Date post: | 03-May-2023 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | independent |
View: | 1 times |
Download: | 0 times |
1
Indus Valley electron microscopy and Crystallography
Abstract
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest
India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. The history of ancient
India is glorious one with Vedic symbols on the seals as evidences of their achievements. The
electron microscopic structures of DNA and crystallographic images on the seals explore their
advanced technology. It was a Vedic civilization with Vedic symbols on the seals.
The quest of creation is quest of human mind from dawn of the Civilization on the earth.
The discovery of the double helical structure of the DNA by the Watson and crick 1953
has brought the revolution in the field of Biotechnology. The same echo is coming from
the scientifically developed Indus Valley Vedic Civilization.
A pictographic symbol is worth than one thousand words. It has been used on the seals
with electron microscopic cellular structures and crystallography images on the seals
The pictographic symbols on the seals are cytological models for teaching and
demonstration; the symbols explore the cellular genetic evolution on the earth with
genetic recombination. Its literary evidences are in the Vedic hymns.
The Vedic metaphoric symbols for DNA have been engraved on the seals.
Accordingly the seals and cytological symbolic pictographs deciphered in
chronological order. It is not a script of known language but microscopic cytological
models. The electron microscopic structure of DNA engraved on the seals confirm
their advance technology, it explore evolution of human species in chronological
order.
Electron microscopic structures of DNA & crystallog raphy images on the
seals explore their advanced technology.
2
1. The synthesis of chromosome 2. DNA replication and Protein
translation
3. Nucleotide pairs 4 Nuclear reaction – the ribosome translates the DNA
code into life.
3
Prof. Chandra P Trivedi
Prof. Chandra P Trivedi Professor with incredible amount of experience as professor, researcher and Principal of lead college, Bhind and Ratlam under Jeewaji University, Gwalior, and Vikram University, Ujjain respectively.
As an academician author of more than 12 books, his books & work has been published in many leading papers of the Subcontinent & books from India and Germany
He is former senior fellow, Department of culture, Govt. of India, Associate IIAS, Shimla. As a Professor and Scientist, he has gone into the depth of Yoga, Meditation, Spiritualism and Vedas at Vedic Research Institute, Ratlam. He is among original thinker with innovative approach to solve the national problem. He explored India’s glorious past with answer of Einstein’s Grand Unified Force. As an academician, Vedic Scientists and professor, he has first time crack the Vedic code with oldest un-deciphered symbols of the world ‘Advanced gene technology’.
Going ahead Prof. Trivedi has given the answer of modern problems related with origin of life consciousness and Higgs field 2012 The Vedas preserved over the centuries with its musical tones from generation to generation, it explore the secret of creation that each generation is new, but the voice is immortal, which follow the mankind from generation to generation with new Life.
4
Indus Valley electron microscopy and Crystallography
Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest
India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. The history of ancient
India is glorious one with Vedic symbols on the seals as evidences of their achievements. The
electron microscopic structures of DNA and crystallographic images on the seals explore their
advanced technology. It was a Vedic civilization with Vedic symbols on the seals.
The quest of creation is quest of human mind from dawn of the Civilization on the earth.
The discovery of the double helical structure of the DNA by the Watson and crick 1953
has brought the revolution in the field of Biotechnology. The same echo is coming from
the scientifically developed Indus Valley Vedic Civilization.
A pictographic symbol is worth than one thousand words. It has been used on the seals
with electron microscopic cellular structures and crystallography images on the seals
The pictographic symbols on the seals are cytological models for teaching and
demonstration; the symbols explore the cellular genetic evolution on the earth with
genetic recombination. Its literary evidences are in the Vedic hymns.
The Vedic metaphoric symbols for DNA have been engraved on the seals. Accordingly
the seals and cytological symbolic pictographs deciphered in chronological order. It is
not a script of known language but microscopic cytological models. The electron
microscopic structure of DNA engraved on the seals confirm their advance technology, it
explore evolution of human species in chronological order.
Figure 1 organic evolution
Sons of Sudhanvan, after your long journeying, ye came unto the home of liberal
Savita Rig. 1-161 10
After long period of gap, the Sudhanvan - coaservates reached to the stage of a
cell.
