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AND

REVIEW AAnn IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall RReesseeaarrcchh JJoouurrnnaall ooff HHuummaanniittiieess && SScciieenncceess

ISSN : 2349-4301

Impact Factor: 1.23

Vol. 003, No. 001, June 2016

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EDITORIAL NOTE

This research journal publishes high quality research papers and articles on

various areas of humanities & Sciences. The Journal aims at scientists, academicians,

research scholars and students working & studying in various International

universities, Research Institutions, Governmental and Non-Governmental

organizations. The main objective is to create an environment of learning & fruitful

academic interactions on various aspects of humanities & Sciences with the

attainment of scientific productivity in all these areas.

All the research paper /articles are peer reviewed by the editorial board

consisted of eminent academicians. The submitted research papers / articles should

meet internationally accepted criteria and manuscripts should follow the style of the

journal for the purpose of both reviewing and editing.

Prof. Sugam Anand

Editor in Chief

CONTENTS

Sr.

No.

Part – 1 Page No.

1 Need of Green Mega Retailing:A Vertical and Horizontal

Indian Prospective

- Dr. Anita G. Kadapatti

1 – 6

2 Absurd Elements in Printer’s ‘The Birthday Party’

- Dr. Shalini Chauhan

7 – 13

3 ALLAN OCTAVIAN HUME: An Officer with a Difference

and His Etawah Connect

-Dr. B.D. Shukla

14 – 17

4 Impact of Globalization on Indian Retail Economy

- Smt. Anita G. Kadapatti

18 – 22

5 Recommendations for Mega-Retail Approach: Customers and

Retailers Perspectives

- Smt. Anita G. Kadapatti

23 – 25

6 A Comparative Study of Other’s Relationship between Normal

and Mentally Challenged Children in Agra Region of U.P

- Dr. Vibha

26 – 31

7 Inter-linkages between Local Self Governance and e-

Governance in India

- Dr. Niharika Tiwari

32 – 50

8 Health and Health Status of Schedule Tribes

- Dr. Vijay Singh Chaudhary

51 – 59

9 Mughal Painting & Persian Influences

-Dr. Anil Kumar

60 – 76

10 The Creation of Bangladesh Roles of India

- Dr. Manoj Kumar

77 – 86

11 Facets of Globalization

- Dr. Shikha Singh

87 – 91

12 Women Empowerment in India : Myth or Reality

- Anshika Arthur

92 – 95

13 Role of An Individual in Conservation of Natural Resources

- Dr. Jay Kiran

96 – 100

14 The Problem of National Integration In India And Its

Sociological Background

- Rekha Rani

101 – 106

15 Study of Gaseous Particle Detectors Used in High Energy

Physics with Emphasis on Gems

- Dr. Jai Shankar

107 – 111

16 Gender Conflict as Sub-Theme in Morrison’s Works

- Dr. Amit Nelson Singh

112 - 122

17 Problems and Remedies of Agricultural Land use in District

Aligarh

-Dr. Abha Bishnoi

123 - 126

18 Effect of Antenatal Care on Pregnant Women in Agra City

-Deepti Singh, Prof. Neeta Chopra

127 - 137

19 A Comparative Study of Life Style of Hypertensive and Non-

Hypertensive Young Adults in Agra District

-Priyanka Sharma, Prof. Neeta Chopra

138 - 148

20 Individual Versus Society of The Twentieth Century

- Dr.Alkesh Singh Agra

149 - 156

21 Place of Self In the Poetry of Kamala Das

- Dr. Gyanendra Singh Pundhir

157 - 159

22 Nature is Blissful Experience: In Life and Death

–Manju Singh

160- 162

23 History of Indian English Literature

–Ritu Yadav

163 – 166

24 Glimpses of Indian English Literature

–Vikash Sharma

167 – 171

25 Critical Study of Job Satisfaction among Domestic Workers in

India

–Dr. Sunil Kumar

172 – 174

26 Law and Adjudiction of Law in India

–Dr. Meenakshi Verma

175 – 178

26 Study of Various Facets in The Writings of William Dean

Howells

–Dr. Seema Yadav

179 – 182

27 Customer Relationship Management in State Bank of India : A

Case study of S.B.I. in Agra City

– Aloukik Upadhyay

183 – 188

28 A Critical Study of Performance of District Consumer Forum

in Agra

– Vatsalya Upadhyay

189 - 192

29 A study of Consumer Awareness for Green Marketing

–Annu Rani

193 - 199

30 Proteomic Studies of Tinospora cordifolia A Case Study in

Agra, Etah, Firozabad and Mathura Districts

–Dr. Yugal Pratap Singh

200 - 203

Sr. No. Part – 2 Page No.

