Pedagogical Stylistics in the 21st Century

Sonia Zyngier · GregWatsonEditors

Pedagogical Stylisticsin the 21st Century

EditorsSonia ZyngierFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Greg WatsonUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuu, Finland

ISBN 978-3-030-83608-5 ISBN 978-3-030-83609-2 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83609-2

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer NatureSwitzerland AG 2022This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any otherphysical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computersoftware, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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In memory of Ronald A. Carter

Preface

… seeing new horizons is always the hardest partof the journey[Carter, R. In Watson & Zyngier (2007: x)]

Never have Ron Carter’s words been more pertinent than now. Just asthis volume had been commissioned, the world came to a standstill, sonew ways of learning, working and communicating had to be devised. Asa consequence of the Covid 19 pandemic, our initial plan of presentingevidence-based assessments of what actually occurs in the classroom hadto be changed. Attempting to cover the lack of empirical studies in thearea (see Fogal 2015), many of the initial chapters promised to bringdata fresh from the educational environment, which became an impossi-bility with schools closing down. Empirical endeavours would have tobe left for another moment in our history. And yet, as the field hasexpanded, we could see that there was still much ground to be covered.Thanks to the flexibility and resilience of our contributors and to thetrust Palgrave Macmillan had in this collection, we have managed tomaterialize a different albeit much needed project and bring this bookto print. We are pleased to say that together we made it through the

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crisis, which proves that, although quite daunting a journey, we can stillenvisage new horizons even in the direst situations.

As professionals working in the fields of language and literature, ourrole is to see that students learn and develop the skills of how to makemeaning out of language patterns, especially those that turn into verbalart. As noted by Zyngier in her survey of pedagogical stylistics (2020:447),

The emerging field of stylistics, or the linguistic analysis of the waylanguage works, offered promising tools for teachers who aimed atshowing students how to read between the lines and how to substantiatetheir interpretations. In this sense, the language of literary texts was seenas useful for stimulating students’ sensitivity to everyday communication.

And it still does. By now, research in pedagogical stylistics has shownits relevance in many educational settings: from primary to tertiary levels,in English as a first, second, or foreign language, and in many otherenvironments such as book-clubs, chats and all sorts of virtual media.Studies in pedagogical stylistics are in great demand today, especially withregard to the contributions they may bring to the educational context.

It is now nearly half a century since stylisticians realized the poten-tial of using linguistic description to substantiate textual interpretationand we believe we must assess the field from time to time to see whichdirections the studies will take. In 1997, a first special interest group onpedagogical stylistics (Ped-Sig) at the PALA conference in Nottingham,UK (1997) was organized to carry out a two-phase project aimed atfinding out what was consensual in pedagogical stylistics and what varieddue to the educational context (Clark & Zyngier 2003). This initialproject stimulated teachers to go beyond practice and define scientificparameters for the area. In 2007, Carter noted that much could bedone in the area, among others, of textual theories and analytical frame-works, empirical classroom research on language acquisition and readingdevelopment, on creative writing and virtual environments (Carter 2007:IX–X), or what he later called cyberspace classrooms (Carter 2010: 120).

In fact, much has happened since our last collection of studies onpedagogical stylistics was published in 2007, covering contributions from

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five continents. At that time, the influence of cognitive studies on peda-gogical stylistics was just beginning to be felt and we presented a sectionon awareness and cognition. We also offered a section on corpus stylis-tics and web-based courses as well as grammar and textual analysis. As asequel to that volume, in this present book we provide an assessment ofwhat has occurred in this field during the past 14 years. Here the readerwill notice that Carter’s predictions materialized in the sense that muchmore emphasis is given to advances in cognitive studies, students’ readingand engagement, innovations in educational settings, the virtual world,and a more critical perspective which considers how pedagogical stylisticscan promote political and social awareness.The scope of this book is quite comprehensive in terms of contexts. In

our 2007 volume, five continents were included. Here, our contributorsrepresent eight countries and 18 universities, thus covering an even widerrange and different settings than those in the earlier volume. Collectively,these studies re-examine and update the state of pedagogical stylisticsand in doing so offer an organic view for those who wish to have anassessment of the most recent developments in this field.