5
Figure 1 Figure 1 the animal motif is symbol for the fundamental energy and the incense
burner is symbol for the sun as a source of light and energy, the two antelope
indicate the synthesis of the DNA, and the two dots in front of the mouth indicate
origin of the coasrvates in early primitive conditions. The symbol of leaf above
the animal is the symbol for the photosynthesis and conversion of the light
energy into the chemical energy. The genomic chromosome is symbol for the
genetic material. Accordingly, with time from the Sudhanvan - coaservates a
eukaryotic cell came in to function Rig.1-161-10 the leaf is the symbol for the
nourishment, the genomic chromosome is symbol for the genetic material, and
they have opened the door of organic evolution.
Figure 1 symbol 1 the two independent dots are the symbolic Sudhanvan –
coaservate drops, they have been produced in early primitive condition of origin
of life in the water.
Figure 1 symbol 2 the antelope symbol expresses the synthesis of the
genetic material - two helix of DNA.
6
Figure 1 symbol 3 the leaf is a symbol of photosynthesis and
nourishment, & the U shaped genomic chromosome, symbolically it has been
expressed that they together generated a eukaryotic cell, and accordingly they
have open the door for the organic evolution on the earth.
Figure 2 - Evolution of the creation – A group of t iny seals
Figure 2 the animal motif symbol is imaginary fundamental energy in the
cosmos,
The animal symbol on the seal shows evolution of the Creation from the
fundamental energy, the imaginary animal motif is symbolic expression for the
fundamental energy in the cosmos. The incense burner below the neck is symbol
of light and energy, which indicate sun as the source of energy and light on the
earth. Above the animal motif the origin of the biotic and a-biotic components has
been indicated by the bifurcation of the hollow structure in the two different
directions.
Figure 2 symbol 1 a above the animal seal, the button seal indicate origin of the
biotic and a-biotic components of the nature. It has been indicated by the
bifurcation of the hollow structure in the two different directions.
Figure 2 symbol 1, 2, 3 four horned buffalo emitted
2 symbol 1 the symbol with four dots on the four corners and the cross The
four dots on four corner is the symbol for the generation of four components of
7
the atom (electron, proton, neutron and the generation of the energy in the atom),
which constitute the base of the creation, the four lines in the square is the
symbol for the four bases (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine), which
constitute the base of the DNA and the living-beings. Rigveda 4 - 58 1-2-3 four
horned buffalo emitted.
Figure 2 symbol 2 DNA code into life
The next symbol with a fork and two hanging loop, The fork is symbol for the
DNA replication and loops represent the ribosome, it express that the ribosome
translates DNA code into life.
2 symbol 3 DNA duplication - the symbol is ladder like model of DNA
with nucleotide pairs.
Figure 2 symbol 5 to 8 role of messenger RNA
5 DNA replication and transcription
6 mRNA
7 DNA replication
8 inversion of the chromosome with formation of new chromosome.
8
The symbols on the miniature show the role of messe nger RNA in DNA
replication for the synthesis of the new chromosome . The chromosome
under go inversion, which leads to evolution.
DNA transcribe the message into the mRNA, it has been shown by single strand
of DNA on one side. The mRNA have the message for the DNA replication .
The replicating DNA synthesize chromosome, the chromosome undergo
inversion ., which leads to evolution in nature.
.
Figure 2 symbols 9 to 12 gene interaction
9 the genomic chromosome
10 DNA replication
the symbol is for the DNA replication, through which they synthesize the gametes
during the sexual reproduction.
11 the cell division, first division and second division,
12 gene interaction
9
The symbols show the stages in the evolution of the living-beings. The
development of the physical body is due to the mitotic and meiotic cell division.
The gene interaction decide the trend of evolution.
Figure 2 symbols 13 to 17 evolution of human-being
13 the symbol is for the triplet code on the messenger RNA, which carry the
message for evolution.
14 the DNA replication
15 the symbol of the genomic chromosome with gametes
16 crossing over in the cell
The chromosomal crossing over in the cell is important for the evolution in the
nature, with generation of the two different types of the DNA in the cell body.