1

1– 4

2

5 – 7

3 8 – 13

4 14 – 20

5 21 – 24

6

&

25 – 29

7 30 – 38

8

39 – 43

9

44 – 51

10 52 – 58

11

59 – 64

12 65 – 71

13 72 – 75

14

76 – 81

15

82 – 85

16

86 – 90

17

91 – 96

18 97 – 99

19

100 – 103

20 ;qokvksa ds 'kSf{kd ,oa lkekftd fodkl gsrq jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk;ZØe esa

izfrHkkfxrk dh vko';drk

104 – 109

21 vykmn~nhu f[kyth ds i’pkr~ njckjh jktuhfr ¼1316 bZ0 ls 1320 bZ0 rd½ 110 - 117

22 eqxydkyhu xzkE; O;oLFkk % ,d iqujh{k.k

& Mk0 fot; izrki flag

118 – 128

23 eqxy dky esa ckxokuh ,oa m|ku dyk

& Mk0 lqfer xkSre

129 - 134

24 xqIrdky esa oL= vkSj ifj/kku

& MkW0 efudk V.Mu

135 - 142

25 fczfV’k Hkkjr esa Ñf”k dk okf.kT;hdj.k ¼1858 ls 1900 bZ- rd½

& Mk0 lat; deBkfu;k

143 - 152

26 LorU=rk lsukuh rFkk eq[;ea=h ds :i esa pUnzHkkuq xqIr dk ;ksx

&Mk0 jktho xqIrk

153 – 160

27 20oha ‘krkCnh fQjkstkckn esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u

& Mk0 uhrw flag

161 – 166

28 izkphu Hkkjrh; vfHkys[kksa esa dq”kk.kdkyhu LFkkuh; iz’kklfud O;oLFkk

& MkW0 f’ko dqekj

167 – 173

29 Mk0 vEcsMdj vkSj /keZ dh vo/kkj.kk

& MkW0 r:.k dqekj

174 – 177

30 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu esa eqfLye oxZ dk ;ksxnku

& MkW0 dqynhi flag rksej

178 – 181

31 1971 ds Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) esa lksfo;r la?k] vesfjdk rFkk phu dh

Hkwfedk,a

&Mk0 t; Hkxoku

182–185

32 rk’kdan lEesyu esas lksfo;r la?k dh dwVuhfrd Hkwfedk

&Mk0 t; Hkxoku

186 –189

33 izk.kk;ke dk Lo:i ,oa rRokKku

& /khjt

190-192

34 Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd jk”Vªokn dk mn~Hko % ¼1870 ls 1905½

&jfo ;kno

193-196

35 vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa efgyk l’kDrhdj.k vkSj Mk0 vEcsMdj ds iz;kl %

,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u

&jfo ;kno

197-201

36 eujsxk % xzkeh.k vkfFkZd thou esa ifjorZu dk u;k lksiku

& dqekj foey

202-207

37 Mk0 yksfg;k vkSj lektokn

&Mk0 izosUnz dqekj ‘kekZ

208-213

38 ukjh eqfDr esa Mk0 jke euksgj yksfg;k dk ;ksxnku

&Mk0 izosUnz dqekj ‘kekZ

214-217

39 czt izns’k esa tkV ‘kfDr dk foLrkj % egkjktk lwjtey ds fo’ks”k lUnHkZ esa

&Mk0 vpZuk ‘kekZ

218-220

40 izkphu Hkkjr esaa o.kZ O;oLFkk vkSj orZeku eas mldh izklafxdrk

&Mk0 Hkkouk

221–226

Editorial Board

Editor in Chief Prof. Sugam Anand

Head, Deptt. of History & Culture, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra

Editor

Dr. Anil Kumar Verma Associate Prof., Deptt. of History &

Culture,

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra

Managing Editor

Dr. Jai P. Sharma

Former, Director Anand Bhawan

Allahabad, Faculty Member, Deptt. of

History & Culture,


Sub-Editors

Dr. Anil Kumar Gautam

Asstt. Prof. (History)

Govt. P.G. College, Jalesar, Etah

Dr. Hema Pathak Senior Lecturer,

Deptt. of History & Culture,


Distinguished Members of Editorial Board

1. Dr. Manoj Kumar Rawat

Principal, Agra College, Agra

2. Dr. Anoop Kale

University of Sydney, Australia

3. Dr. Kavita Vachak Navee

DAVSS, United States of America

4. Prof. Subhash Chandra Sharma

Deptt. of Law M.L.B. Collage of Excellence, Gwalior

5. Prof. Shatrughna Prasad Yadav

Deptt. of E.E.E., Indus Institute of Technology and Engineering, Indus University,

Ahmedabad

6. Dr. Vibhuti Jain

Associate Prof., Deptt. of History & Culture, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra

7. Dr. V.P. Singh

Assistant Professor Hindi, Govt. P.G. College, Jalesar, Etah

8. Dr. Bharati Sagar

Sr. Asstt. Prof. & Head Dept.of Sociology, R.C.A. Girls’ (P.G) College, Mathura

9. Dr. Akhilesh Chandra Saxena

Head, Department of Physical Edu., Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra

10. Dr. Vibha

Asstt. Prof. Sociology, Govt. P.G. College, Jalesar, Etah

11. Dr. Niharika Tiwari

Asstt. Prof. Political Science, Govt. P.G. College, Jalesar, Etah

12. Dr. Ranjay Kumar Singh

MCA, Ph.D. in Computer Science, Baroda

13. Dr. Vijay Singh Chaudhary

Asstt. Prof. Physical Education, Govt. P.G. College, Jalesar, Etah

14. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar

Asstt. Prof. Physical Education, Govt. Girls P.G. College, Sirsaganj, Firozabad

15. Dr. Anita

Asstt. Prof. Political Science, Govt. Girls P.G. College, Sirsaganj, Firozabad

16. Dr. Manish Patel

Asstt. Prof. Sociology, Govt. Girls P.G. College, Sirsaganj, Firozabad

Research & Review : An International Research Journal of Humanities And Sciences Volume :003, No. 001 June, 2016 ISSN-2349-4301

1

Need of Green Mega Retailing:

A Vertical and Horizontal Indian Prospective

Dr. Anita G. Kadapatti Principal Investigator

U.G.C.Minor Research Project

Associate Professor in Commerce K.S.Jigalur Arts & Dr. Smt. S.M.Sheshgiri

Commerce College for Women,

Dharwad. Karnataka

ABSTRACT

Indian Retail Industry is ranked one of the ten biggest Retail markets within the

world. The actual attitudinal change from the Indian customer and also the beginning

associated with Retail structured platforms possess changed the face associated with

Retailing within India. Using the indication associated with reemergence associated with

economic development within India, customer purchasing within the Retail field has been

forecasted like a crucial chance region. As a result, Indian corporate houses tend to be

refocusing its proper viewpoint within Retail advertising using the concept to make use of

assets optimally to be able to produce primary proficiency as well as obtain the aggressive

benefit.

I. INTRODUCTION

Within India the actual huge middle class and it is nearly untrained Retail Industry

would be the crucial appealing causes about Retail global giants attempting to enter more

recent markets, which can help the actual India Retail Industry to develop quicker. Indian

Retail is likely to develop 22 percent yearly. Contemporary Retail within India might be

worth US$ 170-200 billion through 2016.

The near future of the India Retail Industry appears guaranteeing using the developing

from the market, using the government guidelines getting much more advantageous and also

the rising systems assisting procedures. The term Retail derived from the actual French word

retailer means to cut off a piece or to break bulk.

Consequently, the Retailer is a seller or even investor that offers products within little

amounts. Retailing may be the last part of the actual submission associated with items,

concerning usage through the end customers. This includes just about all actions active in the


2

marketing associated with products as well as providers straight to the actual customers, for

their individual, family or even household use of.

