe-cies in the control plot. It also affected the spiderPardosa.

Population of planthopper was checked byImidacloprid @ 40 kg ai/ha followed byMonocrotophos @ 0.5 kg ai/ha and Metasystox @ 0.5kg ai/ha Among three granular insecticides testedfaunal diversity in Carbofuran treated plots were atpar with the control. It also checked the population ofplanthopper and gave the highest grain yield of 5.9 t/ha.

Spraying of aqueous extracts of egg parasitoidTelenomus dignoides increased the egg mass parasitismof YSB marginally by 3%. Plots treated with Azollarecorded less incidence of BPH than other treatments.The average BPH population was 3.3, 6.3, 15 and 25,33 in plots treated with Azolla + FYM, Azolla +Dhanicha, Control, FYM and Dhanicha, respectively,whereas the population of spider was at par in theabove treatments.

Assessment of Virulence of Pseudomonas spp. against

different LF Larvae on Cut Leaf and Potted Plant in the

Laboratory: LC50s and LT50s of two epizootic causing

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa1 and Pa2) and one P.

fluorescens followed same trends against 2th–5th instarLF larvae for both leaf piece and potted plant assayssuggesting that all instars were equally susceptible. Thelethal values were significantly lower for Pa1 and Pa2for leaf piece assay followed by Pa1, Pa2 and Pf. Thelethal values for Pf, either alone or in combination withthe other bacteria did not differ significantly. The Pa1,Pa 2 and Pf were potent pathogens of C. medinalis butPa1 and Pa 2 were more effective than Pf. Further-more, lower lethal values for Pa1 and Pa2 than indi-vidual organisms proved that these were compatibleand had synergistic effect.

Assessment of Virulence of Nomuraea rileyi against

different LF Larvae on Cut Leaf in the Laboratory: Nomuraea

rileyi (TF 21) of LF mass produced on rice husk withbroken rice (1 : 1, W:W), dry fish (1%) and urea (1%)was tested in the laboratory in cut leaf piece assayagainst different LF larvae. The lethal doses of differ-ent larval did not differ significantly (2.88–4.19 x 105spores/ml).

Evaluation of Botanicals as Rice Grain Protectantsagainst Storage Insects

Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) pellets testedagainst Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella un-der artificial infestation was an effective fumigant @1.2% W/W that inhibited the population build-up ofthe test insect by 100% @ 45 days after treatment. Natu-ral products such Eucalyptus oil and cotton seed oil0.5% v/W and sulphur powder (0.5% W/W) weretested against Sitotroga cerealella under artificial in-oculation for nine months as seed protectants (riceRatna). All the test products showed significant grainprotection (68–94%) over the untreated control.

Studies on Biodiversity and Chemical Control of RiceMites

Of the five pesticides tested against rice paniclemites, Steneotarsonemus spinki (Tarsonemidae),Milbectin @ 4.5 g ai/ha showed highest reduction inmite population and grain yield of 4.35 t/ha (riceRatna) during kharif 2007, followed by diafenthiuron(450 g ai/ha), Fenpyroximate (30 g ai/ha), Dicofal (500


81

g ai/ha) had the lowest reduction in mite populationand grain yield (3.6 t/ha) as compared to control (grainyield of 3.3 t/ha).

Management of Root Knot Disease in RiceThe experiment was conducted in the nethouse in

pre- and post-inoculated conditions.Application of Carbofuran and Cartap @ 1 kg ai/

ha reduced the gall formation up to 92%. Neem andKaranj cakes @ 500 kg/ha reduced the same up to 71%.Water extracts of fresh leaves from a large number ofplants were tested @ 5 t/ha and 10 t/ ha. Eclypta andCalotropis extract reduced the galling from 30% to40%.

AICRIP TrialsInsecticide Evaluation Trials: Three insecticides viz.,

Bifenthrin 10EC, Flubendiamide + Fipronil 66WG, andImidacloprid + Ethiprole 80 WG were evaluated dur-ing kharif 2007 along with a check insecticideMonocrotophos 36WSC and an untreated control. Theincidence of DH @ 30 DAT under untreated controlwas 7.1% compared to 3.9% in Monocrotophos and4.7 % in Bifenthrin. Incidence of DH @ 50 DAT was11.6% under untreated control in comparison to 7.5%under Bifenthrin. The incidence of WEH before har-vesting was 10.5% under untreated control, whereas,in Bifenthrin treated plots it was 3.9%. The grain yieldunder Bifenthrin treatment was 3.4 t/ha compared to2.7 t/ha in the untreated control.

Insecticides Bifenthrin 10 EC, Virtakao 40 WG andPymetrozine 50 WG were evaluated during rabi 2007-08 with a check insecticide Monocrotophos and un-treated control. The observation @ 30 DAT showed4.6% DH under untreated control and was negligiblein other treatments. Treatment Virtakao under all dosesshowed 0–0.4% DH incidence. At 50 DAT untreatedcontrol plots showed an incidence of 8.7% DH com-pared to 1.2% under Virtakao when applied @ 60 gai/ha. Incidence of WEH was 3.1% under Virtakaotreatment compared to 6.9% under untreated control.The grain yield under Virtakao @ 60 g ai/ha was 6.8t/ha compared to 4.2 t/ha under untreated control.

Optimum Pest Control Trial: Varieties JGL 3855, BG

380-2, DJP 1998-11-1-1-1, WGL 31996 and SKL 7-61-9-10-12 were tested with check varieties Jaya and Naveenunder need-based protection and no protectionagainst insect pest of rice with four replications dur-ing kharif 2007. Carbofuran @ 1 kg ai/ha was appliedat 27 DAT in need-based protection treatment. Obser-vations on DH, WEH, SS, BPH was taken along withgrain yield. The results revealed that BG 380-2 per-formed better (2.28 t/ha) followed by SKL 7-61-9-10-12 (2.24 t/ha) in respect of lesser incidence of DH, SS,WEH and BPH. The best variety BG 380-2 had 2.6%DH @ 30 DAT, 2.8% DH @ 50 DAT, 3.02% SS @ 30DAT, 2.4% SS @ 50 DAT, 1.4% WEH and 17.5 BPH/hill. None of the varieties were resistant against stemborer.

Multiple Resistant Screening Trial (MRST): Forty va-rieties were screened against BPH, gall midge and YSBin the greenhouse. Varieties 9412-13, RP 4643-713, RP4643-829 and RP 4645-688 were highly resistant againstBPH with score 1. Against gall midge, RP 4621-1845,RP 4642-669, RP 4643-1020, RP 4643-713, RP 4643-829,RP 4643-985, RP 4644-745, RP 4645-688 and RP 4647-1191 scored 0. RP 4643-713 was highly resistant to bothBPH and gall midge with score 0 followed by RP 4643-829 and RP 4645-688. No variety was resistant againstYSB under artificial infestation system.

Planthopper Screening Trial: Sixty varieties werescreened against BPH in greenhouse conditions. Noneof the varieties were highly resistant with score 1. How-ever, RIC 06-01-08, RIC 06-01-02 and KAUM 95-1 wereresistant with score 3.

Light Trap Collection of Insect Pests: YSB, LF and GLH(N. virescens) were the most predominant pests re-corded in light trap catches at CRRI farm throughoutthe year. However, YSB was prevalent in high num-bers during rabi with a peak catch of 14,942 mothsduring the sixth standard week in Feb.

LF was distributed almost throughout the year witha low peak catch of 198. Other stem borers (166) werealso prevalent during the sixth standard week in Feb.This week was characterized by moderate maximumtemperature (30.3°C), minimum temperature (20.4°C),high RH (97%), moderate sunshine (5.2 SSH) and mod-erate rainfall (36.7 mm).


82

GLH was predominant and occurred in high num-bers during kharif with a peak catch of 85,080 during42nd standard week in Oct. This week was character-ized by moderate maximum temperature (31.3°C),moderate minimum temperature (24.2°C), high RH(91%), moderate sunshine (5.3 SSH) and moderate rain-fall (26.4 mm).

Pest Species Composition: Three species of LF(Cnaphalocrosis medinalis, Marasmia exigua and Brachmia

arotrea) were present in CRRI farm. However,Cnaphalocrosis medinalis was the dominant one, being80% to 100% in different months. Marasmia exigua wasthe next most prevalent species with 0% to 19% in dif-ferent months and Brachmia arotrea was in low num-bers from 0% to 2.9% during Sep to Nov 2007. Amongthe stem borers Scirpophaga incertulas was the domi-nant species prevalent in the area. The incidence ofChilo suppressalis was in traces.

Evaluation of New Molecules of Fungicides, andBotanical Products against Rice Blast Disease

The trial was conducted on blast susceptible vari-ety HR 12 sown on 11 Sep. Natural leaf blast infectionwas observed on 30 Oct. Three fungicidal sprays weregiven starting from 5 Nov at 12-days intervals.Observations were recorded on the day of the initialsymptoms and were continued until the diseasereached 80% in the untreated check plots. Grain yieldwas recorded after the harvest of the crop on 19 Dec.All the test formulations were highly significant overthe untreated in checking the disease and increasinggrain yield. Baan 75 WP, RIL 013/F1 35 SC @ 2.0 ml/l, Protega 300 SC, Nativo 75 WG and Fuji-One 40 EChad significantly yield of nearly 100% over the check.

Chemical Control of Sheath Blight of RiceOf the four fungicides tested, Spencer 24 SC @ 0.75

ml/l was the best. It resulted in an yield of 4.6 t/ha. Itcontrolled the disease by 10.8%, which was on par withSheathmar 3L compared to yield of 2.4 t/ha with adisease of 57.8% in the control.

Testing the Bioefficacy of New Molecules ofChemicals against BLB

Chemical Kocide 3000 46.1% DF (30% metallic cop-

per) from DuPont India Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon was testedagainst BLB (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) in fivedosages (1 g/l, 1.5 g/l, 2 g/l, 2.5 g/l and 3 g/l) in thefield during kharif 2007. The plants of susceptible vari-ety Tapaswini were inoculated with a virulent strainof X. oryzae at the active tillering stage. The chemicalin different dosages was sprayed three times at oneweek interval starting from the appearance of the dis-ease. The observations on disease incidence were taken15 days after the last application of the treatments. Thechemical was most effective @ 3 g/l controlling thedisease by 66.62% that increased the yield by 49.89%.However, this chemical was less effective than the rec-ommended one of Streptocycline + Copperoxycidechloride (150 mg + 1 g/l) that reduced the dis-ease incidence by 69.61% and increased the yield by54.66%. No phytotoxicity was observed at any con-centration of the test chemical.

Testing the Efficacy of New Molecules of Chemicalsand other Products against RTD and its Vectors

Among the six test new molecules tested under fieldconditions against RTD and vectors (Clothianidin)Dantap 50WDG @ 0.06 g/l water or (Imidacloprid)Confidor 200SL @ 0.25 ml/l or (Deltamethrin) Dadeci5.625 EC @ 3 ml/l significantly reduced RTD and itsvector (GLH-Nv and Nn).

Development, Evaluation andValidation of IPM Modules for

different Rice Ecologies

Upland RiceA field trial was conducted for IPM in upland rice

during kharif 2007 at KVK, Santhapur, Cuttack with alocal variety Kolia and HYV Anjali. Two managementpractices, one schedule-based protection whereinMonocrotophos was applied @ 0.5 kg ai/ha 30 daysafter germination and another, need-based protectionin which seed treatment was done with Chlorpyriphos20 EC @ 3.75 l/100 kg seed and application ofMonocrotophos @ 0.5 kg ai/ha at maximum pest in-festation and was compared with farmers’ practice (noprotection/control). The results of the trial revealedthat the highest grain yield of 3.75 t/ha, with the least


83

DH of 3.5%, WEH of 2% and termite damage of 3.1%were recorded in the need-based protection practicein variety Anjali. Need-based treatment was muchbetter than that of schedule-based protection practicein reducing the insect damage and increasing the grainyield in both the varieties. The results are in Table 26.

Irrigated RiceA field experiment was conducted with variety

Pooja with three treatments, namely, IPM, insecticideand untreated control. The crop experienced moder-ate infestation of hispa and low infestation of gallmidge, LF and YSB. Gundhi bug posed a major prob-

lem at milky stage. IPM treatment of 0.5% neem oilwas applied as foliar spray at the commencement ofhispa and LF infestation during the last week of Augand neem and karanja seed powder @ 20 kg/ha wasbroadcast during the last week of Sep at the beginningof YSB and gall midge infestation. 20% extract of wa-ter pepper plant was sprayed at milky stage for gundhibug control. Insecticide treatment comprised of foliarspray of Chlorpyriphos @ 0.5 kg ai/ha.

Observations @ 50 DAT included 1.9% to 3.8% SS,1.9 to 7% leaf damage by larvae of LF and 3.03% to9.76% WEH. However, the damage symptom was al-ways highest in the untreated control than the IPMtreatments. Significant reduction in population of hispaand gundhi bug was marked with botanical treatmentswith six hispa/hill and five gundhi bugs/sweep netas against 18 and 17 in the control, respectively. Ac-cordingly, grain yield was significantly higher in IPMtreatment (5.1 t/ha) than the untreated control (3.4 t/

In an IPM field trial rice Anjali yielded 3.75 t/ha with

need-based protection practice.

CR

RI P

hoto

libra

ry


Table 26. Insect pest management in upland rice in kharif 2007.

Yield

Termite increase

DH (%) WEH (%)@ damage (%) Yield overTreatments @ 48 DAG harvest @ 33 DAG (t/ha) control (%)

Schedule-based protection in Kolia 6.9 (15.3) 5 (12.9) 6.2 (14.3) 1.72 54.9

Need-based protection in Kolia 4.3 (11.9) 2.6 (9.3) 3.5 (10.9) 2.36 112.6

Farmers’ practice in Kolia 9.2 (17.7) 7.29 (15.6) 8.4 (16.8) 1.11 -

Schedule-based protection in Anjali 6.4 (14.6) 5.4 (13.5) 6.9 (15.2) 3.11 38.2

Need-based protection in Anjali 3.5 (10.8) 2 (9.5) 3.1 (10.1) 3.75 66.7

Farmers’ practice in Anjali 9.1 (17.6) 8.1 (16.6) 8.9 (17.4) 2.25 -

CD at 5% for treatment 1.33 0.93 1.06 0.33

CD at 5% for varieties - - - 0.27

84

ha) and was more or less equal to the insecticide treat-ment (5.2 t/ha).

Rainfed Lowland Unfavourable (Shallow andMedium Deep) Rice Ecology

An experiment with rice Durga, Sarala, Varshadhanand Savitri in lowlands was conducted during kharif

2007 to study the combined effect of biological controlon borer infestation. In prophylactic protection, oneround of Carbofuran granule @ 1 kg ai/ha was givenseven days before uprooting the seedlings. Pheromonetraps were treated @ 20 traps/ha supplemented withT. japonicum @ 50,000/ha x 3 times at weekly inter-vals. Of four varieties, Varshadhan had the lowest in-cidence of YSB (8.10% DH) and 3% WEH. It yielded6.4 t/ha followed by Durga 5.5 t/ha.

Deepwater RiceThe experiment was conducted in the deepwater

rice field in the CRRI farm. Summer ploughing wasdone in all treatments including the control. Seed treat-ment with Furadan @ 0.1 kg ai/100 kg seed and Captan

@ 2 g/kg combined with field application of neem cake@ 500 kg/ha and use of Trichogramma (50,000 eggs/ha-thrice) reduced infestation of YSB by 89%, root knotby 84%, and BLB by 82% over the control. Need-basedapplication of Carbosulfan @ 500 ml/ha reduced YSBby 80%, and root knot by 72% over the control.

Hybrid RiceHybrid Ajay and HYV Swarna were grown in the

field during kharif 2007. Severe incidence of gall midgewas observed. In the protected plot Ajay recorded 4.4%SS, whereas, in the unprotected plots it was 43.8.Swarna a variety highly susceptible to GM scored 9.3%SS under protection and 44.4% SS under no protec-tion. Under protected condition Ajay recorded thehighest grain yield of 6.1 t/ha compared to 5.2 t/haby Swarna.

Trials undertaken in farmers’ field at Jhadeswarpur,Bhairpur and Satyabhamapur in Cuttack district pro-duced a grain yield of 6.85 t/ha for Rajalaxmi, 6.3 t/ha for Ajay and 4.84 t/ha for the HYV check Swarna.