Pedagogical Stylistics in the 21st Century is divided into four main parts.Part I, Assessing and Broadening the Scope of Pedagogical Stylistics, aimsat providing an overview of where the field is at the moment. GeoffHall opens this part with an extensive survey where he reports researchdeveloped in the last 13 years pointing out the achievements obtainedin a number of areas. He argues that language and literature educationhas been greatly influenced by globalisation, digitisation and mobility intoday’s world. Among the many topics Hall covers, the reader will findempirical research in pedagogical stylistics, the cognitive turn, the issueof multimodality, online reading environments, creative writing, corpusstylistics, curriculum development, and many other recent outcomes. Healso provides relevant educational research publications. In this sense,Chapter 1 is an excellent overview for scholars new to this field who willbe able to have a broad assessment of the current state of pedagogicalstylistics.

In Chapter 2, Violeta Sotirova addresses the conflicts betweenlinguistic and literary criticism. She shows how traditionally literarycritics have been criticized by linguists for being impressionistic and

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imprecise and the linguists have been attacked for not being as objectiveas they claim to be. She shows how this mutual rejection has had impli-cations for the teaching. Through examining the present perfect aspectin the work of Ezra Pound’s poem ‘Provincia Deserta’, Sotirova demon-strated that linguistic analysis can help to elucidate critical interpretationand that both have much to contribute to pedagogical stylistics.

Looking at students as researchers, in Chapter 3 David Hanauer showshow the developments in the field of scientific inquiry teaching caninfluence educational environments. He illustrates his arguments witha course-based research experience (CURE) that can be used to helpraise the students’ personal and societal agency. He holds that it facilitatesdeliberation surrounding political issues, a concept that seems to meritmore and more attention in recent and contemporary times. Hanauer’spoint is that through CURE students can become more socially andpolitically engaged.The fourth chapter closes Part I, by looking at developments in corpus

stylistics and how it can assist in the teaching of style and register variantsto English for General Academic Purposes (EAP) students, in this casewithin a Japanese setting. Based on their teaching experience, MarcusBridle and Dan McIntyre are aware that undergraduate EAP studentsin Japan encounter much difficulty in developing both general languageproficiency and language used in an academic context. By describinga course based on corpus stylistics, they argue that this methodologyempowers students to discover for themselves how to target foreignlanguage functions in specific discourse types. More specifically, theyshow evidence that it both enables students to develop their knowledgeof academic register and helps them become independent writers. Insuch cases where corpus studies are unable to provide this, they can thenrealize that language curricula need to also take into account non-corpusmethodologies.

Based on advances on cognitive developments in the past ten years,Part II opens with a very original and relevant chapter where Peter Stock-well introduces the concept of Principle of Moment. His primary claimis that ‘experiential matters of textuality such as pragmatic knowledge,memory, feeling, and anticipation are also the proper domain of linguis-tics; and also that discourse and readerly experience are at the heart of a

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stylistic exploration’ (pp. 107–108). Stockwell highlights these conceptsby briefly discussing Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet and a novel byEvelyn Waugh. His final goal is to show that introspection can also beregarded as an empirical method to be used in pedagogical stylistics, asit may promote the student’s qualitative experience and the process ofdiscovery of intersubjective reading.

Combining pedagogical affordances of cognitive grammar withresearch on theoretical models of grammar for the classroom, teacherknowledge and cross-phase collaboration, Chloe Harrison and MarcelloGiovanelli present a case study of the use of cognitive grammar in theclassroom. In Chapter 6 they describe two workshops in which teachers(re)conceptualize cognitive grammar as a pedagogical resource, finallyleading to the publication of a book. This work is concerned with empiri-cally exploring how this framework can be used as a pedagogical resourcein secondary English teaching.Text World Theory is then discussed by Ian Cushing in Chapter 7.

This is a well-established theory but not necessarily so for all secondaryEnglish teachers in the UK. Cushing presents the results of a 3-yearproject in which teachers are trained in the principles of cognitivestylistics and in the design and delivery of Text World Theory in theclassroom. This very interesting work helps to reconceptualize traditionaldivisions between language and literary studies.

In the final chapter of Part II, Esmeralda Bon and Michael Burke showhow today’s world has shifted from paper to screen and they look intothe influence of electronic devices such as e-readers and the smartphoneson students’ reading. In order to see what kind of impact this changemay have on reading, understanding and memory, they describe a qual-itative piece of research of when, how, and possibly why students engagein modern e-reading devices versus traditional reading. In addition, theyobserve in which locations their research participants read books oruse these electronic devices. Their study leads to quite innovative andunexpected results.