II. INDIAN MEGA RETAIL SCENARIO

Retailing goes back to hundreds of years; this began like a simple company, however,

these days are continuing to grow greatly. Very first everyone was performing companies

using their neighbors. Goods had been changed in between all of them. Progressively

individuals started to gather on their own to some provided community, which supplies the

geographical to perform the actual trade. This particular not just boosts the publicity of the

provided great but additionally assists a great deal for the improvement of the much more

official program.

Progressively, some more begin to meet up to some location that consequently

produces the requirement for a typical location. Later on this particular typical location had

been known for the fair. With the passing of time the amount of individuals performing

companies inside provided fair elevated, problems such as protection, transport gets the issue

associated with an issue.

III. STUDY FINDINGS

The research is dependent on various literature as well as evaluation associated with

the structured Retail market. Retail is becoming the biggest supply of work, and it has heavy

transmission into rural India. Retailing plays a role in 11% associated with GDP as well as

close to 9% from the employment. The retail field is among India’s quickest developing

sectors having a 4% compounded yearly development price. It's anticipated which Retail

within India might be worth US$ 170- 200 billion through 2016.

The actual structured Retail Industry within India hadn't developed until the first

2000s. Till then your Industry had been centered through the unorganized field. It had been

the seller’s market having a restricted quantity of manufacturers as well as the small option

open to clients. Insufficiently educated manpower, taxes laws and regulations as well as

government rules, customer attention as well as limitations more than admittance associated

with international participant postponed the actual development associated with organized

Retailing.

Organized Retail stores consist of just 4% of the Indian market. Rest 98% market is

made up of small kind stores. Right now the amount of Structured Retail shops is

progressively growing. Based on market analysis, how big the actual structured Retail


3

Industry had been regarding Rs.160 billion within 2004-05. Within 2006, spending budget

government offers permitted 22% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) within the Retail field.

Structured Retailing is upon constant improved associated with its market reveal in the

previous. Retailing could be classified by various sectors such as groceries as well as food,

clothes as well as textiles, customer durables, footwear, furnishings as well as decorating,

providing providers, jewelry as well as watches, books, music as well as gifts, mobile phone

models yet others.

Figure 1: Organized and Unorganized Mega Retailing

IV. ANALYSIS OF TRENDS OF MEGA RETAILING

Author analyzed following trends of Indian mega-retailing:

• Mega-Retailing within India is seeing an enormous revamping exercise because is

visible within the chart

• India is ranked the 4th the majority of appealing rising Mega-Retail market: the

possible goldmine.

Food as well as clothing mega-retailing crucial motorists associated with

development Organized Retailing within India may be mostly a good urban

• Phenomenon along with wealthy classes as well as developing the quantity of

double-income households.

• More prosperous within metropolitan areas within the southern as well as western

associated with India. Factors vary from variations within customer purchasing

conduct to the price associated with property as well as taxation laws and

regulations.


4

• Rural markets were rising like a large chance of Retailers shown within the reveal

from the rural market throughout the majority of types of usage.

• IT is a system that's been utilized by Mega-Retailers that range from Amazon.com

to eBay to auction websites to significantly alter purchasing conduct around the

world.

V. MEGA RETAILING CHALLENGES

Organized Mega-Retail within India is small in the ten years old. It's mostly a good

city trend and also the speed associated with development continues to be sluggish. A few of

the causes of this particular sluggish development tend to be:

Figure 2: Mega Retail Sales of India -2013 to 2018

VI. ISSUES OF TAXATION

The initial problem dealing with the actual organized Mega-Retail Industry within

India is competitors in the unorganized sector. Typically Mega-Retailing has built within

India for hundreds of years. It's an inexpensive framework, mostly owner-operated, offers

minimal real estate as well as labor expenses as well as little if any taxation's to pay for.

Customer familiarity that runs from generation to generation is one large benefit for that

conventional Retailing sector.

However, organized sector possesses large costs to satisfy but need to maintain costs

reduced sufficiently to contend with the traditional sector.

VII. HIGH PERIPHERAL COST


5

Real estate costs in certain metropolitan areas within India tend to be among the

greatest within the world. The actual rent or even lease associated with the property is among

the main regions of expenditure; a higher rent leasing decreases the actual success of the task.