Under protected conditions with an IPM package,

hybrid Ajay yielded 6.1 t/ha.

In trials hybrid Rajalaxmi yielded 6.85 t/ha.

Rav

i Vis

wan

atha

nR

avi V

isw

anat

han


85

Success Story

Rice Blast controlled by Bael/Tulsi Extract

SEVERE incidence of rice blast (65–75%) in rice Lalat was reported to the CRRI from a farmers’ fieldin Vanipada, Cuttack district, Orissa during rabi 2007–08. The infection in the crop was at its maxi-

mum tillering stage.The technology for the use of botanical extracts from bael/tulsi developed at the CRRI for the control

of rice blast was transferred to the farmer. He was trained in the field on the use of ecofriendly andenvironmentally non-pollutive means of controlling the disease. The farmer was told to spray leaf ex-tracts of Aegle marmelos (bael) in one part of the field and Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi) in another part. Asynthetic fungicide (Hinosan) purchased by the farmer from the market was also sprayed separately inrest of the field. The spraying was done twice at an interval of seven days. The farmer Shri T. Swainapplied the extract as demonstrated on his field and thereby, protected his crop effectively from thedisease. On a subsequent visit by the team from the CRRI the disease was only 2% in either bael/tulsiextract treated plot, whereas in the synthetic fungicide Hinosan treated plot the disease intensity wasstill 25%. The untreated field had a blast disease intensity of 85%. (Photos: B. Behera)

The photograph (top) shows the severe incidence of blast in rice Lalat in farmers’ field in Vanipada.

Application of bael extract (below left) and tulsi extract (below right) resulted in the recovery of the rice.


86

Database Creation

Collection and Computerization of Rice Informationin India and in the World

District-wise database on rice area, production andproductivity of all states of India was created/updatedfrom 1960–61 to 2005–06. Metadata on rice area, pro-duction and productivity was used to categorize vari-ous agroclimatic zones of each state as per NARP clas-sifications. Further, state-wise information wasgrouped into five regions for which area, productionand yield of rice, variability and differential produc-tion functions utilizing decomposition analysis dur-ing 2001-02 to 2005-06 was worked out to:

Study the trend in area, production and pro-ductivity of rice.

To measure the magnitude of variability inarea, production and productivity.

To study the relative contribution of area, pro-ductivity and interaction to the total production.

Six mathematical functions were fitted to thegrowth trend of area, production and productivity.Quadratic form of equation was identified as the bestexpression based on highest coefficient of determina-tion (R2).

The eastern zone occupied more than 60% of thearea of rice contributing about 52% of the rice produc-tion in India with a productivity of 1.7 t/ha.

Studies on the magnitude of variability in rice area,production and productivity revealed that the coeffi-cient of variation of the rice area varied from 2.1 to14.5 and that of productivity from 1.5 to 16.1 suggest-ing that both area and productivity were more or lessstable in all the agroclimatic regions in India. How-ever, high variability was observed in production,ranging from 3.3 to 21.5. The highest variability of 21.5was noticed in the southern zone due to high variabil-ity recorded in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu followedby the western zone (19.3) due to high variability inRajasthan and Gujarat.

To determine how far the relative contribution ofarea, productivity and its interaction were responsi-ble for increasing rice production in each region as wellas the whole country, the change in production waspartitioned separately into various effects expressedin percentage. The maximum percentage of produc-tivity effect was observed in all the five regions as wellas in India indicating, thereby, that productivity playeda major role in differential production function dur-ing the last five years. Thus, the right way to increasethe production further is to increase productivity ratherthan area to meet the food demand of an increasingpopulation.

Impact Analysis and Adoption Strategiesfor Various Ecosystem

Assessment of Adoption and Constraint Analysis ofRice Production Technologies

During the year 2007-08 two technologies, namely,rice-fish farming system under rainfed ecosystem andIPM were analyzed for adoption and constraints thatthe farmers, perceived while adopting these technolo-gies.

The constraints experienced by the farmers in adop-tion of rice-fish farming system were:

High initial investments for developing thesystem.

Theft.More labour cost when family labour was not

used.The constraints in adoption of IPM technology

were:Identification of insect pests and natural en-

emies.Technological know-how.Availability of required pesticides and appli-

ances.

Socio-Economic Research forSustainable Development

Socio-Economic Research for Sustainable Development

87

Entrepreneurial Modules of Selected CRRITechnologies for Training Potential Entrepreneurs:A Process Study

The CRRI technologies selected for developing en-trepreneurial modules were: Manufacturing of engi-neering implements, rice-fish integrated farming sys-tem, hybrid rice seed production, integrated rice farm-ing, production of brown rice, botanical pesticides andseed production technology. Data was collected onmachinery and equipments, preliminary and pre-op-erative expenses, working capital, production relatedaspects, sales realization, interest and taxes from ex-perts, market and other sources.

Based on the data collected a business plan wasdeveloped for manufacturing engineering implementsand rice-fish integrated farming system.

Assessment of Appropriateness of Improved RiceCultivation Technologies Suitable for differentEcosystems

The socio-economic profile of the farmers of se-lected villages viz., Kandabindha, Ganjara,Gundurapasi and Daliki of Odapada block ofDhenkanal district were analyzed. A majority of therespondents (63.75%) were in the middle age groupand educated (55%) up to middle school level. Ricefarming was the main occupation for majority (92.5%)of the farmers. Most of the farmers (38.75%) had me-dium level of social participation. Regarding use ofcommunication sources 72.5% were medium usersfollowed by 13.75% as high and 11.25% as low-usersof communication sources.

The data relating to need perception about rice cul-tivation technologies suitable for upland ecosystem

In FLD on upland rice production technology, the average yield of rice Abhisek was 4.6 t/ha.

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ity. The other income generating activities in order ofrank were ‘kitchen gardening,’ ‘integration of livestockproduction with rice,’ ‘mushroom cultivation,’ ‘prepa-ration of different value added products’ and ‘inte-gration of rice-cum-fish along with other crops.’

The results in Table 27 showed that there was 26.7%gain in empowerment in Kusumjodi Gram Panchayat.

Development and Dissemination ofUpland Rice Production Technology

Frontline DemonstrationsFLD with improved package of practices for culti-

vation of rice variety Anjali (unbunded and bundedupland) and Abhisek (Shallow rainfed lowland) wasconducted in 13 villages Kanchanpur, Sigrawa, Oina,Regatoli, Kandadag, Lepo, Dundua, Bahera, Lem,Sarauni, Amnari, Arabhusai and Bendi, in DistrictsHazaribag, Chatra, Ranchi of Jharkhand covering aarea of 30 ha. The minimum yield of 2.1 t/ha of Anjaliwas obtained in village Kanchanpur. The maximumyield of 5.1 t/ha was obtained in Lepo, Simaria Chatra.The average yield of Anjali was more than 50% higherover the check variety (either IR 36 or local variety).The average yield of Abhisek was 4.6 t/ha with checkvariety IR 64 (3.9 t/ha). The highest yield of Abhisekof 5.6 t/ha was harvested in village Arabhusai,Hazaribag. Local variety Kalamkathi yielded 3 t/ha.

were collected from 80 farmers and 20 extension per-sonnel of the Dhenkanal district. The study revealedthat farmers had identified the need for ‘training onscientific, recommended rice cultivation technologies,’and ‘availability of marketing facilities after harvest-ing’ as the most important ones. Similarly, the exten-sion personnel perceived the need for ‘training on sci-entific, recommended rice cultivation technologies’ asthe most important followed by ‘field demonstrationbefore introduction of a new technology’ as priority inthat order.

Market and Policy Research

Impact of WTO on Global Rice Exports withParticular Reference to India

Analysis of rice exports data for the period 1990-91to 2006-07 revealed that India had increased rice ex-ports by 533% in quantity and 232% in value in termsin the post-WTO period. The non-basmati exports in-creased by 593%, whereas, basmati exports increasedby 94% in value terms during the five year averageending 2006–07 over 1994–95. The major basmati ex-ports from India were to the Middle-east and WestEuropean countries, whereas, major export of non-basmati rice were to West Africa, South Asia, South-ern African, Middle-east and South-east Asia. Par-boiled and white rice types dominated the non-basmatiexports. It was found that during post-WTO period,the export of parboiled rice had increased by 1965%,whereas, that of white rice had increased by 258% invalue terms.

Gender Issues in Rice Farming

Income Generating Opportunities for Tribal andDisadvantaged Farmwomen throughEntrepreneurship Development on Rice-basedFarming System

Analysis of major income generating activities ofthe tribal women revealed that most of the respond-ents had taken up ‘integration of other crops oilseeds,pulses and vegetables with rice’ as the premier activ-


Table 27. Extent of empowerment of tribal farmwomenthrough income generating activities.

Gain in

Gram Index value empower-Panchayats Before After ment ‘t’ value

Kusumjodi 14.71 41.41 26.7 18.661

Barua 18.81 44.81 26 29.411

Kantiokateni 16.11 40.21 24.1 26.661

Total 16.54 42.14 25.6 39.141

1Significant at 1% level of probability.

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Santhapur

TrainingA total 58 training programmes were conducted

on various aspects namely, Use of Farm Implementsin Crop Production, Mushroom Cultivation, IntegratedFish Farming, Harmful Diseases and Pests of Vegeta-ble Crops and their Management, Value Addition ofAgricultural Produce, Dairy , Poultry, Duckery Man-agement, Fodder Production, Animal Feed Manage-ment, Self-help groups Formation, Group Dynamics,Control of Weeds in Groundnut.

A total of 1,580 farmers, farmwomen and ruralyouths of KVK adopted villages were benefitted bythese training programmes. Besides a total of foursponsored training programmes on plantation crop,IPM, INM, Post Harvest Management were organizedby the Horticulture Department in collaboration withKVK, Cuttack.

Frontline DemonstrationsRice Varieties: Varshadhan, Naveen, Ketekijoha,

Geetanjali, Ajay, Rajalaxmi, Gayatri, Pooja, Sarala,Padmini, Anjali and Satabdi were conducted in 26 hainvolving 131 farmers in seven adopted villages viz.,

Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Demonstration on backyard poultry was conducted in

KVK adopted villages. The birds laid 15 eggs/month.

Demonstration of duckery was conducted in

KVK adopted villages. The ducks laid 18 eggs/month.

Satyabhamapur, Nischintakoili, Arada, Buhalo,Sigmapur, Guali and Khetrapal (Table 28).

Demonstrations of sex pheromone traps were con-ducted in 2.67 ha of farmers’ fields for controlling ricestem borer in two adopted villages Usuma andNadiagurudi of Kantapada block using sex pheromonetraps. The pest incidence was reduced by 20%.

Demonstrations on paddy straw mushroom wereconducted for 50 farm women in Mania andSatyabhamapur village of Cuttack district. It yielded2.1 kg/bed.

Demonstrations on oyster mushroom were con-ducted for 100 farmwomen in Jhadeswarpur andBuhalo village of Cuttack district. The oyster mush-room yielded 1.82 kg/bed.

Demonstrations of duckery (500 one-day-oldchicks) developed by CARI, Bhubaneswar were con-ducted in the fields of 27 farmers in extensive systemin villages Barang, Santhapur, Jhadeswarpur andMadhyakachha. At the age of sixteen weeks, thesebirds started laying eggs (18 eggs/bird/month).

Demonstrations on backyard poultry varietyVanaraja and Black Rock were conducted in the fieldsof 27 farmers for rearing 350 birds in extensive systemin KVK adopted villages Barang, Santhapur,

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Jhadeswarpur and Madhyakachha. At the age of20 weeks these birds started laying eggs (15 eggs/bird/month) compared to the local bird that laid only 6eggs/month/bird. The male birds at the age of sixmonths attained a weight of 5 kg at the age of one yearwhereas, the local attained a body weight of 2 kg.

Demonstrations on seasonal fodder maize (AfricanTall) were conducted in farmers’ fields of Niali andKantapada Blocks of Cuttack district in 10 ha. Foddermaize yielded 2.5 t/ha.

Oilseeds and PulsesKharif 2007: Demonstration of groundnut TMV 2

and pigeonpea Laxmi were conducted in 5 ha each ben-efiting 13 and 15 farmers respectively in KVK adoptedvillages of Guali, Patapur, Madhapur and Buhalo.Groundnut TMV 2 yielded 2.3 t/ha as against 1.9 t/hafrom check AK 12-24. Pigeonpea Laxmi yielded 2.2 t/ha and local variety UPAS 120 yielded 1.4 t/ha.

Rabi 2007-08: Demonstration on groundnut varietySmruti was conducted in 5 ha area involving 15 farm-ers in adopted villages of KVK namely,Paschimakachha, Guali and Buhalo. Smruti yielded 2.4t/ha and check UPAS 120 1.9 t/ha.

On-farm TestingControl of endoparasites in cattle was conducted

village K.B. Sailoa of Kantapada Block with 10 farm-ers. Application of Albendazole @ 1 ml/5 kg bodyweight reduced calf mortality by 20% and increasedthe conception rate by 15%.

Assessment of crossbred ducks with desi ducks insemi-intensive system was conducted in the fields of10 farmers’ in villages Jhadeswarpur, Santhapur andMadhyakachha. The ducks at the age of five months

A total of 200 animals were treated at the

animal health camp held at Kantapada.

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Table 28. Details of FLD conducted by KVK, Santhapur during kharif 2007.

Yield (t/ha)

Ecosystem Variety Area (ha) Number Critical inputs Demonstration Local

Upland rice Anjali 3.5 17 Seeds 3.1 1.7

Medium land Satabdi 2 10 Seeds 3.4 2.6

Naveen 8 30 Seeds 3.8 2.7

Ketekijoha 0.7 4 Seeds 3.4 2.7

Geetanjali 0.3 2 Seeds 3.8 2.7

Shallow water submergence Pooja 4.7 22 Seeds 4.9 3.3

Padmini 1.2 8 Seeds 3.5 3

Intermediate submergence Gayatri 4 18 Seeds 5.9 3.3

Sarala 1.5 8 Seeds 4.7 3.3

Semi-deep and deepwater Varshadhan 4 20 Seeds 3.9 3.3

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stared laying eggs at an average of 18 eggs/bird/month.

Tissue culture banana G 9 was evaluated by fivefarmers in five adopted villages. It yielded 220 fingers/bunch/plant.

Ginger variety Suprava was given to five farmersin three villages for testing its performance undershade. It yielded 1.3 t/ha.

Rice hybrids Ajay and Rajalaxmi were given tothree farmers in Bhairpur, Jhadeswarpur andSatyabhamapur. Hybrid Rajalaxmi yielded 6.9 t/haand Ajay 6.3 t/ha.

Assessment for yield of high-yielding little gourd

variety CHIG 15 was conducted in KVK adopted vil-lages of Buhalo, Satyabhamapur and Jhadeswarpur.It yielded 60 kg/plant in six months that was an in-crease of 70% over the local variety that gave 35 kg/plant.

High-yielding pointed gourd variety SwarnaAlokiki yielded 30 kg/plant in five months that washigher in yield by 50% over the local variety in KVKadopted villages of Bhairpur and Arada.

Other ActivitiesAnimal Health Camp: Two animal health camps were

organized at Niali on 14 Mar 2008 and at Kantapadaon 20 Mar 2008 in collaboration with the Orissa StateDepartment of Animal Husbandry, Cuttack. A totalof 200 animals were treated against diseases, namely,anoestrus, repeat breeding and string halt.

Animal Deworming Camp: A mass deworming campwas conducted at the Veterinary Dispensary, Mahangaon 19 Sep 2007. A total of 200 goats were treated withAlbendazole @ 30 mg/kg body weight for the controlof parasitic disease.

Koderma

Raised Bed Cultivation on Productivity of KharifTomato

A survey revealed that farmers were planting kharif

tomato in Koderma district in the plain field that re-sulted in loss due to stem rot. An on-farm trial con-ducted in farmers’ field resulted in increase in yieldfrom 9.5 t/ha to 14.8 t/ha. The incidence of wilt andborer decreased.

Prevention and Control of Common InfectiousDisease in Animals

Vaccination with H.S. + B.Q. vaccine once an year(2 ml s.c.) protected the animals from disease and re-duced the disease incidence. Vaccination after de-worming was better.