Addressing the focus of current work on reader engagement andfeeling, Chapter 9 opens Part III, where Frank Hakemulder carries out anempirical reader response study in the classroom. He argues that we often

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speak of how the reader might respond without having taken into consid-eration the reader’s gender, socio-economic background, and ethnicity, toname but a few variables. By conducting classroom experimentation andusing self-formulated research questions, he demonstrates how studentscan be sensitized to the stylistic artistry of literary texts, how they cancompare their own feelings and understanding with other readers, andhow they can examine their own rewritings. He concludes by offeringpractical guidelines for running simple tests that students can carry outby themselves.

Chapter 10 offers an interesting cross-cultural, multilingual investi-gation into how students’ reading experiences can be strongly impactedby the stylistic options a translator adopts when translating a set piece.In this chapter, Anna Chesnokova and Sonia Zyngier investigate theuse of translated poems in two culturally different EFL settings. Theauthors examine Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Lake’ translated into threeseparate languages from the original English, namely, in Portuguese,Ukrainian and Russian. This is an important piece of work that combinestranslation studies, cross-cultural communication, reader-response andpedagogical stylistics all in one.The final chapter of Part III is concerned with teachers’ intertextual

identities and English education. Here Jessica Mason looks into therelationship between reading and identity at the intersection of cogni-tive stylistics, English education and reader response research by meansof intertextuality. She empirically examines anonymous reports by 300teachers of English about their experiences of embarrassment regardingtheir reading histories and practices, which may not exactly correspondto the perceived ‘love of reading’ they believe they are meant to havewithin their chosen profession. This is a most fascinating piece of workthat reveals the intricacies of the sociology of booktalk within pedagogicalstylistic settings.

Part IV introduces us to Innovations in the Educational Setting , andconsists of three separate chapters. In Chapter 12, Jane Spiro addressesthe challenges academic writing poses for students. She argues that muchhas already been done in terms of making these conventions transparent,however, discourse analysts still need to see how exactly Ph.D. studentstransition to academic writing, and how they enhance their sense of self

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as a doctoral writer. Spiro suggests a discourse awareness approach whichmay enable writers to transition from one set of text types to the other.She details how this approach can be effective in building principled andinformed peer review skills. This is a well-structured empirically scaf-folded method which offers concrete results for students and instructorsalike.The two final chapters in Part IV entail empirical studies conducted

in Japan. In Chapter 13, Paul Sevigny revisits the concept of role-based literature circles in this specific EFL setting, and argues foraligning role-based literature circles for the B1 (intermediate) level ofthe Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). He evaluatesliterature circles through four separate lenses, namely, collaboration, rele-vance, evidence, and alignment. Sevigny argues that role-based literaturecircles have been limited to classrooms and text selection depends onthe teacher. Instead, based on the evidence from the study he details, heproposes the literary circles are expanded to local cafés and other settings,and that Self-Access Learning Centers (SALC) are included so as topromote stylistic awareness, linguistic fluency and involvement, amongother benefits.

Still contextualized in Japan, in Chapter 14 Azumi Yoshida, MasayukiTeranishi, Takayuki Nishihara and Masako Nasu offer a cross-linguisticstylistic qualitative analysis of EFL learners’ writings, with specific refer-ence to the impact of reading experience in L1 (Japanese) on L2 (English)proficiency. To this purpose they divide their Japanese EFL participantsinto four groups based on early L1 and/or L2 education and carry out astylistic analysis of writings. The results suggest that reading in Japaneseleads to English proficiency and quite a few respondents pointed out acorrelation between Japanese and English proficiency. They also founda correlation between Japanese and English proficiency. The authorssuggest that early L1 (Japanese) and L2 (English) education may impactpositively upon English proficiency. Their findings prove to be both quitenuanced and intriguing, but as they point out, more research needs tobe developed in this area.

Finally, in the afterword to this volume, Michael Toolan skilfullyweaves the preceding chapters together, revealing their strengths whileoffering a panoramic view of where we stand today, and his perceptions

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of what he believes should be developed in future pedagogical stylisticworks.

Over a quarter of a century since the first Poetics and Linguistics Asso-ciation (PALA) Special Interest Group met to discuss pedagogical issuesin stylistics in 1994, and 14 years after the publication of our first collec-tion, we can say that theories and strategies come and go but the questfor learning remains. Let us see what awaits us in the future that startsnow.

Edited and compiled in virtual space.

Rio de Janeiro, BrazilJoensuu, FinlandMay 2021

Sonia ZyngierGreg Watson

Acknowledgements We would like to thank Palgrave Macmillan for theirunderstanding and flexibility, and the contributors, who went against all oddsto meet our deadlines. We would also like to thank our respective partners, whobore with us throughout this entire year of isolation and always had words ofencouragement.