As well as the higher price associated with real estate the actual sector additionally

encounters high seal of approval responsibilities upon move associated with the property, that

differs from the state to state (10.9% within Karnataka). The issue is compounded by

difficulties associated with obvious titles to possession while simultaneously property make

use of the transformation is time intensive as well as complicated because may be the lawful

procedure about deciding associated with property conflicts.

VIII. IMPORTANCE OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Poor roads, as well as the possible lack of the cold chain infrastructure, hamper the

actual improvement associated with foods as well as Grocery Retail within India. The present

supermarkets, as well as foods Retailers, need to commit a lot of money as well as the

amount of time in creating a cold chain network. Author visited various mega retail portals

and noted that green infrastructure is necessary for market elevation as well as to maintain

hygienic environment.

IX. CONCLUSION

There's really large possibility of the actual development associated with organized

Retailing within India. Through subsequent a few of the methods, it may increase greatly and

may achieve every single nock as well as corner. Open up conversation ought to be set up in

between practical sections. The stability ought to be taken care of in between manufacturer

creating as well as marketing. Ought to be prevented as well as new strategies must always

end up being released? The actual Retail Industry within India offers to arrive on among the

majority of powerful as well as fast paced industries along with some players getting into the

actual market. However, those all haven't however sampled achievement due to the large

preliminary opportunities that have to split despite others as well as contend with all of them.

The actual India Retail Industry is progressively inching its method in the direction of getting

the following growth Industry.

X. REFERENCES

1. Wang, Cheng-Hua, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Shiu-Chun Chen. "Total quality management,

market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external


6

environmental factors." International Journal of Hospitality Management 31.1 (2012):

119-129.

2. Baud, Céline, and Cédric Durand. "Financialization, globalization and the making of

profits by leading retailers." Socio-Economic Review (2011)

3. Reinartz, Werner, et al. "Retailing innovations in a globalizing retail market

environment." Journal of Retailing 87 (2011): S53-S66.

4. Hamilton, Gary G., Misha Petrovic, and Benjamin Senauer, eds. The market makers: how

retailers are reshaping the global economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

5. Wang, Cheng-Hua, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Shiu-Chun Chen. "Total quality management,

market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external

environmental factors." International Journal of Hospitality Management 31.1 (2012):

119-129.

6. Biscourp, Pierre, Xavier Boutin, and Thibaud Vergé. "The effects of retail regulations on

prices: Evidence from the Loi Galland." The Economic Journal123.573 (2013): 1279-

1312.

7. Kewlani, Swati, and Sandeep Singh. "Small retailers or big shopping malls: will big

fishes eat the small." Radix International Journal of Research In Social Science 1.2

(2012): 21-49.

8. Ailawadi, Kusum L., et al. "When Wal-Mart enters: How incumbent retailers react and

how this affects their sales outcomes." Journal of Marketing Research 47.4 (2010): 577-

593.

9. Lichtenstein, Nelson. "In the age of Wal-Mart: precarious work and authoritarian

management in the global supply chain." Globalization and precarious forms of

production and employment. Challenges for workers and unions (2010): 23-40.

10. Kumari, Neelu. "Impact of Corporate Retailing On Local Shopkeepers And

Consumers." Journal of Economic And Social Development 6.2 (2010).

11. Zia, Adil. "Impact of Shopping Experience on Consumer Loyalty: An Empirical Study of

Organized and Unorganized Retailers in India."2014

12. Hemalatha, M., and S. Najma. "The antecedents of store patronage behaviour in Indian

kirana store." International Journal of Business Innovation and Research 7.5 (2013): 554-

571.


7

Absurd Elements in Printer’s ‘The Birthday Party’

Dr. Shalini Chauhan

Abstract

“In common usage the word absurd means something inharmonious,

meaningless and ridiculous. The word was first used in a technical sense by Albert

Camus in his book ‘’The Myth of Sisyphus” and the it was his philosophy which

deeply influenced the dramatists of the Theatre of the Absurd. Camus believed that

human life is absurd or meaningless and it is out of harmony with its surroundings.