Effect of Sowing Methods, Varieties andManagement Practices on Maize Yield

Farmers grow kharif maize with local varietyTinpakhia in Koderma district with traditional meth-

The KVK, Santhapur conducted animal health and

deworming camps.

The KVK, Santhapur conducted training

programmes for farmers.

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The KVK, Koderma conducted various training programmes for farmers.

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Table 29. Effect of planting methods, varieties and management practice on maize yield and yield component.

Plant height Length of Grains/ Yield (t/ha)

Treatments Plants/m2 (cm) cobs (cm) cob Grain Fodder

Local variety Tinpakhya, broadcast, N top-

dressed (33 kg/ha) 14 1.13 8.7 114 2.7 8.4

Maize variety Shaktiman 4, line sown

(60 cm x 20 cm) by punch planter withNPK @ 100 : 60 : 40 kg/ha, pre-emergence

Atrazine @ 1 kg ai/ha, Carbofuran @ 25 kg/

ha and earthing, 20 days after germination 8 2.16 14 324 4.2 32

Maize variety Shaktiman 4, sown behindplough with NPK @ 100 : 60 : 40 kg/ha,

pre-emergence Atrazine @ 1 kg ai/ha and

Carbofuran @ 25 kg/ha 8 1.88 13.7 289 3.8 29

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ods of cultivation. Improved maize variety Shaktimansown with punch planter with improved managementpractices outyielded the traditional maize varietyTinpakhia (Table 29).

Oyster Mushroom: Source of Income to ResourcePoor Farmers

Farm families in Koderma district grow rice inkharif and wheat in rabi if water is available. Cashflow is a constraint. Oyster mushroom grown in

Imparting training to farmers in upland rice production technology was

one of the activities of the KVK, Koderma.

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farmers’ house with locally availablepaddy straw, wheat straw and acombination of both was remunerative.

Potassium Application and Yield ofPotato

Farmers apply only DAP and ureain potato in district Koderma. Imbalancefertilization reduces the tuber yield ofpotato. An on-farm trial conducted toevaluate potato Kufri Ashoka showedthat the application of potassium in-

Table 30. Effect of potassium application on potato yield.

Tuber Tuber length YieldFertilization (number/m2) (cm) (t/ha)

Farmers’ practice NPK @60 : 30 : 0 kg/ha 18 4.4 9.5

NPK @ 100 : 60 : 40 kg/ha 22 5.3 14.1

NPK @ 100 : 60 : 50 kg/ha 30 6.7 20

NPK @ 100 : 60 : 60 kg/ha 44 6.7 30.4

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creased the yield many-fold over the traditionalmethod of potato cultivation (Table 30).

Effect of Seeding Methods on Rice ProductivityDay-by-day, availability of labour is becoming a

constraint for cultivation of transplanted rice. This isone of the reasons for low productivity of rice. Theyield of rice with rice varieties Anjali, Hazaridhan and

Dhanrasi, under both direct-seeded (zero tillage) andtransplanted condition in farmers’ field was compared.The results showed that the productivity of rice wasmore and cost of cultivation was less under direct seed-ing than that of transplanted rice.

TrainingThe KVK organized 66 training courses (Table 31).

Other ActivitiesThe KVK organized various extension activities for

the benefit of farmers. The list of these extension ac-tivities is given in Table 32.

Oyster mushroom was a remunerative enterprise for

resource poor farmers.

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Table 31. Training conducted by KVK, Koderma.

Type of Number of SC/ST General Grand

participants courses Male Female Total Male Female Total total

Practicing farmers

(male + female) 53 194 39 233 804 228 1,032 1,265

Rural youth 11 31 47 78 174 42 216 294

Extension personnel 2 - 11 11 - 26 26 37

Total 66 225 97 322 978 296 1,274 1,596

Table 32. List of extension activities organized by theKVK, Koderma.

Activities Number Beneficiaries

Package and practicesdirect seeded rice 2 193

Resource conservation, wheat 5 869

DSR zero till rice 1 105

Kishan gosthi 1 41

Film show 3 78

Animal health camp 4 225

Lecture 40 1,587

Newspaper coverage 60 -

TV Talk 15 -

Advisory service 861 861

Visits to field 1,165 1,165

Artificial insemination 58 58

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Research PapersDani, R.C., Das, L., Saha, S., and Mishra, S.K., 2007.

Impact of on-farm trials on integrated pest manage-ment on the knowledge level of farmers. Oryza, 44(3):256–259.

Das, S., Subudhi, H.N., and Reddy, J.N., 2007. Ge-netic variability in grain quality characteristics andyield in lowland rice genotypes. Oryza, 44 (4): 343–346.

Das, S., Das, A., and Ramakrishnayya, G., 2007.Root oxidase activity and higher carbohydrate levelshelp survive submergence stress in rice (Oryza sativa

L). Ind. J. Agril. Biochem 20 (1): 13–15.Das, S., Subudhi, H.N., and Reddy, J.N., 2007. Ge-

netic variability in grain quality characteristics andyield in lowland rice genotypes. Oryza. 44 (4): 343–346.

Krishnan, P., Swain, D.K., Baskar, C., Nayak, S.K.,and Dash, R.N., 2007. Simulation studies on the ef-fects of elevated CO2 and temperature on rice yield inEastern India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment

122(2), 233–242.Maiti, D., Shukla, V.D., Variar, M., Mehdi, M.M.,

and Rath, P.C., 2007. Validation of IPM strategy forrainfed upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under mediumrainfall plateau of eastern India through on-farm tri-als. Oryza, 44(2): 140–144.

Mandal, B., Majumder, B., Adhya, T.K.,Bandyopadhyay, P.K., Gangopadhyay, A., Sarkar, D.,Kundu, M.C., Gupta, Choudhury, S., Hazra, G.C.,Kundu, S., Samantray, R.N., and Misra, A.K., 2008.The potential of double-cropped rice ecology to con-serve organic carbon under subtropical climate. Glo-

bal Change Biology 14: 2,139–2,151.

Nandagopal, V., 2007. Sex lure of groundnut leafminer attracting potential males. Journal of Applied

Zoological Research 18(1): 62.Nandagopal, V., Prasad, T.V., Gedia, M.V., and

Choudhary, L., 2007. Laboratory observation on the

post embroyonic development and metamorphosis ofCaryedon serratus (Oliver)—the major storage pest ofgroundnut. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 18(2):133–138.

Nandagopal, V., and Rathod Rajiv, 2007. Develop-ment of efficient pheromone trap for field catch ofSpodoptera litura (F.) in groundnut and castor ecosys-tem. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 18(1): 29–32.

Nandagopal, V., Geetha, N., and Gedia, M.V., 2007.Evaluation of sampling procedure for leaf hopper andthrips in Groundnut. J. Ent. Res. 31(4): 279–284.

Nandagopal, V., Prasad, T.V., Gedia, M.V.,Prakash., Anand, and Rao, Jagadiswari Rao., 2007. Lifehistory, distribution and management of Caryedon ser-

ratus Olivier. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 18(2):93–107.

Nayak, D.R., Jagadeesh Babu, Y., and Adhya, T.K.,2007. Long-term application of compost influencesmicrobial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropicalaeric endoaquept planted to rice under flooded con-dition. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39: 1,897–1,906.

Nayak, D.R., Babu, Y.J., Datta, A., and Adhya, T.K.,2007. Methane oxidation in an intensively croppedtropical rice field soil under long-term application oforganic and mineral fertilizers. J. Environ. Qual. 36:1,577–1,584.

Nayak, S., Misra, S., and Dhua, U., 2007. Culturalgrowth on different media and molecular studies ofA. flavus isolates collected from stored rice of Cuttackdistrict. Pl. Sc. Res., 29 (1&2): 27–33.

Panda, D., Sharma, S.G., and Sarkar, R.K., 2007.Chlorophyll fluorescence transient analysis and itsassociation with submergence tolerance in rice (Oryza

sativa). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 77: 344–348.Panda, D., Sharma, S.G., and Sarkar, R.K., 2008.

Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, CO2 photosyn-thetic rate and regeneration capacity as a result of com-plete submergence and subsequent re-emergence inrice (Oryza sativa L.). Aquatic Bot., 88: 127–133.

Publications

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Patra, B.C., Patnaik, S.S.C., and Sarkar, R.K., 2006(Printed in 2007). Rice donors tolerant to completesubmergence. Indian J. Plant Genetic Res., 19: 132–133.

Prakash, A., Nandagopal, V., and Rao, J., 2007.Pheromones for the management of insect pests in fieldand stored rice—a review. Journal of Applied Zoological

Research 18(1): 1–8.Prasad, T.V., Nandagopal, V., Gedia, M.V., Koradia,

V.G., and Patel, H.V., 2007. Effect of intercropping onthe yield and yield parameters of groundnut (Arachis

hypogaea). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 77 (8):515–518.

Prasad, T.V., Nandagopal, V., Gedia, M.V.,Makwana, A.D., and Patel, H.V., 2007. Simulated de-foliation during different growth stages to assess in-sect damage and yield losses in Spanish groundnut,Arachis hypogaea L. J. Oilseeds Res. 24(2): 283–285.

Rath, N.C., Das L., Mishra, S.K., and Lenka, S., 2007.Adoption of upland rice technologies and its correlates.Oryza 44 (4): 347–350.

Rautaray, S.K., 2007. Effect of spacing and fertilizerdose on grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in rice-ricecropping sequence. Oryza 44 (3): 285–287.

Rautaray, S.K., 2008. Productivity and economicsof rice based utera crops for lower Assam. Journal of

Food Legumes (Indian Journal of Pulses Research) 21(1):51-52.

Rautaray, S.K., 2008. Performance of rice (Oryza

sativa)-utera pea (Pisum sativum) cropping system asinfluenced by management practices. Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 78 (8): 51–53.Rautaray, S.K., 2007. Strategies for crop production

in flood affected areas of Assam. Indian Farming 57(6):4–6 and 36.

Rautaray, S.K., 2008. Earning more through rice-rice-rice cropping system in irrigated lowland areas.Indian Farming 57(12): 23–24.

Samal, P., 2007. Natural calamities, rice production

loss and risk coping strategies: The case of Orissa. In-

dian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62 (3): 529–530.Swain, D., Heathi, S., Chandrabaskar, B., Krishnan,

P., Rao, K. S., Nayak, S. K., and Dash., R.N., 2007. De-veloping ORYZA 1N for Medium- and Long-DurationRice: Variety Selection under Non-Water-Stress Con-ditions. Agronomy Journal (USA) 99: 428–440.

Book ChaptersAdhya, T.K., Pathak, H., and Chhabra, A., 2007. N-

fertilizers and gaseous-N emission from rice-basedcropping systems. In Abrol, Y.P., Raghuram, N., andSachdev, M.S. (Editors), Agricultural Nitrogen Use andIts Environmental Implications, I.K. International Pub-lishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp. 459–476.

Nandagopal, V., Prakash, A., Rao, J., Yadav, J.S.Prasad, A.R., 2008. Pheromones: Principles and Prac-tices. AZRA, India, pp, 330.

Panda, D., Sharma, S.G., and Sarkar, R.K., 2008.Chlorophyll fluorescence: An easy tool for identifica-tion of submergence tolerant rice cultivars. In Envi-ronmental Biotechnology and Biodiversity Conserva-tion (Editors M.K. Das), Daya Publishing House, DaryaGanj, New Delhi, pp. 56–66.

Samal, P., Singh, O. N. and Z. Islam. 2007. Rice va-riety Durga for the semi-deep and deep water ecosys-tems of Orissa, India. In ‘Technologies for improvingrural livelihoods in rainfed systems in South Asia’, Z.Islam, M. Hossain, T. Paris, B. Hardy and J. Gorsuch(eds), pp. 80–83. International Rice Research Institute,Philippines.

Samal, P., Nayak, J. and Z. Islam. 2007. How mush-rooms paved the way to success for Jayant Kumar Routof Orissa, India. In ‘Technologies for improving rurallivelihoods in rainfed systems in South Asia’, Z. Is-lam, M. Hossain, T. Paris, B. Hardy and J. Gorsuch(eds), pp. 53–55. International Rice Research Institute,Philippines.

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Research Advisory Committee

The XIII Meeting of the Research Advisory Com-mittee (RAC) was held at Central Rice Research Insti-tute, Cuttack on 5 Sep 2007. The following membersof the RAC were present in the meeting.

Dr M. Mahadevappa ......................... Chairman

Dr S.C. Mani .......................................... Member

Dr D.S. Mishra ...................................... Member

Dr B.N. Chaudhury .............................. Member

Dr S.S. Rahangdale .....Farmers’ representative

Dr M.P. Pandey .................................... Member

Dr T.K. Adhya ..................... Member-Secretary

Dr A. Satyanarayana and Dr K.P. Gopinathan,Members, Dr S.N. Shukla, ADG (FFC), ICAR and ShriSrikant Jena, Farmers’ Representative, could not par-ticipate in this meeting due to preoccupation.

The evaluation by the RAC began with a field visitto the different experiments being conducted in kharif

2007. The Chairman and the Members evinced inter-est in the different field experiments. The concernedscientists explained the field experiments in detail andalso answered the queries. The RAC also visited thelaboratories and interacted with the scientists at the

divisional level so as to have first-hand knowledge onthe ongoing research and extension activities.

In the open session of the meeting Dr M.P. Pandey,Director, presented the highlights of the researchachievements and other activities pertaining to Oct2006 to Aug 2007. He emphasized on theinfrastructural developments including developmentof testing facilities for abiotic stress under all ecologies.Dr T.K. Adhya, presented the details of the action takenreport (ATR) on the recommendations of the XII RAC.Expressing satisfaction over implementation of therecommendations of the last RAC, the proceedings andATR were accepted by the RAC. Dr D.P. Sinhababu,Member-Secretary, Staff Research Council (SRC) re-ported on the salient features of the programme ofwork as approved by the SRC for 2007-08 and the ac-tivity milestones for the XI Plan period (2007-12) aswell as for the Externally-aided Projects (EAPs). Co-ordinators of the Multidisciplinary Institute Pro-grammes (MIPs) and Supportive Divisional Pro-grammes (SDPs) presented the progress in researchthat broadly included Crop Improvement and Biotech-nology, Crop Production, Crop Protection, Physiology,Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Social Sci-ence and Technology Transfer.

RAC, IMC, SRC, SAC Meetings

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI (second from left) clarifies the

research progress at the XIII Meeting of the RAC.B

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Institute Management Committee

18th MeetingThe 18th meeting of the IMC was held on 30 Jun

2007 under the Chairmanship of Dr M.P. Pandey. Itwas attended by:

Dr Dibakar Naik, Dean of Research, OUAT,Bhubaneswar ........................................ Member

Dr S.S. Rahangdale............................... Member

Dr S.K. Naskar, Principal Scientist and Head,Regional Station of Central Tuber CropsResearch Institute, Bhubaneswar ....... Member

Dr G.J.N. Rao, Head, Crop ImprovementDivision, CRRI, Cuttack ...................... Member

Shri S.K. Sinha, Senior Administrative Officer,CRRI, Cuttack .................... Member-Secretary.

The Chairman presented the Institute’s researchachievements during Jan–May 2007. The committeereviewed the research and technical progress, and fi-nalized the action plan.

19th MeetingThe 19th Meeting of the IMC was held at CRRI,

Cuttack on 6 Mar 2008 under the Chairmanship of DrM.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI. It was attended by:

Dr Dibakar Naik, Dean of Research, OUAT,Bhubaneswar ........................................ Member

Dr Babaji Giri, Joint Director of Agriculture, Gov-ernment of Orissa, Bhubaneswar ....... Member

Dr S.K. Naskar, Principal Scientist and Head,Regional Station of Central Tuber Crops Re-search Institute, Bhubaneswar ........... Member

The 18th meeting of the IMC that was held on 30 Jun 2007 at CRRI in Cuttack reviewed the

research and technical progress, and finalized an action plan.

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The 19th meeting of the IMC held on 6 Mar 2008 deliberated on the progress of research and

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Dr G.J.N. Rao, Head, Crop Improvement Divi-sion, CRRI, Cuttack .............................. Member

Shri S.K. Sinha, Senior Administrative Officer,CRRI, Cuttack ..................... Member-Secretary

The Chairman briefed the Members on the progressof research from Jun to Dec 2007. Various administra-tive and financial issues were discussed and approved.