References

Carter, Ronald A. 2007. Foreword. In Literature and stylistics for languagelearners: Theory and practice, ed. G. Watson and S. Zyngier, vii–xi. Hamp-shire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Carter, Ronald A. 2010. Issues in pedagogical stylistics: A coda. Language andLiterature 19 (1): 115–122.

Clark, Urszula, and Sonia Zyngier. 2003. Towards a pedagogical stylistics.Language and Literature 12 (4): 339–351.

Fogal, Gary. 2015. Pedagogical stylistics in multiple foreign language andsecond language contexts: A synthesis of empirical research. Language andLiterature 24 (1): 54–72.

Watson, Greg, and Sonia Zyngier (eds.). 2007. Literature and stylistics forlanguage learners: Theory and practice. Hampshire & New York: PalgraveMacmillan.

Zyngier, Sonia. 2020. Postscript: Pedagogical stylistics: Past and future.Language and Literature 29 (4): 446–453.

Contents

Part I Assessing and Broadening the Scope ofPedagogical Stylistics

1 Pedagogical Stylistics Since 2007: A Baker’s Dozen 3Geoff Hall

2 Pedagogical Stylistics and the Integration of Literaryand Linguistic Criticism 31Violeta Sotirova

3 Pedagogical Stylistics in the Service of Democracy 55David I. Hanauer

4 Pedagogical Corpus Stylistics: Teaching Styleand Register Variation to EAP Students 75Marcus Bridle and Dan McIntyre

Part II Cognitive Perspectives

5 The Principle of Moments 107Peter Stockwell

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6 Cognitive Grammar in the Classroom: A Case Study 131Marcello Giovanelli and Chloe Harrison

7 A Text-World Pedagogy for Young Stylisticians 159Ian Cushing

8 Devices, Settings and Distractions: A Study into HowStudents Read Literature 183Esmeralda V. Bon and Michael Burke

Part III Reader Engagement and Feelings

9 Empirical Pedagogical Stylistics: Reader ResponseResearch in the Classroom 209Frank Hakemulder

10 Considerations on the Use of Translated Poemsin EFL Settings 233Anna Chesnokova and Sonia Zyngier

11 Teachers’ Intertextual Identities and EnglishEducation 263Jessica Mason

Part IV Innovations in the Educational Setting

12 Why Do I Write This Way? Tracking the StylisticLeap from Professional to Academic Writing 289Jane Spiro

13 Revising Role-Based Literature Circles for EFLClassrooms 315Paul Sevigny

14 The Impact of L1 on L2: A Qualitative StylisticAnalysis of EFL Learners’ Writings 343Azumi Yoshida, Masayuki Teranishi, Takayuki Nishihara,and Masako Nasu

Contents xvii

15 Afterword 371Michael Toolan

Index 391

Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Sonia Zyngier is Adjunct Professor at the Federal University of Riode Janeiro. She co-founded the Research and Development in Empir-ical Studies project (REDES Project, 2002–2012) aimed at developingresearchers in the area of Scientific Study of Literature. A member ofIGEL and PALA, she was on the Board of both Associations. Amongher more recent publications are ‘Postscript: Pedagogical stylistics: Pastand Future’ (Language and Literature, 2020), Language, Discourse, Style:Selected Works of John McH. Sinclair (John Benjamins, 2016); and,with co-authors, Scientific Methods for the Humanities, John Benjamins2012), Scientific Approaches to Literature in Learning Environments (JohnBenjamins Publishing Company, 2016), and ‘Language-literature inte-gration in high-school EFL education: investigating students’ perspec-tives (Innovations in Language Learning and Teaching , 2020). Currently,she is an English language coordinator for Fundação CECIERJ andco-editor of the Linguistic Approaches to Literature Series (JohnBenjamins).

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Greg Watson is well published in several fields of speciality, includingLinguistic Stylistics, Pedagogical Stylistics, and Language ContactStudies. Now retired, he was Professor of English Language and Cultureat the University of Eastern Finland, and Adjunct Professor in Soci-olinguistics at the University of Tampere, Finland, as well as AdjunctProfessor in Applied Linguistics at the University of Oulu, Finland.His primary publications are Doin’ Mudrooroo. Elements of Style andInvolvement in the Early Prose Fiction of Mudrooroo (1997), Finno-UgricLanguage Contacts (2006, co-edited), Literature and Stylistics for LanguageLearners (2007, co-edited) and The State of Stylistics (2008). Born inSydney, Australia, he holds dual citizenship, having lived in Finland forthe past 32 years.