17 the two types of the DNA for the synthesis of XX & XY chromosome
The two similar symbols of the DNA replication, showing the role of the two
double bond, and a triple bond of the hydrogen in replication. The triple bond is in
the centre of triplet nucleotide pair. The two different DNA types of DNA in the
womb synthesize the two different types of the chromosome XX and XY, it has
been expressed by two similar DNA.
10
The evolution of the living-beings in the nature is regulated by the triple bond of
the hydrogen. The chromosomal crossing over leads to evolution of the different
gametes, and the synthesis of the Genomic chromosome. Accordingly, the
human-species has evolved on the earth.
18 the evolution of human species.
19 the genomic chromosome
The genomic chromosome synthesize the two different types of the chromosome
XX and XY,
20 the human figures express the evolution of male and female from the XX
and XY chromosomes and the gametes.
21 the gametes
22 the humped bull indicates symbolic fundamental energy and the two
horns indicate the origin of the double helical DNA from the fundamental energy.
The human figures expresses the evolution of male and female.
Figure 3 Cell division metaphase stages
11
Figure 3 - 1 the chromosome showing chromonemata
2 Modern model of the chromosome
3 the metaphase stage of cell division
4 Chromosomal crossing
3 the DNA nucleotide pairs showing replication
Figure 4 Meiotic crossing over
Figure 4
1 the chromosomal crossing over during the meiotic cell division.
2 the modern model of crossing over
3 the DNA replication
12
4 the recombinant DNA, during this the genetic material is broken and then
joined to different DNA.
The chromosomal crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between
homologous chromosomes. This often occurs during prophase stage. Crossing
over was first described in theory by Thomas Hunt Morgan.
Figure 5 Synapsis formation
The figure shows the stages during the meiotic crossing over, during this the
genetic material is broken and then joined to different DNA. During the crossing
over the homologous chromosomes come close to form the pair, it is synapsis,
then after pairing the two chromosomes surrounded by protein structure form
synaptonemal complex , and separated with recombination.
Figure 5 1 pairing of homologous chromosome synapsis
2 synaptonemal complex.
3 chiasmata formation
13
4 recombination
5 the modern model of the crossing over with figures on the seal for the testimony of the present finding.
6 the crystallography image of DNA, showing DNA replication on either side.
Figure 6 the tetrahedral arrangement of Hydrogen bo nds
Figure 6 the tetrahedral hydrogen bond and water molecule
The nuclear reactions are driven by the tetrahedral arrangement of the Hydrogen
bond and the water molecule. It has been shown by the hexagonal model in the
beginning. The functions of the Nucleic Acid is shown in series on the seal.
1 tetrahedral arrangement of hydrogen bonds about each water molecule
2 the modern snowflake model to show the arrangement of
hydrogen bonds about each water molecule.
14
The tetrahedral hydrogen bond and water molecules are important for the
nuclear reactions. It has been demonstrated by the modern crystallographers.
The hexagonal symmetry of snowflake results from the tetrahedral hydrogen
bonds about each water molecule. The water molecules are arranged similarly to
the Si02. The resulting crystal structure has hexagonal symmetry when viewed
along a principal axis.
Nucleic Acid – functions
3 The ribosome regulate the DNA code into life
The ribosome attached with the replicating DNA to translate the DNA code into
life, and mRNA carries the message for the protein synthesis and the DNA
replication.
4 the messenger RNA carries the message for the protein synthesis.
5 the DNA replication
6 the chromosomal crossing over.
7 the genomic chromosome
15
Figure 7 DNA replication & insertion of gene
Figure 7
The symbolic model of fundamental energy; The feeding trough in the front
expresses that the components of the creation are synthesized from the
fundamental energy and merge into the same. The bifurcating horns express the
DNA treplication with projected nucleotides. The insertion of the foreign gene has
been demonstrated by a loop like structure in between the replicating strips on
the neck symbolically.
1 the crossing over with insertion of gene
2 the gene
3 the instrument for the insertion of gene
4 insertion of gene
16
5 the genomic chromosome
6 the gene modification
Figure 8 Synthesis of genomic chromosome pair
Figure 8 the cell is in the centre of all the nuclear reaction and synthesis of two
types of chromosome. The formation of the gametes and the DNA replication are
the source of evolution.