Staff Research Council

20th MeetingThe 20th meeting of the SRC was held from 21 to 28

and 31 May 2007 under the Chairmanship of the Di-rector, Dr M.P. Pandey. The research programmes forthe XI five year plan were discussed and approved.

21st MeetingThe 21st Meeting of the SRC was held from 28 to 29

Sep 2007 for presentation of the results of kharif 2006and rabi 2007.

Institute Joint Staff Council

The Institute Joint Staff Council (IJSC) meeting washeld on 22 Dec 2007 at CRRI, Cuttack. The meetingwas attended by:

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director .................. Chairman

Dr S.N. Tewari, Principal Scientist .... Member

Dr A.K. Mishra, Principal Scientist .... Member

Shri S.K. Sinha, SAO ............................ Member

Shri P.C. Naik, I/c FAO ...................... Member

Shri S.K. Mathur AAO....... Secretary (Official)

Shri D.K. Parida, UDC ......................... Member

Shri Satyabrata Nayak, UDC .............. Member

Shri S.C. Pradhan, T-5 ............... Member CJSC

Shri Arun Panda, T-3 ......Secretary (Staff Side)

Shri S.K. Ojha, T-3 ................................ Member

Shri B.K. Behera, S.S. Grade-III .......... Member

Shri B.B. Das, S.S. Grade-III ................ Member

The meeting deliberated on various administrative,financial and development progress. It was also de-

cided to bring out a Souvenir on the 62nd CRRI Foun-dation Day.

Scientific Advisory Committee ofKrishi Vigyan Kendras

KVK, SanthapurThe 9th Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) meet-

ing of the KVK, Santhapur was held at CRRI, Cuttackon 31 Mar 2008. The following were present.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI, Cuttack ........................................................................... Chairman

Prof. V. Nath, Head, CHES, Bhubaneswar.............................................................................Member

Dr B.K. Panda, I/c CARI Regional Center,Bhubaneswar ............................................Member

Dr G.C. Sar, Sub-divisional Veterinary Officer,Cuttack .......................................................Member

Shri A.C. Jena, Programme Executive (Farm Sec-tion) AIR, Cuttack ....................................Member

Shri H. Mallick, AE (Civil), M.S. Division, Cuttack....................................................................Member

Shri B.B. Pattnayak, Agronomist, C/O DDA,Cuttack .......................................................Member

Shri D.C. Sahoo, Horticulturist, Cuttack ................................................................................Member

Shri R.C. Senapati, Assistant Engineer, C/O SCO,Cuttack .......................................................Member

Shri Narottam Jena, Soil Conservation Range Of-ficer, C/O SCO, Cuttack .........................Member

Smt P. Ojha, Farmwomen Representative ..............................................................................Member

Shri A.K. Samal, Farmers’ Representative ..............................................................................Member

Choudhury B.R., Praharaj, Farmers’ Representa-tive ..............................................................Member

Dr J.R. Mishra, I/c Programme Coordinator KVK,Cuttack ..................................... Member-Secretary

Dr J.R. Mishra, I/c, presented the Annual ProgressReport of the KVK for the period from 1 Apr 2007 to31 Mar 2008 and the Action Plan for 2008-09. It was


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followed by interaction among the members of vari-ous line departments.

KVK, Jainagar, KodermaThe meeting held on 10 March 2008 was attended

by:Dr R.K. Singh, Officer-in-charge, KVK, Koderma

Dr P.K. Sinha, Officer-in-charge, CRURRSHazaribag

Sister Joseline, Programme Co-ordinator, KVKHazaribag

Shri D.K. Deewan, ZCU, Kolkata,

District Agriculture Officer, Koderma,

LDM, Bank of India, Koderma,

District Animal Husbandry Officer, Koderma,

District Fisheries Officer, Koderma,

District Dairy Development Officer, Koderma,

Dr R.S. Pan, Senior Scientist, HARP, Ranchi

Dr Munawar Senior Scientist, IINRG, Ranchi

Dr S. Shekhar, SMS, KVK, Koderma

Representatives from press, farmers group, womenself-help groups and progressive farmers.

Dr R.K. Singh presented the progress of work. Dur-ing the deliberations questions were asked on sourceof technology demonstrated to farmers, fundingagency/source of funding for different trials, and seedproduction at instructional farm. The house empha-sized the need to include released varieties in FLD andOFT trials. The meeting ended with finalisation of pro-gramme.

The 9th Scientific Advisory Committee meeting of the KVK, Santhapur was

held at CRRI, Cuttack on 31 Mar 2008.

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The Scientific Advisory Committee meeting of the

KVK, Koderma that was held on 31 Mar 2008

deliberated on the progress of work and

finalized the programme.

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DR M.P. Pandey (Director) along with Drs O.N.Singh, R.N. Dash, P. Samal and A. Ghosh par-

ticipated in Annual Review and Planning Meeting ofthe ADB-funded project on “Development and dis-semination of water saving rice technologies in SouthAsia” held at Rural Development Academy, Bogra,Bangladesh during 2–7 Apr 2007.

Drs S.G. Sharma and Sanjukta Das participated inan international workshop on “Clearing old hurdleswith new science: improving rice grain quality and es-tablishing an international network for quality rice”held at IRRI, Philippines during 17–19 Apr 2007.

Dr S. Sasmal participated in a seminar on “SolidWaste Management” at Cuttack on 8 Apr 2007. He pre-sented a paper on ‘Bio-wastes for pest management.’

Drs G.J.N. Rao, S.R. Dhua, R.N. Rao, P. Sen, O.N.Singh, S. Singh, A. Prakash, S.K. Mohanty, K.M. Das,S.G. Sharma, Mayabini Jena, Sanjukta Das, PadminiSwain, Shri R.C. Dani and Shri A. Patnaik from CRRI,Cuttack and Drs N.K. Sarma, S.K. Rautaray and N.Bhakta from RRLRRS, Gerua attended the 42nd AnnualGroup Meeting of AICRIP held at DRR, Hyderabadduring 8 to 11 Apr 2007.

Dr S.R. Dhua attended the 22nd Annual Group Meet-ing of the National Seed Project (Crops) held atDharwad during 24–26 Apr 2007 and another meet-ing on ‘Registration of extant notified varieties of ICARwith the PPV and farmer’s right authority’ held atNBPGR, New Delhi on 14 May 2007.

Dr B. Ramakrishnan availed the Fulbright Indo-American Environmental Leadership Program Fellow-ship at the Department of Microbiology, University ofMassachusetts, United States of America from 15 Mayto 14 Aug 2007.

Dr G.J.N. Rao attended a brain storming meetingon “Bioinformatics in Rice and IB” held at DBT, NewDelhi on 5 Jun 2007 and a national seminar on “RecentTrends in Plant Sciences” held at TJPS College, Gunturduring 28–29 Jun 2007.

Drs R.N. Dash and A. Ghosh visited the WaterTechnology Centre (WTC), IARI, New Delhi on 12 Jun2007 for a discussion about aerobic rice cultivation.

Dr S. Saha attended a national seminar on “Ecores-toration of Soil and Water Resources towards EfficientCrop Production” at BCKV, Nadia (West Bengal) dur-ing 6–7 Jun 2007 and presented a paper on “Ecologi-cally-based Integrated Weed Management in Rice.”

Dr A. Ghosh attended a meeting on “System of RiceCultivation” organized jointly by the Department ofAgriculture, Government of Orissa and World WideFund for Nature-International ICRISAT Project heldat Bhubaneswar on 23 Jun 2007. He also delivered alecture on “System of Rice Cultivation—Myths or Re-ality in Rice Production.”

Dr S.K. Rautaray delivered two lectures on “CropPlanning and Management for Rainfed Lowland Ar-eas” and “Rice-fish Farming System” in a training pro-gramme on “Cropping System Development” organ-ized at NERIWALM, Tezpur (Assam) on 7 Jun 2007.

Dr G.J.N. Rao attended the ICAR Network ProjectMeeting on “Molecular Breeding” at NBPGR, NewDelhi on 20 Jul 2007.

Participation in Symposia/Conferences/Workshops/Training in India and Abroad

Dr B. Ramakrishnan availed the Fulbright Indo-American

Environmental Leadership Program Fellowship at the

Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts,

United States of America from 15 May to 14 Aug 2007.

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Dr K. Pande is on deputation for two years as aRice Expert to the Government of Paramaribo underthe Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation(ITEC) programme from 21 Jul 2007.

Dr G.J.N. Rao, visited Freetown, Sierra Leone as anexpert in the IAEA-TC expert mission from 20 to 28Aug 2007.

Dr S.R. Dhua attended the Round table discussionon “Annual Fee Pert Gene Fund” at GBPUAT,Pantnagar during 7–8 Sep 2007.

Drs Padmini Swain, P.K. Sinha, and N.P. Mandal,attended the International Symposium on “Root biol-ogy and MAS Strategies for Drought Resistance Im-provement in Rice” at Bangalore during 26–29 Sep2007.

Dr Annie Poonam, attended the Summer School on“Resource Conserving Techniques for Improving In-put-use Efficiency and Crop Productivity” at IARI,New Delhi during 4–20 Sep 2007. She also delivered atalk on “System of Rice Intensification—A cost Tech-nology.”

Shri A.K. Sethi, participated in the 43th RefresherCourse for PA’s at institute Secretariat Training andManagement, New Delhi during 2–13 Jul 2007.

Dr P.C. Rath attended a training programme on

“Integrate Pest Management” at the Egyptian Inter-national Center of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt from 10Jul to 25 Sep 2007.

Drs N.K. Sarma and S.K. Rautaray acted as resourcepersons in the short-term farmers training programmeon “Rice Production Technology” at Chongkham,Arunachal Pradesh from 10 to 11 Jul 2007 on the re-quest from the Director, NRC on Yak (ICAR), Dirang,West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh.

Dr P. Samal visited IRRI, the Philippines during 7to 20 Aug 2007, as a visitor in the Social Sciences Divi-sion Dir (SSD) under the project “Accelerating Tech-nology Adoption to Improved Rural Livelihoods onthe Rainfed Eastern Gangetic Plains.”

Dr K.Srinivasa Rao, who was on deputation as RiceExpert to the Government of Fiji, under the ITEC pro-gramme of the Ministry of External Affairs, Govern-ment of India, resumed his duties at CRRI, Cuttackfrom 13 Aug 2007.

Dr N.K. Sarma attended the inaugural session ofthe Meen Prashikshon Sibir (Fishery Training) Organ-ized jointly by Assam Science, Technology and Envi-ronment Control Borad and Deepar Beel PispornSampradaya Co-operative Society on 27 Aug 2007 atAzara, Guwahati.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director (first row, tenth from right) attended

the IRRC Steering Committee Meeting at Hanoi, Vietnam from 8–10 Oct 2007.

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Dr S.K. Rautaray and Smt Anjali Swargiary at-tended the ZREAC meeting for Lower BrahmaputraValley Zone at AAU, Gossaigaon on 25 Sep 2007.

Dr O.N. Singh attended the training programmeon “IRRI Rice Breeding Course” at IRRI, Philippinesfrom 1 to 8 Oct 2007.

Dr B. Ramakrishnan, acted as a Resource Personand delivered a Lead Lecture on “Genetic Fingerprint-

ing of Microbial Communities by TRFLP,” in the Na-tional Training Programme on “Microbial Identifica-tion Modules for Some Agriculturally Important Mi-croorganisms,” organized by the National Bureau ofAgriculturally Important Microorganism (NBAIM),Mau, Uttar Pradesh on 3 Oct 2007.

Dr K. Srinivasa Rao, attended the 2nd National Sym-posium on SRI in India—Progress and Prospects atAgartala during 3–5 Oct 2007.

Dr S.R. Dhua attended a meeting on “Review ofPreparedness for DUS Testing” at NASC, New Delhifrom 4 to 5 Oct 2007.

Dr G.J.N. Rao attended the Institute TechnologyManagement Committee Meeting of CIFA,Bhubaneswar as Expert Member on 5 Oct 2007.

Dr S.K. Rautaray attended a meeting for finaliza-tion of AAU Technologies to be tested under OFT pro-gramme in Assam at the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences,Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara on 8 Oct2007.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director attended the IRRC Steer-ing Committee Meeting at Hanoi, Vietnam from 8–10Oct 2007. He chaired the session on “Post Productionand Labour Productivity” and also attended the con-current session and field tour to Hanam province.

Dr Amal Ghosh (first from left) attended the International Workshop on

Aerobic Rice at Beijing, China during 22–25 Oct 2007.

Dr K. Srinivasa Rao who was deputation as a Rice Expert

to Fiji examines a rice line at his research station in Fiji.

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Dr M. Variar participated in the 4th InternationalRice Blast Conference under the “Upland Rice ShuttleBreeding Network” from 9–14 Oct 2007 at ChangshaHuman, China.

Dr P. Krishnan, attended the “National Conferenceon Climate Change” from 12 to 13 Oct 2007 at NAAS,New Delhi. In this Conference several issues on cli-mate change, its impact assessment, enhancing adap-tive capacity and mitigation measures were discussed.Recommendations were made for preparing agricul-tural development project and better policy planning.

Dr P. Krishnan, attended the “Network ProjectMeeting on Climate Change” from 14 to 15 Oct atNASC, New Delhi. In this meeting it was decided tosplit the projects into two or three sub-projects on ad-aptation, mitigation and socio-economic constraintsdue to climate change. Various suggestions made bythe participating scientists were considered. Later theparticipants visited the FACE, and TGT facilities de-veloped at IARI.

Dr N.C. Rath participated in the International Con-ference on “Does Rice Have a Future in Asia” from14–17 Oct 2007 at the Chonnam National University,Gwangju, South Korea.

Dr Amal Ghosh attended the International Work-shop on Aerobic Rice at Beijing, China during 22–25Oct 2007. He presented a poster on “Studies on Physi-cal and Biochemical Root Traits of Aerobic Rice Geno-types under Deficit Water Stress.”

Dr M.P. Pandey attended the International Sym-posium on “Management of Coastal Ecosystem: Tech-nological Advancement and Livelihood Security” or-ganized by the Indian Society of Coastal AgriculturalResearch, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Re-gional Station, Canning Town held at Science City,Kolkata from 27 to 30 Oct 2007 and presented a paperon “Application of Biotechnological Tools for InsectPest Resistance in Improving Rice Productivity.” DrsP. Sen, L. Behera and B.C. Marndi, Sanjoy Saha, andAnnie Poonam also participated. Dr Saha deliveredan invited lead talk on “Rice-based Production Sys-tem for Food and Livelihood Security in EasternCoastal Plain.”

Dr T.K. Adhya attended the International Confer-ence on “Management of Coastal Ecosystem : Techno-logical Advancement and Livelihood Security,” IndianSociety of Coastal Agricultural Research, Kolkata from27 to 30 Oct 2007. He delivered a special lecture“Greenhouse gas emission and coastal agriculture.”He also acted as member of the organizing committeeof the conference and co-chaired the technical sessionIX on “Pollution, Ecology and Environment.”

Dr J.N. Reddy attended the ICAR Review Meetingof Foreign Aided Projects at New Delhi on 29 Oct 2007.

Dr K. Srinivasa Rao, attended the Review Meetingof the foreign-aided projects organized at ICAR, NewDelhi on 29 Oct 2007.

Dr Padmini Swain attended the Review Meeting

Dr M. Variar participated in the 4th International Rice Blast Conference (left) under the

“Upland Rice Shuttle Breeding Network” from 9–14 Oct 2007 at Changsha Human, China.

He examines a blast infected hybrid rice field (right).

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of Foreign-aided Projects at NCIPM, New Delhi on 29Oct 2007.

Drs J.R. Mishra and P.K. Mallick and Shri SrikantLenka attended the Zonal Workshop of KVKs ofOrissa, Chhatisgarh and Madhya Pradesh at OUAT,Bhubaneswar from 30 Oct to 2 Nov 2007.

Dr P. Samal attended the 67th Annual Conferenceof the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics heldat Bankers Institute of Rural Development, Lucknowfrom 5 to 7 Nov 2007 and presented a paper “NaturalCalamities, Rice Production Loss and Risk-copingStrategies—The Case of Orissa.”