Contributors

Esmeralda V. Bon is a Research Associate at the University of Manch-ester, based in the Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research. Thereshe is part of the DiCED project (Digital Campaigning and ElectoralDemocracy). This is a new comparative study into the drivers and effectsof digital political campaigning in five countries and seven elections,taking place between 2020 and 2023. Esmeralda has recently obtainedher Ph.D. at the University of Nottingham in the field of Politics. Herresearch focuses on the contemporary communicative behaviour of polit-ical parties and political candidates and on how this influences publicopinion. This research is informed by her undergraduate and postgrad-uate studies of linguistics, rhetoric and argumentation, journalism andpolitical communication.

Marcus Bridle is an Assistant Professor in the Global Education Centerat Waseda University, Japan, where he helps to coordinate academicwriting programmes. He holds a B.A. in English literature (Lancaster),M.A. in stylistics and Ph.D. in applied linguistics (both Huddersfield) aswell as a Cambridge DELTA. He has been teaching on EFL courses andwriting freelance teaching and testing materials since 2005. He has spentthe last ten years in EAP provision at various universities including the

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University of Sheffield, UK, and Aoyama Gakuin, Japan. His researchinterests include learner writing, error feedback and correction, and theapplication of corpus-based methodologies in classroom contexts.

Michael Burke is Professor of Rhetoric at University College Roosevelt,a liberal arts and sciences undergraduate honours college of UtrechtUniversity located in Middelburg, Zeeland. He is the author of LiteraryReading, Cognition Emotion (Routledge, 2011) and the editor of bothThe Routledge Handbook of Stylistics (2014) and Stylistics: CriticalConcepts in Linguistics (Routledge, 2017). He is also a co-editor of Peda-gogical Stylistics: Current Trends in Language, Literature and ELT (2012,Continuum Press), together with Csábi, Week and Zerkowitz; ScientificApproaches to Literature in Learning Environments (2016, John BenjaminsPress, together with Fialho and Zyngier); and Cognitive Literary Science:Dialogues Between Literature and Cognition (2017, Oxford UniversityPress, together with Troscianko).

Anna Chesnokova is a Professor at the English Philology and Transla-tion Department of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Ukraine. She wasthe area coordinator for Ukraine in the international REDES (Researchand Development in Empirical Studies) project (2003–2010). Since2010, she has been the Director of the Ukraine-Europe LinguisticCentre, offering language services to companies and organisations. Hermain research interests lie in Stylistics and Empirical Studies of Liter-ature. Her publications, most with co-authors, include Directions inEmpirical Literary Studies (John Benjamins, 2008) and chapters forTheInternational Reception of Emily Dickinson (Continuum Press, 2009),Teaching Stylistics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Scientific Approaches toLiterature in Learning Environments (John Benjamins, 2016), Peda-gogical Approaches to Intercultural Competence Development (CambridgeScholars, 2020) and International Handbook of Love: Transcultural andTransdisciplinary Perspectives (Springer International, 2021).

Ian Cushing is a Senior Lecturer in English at Edge Hill University, UK.His doctoral research theorised and enacted a pedagogical applicationof Text World Theory in secondary schools, developed in close collab-oration with practising teachers. His current work examines the social

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implications and consequences of racialized and classed language ideolo-gies in schools, which draws on a range of frameworks and approachesacross critical language policy, the sociology of education and criticalliteracies. His work has appeared in journals such as: Language in Society;Language, Culture and Curriculum; Journal of Language, Identity andEducation; British Educational Research Journal ; Literacy; and LanguagePolicy.

Marcello Giovanelli is a Senior Lecturer in English Language and Liter-ature at Aston University, UK. He has research interests in applications ofText World Theory and Cognitive Grammar to literary discourse and inpedagogical stylistics. Recent books include Text World Theory and Keats’Poetry (Bloomsbury, 2013), Teaching Grammar, Structure and Meaning(Routledge 2014), Knowing About Language (with Dan Clayton, Rout-ledge, 2016), Cognitive Grammar in Stylistics: A Practical Guide (withChloe Harrison, Bloomsbury, 2018) and New Directions in CognitiveGrammar and Style (with Chloe Harrison and Louise Nuttall). He haspublished widely on cognitive stylistics and applied linguistics in majorinternational journals.