1 two types of the chromosome
2 the symbolic DNA replication
3 the cell with nucleus in the centre
17
4 the genomic chromosome with gametes
5 the two replicating DNA with a bridge
Figure 9 Synthesis of chromosome from the chromosom e
The seal shows the synthesis of the chromosome from the
chromosome in the cell with formation of the gametes and DNA replication.
1 the extension series of the chromosomal thread
. The chromosome synthesize the chromosome in the end of cell division.
Figure 10 Packaging of DNA
10 a & b
10 a
18
Figure 10
1 mRNA
2 the Ribosome translate the DNA code into life
3 c DNA
4 duplicating DNA
5 DNA Electron microscopic model showing spiral bands of DNA
6 modern model of the chromosome packaging
7 Modern model of the DNA duplication
Figure 10 b. Showing Packaging of DNA – solenoid
19
10 b The nucleosome bead necklace gradually assumes a coiled form called a
1solenoid, through coiling it produces super coiled condensed DNA. It has
been depicted on the seal.
1 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 11 Octamer – nucleosome bead necklace
The chromosomes are composed of chromatin, it is DNA and protein.
The chromosomal protein play major role in packaging of DNA. During
this process they have observed the bead like structure with string and
octamer, around which the DNA wrapped. The nucleosome bead necklace
gradually assumes a coiled form called a solenoid.
Figure 11 a b.
Figure 14 7 A model of octamer bead necklace b. figure on the seal had been
excavated along with group of seals figure 14
Figure 12 implantation of gene in the womb
20
Figure 12 the half animal and a female human figure is symbol
of genetic recombination through implantation of a modified gene from out side,
on the head two curved horn is a symbol for the two helix of DNA, which
produces long chromosome fibril, it has been expressed by the emerging fibril
from the head, in the series chromosomal inversion and RNA with nucleotide has
been depicted, the implantation of the gene has been expressed by the injection
like tube above the hand, and by the mark on the hip of the animal, the position
of ovary has been indicated to implant the gene in the womb.
1 thread like chromosome fibril from the DNA replication
2 chromosomal inversion
3 the symbol of single strand of DNA with projected nucleotides.
4 the symbolic implantation of gene
5 figure showing the position of the ovary
21
Figure 13 Modern model of DNA showing extension of DNA fibril from the
chromosome
The structure of DNA as we know today.
Figure 14 The Nucleic Acid study
Figure 14 Groups of tiny seals, sealing & button seals – Nucleic Acid study fine
images
The Nucleic Acid study in the cell requires specific techniques and instruments.
With the discovery of electron microscope and X ray diffraction crystallography,
the secret of DNA has been explored. The seals show the similar stages of
experience in revealing the atomic structure of matter and DNA. Without this the
metaphoric structure of the atom & DNA ‘four horn buffalo emitted’ will remain a
22
slogan without the knowledge of electron microscopy and X ray diffraction
crystallography.
The images on the tiny seals are hard to understand, but the skill with which
these seals are prepared, it must have some extra importance. Accordingly with
deep studies the seals have revealed the images, they are very much near to the
modern electron microscopic and x ray crystallography images. We have only the
images, their exact chemical name or name of protein can not be traced due the
difference in terminology. We can compare the images on the computer with
reference to the context of the figures on the seal, The figure of loop pliers and
the robot has been depicted on the seal, besides two images are related with
protein synthesis, three images with implantation technique, and two images are
related with the crystallography.
Figure 14 group of seals figure discussion
Figure 14 1 Micro Loops
a b c
Figure 14 1 Each box contains 20 MicroLoops E™ atta ched to stainless steel rods.
Choose between Vertical, Horizontal and Inclined ap erture MicroLoops E™.
MicroLoops used in modern technique
23
MicroLoops E™ are precision attached to beveled, so lid, nonmagnetic
stainless steel rods with standard lengths of 11, 1 9 and 25 mm and SPINE
length. They can be cut to other lengths using spri ng steel compatible
cutters . Rods can be easily bent using needlenose pliers t o place the
crystal in a desired orientation. The same has been indicated symbolically
Figure 14 2 Robot
The Scripps Institute’s Williams was sometimes able to work by remote control
from La Jolla using the advanced automation at the SIBYLS end station, whose
robots and software can load samples, track ongoing experiments in real time,
and collect data.