Drs Jyoti Nayak and K.M. Das, and Shri S. Lenkaof KVK, Santhapur participated in the Seminar on“Road Map for Agricultural Development in Orissa”from 6 to 7 Nov 2007 organized by the OUAT,Bhubaneswar and presented a paper on “NutritionalGarden for Family, Food and Nutritional Security.”

Drs D.P. Singh and K.R. Mahata participated in theInternational Conference DELT 2007 on “Managing theCoastal Land-water Interface in Tropical Delta Sys-tems,” consisting of two days of formal presentationfollowed by a field trip to coastal site on the third dayand review and planning meeting for CPWF Project 7from 7–10 Nov 2007.

Dr P. Mishra, and Shri A.K. Choudhury, attendedthe QRT meeting of AICRP on Renewable EnergySources (Solar Energy and Biogas Technology) atCIAE, Bhopal from 10 to 16 Nov 2007.

Drs P.K. Sinha,.V.D. Shukla, G.N. Mishra, M.Variar, D. Maiti, Anand Prakash, J. Rao, G. Padhi, R.C.Dani, S.C. Sahu, S. Sasmal, K.S. Behera, C.D. Mishra,M. Jena, T.K. Dangar, P.C. Rath, V. Nandagopal andShri C.V. Singh participated in the National Sympo-sium on “Research Priorities and Strategies in RiceProduction System for Second Green Revolution,” or-ganized by ARRW, CRRI, Cuttack during 20–22 Nov2007. Drs N.C. Rath, K.M. Das, Lipi Das, Jyoti Nayak,and Shri S. Lenka presented a research paper on“Frontline Demonstration for Improving Rice Produc-tivity.” Dr B. Ramakrishnan, made an oral presenta-tion on “Microbial Reduction of Iron in Flooded RiceSoils of India.”

Dr R.K. Singh attended the Annual Meeting of the

Indian Society of Soil Science from 2 to 5 Dec 2007 atBAU, Ranchi.

Drs Anand Prakash, J. Rao and P.C. Rath partici-pated and presented papers in the National Sympo-sium on “Sustainable Pest Management for Safer En-vironment,” from 6 to 7 Dec 2007 at OUAT,Bhubaneswar.

Drs Anand Prakash, J. Rao, G. Padhi, R.C. Dani,S.C. Sahu, S. Sasmal, K.S. Behera, C.D. Mishra, M. Jena,T.K. Dangar, P.C. Rath, V. Nandagopal, P.K. Sinha,V.D. Shukla, M. Variar and D. Maiti participated inthe National Symposium on “Recent Trends in RicePest Management” from 8–9 Dec 2007 at CRRI,Cuttack.

Dr B.C. Patra attended the Farmer’s Training Pro-gramme as a resource person at Kantapara, Cuttack,Orissa on 11 Dec 2007.

Dr J. Nayak attended the training on “GenderMainstreaming in Agriculture,” sponsored by MAN-AGE, Hyderabad at OUAT, Bhubaneswar on 11 Dec2007.

Dr S.G. Sharma, was invited to deliver a lecture on“Specialty Rices for Industrial Products and Profitabil-ity” in the Workshop on “Rice and Food Security” heldat Dimapur, Nagaland during 11–13 Dec 2007.

Drs T.K. Adhya and B. Ramakrishnan, participatedin the 48th Annual Conference of Association ofMicrobiologists of India held at the Indian Institute ofTechnology, Chennai on 18–21 Dec 2007.

Drs N.C. Rath and Lipi Das attended the NationalSeminar on “Appropriate Extension Strategies forManagement of Rural Resources” held at UAS,Dharwad from 18 to 20 Dec 2007.

Dr M.P. Pandey delivered a key note address on“Global Rice Scenario, Achievements and Future Chal-lenges” in the 32nd Annual conference of Orissa Bo-tanical Society held at OUAT, Bhubaneswar on 21 Dec2007.

Dr T.K. Adhya attended the 73rd Anniversary Gen-eral Meeting of the Indian National Science Academyand also participated in a national seminar on ‘ClimateChange’ held at the National Institute of Oceanogra-phy, Goa from 21–23 Dec 2007.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the Crop


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Seminar at OUAT Farm Campus, Bhubaneswar on 8Jan 2008.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the As-sessment Committee Meeting at ASRB, New Delhi, on15 Jan 2008.

Shri R.K. Sahu, Drs Meera Kumari Kar and N.P.Mandal participated in a training on “Marker AssistedSelection (MAS): Theory, Practice and Application,”at IRRI, Philippines from 21 Jan to 1 Feb 2008.

Dr. S.G. Sharma attended the 5th Meeting of theSectional Committee on Food Grains, Starches andReady to Eat Food (FAD 16) held at Manak Bhawan,New Delhi on 22 Jan 2008.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the Farm-ers’ Training programme at CRRI, Cuttack as the ChiefGuest on 1 Feb 2008. This was organized by the Officeof the Horticulturist, Cuttack.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI and Dr S.G. Sharmaattended the Mid-term Review Meeting of the ICARRegional Committee No.II at CIFRI, Barrackpore on 5Feb 2008.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the SeedCommittee Meeting under National Food SecurityMission at New Delhi on 6 Feb 2008.

Dr Anand Prakash attended a National Symposiumon “Eco-friendly IPM in Agriculture” at EntomologyResearch Institute, Loyola College, Chennai from 7 to8 Feb 2008.

Dr T.K. Adhya was invited as an external facultyand delivered a special lecture on “Physiology andmolecular biology of methanogens andmethanotrophs,” at the Department of Microbiology,Vidyasagar University, West Bengal on 11 Feb 2008.

Dr Jyoti Nayak attended the orientation trainingprogrammes for Home Scientists from 11 to 14 Feb 2008at OUAT, Bhubaneswar sponsored by ZC Unit VII,Jabalpur.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the two-day National Seminar on “Strategies for Commerciali-zation of Public-bred Hybrids in India,” at JNKVV,Jabalpur from 23 to 24 Feb 2008.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the Re-view Meeting of Foreign Aided project at ICAR, NewDelhi on 27 Feb 2008.

Dr J.R. Mishra attended the orientation workshopfor the coordinators of field experience training atNAARM, Hyderabad from 6 to 7 Mar 2008.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the An-nual Breeder Seed Review Meeting at NASC Complex,New Delhi on 11 Mar 2008.

Dr J.R. Mishra participated in the training courseon preparation of SREP from 11 to 15 Mar 2008 at IM-AGE, Bhubaneswar.

Dr Anand Prakash attended a National Symposiumon “Integrated Pest and Diseases Management in Aridand Semi-arid Crops” at Arid Forest Research Insti-tute, Jodhpur from 12 to 13 Mar 2008.

Dr T.K. Adhya, Principal Scientist (Microbiology)was nominated as Member, International Union ofMicrobiological Societies National Committee, a con-stituent body of the International Council of ScientificUnions (ICSU) and attended the IUMS National Com-mittee meeting held at INSA, New Delhi on 13 Mar2008.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended thelaunch and planning workshop of BMGF-fundedproject on “Stress tolerant rice for poor farmers of Af-rica and South Asia” and BMZ-funded project on “En-hancing and stabilizing the productivity of salt affectedareas by incorporating genes for tolerance of abioticstresses in rice” at ICAR, New Delhi from 16 to 19 Mar2008.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the OrissaState Seed Sub-Committee Meeting under the Chair-manship of Commissioner-cum-Secretary, Departmentof Agriculture, Government of Orissa on 25 Mar 2008.

Dr T.K. Adhya, Principal Scientist (Microbiology)was invited to act as the Chief Guest and delivered akeynote address in the national seminar on “Removalof soil Pollutants by Microbes,” organized by the De-partment of Applied Microbiology, Utkal University,Bhubaneswar on 29 Mar 2008.

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI attended the FirstState Food Security Mission Executive Committeemeeting at Conference Hall of the Orissa Secretariat,Bhubaneswar on 31 Mar 2008.


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CRRI 61st Foundation Day

The CRRI celebrated its 61st Foundation Day on 23Apr 2007 in its main campus at Cuttack. H.E. the Gov-ernor of Orissa, Shri Rameswar Thakur was the ChiefGuest. Dr S.N. Shukla ADG (FFC), ICAR, New Delhiwas the Distinguished Guest and Dr D.P. Ray, Vice-Chancellor, OUAT was the Guest of Honour. Morethan 400 farmers participated in the programme.

Regional Agriculture Fair 2007

Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon’ble Chief Minister ofOrissa, inaugurated the Regional Agriculture Fair atthe CRRI, Cuttack on 31 Oct 2007. Smt Surama Padhy,Hon’ble Minister of Co-operation, Government ofOrissa, Dr M. Kazmi, Director, Farm Information,Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India and DrD.P. Ray, Vice-Chancellor, Orissa University of Agri-culture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, also attended

the fair. The Regional Agriculture Fair 2007 for Orissa,West Bengal, Jharkhand and Bihar was sponsored bythe Directorate of Extension, Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India and was organized from 31 Octto 3 Nov 2007 with the theme “Livelihood Security inRice-based Farming Systems.” The objective was toenhance the livelihood security in the region by trans-ferring the integrated technologies to various rice-based farming systems by creating an opportunity forexchange of ideas, knowledge and experiences amongvarious states of region. More than 500 farmers at-tended the fair. During the fair, various programmessuch as Kisan Gosthi, Field visits and cultural pro-grammes were organized.

At the Valedictory Function on 3 Nov 2007, ShriS.N. Nayak, Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture, Govern-ment of Orissa, highlighted the need for regularly hold-ing these interactive programmes, as it would benefitthe farming community.

Workshops, Symposia, Seminars, Farmers’ Day Organized

H.E. the Governor of Orissa, Shri Rameswar Thakur (second from left) was the Chief Guest at

the 61st Foundation Day of the CRRI on 23 Apr 2007.

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Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon’ble Chief Minister of Orissa (left) lights the lamp to inaugurate the Fair.

Seen on right is a view of the audience at the inaugural session on 31 Oct 2007.

National Symposium forIncreasing Rice Production System

Shri S.N. Nayak, Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture,Government of Orissa inaugurated the National Sym-posium for Increasing Rice Production System. Dr D.P.

Ray, Vice-Chancellor, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Dr C.R.Hazra, Vice-Chancellor, Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, (IGKVV), Raipur, Dr B.C.Viraktamath, Project Director, Directorate of Rice Re-search (DRR), Hyderabad, Dr J.P. Mishra, ADG (Co-ordination), ICAR, New Delhi, Dr Swapan Datta, Pro-

Shri S.N. Nayak, Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture, Government of Orissa (third from left) inaugurated

the National Symposium for Increasing Rice Production System on 20 Nov 2007.

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fessor, Calcutta University and Dr Anand Swarup, SoilScientist, IARI, New Delhi were some of the more than200 scientists who deliberated in the brainstormingsessions to discuss about the food security in India.The three-day deliberations paved the way for devel-oping a road map with alternate strategies and optionsto improve rice with a competitive edge among crops/commodities befitting both, producers and consum-ers’ alike leading to the Second Green Revolution inthe country. The Association of Rice Research Work-ers in collaboration with the CRRI and the IndianCouncil of Agricultural Research organized the Na-tional Symposium on “Research Priorities and Strate-gies in Rice Production System for Second Green Revo-lution” at CRRI, Cuttack from 20 to 22 Nov 2007.

National Conference on Rice Pest Management

A National Conference on “Recent Trends in RicePest Management” was held at the CRRI, Cuttack from8 to 9 Dec 2007 organized jointly by the Division ofEntomology, CRRI, Cuttack, Applied Zoologist Re-search Association (AZRA), CRRI, Cuttack, Vigyan OParibesh Vikash Samiti (VPVS), Cuttack and P.L.Nayak Research Foundation, Cuttack and was at-tended by 70 delegates. The Chief Guest Dr O.M.Bambewala, Director, NCIPM, ICAR, New Delhi, out-

lined the objectives of the Conference and stressedupon the need to reorient research towards tacklingresurgence of pests. Dr B. Vasantharaj David, Presi-dent, AZRA chaired the Inaugural Session. Dr AnandPrakash, Principal Scientist and Head I/c, Division ofEntomology welcomed the participants. Prof. B.Senapati, Former Vice-Chancellor, OUAT,Bhubaneswar was the Guest of Honour. Dr G.J.N. Rao,Director (I/c), CRRI, also addressed the gathering. Theparticipants deliberated over the trends in rice pestmanagement over five technical sessions namely, PestStatus, Incidences and Losses; Host Plant Resistanceand Biotechnology; Pest Control Measures; IntegratedPest Management (IPM) in different Rice Ecosystems;and Pest Management in Rice Ecology.

Interface Meeting

An interface meeting between CRRI and Depart-ment of Agriculture, Orissa was held in the Institutepremises on 29 Jun 2007 under the chairmanship ofDr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI to formulate the strat-egies for increasing kharif rice production in the State.It was attended by the Deputy Directors of Agricul-ture, District Agriculture Officers and scientists fromCRRI. Dr Umesh Chandra Das, Joint Director of Agri-culture (SP. & C) presented a status report on rice pro-duction scenario in the State.

The delegates at the National Conference on “Recent Trends in Rice Pest Management,”

get together for a group photograph after the inaugural session on 8 Dec 2007.

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Gopinath Sahu Memorial Lecture

Present Scenario of Rice Research and Strategiesfor 21st Century” was the title of the 15th Gopinath SahuMemorial Lecture delivered by Dr M.P. Pandey, Di-rector, CRRI, on 23 Nov 2007. He spoke on the appli-cation of genomics in crop improvement, genetic en-gineering, transgenic rice and golden rice. Dr J.K. Roy,President, Association of Rice Research Workers,(ARRW), CRRI, Cuttack, welcomed the Speaker.

Meeting of the Eastern Chapter of NAAS

“Biotechnology and Agricultural Productivity” wasthe lecture given by Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, Cen-tral Rice Research Institute, ICAR, Cuttack and theChief Guest at the Meeting of the Eastern Chapter ofthe National Academy of Agricultural Sciences(NAAS) held in CRRI, Cuttack on 5 Mar 2008. Dr B.Ravindran, Director, Institute of Life Sciences,Bhubaneswar, the Guest of Honour also spoke. TheMeeting was held in collaboration with the Associa-tion of Microbiologists of India (AIM), Bhubaneswar-Cuttack Chapter. Dr T.K. Adhya welcomed the gath-ering. Dr S.P. Adhikari, Secretary-Treasurer, AIM gavean account of the activities of the AIM. Students fromthe OUAT, Bhubaneswar attended the meeting.

Hindi Fortnight

During the Hindi Fortnight 2007 celebrated atCRRI, Cuttack from 14 Sep 2007 to 28 Sep 2007, sixHindi competitions on Hindi signature, Hindi dicta-tion, Hindi typing, Hindi technical words, Hindi read-ing and Hindi noting and drafting were organized forthe staff whose mother tongue is other than Hindi.Cash awards were awarded for each competition.

Dr M.P. Pandey delivered the

15th Gopinath Sahu Memorial Lecture on 23 Nov 2007.

Seen in the photograph is a view of the participants at the meeting of the

Eastern Chapter of NAAS on 5 Mar 2008 held in CRRI, Cuttack.

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Apart from these, there were ten incentives prizes forHindi noting and Drafting competition. Shri SatyabrataNayak, and Smt Ambika Sethi were given cash awardsas first prize for doing original work in Hindi underthe Incentive Programme for the financial year 2006–2007. A Hindi Kavi Sammelan was also organized. ShriArun Kumar Jain, Senior Engineer, Railway Electrifi-cation, Rail Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Shri Bimal KishoreMishra, Senior Hindi Pradhyapak, Hindi Teaching

Scheme, Government of India, ShriGyananand Hota, Senior Account-ant, Office of Postal Audit,Mahanadi Vihar, Cuttack and ShriTriveni Prasad Tripathy,Chauliaganj, Cuttack were invitedas poets. Dr Smarpriya Mishra,Head of Department of Hindi,Ravenshaw University, Cuttackspoke at the closing ceremony on 4Oct 2007. For coordinating thesecompetitions, a Hindi PratiyogitaNirnayak Mandal was constitutedby the Director with 12 scientistsand officers from the CRRI, asMembers with Dr S.N. Tewari asthe Chairman.

ADRP Meeting

The Annual Direct Recruitment Plan (ADRP) meet-ing for the eastern region was held at CRRI, Cuttackfrom 15 to 16 Nov 2007 to finalize the Direct Recruit-ment Vacancies under categories of Administrative,Technical and Supporting during 2006–07 and 2007–08 for 18 Institutes/ZCUs.