Frank Hakemulder has a background in literary theory and compar-ative literature. He specializes in the psychology of literature. As PI heled two national research projects: on the experience of being absorbedin fictional worlds (Narrative Absorption, Benjamins, 2017), and on howsuch experiences affect social perception and self-concept. He is affiliatedfull professor at the Norwegian Reading Center (Stavanger) concen-trating on the nature of deep reading and its relation to readers’ mentalwell-being. He teaches Media Psychology and Communication Studies atUtrecht University, and trains students in the Humanities in qualitativeand quantitative methods of the Social Sciences (Science and Humani-ties: New Research Methods, John Benjamins, 2012). From 2012 to 2016he was president of the International Society for the Empirical Studyof Literature. Currently he is involved as supervisor in various projectswithin the Empirical Study of Literature Training Network funded bythe EU (elitnetwork.eu).

Editors and Contributors xxiii

Geoff Hall is Professor of English at University of Nottingham NingboChina (UNNC) and Professor II, Nord University, Norway. PreviouslyChief Editor of SAGE journal Language and Literature (2010–2016).His most widely cited publication is Literature in Language Education(Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2015). Recent publications include‘Using Literature in ELT.’ (in The Routledge Handbook of ELT, 2016);‘Literature and the English Language’ (in The Routledge Handbook ofEnglish Language, 2018), and ‘Literature, challenge and mediation in21st century language learning’ (Research-publishing.net, 2020).

David I. Hanauer is Professor of Applied Linguistics at Indiana Univer-sity of Pennsylvania and the Lead Assessment Coordinator of the SEA-PHAGES program at the University of Pittsburgh. His research focuseson science and literacy education, scientific inquiry teaching, and theprocesses and uses of poetry reading and writing. His articles have beenpublished in Science, PNAS, CBE-LSE and a wide range of appliedlinguistics, literacy and educational journals. He is the author of eightbooks including Poetry as Research. He has received funding from theNSF, HHMI and the US Department of Education. Dr. Hanauer iseditor of the Scientific Study of Literature journal and the LanguageStudies, Science and Engineering book series with John Benjamins.

Chloe Harrison is a Senior Lecturer in English Language and Litera-ture at Aston University, UK. Her research interests include cognitivestylistics (and specifically the application of Cognitive Grammar forliterary linguistic analysis), re-reading and contemporary fiction. Shehas a number of publications in these areas, including three recentbooks: Cognitive Grammar in Contemporary Fiction (John Benjamins,2017), Cognitive Grammar in Stylistics: A Practical Guide (with MarcelloGiovanelli, Bloomsbury, 2018) and the edited collection New Direc-tions in Cognitive Grammar and Style (with Louise Nuttall and MarcelloGiovanelli, Bloomsbury, 2021). She is also Treasurer for the InternationalAssociation of Literary Semantics.

Jessica Mason is a Senior Lecturer in English Language at SheffieldHallam University, UK. She has published widely on topics at the inter-section of stylistics and English education, in particular in relation to

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the study of literature in secondary schools. She was awarded the TerryFurlong Award for Research for this work by England’s National Associa-tion for the Teaching of English (NATE), in 2015. She has run a modulefor aspiring teachers in this area, Exploring English Education, for the pastfive years. Most recently she has published a co-authored book on theapplication of cognitive stylistics to English education: Studying Fiction:A Guide for Teachers and Researchers (Mason and Giovanelli, 2021).

Dan McIntyre is Professor of English Language and Linguistics atthe University of Huddersfield, UK, where he teaches corpus linguis-tics, stylistics and the history of English. His major publicationsinclude History of English (Routledge, 2nd edition, 2020), Corpus Stylis-tics: Theory and Practice (Edinburgh University Press, 2019), ApplyingLinguistics: Language and the Impact Agenda (Routledge, 2018), TeachingStylistics (Palgrave, 2011), Language and Style (Palgrave, 2010), Stylistics(Cambridge University Press, 2010) and Point of View in Plays (JohnBenjamins, 2006). He founded and co-edits Babel: The Language Maga-zine, which aims to make linguistics accessible to non-specialists, andhis most recent book is The Babel Lexicon of Language (CambridgeUniversity Press, 2021).