14 2 the robot on the seal
Figure 14 3 The placement of the crystal in desired direction
Figure 14 3 a. b. c.
24
The successive steps have depicted with single crystal and the needlenose plier
in the hand of a man, the triplet has been depicted symbolically with three head
of the animal symbolically. In succession the crystal modify the DNA, it has been
indicated by the growth of the horns and a plant like structure in between two
symbolic head of the animal.
Lord of the dwelling, he subdued the demon who roared aloud, six eyed and triple headed. Trita made stronger by the might he lent him, struck down the boar with shaft whose poison
was iron. Rg.10-99-6
Lord of the brave Indra cleft him in pieces, who sought to gain much strength and deemed him mighty. He smote his three heads from his body seizing the cattle of the omniform Tvastr. Rg. 10-8-9.
Figure 14 4 Crystallography image
Franklin has reported that DNA existed in two forms. These forms are the
dehydrated is A form and the fibrous structure due to humid condition is B form.
The A and B forms were then separated and subjected to X-ray crystallography
obtaining the pictures which would be the basis of Watson and Crick’s helical
DNA structure; one of them the famous photo of the B DNA
4
25
Figure 14 4 a. crystallography image of A form 14 4 b modern model of A form
DNA
.
14 4 c Crystallography image of B DNA 14 4 d the figure on the seal
The seal symbol shows the crystallography image of the DNA, along with the
infection of tryptophan gene to obtain phage genome
X-ray crystallography, was the means to discover the molecular structure of DNA
1952, Rosalind Franklin, produces an x-ray photograph of DNA that proves it has
a double helical structure.
14 - 5 Astbury’s image from X Ray studies of Nucle ic Acids
a.I.. II. b
Figure 14 5 A I, II . Astbury's images, from "X-Ray Studies of Nucleic Acids," 1947
14 5 bThe same studies have been depicted on the steatite button seal
Figure 14 6 Protein translation
26
a b
Figure 14 6 a Protein translation b. on the seal
Figure 14 7 DNA copying and protein synthesis
a. a b.
14 7 a modern model The structure on the seal
Figure 14 8 Crystallography of Protein
A b figure on the seal
-
Figure 14 8 A b figure on the seal
Figure 14 9 The two dimensional Electron crystallog raphy,
the typical tetrameric structure of aquaglyceroporin is up to a comparable level
on the seal.
Figure 14 10 2 D crystal image of DNA
27
Figure 14 10 a 2 D crystal image of DNA figure 14 9 b on the seal
Two 2D crystal image of DNA has been given by R. Franklin & Gosling 1954
Figure 15 DNA Repair Protein at Work
It has been shown that two Mre11 proteins worked together as a dimer, forming a
U-shaped structure for the DNA repair called homologous recombination. For
repairing the protein bind with DNA.
Figure 15 A U shape of the Mre11 dimer, F 15 b the symbol on the seal
is rare, it has been given with recombinant DNA, it indicate the importance of the
symbol of DNA, the black lining at the border may be protein.
Figure 16 A group of Seals - Nucleic Acid study at omic resolution images Atomic resolution images The X ray crystallography has helped in the study of atomic structure of atom.
The tetrahedral arrangement of the hydrogen bonds has given important clues
28
for the study of nucleic acid. The similar experience of studies and atomic
resolution images can be observed on the tiny seals.
Figure 16 A groups of seals – Nucleic Acid study
Atomic resolution images 1, 2 & 3
Figure 16 1 a b crystalline solid atomic image of Strontium titanate.
A b
Figure 16 1A Crystalline solid atomic image of Strontium titanate the brighter
atoms are Sr and darker are Ti b on the seal
Figure 16 2 and 16 3 Square and Hexagonal image
29
16 2 A Square image b on the seals
16 3 A snowflake crystal hexagonal image b on the seal
Drawing of square (Figure A, above) and hexagonal (Figure B, below) packing
from Kepler's work, Strena seu de Nive Sexangula.