Poet Shri Gyanand Hota (left) recited poems on humour and

engrossed the audience with his wit. Shri Satyabrata Nayak (right) is seen

after receiving the certificate from Dr Smarpriya Mishra on 4 Oct 2007.

Participants at the ADRP meeting held at CRRI, Cuttack get together for a group photograph on 15 Nov 2007.

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Vigilance Awareness Week

Dr M.P. Pandey, Director, CRRI, Cuttack, admin-istered the pledge to the staff of the CRRI during theVigilance Awareness Week from 12 to 19 Nov 2007.Shri S.K. Sinha, Senior Administrative Officer, read themessage from the Central Vigilance Commission, Gov-ernment of India. An essay competition on “Regula-tion Alone Cannot Eradicate Corruption,” was heldamong the staff. At the closing ceremony on 19 Nov2007, Shri Lalit Das, IPS, DIG of Police (Vigilance),Cuttack, spoke on corruption and the rules and regu-lations enforced by the Vigilance Department for keep-ing the organization free from corruption and the dif-ferent means of curbing it. He distributed prizes to thewinners of the essay competition.

KVK, Santhapur

World Food DayThe World Food Day on 16 Oct 2007 was held at

the KVK adopted village Jhadeswarpur of MahangaBlock under the Chairmanship of Dr M.P. Pandey,Director, CRRI in collaboration with Save Grain Cam-paign, Bhubaneswar. A total of 110 farmers andfarmwomen participated. The District AgricultureOfficer Shri B.C. Swain, the JAO of Mahanga BlockShri P.K. Behura, and the Incharge of the Save GrainCampaign Shri U.K. Mishra, attended the function.

Women in Agriculture DayA Women in Agriculture Day was observed on 4

Dec 2007 in collaboration with the NGO Rudra (Ruraland Urban Development Agency) of village Buhalo.Dr K.S. Rao, Principal Scientist and Head, Division ofCrop Production, CRRI presided over the function.Prof. S.C. Mishra, Dean, Extension Education, OUAT,Bhubaneswar was the Chief Speaker. A total of 200farmwomen of various self-help groups from theNischintkoili Block attended the meeting.

Training ProgrammeA training programme was organized for tribal

farmers of Nilgiri Block; Balasore District during 13 to14 Mar 2008 under the DST Project entitled “Bio-in-tensive management of rice pests with emphasis onbotanicals.”

Shri B.K. Mohanty (left) receives his certificate from

Shri Lalit Das, IPS, DIG of Police (Vigilance).

Seen in the photograph (left) is a view of the audience at the World Food Day programme held on 16 Oct 2007.

The programme was organized by the KVK, Santhapur. Dr M.P. Pandey spoke at the programme (right).

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The organization VARRAT (Voluntary Associationfor Rural Reconstruction and Appropriate Technology)organized a three days Capacity Building for Adop-tion of Technology (CAT) through exposure visit andtraining for 20 farmers of Patna Block in Keonjhar Dis-trict on “SRI” and “IFS” technology from 17 to 19 Mar2008 at CRRI, Cuttack.

Seminars

Dr G.A.K. Kumar gave a seminar talk on “Appli-cation of PERT in Research Management” on 25 Apr2007 at CRRI.

Dr Michael Grillo, from Michigan State University,USA gave a seminar talk on “Ecology and Evaluationof Wild Oryza Species” on 20 Jul 2007 at CRRI.

Dr P. Ramakrishnan gave a seminar talk on“Biogeochemical Cycling of Iron in Flooded Soils” on11 Sep 2007 at CRRI.

Dr D. Panda gave a seminar talk on “Chemistry ofNitrogen Transformation in Submerged Soil and Sci-entific Management of Urea Fertilizer” on 26 Sep 2007at CRRI.

Dr P.C. Rath gave a seminar talk on “IntegratedPest Management” on 24 Oct 2007 at CRRI.

Dr S.R. Das, OUAT gave a seminar talk on “Ge-netic Yield Enhancement of Indigenous Aromatic Ricesfor Economic Development of Rural poor” on 27 Nov2007 at CRRI.

Prof. Hauke Hennecke, Chairman, Institute ofMicrobiology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland gave a semi-nar talk on “Latest Developments in the MolecularBiology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation” on 29 Jan 2008at CRRI.

Winter School

The ICAR sponsored Winter School on “MolecularBreeding Approaches for Rice Improvement” was or-ganized at CRRI, Cuttack during 10 to 30 Sep 2007. Atotal of 24 participants from Universities and Institutesin India attended the programme. The participantswere trained on different aspects of rice molecularbreeding through lectures, and demonstration-cum-discussions by experts in the CRRI and also by emi-nent experts. Prof. S.K. Datta from Calcutta Univer-sity, Dr P. Ananda Kumar, Director, NRC on PlantBiotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi, Dr T.R. Sharma,NRCPB, New Delhi, and Dr Shailaja Hittalmani, Uni-versity of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore gave spe-cial lectures and hands-on training on the latest devel-opments in molecular breeding of rice.

Training Programme onVigilance Administration and

Management

A special training programme on ‘Vigilance Ad-ministration and Management‘ for the Directors ofICAR Institutes in the eastern region was jointly or-ganized by the National Academy of Agricultural Re-search Management (NAARM), Hyderabad and CRRI,Cuttack during 16–18 Apr 2007. It was attended byDrs K. Devadasan (CIFT, Cochin), R.C. Shrivastava(CARI, Port Blair), A.K. Sikka (ICAR Research Com-plex for Eastern Region, Patna), K.K. Kumar (NRC forLitchi, Muzaffarpur), K.K. Vass (CIFRI, Barrackpore),A.G. Ponniah (ILRI, Ranchi), C. Rajkhowa (NRC forMithun, Nagaland), Ashwani Kumar (WTCER,Bhubaneswar), Anubrata Das (NRC on Pig, Guwahati),M. Bhattacharya (NRC on Yak, West Kameng), N.Sarangi (CIFA, Bhubaneswar), R. P. Medhi (NRC forOrchards, Pakyang) and M. P. Pandey (CRRI, Cuttack).

The audience intensely observe the proceedings in the

Women in Agriculture Day organized by the KVK, Santhapur

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NAIP Stakeholders’ Workshop

A Stakeholders’ Workshop of Component 4 (Basicand Strategic Research in the Frontier Areas of Agri-culture) of NAIP was held at CRRI, Cuttack from 9 to10 Jan 2008. The aim was to finalize selected researchconcept notes and to develop these into a proposal.The meeting was attended by Drs A. Bandyopadhyay,National Coordinator (Component 4), NAIP, NewDelhi, Prof S.K. Sanyal, Director (Research), BCKVV,Kalyani, and Prof K.V.B.R. Tilak, CSIR Emeritus Sci-entist, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Dr AnandSwarup, Head, Department of Soil Science and Agri-cultural Chemistry, IARI, New Delhi, Dr K.B. Bhat,NBPGR, New Delhi and Dr D Panda, Principal Scien-tist (retired), CRRI also attended the meeting as ex-perts along with different Consortium Leaders andother participating scientists.

The participants at the Winter School get together

for a photograph after the inaugural session

on 10 Sep 2007.

Delegates of the training programme on

Vigilance Administration and Management get together

for a photograph on 16 Apr 2007.

Exhibitions

The CRRI participated in the following exhibitions:Foundation Day of Indian Institute of Vegetable

Research (IIVR), Varanasi on 28 Sep 2007.India International Trade Fair 2007 at Pragati

Maidan, New Delhi from 14 to 27 Nov 2007.State Agriculture Fair 2007, Bhubaneswar organ-

ized by the Director of Agriculture and Food Produc-tion, Government of Orissa, Bhubaneswar, from 20 to22 Dec 2007.

Pusa Krishi Vigyan Mela at the Indian AgriculturalResearch Institute (IARI), New Delhi from 21 to 23 Feb2008.

The KVK, Santhapur participated in the exhibitionheld at Adaspur on the occasion of Akhay Trutiya Dayon 20 Apr 2007. Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon’ble ChiefMinister of Orissa visited the stall.

Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon’ble Chief Minister of Orissa

seeks clarifications on an exhibit at the CRRI KVK stall.

Seen in the photograph are visitors asking for

information at the CRRI exhibits in the IITF, New Delhi.

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H.E. the Governor of Orissa, Shri RameswarThakur, visited CRRI, Cuttack for the 61st CRRI

Foundation Day on 23 Apr 2007.Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon’ble Chief Minister of

Orissa, visited CRRI, Cuttack on 31 Oct 2007. He inau-gurated the Regional Agricultural Fair.

Dr S.N. Shukla, Assistant Director-General (F&FC)visited CRRI on 23 April 2007.

Dr D.P. Ray, Vice-Chancellor, OUAT,Bhubaneswar, visited CRRI, Cuttack on 23 April 2007,31 Oct 2007 and 20 Nov 2007.

Shri A. Purkayasta, IAS, Secretary, Department ofAgriculture, West Bengal and Dr S.K. Bardhanroy,Joint Director, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah,Hooghly, West Bengal, visited CRRI, Cuttack on 21Jul 2007.

Dr S.S. Baghel, Vice-Chancellor, AAU, Jorhat vis-ited CRRI, Cuttack on 23 Jul 2007.

Dr S.D. Sharma, Director, IASRI, New Delhi andDr P. Anand Kumar, Project Director, National Re-search Centre for Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), ICAR,New Delhi visited CRRI, Cuttack on 27 Sep 2007.

Dr M.C. Varshnaya, Vice-Chancellor, Anand Agri-culture University, Gujarat visited CRRI, Cuttack on31 Oct 2007.

Smt Surama Padhy, Hon’ble Minister of Co-opera-tion, Government of Orissa, visited CRRI, Cuttack on31 Oct 2007.

Shri S.N. Nayak, Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture,Government of Orissa, visited CRRI, Cuttack on 3 Nov2007 and 20 Nov 2007.

Dr C.R. Hazra, Vice-Chancellor, Indira GandhiKrishi Vishwavidyalaya, (IGKVV), Raipur, Dr B.C.Viraktamath, Project Director, DRR, Hyderabad, DrJ.P. Mishra, ADG (Coordination), ICAR, New Delhi,visited CRRI, Cuttack 20 Nov 2007.

Distinguished Visitors

At the CRRI stall, Dr M.P. Pandey explains the exhibits to

Shri Rameswar Thakur, H.E. the Governor of Orissa.

Shri Naveen Patnaik addresses the gathering on 31 Oct 2007 (left) and

observes exhibits at the CRRI stall (right).

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Shri Lalit Das, IPS, DIG of Police (Vigilance),Cuttack, visited CRRI, Cuttack and presided over theconcluding session of the Vigilance Awareness Weekon 19 Nov 2007.

Dr O.M. Bambewala, Director, National Centre forIntegrated Pest Management (NCIPM), New Delhi,visited CRRI, Cuttack on 8 Dec 2007.

Dr Hauke Hennecke, Professor of Microbiology,ETH, Zurich, Switzerland visited CRRI, Cuttack on 29Jan 2008.

Dr G. Kalloo, Vice-Chancellor, Jawaharlal NehruKrishi Vishwavidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur visitedCRRI, Cuttack on 26 Feb 2008.

Shri S.N. Nayak, Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture, Government of Orissa, addressed the gathering.

He also visited the stalls put up at the venue.

Dr S.N. Tewari explains process of using botanical

extracts against blast to Shri A. Purkayasta, IAS and

Dr S.K. Bardhanroy.

Dr S.S. Baghel (centre) discusses the

rice improvement programme with Drs G.J.N. Rao (left)

and M.P. Pandey (right).

Dr O.M. Bambewala, Director, NCIPM, outlined the

objectives of the Conference during his visit to the

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Awards

Dr Anand Prakash received the Professor E.P.Odum Gold Medal 2007 for outstanding research con-tributions in the field of “Contemporary Biology, En-vironmental Issues and Sustainable Development” bythe International Society for Ecological Communica-tions, Dumka, Jharkhand on 29 Sep 2007.

Dr P.C. Rath was conferred the AZRA FellowshipAward for the year 2007 for outstanding research con-tributions in the field of applied zoological research.

Dr V. Nandagopal was conferred the Dr B.Vasantharaj David award for the year 2006-07 for hisoutstanding research contribution in developing“Pheromone Technology” to control groundnut leafminer.

Fellowship of theIndian National Science Academy

Dr T.K. Adhya, Principal Scientist (Microbiology)of the Division of Crop Production, was elected as aFellow of the Indian National Science Academy(INSA), New Delhi. Dr Adhya has made significant

contributions to the frontier area of agro-environmentsciences. His research on methane emission from ricecultivation in India indicated annual methane emis-sion ranging between 4–6 Tg that is one-tenth of US-EPA estimate. This lower estimate was later enteredin IPCC database. His research identified flooded riceas an important source of N2O, another greenhousegas. He has also worked on pesticide degradation inrice soils and isolates that can degrade recalcitrant βand δ isomers of HCH under aerobic conditions.

The Indian National Science Academy is a PremierScience Academy in India, and plays a crucial role inpromoting, recognizing and rewarding excellence.Another important task of the Academy is to publishjournals, organize scientific discussions and bring outproceedings and monographs. The Academy also pro-motes public awareness and understanding of science.It acts as a link between the scientific community andthe planners, and advises the government on criticalissues. Importantly the INSA serves as a forum for in-teraction among scientists within and outside India.

Awards/Recognitions

Seen in the photograph is Dr Anand Prakash (centre)

with the Professor E.P. Odum Gold Medal 2007

after receiving it from Dr P.V. Dehadrai,

Scientific Adviser to DBT (left).

Dr T.K. Adhya was elected as a Fellow of the Indian NationalScience Academy, New Delhi.

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Championship Trophy inICAR Zonal and Inter-Zonal Sports

Zonal Tournament: In the ICAR Zonal Sports tour-nament for the Eastern Zone held at the Central In-land Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore during29 May-2 Jun 2007, 16 ICAR institutes participated.The CRRI won the Championship Trophy. KumariSabita Sahoo and Shri Bhagyadhar Pradhan of CRRIwere adjudged the best athletes in women and mencategories, respectively. The Institute teams were de-clared champions in the 400 m relay race, volleyball,shooting and kabaddi.

Inter-Zonal Tournament: The CRRI for the first timelifted the Championship Trophy at the ICAR Inter-Zonal Sports Tournament for 2006-07 held at IARI,ICAR, New Delhi during 20 to 25 Nov 2007. Thirtyeight

ICAR Institutes participated. Shri S. Pradhan of CRRIwas given the best athlete award in the men’s category.The CRRI won the 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500m, high jump, long jump and kabaddi. The kabadditeam got the first position. The 4 x 100 m relay teamobtained the first position. The CRRI secured the firstposition in the 400 meter race (men), 800 meter race(men), 1,500 meter race (men), high jump (men) andlong jump (men).

Zonal Tournament: At the ICAR Zonal Sports Tour-nament for Eastern Zone held at CIFRI, Barrackporefrom 4 to 8 Feb 2008, the CRRI was awarded the Over-all Institute Championship Trophy. Shri P.K. Paridawas judged as the Best Athlete of the Zone (Male). TheCRRI team won the first position in Volley Shooting,Kabaddi and 4 x 100 relay race. It secured the secondposition in Volley Smashing.

Shri S.K. Mathur (second from right) receives the

Championship Trophy from Dr Mangala Rai (left).

After receiving the first prize from Dr Mangala Rai,

the kabaddi team gets together for a photograph.

The CRRI team is seen at the felicitation ceremony held at Cuttack.

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M.P. Pandey ................................................... Director

Crop ImprovementPlant Breeding

G.J.N. Rao ................... Principal Scientist and Head

S.R. Dhua....................................... Principal Scientist

O.N. Singh ..................................... Principal Scientist

K. Pande ........... Principal Scientist (on deputation)

J.N. Reddy ..................................... Principal Scientist

Sanjaya Singh .................................... Senior Scientist

Ashok Pattnaik .................................. Senior Scientist

Meera Ku. Kar ................................... Senior Scientist

S.K. Pradhan ...................................... Senior Scientist

J. Meher .......................................................... Scientist

Ramesh Chandra.......................... Jr. Technical Astt.