Masako Nasu is an Associate Professor at the Centre for Liberal Arts andLanguage Education, Okayama University, Japan. Her research inter-ests include the qualitative analysis of narratives collected from foreignlanguage learners, as well as stylistic approach to British modernistwritings. She is the author of ‘The Role of Stylistics in Japan: A Pedagog-ical Perspective’ (Language and Literature, 21 [2], 2012, co-authored),TOEIC Test Advantage (NANUNDO, 2014, co-authored), ‘The Roleof Literature in Foreign Language Learning’ in Literature and LanguageLearning in the EFL Classroom (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), ScientificApproaches to Literature in Learning Environments (John Benjamins,2016, co-authored), From Individual to Collective: Virginia Woolf ’s Devel-oping Concept of Consciousness (Peter Lang, 2017) and The Intersection ofArts, Humanities, and Science (SEIBIDO, 2020, co-authored). She is thechair of the Japan Association of International Liberal Arts (JAILA).

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Takayuki Nishihara is an Associate Professor of Applied Linguisticsat Hiroshima University, Japan. His research interests include literaryreading processes in a foreign language, EFL literary reading difficul-ties, teaching and testing procedures for literary texts in EFL and theeffects of literary reading on second language acquisition. He is theauthor of ‘Poetry Reading and Noticing the Hole in Interlanguage: AProposal for Investigating the Relation Between Poetry Reading andInterlanguage Development’ (JACET Journal 54, 2012), ‘AchievementTests for Literary Reading in General EFL Reading Courses’ (M. Teran-ishi, Y. Saito, & K. Wales (eds.), Literature and Language Learning inthe EFL Classroom, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), and ‘Of Learning andPoetics: Exploring Strategies Used by L2 Japanese English Learners’ (M.Burke, O. Fialho & S. Zyngier [eds.], Scientific Approaches to Literaturein Learning Environments, John Benjamins, 2016).

Paul Sevigny is an Associate Professor of Applied Linguistics atRitsumeikan Asia Pacific University in Japan. He completed an M.A.in second language studies at the University of Hawai’i and a Ph.D. atthe University of Birmingham, where he developed methods for teachingand researching L2 literature circles. He is blessed to have studied withMichael Toolan, his Ph.D. supervisor. Ron Carter provided significantguidance on the early stages of his dissertation. He is currently workingon a three-year grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion ofScience (JSPS) to develop bilingual graded readers, discussion systems,and literacy leaders. This involves applying stylistic research methodsto the development of language learner literature and student literacyleadership in L2 university contexts.

Violeta Sotirova is Associate Professor in Stylistics at the University ofNottingham. She has written a book on D.H. Lawrence and NarrativeViewpoint (Bloomsbury, 2011) and a book on Consciousness in ModernistFiction: A Stylistic Study (Palgrave, 2013). She is also the editor of TheBloomsbury Companion to Stylistics (Bloomsbury, 2015) and co-editor ofLinguistics and Literary History: In Honour of Sylvia Adamson (Benjamins,2016). Her research focuses on the representation of fictional conscious-ness and on the stylistic practices of Modernism. She has also studiedauthorial revisions and reader responses to narrative viewpoint. She is

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Assistant Editor of the international journal of the Poetics and LinguisticsAssociation—Language and Literature.

Jane Spiro is Professor of Education at Oxford Brookes University withinterests in teacher reflection, creative language education and writingdevelopment. She has taught literature and language in Switzerland,Hungary and Belgium, and for the British Council in India, Polandand Mexico. At Oxford Brookes she ran an M.A. in TESOL for inter-national teachers of English and developed a 3-year doctoral writingprogramme. Her publications include resources for teachers (OxfordUniversity Press), poetry and story collections (Oversteps and PalewellPress), and several books on language education: Changing Methodolo-gies in TESOL (Edinburgh University Press) and Linguistic and CulturalInnovation in Schools (Palgrave Macmillan). These books aim to fosterteacher and learner creativity, and build bridges between academic andcreative ways of sharing knowledge.

Peter Stockwell is Professor of Literary Linguistics at the Universityof Nottingham UK, and a Fellow of the English Association. He haspublished 12 books and over 80 articles in stylistics, sociolinguisticsand applied linguistics, including Cognitive Poetics (Routledge, 2020),The Language of Surrealism (Palgrave, 2017), and Texture: A CognitiveAesthetics of Reading (Edinburgh University Press, 2009). He co-editedThe Language and Literature Reader (Routledge, 2008) with Ron Carter.His work in cognitive poetics has been translated into many languages,including Chinese, Japanese, Polish, Persian, Russian and Arabic.