Work Strena seu de Nive Sexangula (1611) that the hexagonal symmetry of
snowflake crystal was due to a regular packing of spherical water particles.
As shown by X-ray crystallography, the hexagonal symmetry of snowflakes
results from the tetrahedral arrangement of hydrogen bonds hydrogen bonds
about each water molecule. The water molecules are arranged similar to the
silicon atoms in the tridymite polymorph of SiO2. The resulting crystal structure
has hexagonal symmetry when viewed along a principal axis.
Acknowledgement
30
I am very much thankful to the Department of Culture, Government of India for
the Grant of Senior fellowship, to the Indian Institute of Advance Study, Shimla
for the associate-ship, & Govt. of M.P. Higher education for the opportunity to
work. I feel great honor for honorable late P.M. Shree Rajeev Gandhi for his
timely encouragement. I am thankful to Dr. R.R. Das Ex V.C. Gwalior, Dr.
S.N.Rath Ujjain for the guidance, and Dr. Bhagirath Prasad Ex V.C. Indore for
encouragement. I am also thankful to the Archaeological survey of India &
Harappa.com for the Indus valley seals and the tablets.
Prof. C.P. Trivedi, 109,111, C-Block, Sagar Apt. Former Senior Fellow, Department of Culture, Govt. of India, 17/1, Old Palasia
Associate IIAS Shimla, Former P.G. Principal, Govt. of M.P. Indore - 452001 Mobile 094254 56518, Ph.0731-2544436
References
Alber Bruce Molecular Biology of the Cell, GS Garland Science Taylor
and Francis Group, New York
Atherly, Girton, the Science of Genetics Allchin, F.R. ‘The legacy of the Indus Civilization’ In Harrapan Civilization
(385-393) editor G. Possehl, Oxford University Press New
Delhi
Channarayappa Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Practice University
Press, Hyderabad
Griffith Hymns of ÿgveda, Motilal Banarsidas, New Delhi.
31
Marshall, Sir John Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, Vol. 1 and 2. London, Arthur Probsthan. 1931.
Kenoyer Jonathan Mark Indus Valley Civilization Ancient cities of the Indus
Valley Civilization, American Institute of Pakistan studies
Maxmller History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, Panini
Office, Allahabad
Maxmüller India, What can it Teach us? New edition London 1892 1 vol
Maxmüller Science of Religion
Introduction to the London 1873 1 vol, Science of
Language New York, 1875 2 vol
Oxford, Oxford University press Karachi1998
Maxmüler and Keith Vedic Index
MacDonnell and Keith Vedic Index on Names and Subjects,
ChaukhambaVidhya Bhawan, Kashi
Mcdonell, A.A. Vedic Reader for students
Oxford University press, London
Mcdonell, A. A. History of Sanskrit Literature, Munshi Ram Manohar Lal,
Nai Sarak, Delhi.
Parpola Asko Deciphering the Indus Script Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1994
Parkinson, W.D. Introduction to Geomagnetism
Scottish Academic press, EdinburghParker, E.N.
Cosmical magnetic fields, their Origin and activity
Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1979.
32
Trivedi C.P. Vedic Concept of Biosphere Originals, Low Prize
Publication, New Delhi
Trivedi C.P. Vedic Cell Biology with Life Energy and Rebirth Parimal
Publications, Shakti Nagar, Delhi
Whitney.W.D. Atharvaveda Samhita Translation Vol. 1 & 2, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi
http://www.harappa.com/har/indus-saraswati.html
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556839/indus_valley_civilization.html
http://www.mohenjodaro.net/mohenjodaroessay.html
Coppa, A.; et al. (2006-04-06). "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips
were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population".
Nature 440 (7085): 755. doi: 10.1038/440755a. PMID
16598247http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/pdf/440755a.pdf
A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick (1) April 25, 1953 (2), Nature (3), 171, 737-738www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html). Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate Franklin, R., and Gosling, R. G. Nature 171, 740-741 (1953) URL: http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf
Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids Wilkins, M. H. F., Stokes, A. R., & Wilson, H. R. Nature 171, 738-740 (1953) URL: http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf
X-Ray Crystallography www.esnips.com