A.V.G. Sharma....................................... Sr. Mechanic

Genetics and Cytogenetics

R.N. Rao ........................................ Principal Scientist

P. Sen ............................................. Principal Scientist

R.K. Sahu ............................................. Scientist (S.G.)

S.S.C. Pattnaik .................................... Scientist (S.G.)

Economic Botany

B.C. Patra ...................................... Principal Scientist

D. Swain ............................................. Senior Scientist

H.N. Subudhi .................................... Senior Scientist

B.C. Marndi................................. Scientist (Sr. Scale)

Biotechnology

Lambodar Behera.............................. Senior Scientist

B.S. Subramanian .......................................... Scientist

Crop Production

Agronomy

K.S. Rao ...................... Principal Scientist and Head

Amal Ghosh ....................................... Senior Scientist

Sanjoy Saha ........................................ Senior Scientist

Annie Poonam ............................ Scientist (Sr. Scale)

Personnel

Personnel

Staff strength as on 31 March 2008

Posts at CRRI, Cuttack Posts at KVK, Santhapur Posts at KVK, Koderma

Category Sanctioned Filled Vacant Sanctioned Filled Vacant Sanctioned Filled Vacant

Scientific 115 84 31 4 - 4 1 - 1

Technical 184 158 26 10 6 4 11 11 -

Administrative 104 93 11 2 2 - 2 1 1

Supporting 176 110 66 2 2 - 2 2 -

Canteen 5 5 - - - - - - -

Sub-total 584 450 134 18 10 8 16 14 2

RMP 1 1 - - - - - - -

Total 585 451 134 18 10 8 16 14 2

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Fish and Fisheries

D.P. Sinhababu ............................. Principal Scientist

P.K. Nayak .................................... Principal Scientist

Soil Science and Microbiology

V.R. Rao ......................................... Principal Scientist

A.K. Mishra................................... Principal Scientist

R.N. Dash ...................................... Principal Scientist

S.P. Chakravorty .......................... Principal Scientist

Devraj Panda ................................ Principal Scientist

.............................................. (retired on 30 Sep 2007)

T.K. Adhya .................................... Principal Scientist

R.N. Samantray ............................ Principal Scientist

............................................. (retired on 31 Mar 2008)

K.R. Mahata .................................. Principal Scientist

S.K. Pradhan ...................................... Senior Scientist

T.K. Dangar ........................................ Senior Scientist

B. Ramkrishnan ................................. Senior Scientist

R.R. Dash ............................................ Field Assistant

Kusha Panda ................................ Sr. Scientific Asstt.

Agricultural Engineering

F.C. Das ......................................... Principal Scientist

P.C. Mohapatra ............................ Principal Scientist

B.C. Parida .................................... Principal Scientist

S.P. Patel ........................................ Principal Scientist

P.N. Mishra ................................... Principal Scientist

A.K. Choudhury .......................... Principal Scientist

P.C. Mohapatra ............................ Principal Scientist

A.K. Behera .......... Senior Scientist (on deputation)

B.N. Mohapatra ............................ Principal Scientist

............................................. (retired on 30 Nov 2007)

Crop Protection

Plant Pathology

S.K. Mohanty ....... Principal Scientist and I/c Head

Urmila Dhua ................................. Principal Scientist

S.N. Tewari ................................... Principal Scientist

G. Bhaktavastalam ............................ Senior Scientist

K.M. Das ............................................. Senior Scientist

S.K. Singh .................................... Scientist (Sr. Scale)

Entomology

Anand Prakash ............................. Principal Scientist

Jagadiswari Rao ........................... Principal Scientist

Gauri Padhi ................................... Principal Scientist

R.C. Dani ....................................... Principal Scientist

S. Sasmal ....................................... Principal Scientist

K.S. Behera .................................... Principal Scientist

Mayabini Jena ............................... Principal Scientist

P.C. Rath ............................................. Senior Scientist

V. Nandagopal .................................. Senior Scientist

Nematology

S.C. Sahu ....................................... Principal Scientist

C.D. Mishra ........................................ Senior Scientist

Biochemistry, Physiology and EnvironmentalSciences

Biochemistry

S.G. Sharma ......... Principal Scientist and I/c Head

Avijit Das ........................................... Senior Scientist

Plant Physiology

D.P. Singh...................................... Principal Scientist

R.K. Sarkar .................................... Principal Scientist

Padmini Swain ............................. Principal Scientist

M.J. Baig ............................................. Senior Scientist

Sanjukta Das ...................................... Senior Scientist

Biophysics

Pramila Krishnan .............................. Senior Scientist

Personnel

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Social Science and Extension, Communication andTrainingAgricultural Statistics

A.V. Suriya Rao ... Principal Scientist and I/c Head

Agricultural Economics

Parshuram Samal ......................... Principal Scientist

Extension, Communication and Training

N.C. Rath ............................................ Senior Scientist

G.A.K. Kumar .................................... Senior Scientist

Lipi Das ....................................... Scientist (Sr. Scale)

Ravi Viswanathan..Editor-cum-Information Officer

A.K. Mohanty ................ Communication Specialist

........................................... (relieved on 23 Apr 2007)

P. Jana .............................. Rice Production Trg. Astt.

P.K. Mohanty ..................................................... Artist

Prakash Kar ....................................Sr. Photographer

Automobile UnitK.K. Swain ...............................Mechanical Engineer

Farm UnitD.S. Meena .... Training Asstt. and I/c Farm Supdt.

DispensaryP. Mohapatra .................................... Medical Officer

CRURRS, HazaribaghG.N. Mishra ........... Principal Scientist and I/c OIC

... (up to 26 Jun 2007) (transferred on 22 Feb 2008)

P.K. Sinha ...................... Principal Scientist and OIC

...................................................... (from 27 Jun 2007)

R.K. Singh ..................................... Principal Scientist

V.D. Shukla ................................... Principal Scientist

M. Variar ....................................... Principal Scientist

D. Maiti ............................................... Senior Scientist

C.V. Singh .......................................... Senior Scientist

N.P. Mandal ....................................... Senior Scientist

Bhaskar Das ................................ Scientist (Sr. Scale)

S. Tuti .......................................................Farm Supdt.

J. Terom .................................. Senior Farm Assistant

RRLRRS, Gerua, AssamN.K. Sarma .................... Principal Scientist and OIC

S.K. Routray ....................................... Senior Scientist

N.C. Pande .................................. Scientist (Sr. Scale)

Narayan Bhakta ......................... Scientist (Sr. Scale)

KVK, SanthapurS.K. Mishra............................................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

............................................ (Relieved on 28 Jul 2007)

J.R. Mishra............................................. Sr. Trg. Asstt.

Jyoti Nayak ...........................................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

S. Lenka .................................................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

P.K. Mallick...........................................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

KVK, Jainagar, KodermaA. Dandapat .........................................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

Chanchila Kumari ................................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

Akhilesh Kr. Dubey .............................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

Sudhanshu Sekhar ...............................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

Mahesh Pathak .....................................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

Gaurav Sharma ....................................Sr. Trg. Asstt.

Administration and FinanceS.K. Sinha ................. Senior Administrative Officer

B.K. Sinha ............................. Administrative Officer

Prashanta Sharma ... Finance and Accounts Officer

Personnel

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Projects and Financial Resources

Projects and Financial Resources

Programme 1. Genetic Resources and Seed Technology: Leader: S.R. Dhua/B.C. Patra

Principal Investigators (PI)B.C. Patra, H.N. Subudhi, B.C. Marndi, N.P. Mandal, N. Bhakta, S.R. Dhua, L. Behera, R.K. Sahu, U. Dhua, A. Prakash,P. Krishnan, P. Mishra, C.V. Singh and N. Bhakta

Co-PIsH.N. Subudhi, B.C. Marndi, B.C. Patra, A. Patnaik, P.K. Sinha, N.K. Sarma, R.K. Sahu, J.N. Reddy, S.S.C Patnaik, A.Patnaik, A. Prakash, S. Saha, U. Dhua, R.N. Rao, S.R. Dhua, L Behera, P. Krishnan, J. Rao, R.K. Singh, R. Kumar (ICAR,NEH), R.K. Sarkar, N.K. Sarma and S.K. Rautaray

Programme 2: Genetic Enhancement of Yield: Leader: G.J.N. Rao/R.N. Rao

Principal InvestigatorsK Pande, J. Meher, S. Singh, J.N. Reddy, S.S.C. Patnaik, B.C. Marndi, P. Sen, S.K. Pradhan, N.K. Sarma, N. Bhakta, R.N.Rao, K.S. Behera, Sanjukta Das, S. Singh, N.P. Mandal, L. Behera, G.J.N. Rao, A. Patnaik, S.C. Sahu, U. Dhua, K.M. Das,T.K. Danger, M. Variar, V. Shukla, P.K. Sinha, D. Swain, P. Swain, P. Krishnan, M.J .Baig, H.N. Subudhi, O.N. Singhand S. Singh

Co-PIsS.S.C. Patnaik, M. Kar, G.J.N. Rao, N.K. Sarma, N. Bhakta, O.N. Singh, P. Krishnan, D. Panda, A.K. Mishra, R.K. Sarkar,P. Swain, K.M. Das, U. Dhua, S. Sasmal, J.N. Reddy, P. Sen, D.P. Singh, K.R. Mahata, B.C. Marndi, S. Singh, N.K. Sarma,M.J .Baig, G. Padhi, L. Behera, S.K. Rautaray, N. Bhakta, S.K. Mohanty, G. Bhaktavatsalam, P.N. Mishra, R.K. Sahu, A.Patnaik, G. Padhi, S.K. Pradhan, A. Das, P. Krishnan, J. Meher, R.K. Sarkar, S.C. Sahu, S.G. Sharma, M. Jena, A. Prakash,R.K. Singh, P.K. Sinha, N.P. Mandal, SAUs, VPKAS, IARI, G.N. Mishra, D. Swain, S. Saha, R.N. Dash and K. Pande

Programme 3: Improvement of Grain and Nutritional Quality: Leader: A Patnaik/S.G. Sharma

Principal InvestigatorsA. Patnaik, S.G. Sharma, S. Das, A. Das and B. Das

Co-PIsG.J.N. Rao, L. Behera, S.G. Sharma, D. Panda, S. Das, K.S. Behera, P. Mishra, S.N. Tewari, A.K. Mishra, A. Das, B.C.Marndi, P. Mishra, S.P. Chakravarty, H.N. Subudhi, J.N. Reddy, S.C. Sahu and N.P. Mandal

Programme 4: Breeding for Resistance/tolerance to Biotic, Abiotic and Environmental Stresses:Leader: J.N. Reddy/R.K. Sahu

Principal InvestigatorsS.K. Mohanty, K.M. Das, G. Padhi, G. Bhaktavatsalam, S.K. Singh, A. Prakash R.K. Sahu, S.K. Pradhan, J.N. Reddy,M.K. Kar, O.N. Singh, B.C. Marndi, J. Meher, R.K. Sarkar, D.P. Singh, P. Swain, M.J. Baig and P. Krishnan

Co-PIsV. Nandagopal, M. Jena, K.S. Behera, P.C. Rath, S.K. Pradhan, R.K. Sahu, U. Dhua, J.N. Reddy, M.K. Kar, S.K. Mohanty,J. Rao, L. Behera, R.K. Sahu, J. Rao, V. Nandagopal, A. Prakash, S.C. Sahu, G.J.N. Rao, K.M. Das, G. Bhaktavatsalam,S.K. Singh, P. Swain, R.K. Sarkar, P. Sen, P. Krishnan, D.P. Singh, K.R. Mahata, B.C. Marndi, M.J. Baig, O.N Singh, N.PMandal, S. Saha, P. Swain, R.N. Rao, B. Ramakrishnan, K.S. Rao and J. Meher

Programme 5: Natural Resource Management and Input-use Efficiency for Improved Crop Production:Leader: T.K. Adhya/A. Ghosh

Principal InvestigatorsA. Ghosh, R.N. Dash, P.C. Mohapatra, A. Poonam, G.N. Mishra, S.K. Rautray, S.P. Chakravarty and K.S. Rao, R.K.Singh, T.K. Adhya, B. Ramakrishnan, T.K. Dangar and D. Maiti

Work Plan for 2007–2008

123Projects and Financial Resources

Co-PIsK.S. Rao, D. Panda, P.C. Mohapatra, O.N. Singh, P. Krishnan, P. Bhattacharya, S. Saha, S.K. Pradhan, A. Ghosh, B.Ramkrishnan, M.J. Baig, V.D. Shukla, R.K. Singh, B. Das, N. Bhakta, N.K. Sharma, K.S. Behera, S. Das, S.P. Chakravarty,S.N. Tewari, M. Jena, A. Poonam, R.N. Rao, T.K. Adhya, R.N. Das, R.K. Singh, G.N. Mishra and C.V. Singh, P. Samal,L. Das, K.R. Mahata, P. Swain, T.K. Dangar, A.K. Misra, P.C. Mohapatra, P. Krishnan, B.C. Patra, A.V. Suriya Rao, R.K.Singh, G.V. Singh, M. Variar and AICRP Centres

Programme 6: Enhancing and Sustaining the Productivity of Rice-based Farming Systems:Leader: K.S. Rao/A.K. Misra

Principal InvestigatorsA. Ghosh, S.K. Pradhan, S.P. Chakravorti, R.N. Samantaray, K.R. Mahata, A.K. Misra, S. Saha, S.K. Rautaray, A.Poonam,G.N. Mishra, C.V. Singh, K.S. Rao, P.K. Nayak and D.P. Sinhababu

Co-PIs

K.S.Rao, D. Panda, S.K.Pradhan, K.R. Mahata, B.C. Parida, R.N. Samantaray, A.K. Misra B. Ramkrishnan, P. Bhattacharya,A.V. Suriya Rao, D.P. Singh, S. Saha, B. Ramkrishnan, P. Krishnan and J. Meher, K.S.Rao, S.K. Mohanty, S. Sasmal, A.Poonam, K.S. Behera, N. Bhakta, N.K. Sharma, R.N. Dash, Mayabini Jena, B.C. Patra, S.G. Sharma, D.P. Sinhababu,B.C.Marandi, C.V.Singh, G.N.Mishra and R.K.Singh, P.K. Nayak, K.R. Mahata, V. Pandey, M. Nedunchenzhiyan, T.K.Adhya and T.K. Dangar

Programme 7: Mechanization for Rice Production and Post-harvest Systems. Leader: F.C. Das/P.C. Mohapatra

Principal InvestigatorsF.C. Das, S.P. Patel, A.K. Choudhury, B.C. Parida and P. Mishra

Co-PIs

P.C. Mohapatra, K.S. Rao, S. Saha and A.K. Choudhury

Programme: 8. Strategic Research on Pathogens/pest Population Dynamics, Crop Losses, Forecasting:Leader: S.K. Mohanty/U. Dhua

Principal Investigators

S. Sasmal, P.C. Rath, G. Padhi, V. Nandagopal, G. Bhaktavatsalam, K.M. Das, S.K. Mohanty, Suriya Rao, Sanjukta Das,U. Dhua, S.K. Singh, D. Maiti, S.N. Tewari, M. Variar and V. D. Shukla

Co-PIs

J. Rao, M. Jena, K.S. Behera, S. Sasmal, S. Saha, A. Prakash, S.N. Tewari, S.K. Mohanty, Urmila Dhua, K.M. Das, S.K.Singh, G. Bhaktavatsalam, A.V. Suriya Rao, S.C. Sahu, V. D. Shukla, Avijit Das and D. Maiti

Programme 9: Developing IPM Technologies for Different Rice Ecologies: Leader: Anand Prakash/S. Sasmal

Principal InvestigatorsR.C. Dani, M. Jena, K.S. Behera, V. Nandagopal, J. Rao, C.D. Misra, S. Sasmal, S.N. Tewari, G. Bhaktavatsalam, K.M.Das, S.K. Singh, V.D. Shukla and P.C Rath

Co-PIs

P.C. Rath, M. Jena, S. Sasmal, A. Dash, P.L. Nayak and S.K. Nayak, R.C. Dani, S. Sasmal, T.K. Danger, C.D. Mishra, S.Saha, J. Rao, A. Prakash, V. Nandagopal, S.C. Sahu, P.C. Rath, G. Padhi, P. Swain, S.K. Mohanty, S.N. Tewari, V.D.Shukla, G.N. Mishra, P. Samal, G.A.K. . Kumar, U. Dhua, N. Bhakta, S.K. Routray, K.M Das, A. Poonam and R.N. Rao