Masayuki Teranishi is Professor of English Studies at the School ofHuman Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Japan. He is theJapanese Ambassador for the Poetics and Linguistics Association (PALA)and a former chair of the Japan Association of International Liberal Arts(JAILA). He is also an editorial board member of Journal of LiterarySemantics. His publications include Polyphony in Fiction: A Stylistic Anal-ysis of Middlemarch, Nostromo, and Herzog (Peter Lang, 2008), ‘TheRole of Stylistics in Japan: A Pedagogical Perspective’ (Language andLiterature, 21 [2], 2012, co-authored), Rock UK: A Cultural Historyof Popular Music in Britain (Cengage Learning, 2012, co-authored),

Editors and Contributors xxvii

Literature as Inspiration in the English Language Classroom (Eihosha,2013, co-edited), Literature and Language Learning in the EFL Classroom(Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, co-edited), Scientific Approaches to Litera-ture in Learning Environments (John Benjamins, 2016, co-authored),and The Intersection of Arts, Humanities, and Science (SEIBIDO, 2020,co-authored).

Michael Toolan is Professor (Emeritus) of English Language at theUniversity of Birmingham, having retired in 2020. His research interestscentre on stylistics and narrative analysis and he has published extensivelyin both those areas. His most recent monograph, however, is a criticaldiscourse study of how UK newspapers have represented the growingwealth inequality in Britain in ways that make their readers acceptingof this injustice: The Language of Inequality in the News (CUP, 2018).Michael is a past Chair of the Poetics and Linguistics Association (PALA)and the International Association for Literary Semantics (IALS) and fornearly twenty years edited the Journal of Literary Semantics.

Azumi Yoshida holds a B.A. from Kobe City University of ForeignStudies and an M.A. in Human Science and Environment from Univer-sity of Hyogo, Japan. She had taught English at a language institutionfor more than 15 years. She is currently a Ph.D. student and has beenteaching at Okayama University and Okayama University of Science.Her research interests include English education as a foreign language,English language teaching, and the relationship between L1 readingand L2 proficiency. She is the author of ‘A Study on the CorrelationBetween Reading in Japanese and English Proficiency: A QualitativeAnalysis of Interviews with EFL Learners’ (JAILA Journal 6, 2020),The Intersection of Arts, Humanities, and Science (SEIBIDO, 2020, co-authored), and ‘Noticing by Undergraduates Intending to Be ElementarySchool Teachers: Through Practical Application of Teaching Materialsfor Cultural Comparison Between Japanese and English (published inJapanese)’ (JAILA Journal 7, 2021, co-authored).

List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 BNC interface (english.corpora.org) 87Fig. 4.2 Concordancing facility (english.corpora.org) 88Fig. 4.3 BNC interface—chart view (english.corpora.org) 88Fig. 5.1 Components of the textual moment 121Fig. 8.1 Screen capture of the coding approach 189Fig. 13.1 Intermediate Group 2 role schedule for LCs (Sevigny

2019) 321Fig. 13.2 Role-based LC discussion structure 323Fig. 13.3 Peer-coaching phase in role-specific groups 325Fig. 13.4 LC groups 326Fig. 13.5 Bell’s (2011) interpretive arc 332Fig. 14.1 Participants’ educational background (Note Before

the fourth grade [10 years old]) 352

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List of Tables

Table 4.1 Summary of 90-minute lesson 91Table 4.2 Comparative frequencies of target language items

(initial classroom tasks) 92Table 4.3 Comparative frequencies of target language items

(worksheet task) 93Table 4.4 Student responses to worksheet tasks 95Table 4.5 Task B alternative language items found (bold

indicates comparatively higher frequencywithin the BNC academic context subdivision) 96

Table 8.1 Paperback and hardback-aspects and preference 198Table 8.2 The smell of devices: examples 199Table 8.3 Paper book and e-reader compared in terms of touch:

positive references 200Table 8.4 Examples of ‘transportation’ on the train 201Table 10.1 Participant grouping 237Table 10.2 Brazilians’ responses to original (English) vs.

translation (Portuguese) 251Table 10.3 Ukrainians’ responses to original (English) vs.

translations (Ukrainian and Russian) 251Table 12.1 Four discourse tools for analysing texts 296

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xxxii List of Tables

Table 12.2 Comparing text types 298Table 12.3 Analysing target reading 301Table 12.4 Kinds of writing in a thesis 305Table 13.1 Pre- and post-semester survey (Sevigny 2019) 328Table 13.2 Average changes in self-efficacy by intermediate class

group 330Table 13.3 Devil’s Advocate role sheet 333Table 13.4 The Fellow Reader role sheet 338Table 14.1 Participants’ background 348Table 14.2 Participants’ profile 351Table 14.3 Stylistic checklist 353