Programme 10: Socio-Economic Research for Sustainable Development: Leader: N.C. Rath/A.V.S. Rao

Principal InvestigatorsA.V.S. Rao, N.C. Rath, P. Samal, G.A.K. Kumar, L. Das and V.D. Shukla

Co-PIs

L. Das, F.C. Das, D.P. Sinhababu, R.C. Dani, S. Saha, K.M. Das, S.S.C. Pattnaik, P. Samal, K.S.Rao, O.N. Singh, R.N.Samantray, P.C. Rath, S.K. Pradhan, G.A.K. Kumar, S.R. Dhua, N.C. Rath and C.V. Singh

124 Projects and Financial Resources

Externally-aided Projects (EAPs)

Principal

Number Title of the Project Investigator Source of Funding

EAP 27 Revolving fund scheme for seed production of upland rice varietiesat CRURRS, Hazaribagh P.K. Sinha AP Cess

EAP 30 Frontline demonstration of improved implements on pulse crops S.P. Patel AICP

EAP 36 National Seed Project (Crops) S.R. Dhua NSP

EAP 49 Revolving fund scheme for breeder seed production S.R. Dhua NSP

EAP 79 ICAR-IRRI Rainfed Lowland Shuttle breeding Program forEastern India J.N. Reddy ICAR-IRRI

EAP 80 Upland shuttle breeding network program at Hazaribag(coordinating unit) P.K. Sinha ICAR-IRRI

EAP 81 Consortium for unfavourable rice environment (CURE) –Working Group 5 P.K. Sinha ICAR-IRRI

EAP 83 DUS Testing and documentation S.R. Dhua DAC (GOI)

EAP 84 Identification & functioning of genes related to yield & bioticstresses (BPH) S.C. Sahu DBT (MST)

EAP 89 Upland shuttle breeding activities at Cuttack centre O.N. Singh IRRI-ICAR

EAP 91 Prevention and management of Mycotoxin contamination incommercially important Agricultural commodities U. Dhua ICAR Network

EAP 92 Network Project on molecular Breeding: Development of markersand their application in MAS based breeding against Tungro virusdisease in rice G.J.N. Rao ICAR Network

EAP 93 Network project on Gene Pyramiding for resistance to MultipleBiotic Stress in crops G.J.N. Rao ICAR Network

EAP 94 CPWF Salinity Project D.P. Singh IRRI-ICAR

EAP 95 From genes to farmers fields—enhancing and stabilizing productivityof rice in Submergence prone environments J.N. Reddy IRRI-ICAR

EAP 96 Biochemical Kinetics and genetic improvement of microbial Anjana DSTmetabolism of the fungicide vinclosolin Banerjee

(T.K. Adhya)

EAP 97 Microbial Function and Diversity in Biogeochemical Cycling of Iron B. Rama- Ministry ofkrishnan Science and

Technology GOI

EAP 98 FLD of self propelled rice transplanter, Tractor operated rotary Central Sector(lug wheel) puddler and animal drawn lug wheel puddler S.P. Patel Scheme of DAC

EAP 99 Transgenic in crops G.J.N. Rao ICAR Network

EAP 100 Seed Production in Agricultural Crops and Fisheries— “Mega Seed Project” S.R. Dhua ICAR

125Projects and Financial Resources

Principal

Number Title of the Project Investigator Source of Funding

EAP 101 Evaluation of Azimsulfuron alone and Azimsulfuron + Metsulfuron E.I.DuPont Indiamethyl for Broad-spectrum Weed Control in Rice under Rainfed Private Limited,Shallow Lowland and Irrigated Ecology Sanjoy Saha Gurgaon

EAP 102 FLD under Macro-Management Scheme of Ministry of Agriculture—New high yielding rice varieties S.R. Dhua AICP

EAP 103 Developing and disseminating resilient and productive rice varieties IRRI (Rockfellerfor drought prone areas on India—Cuttack P. Swain Foundation &

GenerationChallenge Program)ICAR

EAP 104 Microbial diversity and identification T.K. Adhya ICAR Network

EAP 105 Nutrient management T.K. Adhya ICAR Network

EAP 106 Microbial bioremediation T.K. Adhya ICAR Network

EAP 107 High temperature stress effects and associated biophysical changesin rice Oryza sativa L. P. Krishnan DST

EAP 108 Developing and disseminating resilient and productive rice varieties IRRI (Rockfellerfor drought prone areas on India - Hazaribag P.K. Sinha Foundation &

GenerationChallenge Program)ICAR

EAP 109 Isoenzyme profiles of antioxidants and marker assisted selection of DBT sponsoredsubmergence tolerance gene in rice R.K. Sarkar PDF project

EAP 111 Setting up of model organic farm on rice Amal Ghosh DAC, GOI

EAP 112 Development and dissemination of water saving rice technologiesin South Asia O.N.Singh ADB (DARE/ICAR)

EAP 113 Bio-intensive management of rice pests with emphasis on botanicals Mayabini Jena DST

EAP 114 Iron metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L) plant with emphasis on itstranslocation and assimilation Avijit Das DST

EAP 115 Multilocation evaluation of germplasm (Blast , Hazaribag) M. Variar ICAR

EAP 116 Network coordination for “Developing and disseminating resilient IRRI-India Droughtand productive rice varieties for drought-prone areas of India” O.N. Singh Breeding Network

Supported Project

126 Projects and Financial Resources

Financial Statement for 2007-08 (Indian Rupees in lakhs)

(As on 31 Mar 2008)

Plan Non-Plan

Head of Account Allocation Expenditure Allocation Expenditure

Estt. Charges (including wages) 0.00 0.00 1,112.00 1,101.89

TA (including HRD) 18.00 18.01 8.50 8.50

OTA 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20

Other Charges (including I.T.) 382.43 381.83 150.30 160.30

Works (Major/R&M) 38.07 38.00 170.00 169.98

Total 438.50 437.84 1,441.00 1,440.87

127

Weather

Weather

At CRRI, Cuttack

Temperature (°C) Relative humidity (%)

Month Max Min RH I RH II Sunshine (h/day) Rainfall (mm)

Apr 2007 34.4 25.1 89 57 8.1 14.6

May 2007 35.9 25.7 87 53 8.4 125.1

Jun 2007 33.5 26.5 89 70 5.5 183.1

Jul 2007 32 25.9 91 74 4 198.2

Aug 2007 31.1 25.7 91 79 4.9 631.8

Sep 2007 30.5 25.3 93 81 4.7 566.4

Oct 2007 31.3 23.5 91 63 7.1 65.6

Nov 2007 29.7 19.7 91 49 8.3 6.9

Dec 2007 27.5 15.1 90 44 6.7 0

Jan 2008 27.6 14.9 95 49 7 73.4

Feb 2008 27.8 17.5 94 51 6.9 7.4

Mar 2008 33.5 22.5 93 46 6.5 4.2

128 Weather

At CRURRS, Hazaribag



Apr 2007 35.2 16.7 66.8 44.6 8.5 68.6

May 2007 33.5 20.8 73.5 61.8 7.8 82.7

Jun 2007 32.6 23.1 78.5 70.5 6.1 119.7

Jul 2007 28.1 21.9 88.7 84.8 2.9 493.1

Aug 2007 28.9 21.8 89.0 81.2 4 377.3

Sep 2007 27.5 21.3 88.1 79.6 3.7 273.6

Oct 2007 28.1 16.5 77.7 74.8 7.6 48.2

Nov 2007 25.4 11.7 78.2 80.0 7.2 0

Dec 2007 22.9 6.5 70.7 69.3 8 0

Jan 2008 22.3 7.3 68.0 68.7 6.9 28.7

Feb 2008 22.7 7.8 70.1 64.2 7.5 2.5

Mar 2008 30.7 14.0 53.3 42.1 8.3 0

At RRLRRS, Gerua



Apr 2007 29.3 18.6 89 70 6.7 267.3

May 2007 32.6 22.7 84 72 6.2 138.8

Jun 2007 32.1 23.7 90 74 4.3 271.8

Jul 2007 32.1 24.3 91 77 3.0 371.8

Aug 2007 33.1 24.6 86 70 5.8 80.8

Sep 2007 31.9 23.0 92 75 3.6 308.6

Oct 2007 30.8 20.4 91 73 6.4 164

Nov 2007 28.1 15.2 89 67 8.4 18

Dec 2007 24.7 9.7 93 67 7.5 0

Jan 2008 23.0 9.3 94 63 5.4 30

Feb 2008 24.4 8.7 84 57 7.0 12

Mar 2008 28.3 15.0 85 59 6.3 118

129

AAU : Assam Agricultural University

ADB : Asian Development Bank

ADG : Assistant Director-General

ADRP : Annual Direct Recruitment Programme

AICRIP : All India Coordinated Rice ImprovementProject

AIR : All India Radio

ARC : Assam Rice Collection

ARDRA : Amplified Ribosomal DNA RestrictionAnalysis

ARRW : Association of Rice Research Workers,Cuttack

ASG : Aromatic Short Grain

ASGON : Aromatic Short Grain Observation Nurs-ery

ASRB : Agricultural Scientists RecruitmentBoard, New Delhi

ASV : Alkali Spreading Value

ATR : Action Taken Report

AVT : Advanced Varietal Trial

AZRA : Applied Zoologists Research Association,Cuttack

BAU : Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

BB/BLB : Bacterial Leaf Blight

BCKV : Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

BPH : Brown Planthopper

Bt : Bacillus thuringiensis

CARI : Central Avian Research Institute

CAT : Capacity Building for Adoption of Tech-nology

CGIAR : Consultative Group on International Ag-ricultural Research

CIAE : Central Institute of Agricultural Engi-neering, Bhopal

CIFA : Central Institute of FreshwaterAquaculture, Bhubaneswar

CIFRI : Central Inland Fisheries Research Insti-tute

CMS : Cytoplasmic Male Sterile/Sterility

CNW : Cumulative Night Weather

CRBD : Complete Randomized Block Design

CRRI : Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack

CRURRS : Central Rainfed Upland Rice ResearchStation, Hazaribag

CSIR : Council of Scientific and Industrial Re-search

CURE : Consortium for Unfavourable Rice Envi-ronment

DAC : Department of Agriculture and Coopera-tion

DAF : Days after Flowering

DAH : Days after Harvest

DAO : District Agricultural Officer

DAP : Diammonium Phosphate/Days AfterPlanting

DAS : Days After Sowing

DAT : Days After Transplanting

DBT : Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi

DFF : Days to 50% Flowering

DH : Dead Hearts

DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DRR : Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad

DS : Dry Season

DSN : Dry Season Nursery

Acronymns

Acronymns

130

DST : Department of Science and Technology,New Delhi

DVS : Development rate for Vegetative Stage

EAP : Externally Aided Projects

EC/ECe : Electrical Conductivity

ET : Evapo-transpiration

FGN : Fertile Grain Number

FLD : Frontline Demonstration

FYM : Farmyard Manure

g : Gram

GATT : General Agreement on Trade and Tariff

GBPUAT : Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agri-culture and Technology, Pantnagar

GC : Gel Consistency/Gas Chromatograph

GLH : Green Leafhopper

GM : Green Manuring/Gall Midge

GP : Gene Pyramid

h : Hour

ha : Hectare

HAU : Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

HI : Harvest Index

HRR : Head Rice Recovery

HYV : High Yielding Variety

IAEA : International Atomic Energy Agency

IARI : Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi

IASRI : Indian Agricultural Statistics ResearchInstitute, New Delhi

ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICM : Integrated Crop Management

ICRISAT : International Crops Research Institute forthe Semi-Arid Tropics

ICSU : International Council for Science

IGKVV : Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya

IITF : India International Trade Fair, New Delhi

IIVR : Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,Varanasi

IET : Initial Evaluation Trial

IJSC : Institute Joint Staff Council

ILRI : Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi

IMC : Institute Management Committee

INM : Integrated Nutrient Management

INSA : Indian National Science Academy

IPM : Integrated Pest Management

IPR : Intellectual Property Rights

IPS : Indian Police Service

IRBN : International Rice Biotechnology Net-work

IRRC : International Rice Research Consortium

IRRI : International Rice Research Institute,Philippines

ISRO : Indian Space Research Organisation

ITEC : Indian Technical and Economic Coopera-tion

ITK : Indigenous Technical Knowledge

IVLP : Institute Village Linkage Programme

IVT : Initial Varietal Trial

IVTASG : Initial Varietal Trial on Aromatic ShortGrain

IWM : Integrated Weed Management

JNKVV : Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi VishwaVidyalaya, Jabalpur

kg : Kilogram

KLAC : Kernel Length After Cooking

KVK : Krishi Vigyan Kendra

l : Litre

Acronymns

131

LB : Long-bold

LCC : Leaf Colour Chart

LF : Leaf Folder

LS : Long-slender

LSI : Location Severity Index

MAS : Marker-assisted Selection

MB : Medium Bold

MIP : Multidisciplinary Institute Programmes

MLT : Multilocation Trial

MR : Moderately Resistance

MS : Medium-slender

NAARM : National Academy of Agricultural Re-search Management, Hyderabad

NAAS : National Academy of Agricultural Sci-ences

NAIP : National Agricultural Innovation Project

NASC : National Agricultural Science Complex,New Delhi

NBAIM : National Bureau of Agriculturally Impor-tant Microorganisms

NBPGR : National Bureau of Plant Genetic Re-sources, New Delhi

NBUSG : Nimin Blended Urea Super Granules

NDRI : National Diary Research Institute, Karnal

NDUAT : Narendra Dev University of Agricultureand Technology

NIL : Near-isogenic Lines

NPK : Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

NPT : New Plant Type

NRC : National Research Centre

NRCPB : National Research Centre for Plant Bio-technology, New Delhi

NSN : National Screening Nursery

NSP : National Seed Project

NUE : Nitrogen-use Efficiency

OFT : On-farm Trials

OUAT : Orissa University of Agriculture andTechnology, Bhubaneswar

OYT : Observational Yield Trial

PAU : Panjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

PE : Panicle Emergence

PEG : Polyethylene Glycol

PH : Plant Height

PI : Panicle Initiation

PMYT : Preliminary Multilocational Yield Trial

PU : Prilled Urea

q : Quintal

QRT : Quinquennial Review Team

QTL : Quantitative Trait Loci

RAC : Research Advisory Committee

RAPD : Random Amplification of PolymorphicDNA

RBC : Rice-based Cropping System

RBD : Randomized Block Design

RCC : Reinforced Cement Concrete

RFLP : Restriction Fragment Length Polymor-phism

RFS : Revolving Fund Scheme

RGA : Rapid Generation Advance

RH : Relative Humidity

RIL : Recombinant Inbred Line

RRLRRS : Regional Rainfed Lowland Rice ResearchStation, Gerua

RTBV : Rice Tungro Baciliform Virus

RTV/RTD : Rice Tungro Virus/Disease

RUDRA : Rural and Urban Development Agency

RYP : Replicated Yield Trial

Acronymns

132

SATVT : Saline Alkaline Tolerant Varietal Trial

SAU : State Agricultural University

SB : Short-bold

SCO : Soil Conservation Range Officer

SDP : Supportive Divisional Programmes

SES : Standard Evaluation System

SLA : Specific Leaf Area

SRC : Scientific Research Council

SRI : System of Rice Intensification

SS : Silver Shoots

t : Tonne

TDM : Total Dry Matter

UAP : Urea Ammonium Phosphate

UBN : Uniform Blast Nursery

URSBN : Upland Rice Shuttle Breeding Network

USG : Urea Super Granule

UV : Ultraviolet

VARRAT : Voluntary Association for Rural Recon-struction and Appropriate Technology

VAM : Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

WBPH : White-backed Plant Hopper

WCE : Weed Control Efficiency

WEH : White Ear Heads

WS : Wet Season

WSN : Wet Season Nursery

WTC : Water Technology Centre, IARI, NewDelhi

WTCER : Water Technology Centre for EasternRegion, Bhubaneswar

WTO : World Trade Organization

WUE : Water-use Efficiency

YMV : Yellow Mosaic Virus

YSB : Yellow Stem Borer

ZCU : Zonal Coordinating Unit

Acronymns

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