Through the myth of Sisyphus, the mythological hero of Greece, Camus has attempted

to clarify his absurd sensitivity. According to him, Sisyphus was a wise man who once

intending to test the loyalty of his wife asked her to leave his sleeping body in the

middle of the public square. She threw him into the underworld and when he woke up,

he got angry. He took the permission of Pluto, the god of underworld, to let him go to

the earth to punish his wife. But when Sisyphus returned to the earth, he loved and

enjoyed staying here and did not return to the underworld for several years. At this

Pluto became angry and sent Mercury to drag Sisyphus back to the underworld. Here

he was punished by being given the task of rolling a round stone up a mountain and

fixing it at its pointed peak. This task was highly absurd as the labour involved in it

led to nothing. His position here was highly absurd as he was striving for something

which he would never be able to accomplish. Absurdity here lies in the fact that he

lacks the hope of a promised land.”

The term ‘The Theatre of the Absurd’ was invented by Martin Esslin for the

kind of drama that presents an absurdist view of human condition by the abandoning

of usual or rational devices and by the use of nonrealistic form. It expounds an

existential ideology. This theatre portrays not a series of connected incidents telling a

story but a pattern of images presenting people as bewildered beings in an

incomprehensible universe.

1- Quoted by M.H. Absurd, A Glossary of Literary Terms, third edition, (New Delhi :

Macmillan, 2005), p.90

2- Ibid p.90


8

This theatre views each man as an isolated being who is cast into an alien

universe, to conceive the universe as possessing no inherent human truth, value or

meaning and to represent men’s life as an existence which is both anguished and

absurd. As Camus said in The Myth of Sisyphus:

In a universe that is suddenly deprived of illusions and of light, man feels a

stranger. His is an irremediable exile… . This divorce between man and his life, the

actor and his setting, truly constitute the feeling of Absurdity.”

Or as Eugene Ionesco, a leading writer of the drama of the absurd, has put it in an

essay on Kafka;

“Cut of from his religious, metaphysical and transcendental roots, man is lost,

all his actions become senseless, absurd, useless.”

The notable figures associated to this new mode of expression in the Theatre of

the Absurd are- Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco, Arther Adamov, Jean Genet,

Adward Elbee and Harold Pinter.

The first true example of the Theatre of the Absurd was Eugene Ionesco’s ‘The

Bold Saprano.’ The most famous and most controversial absurdist play is probably

Samual Beckett’S. ‘Waiting For Godot.’ The characters of the play are strange

caricatures who face difficulty in communicating the simplest of concepts to one

another as they bide their time awaiting the arrival of Godot who may or may not exist

or with whom they sometimes think that they may have an appointment, as one of

them remarks,

“Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it’s awful.”

The play seems to end precisely in the same conditions in which it began, with

no real change having occurred. In fact, it is sometimes referred to as the play where

nothing happens. The two tramps of the play ‘Waiting for Godot’ very well represent

we human beings who throughout their life keep waiting for an incident, event or

moment that can change our lives or may bring happiness to our lives but nothing

such happens and our life ends in almost the same circumstances in which it beings.

This action of waiting is similar to the action of rolling a stone up the mountain by

Sisyphus endlessly.


9

It is this trend of Modern British Drama which attracted the attention of Harold

Pinter who is regarded as the most spontaneous writer of the Theatre of the Absurd.

He was born on 10th October 1930 in an inner suburb in East London. His father

Hyman (Jack) Pinter was a ladies tailor. Due to the economic insecurity which the

family felt Pinter’s father worked very hard. Pinter never forgot this situation in his

early life. Perhaps it is for this reason that in his plays we find the combination of

calm and unrest, beauty and ugliness, comedy and Merace. Personal history has a deep

impact on all Pinter’s writings. The themes of his plays are varied and deal with the

most commonplace situations that are invested with dread, menace and mistry. For

him the reality of life is the basic absurdity of the situations:

“Everything is funny; the greatest earnestness is funny, even tragedy is funny.

And I think what I try to do in my plays is to get this reconizable reality of the

absurdity of what we do and how we behave and how we speak.

According to Pinter uncertainty predominates the present day world. And the

fact that it is verging on the unknown leads us to the next step which seems to occur in

my plays. There is a kind of horror about and I think this horror and absurdity go

together.

Pinter has given a rich output of absurd plays dealing with the characters at the

extreme edge of their living where they are living pretty much alone. His mastery of

the use of language and the freshness and originality of his approach has given him

promising results.

The concept of senselessness of life, absurdity in the reality of life, uncertainly

of everything, purposelessness of life, irrationality and the extreme situation of the

human condition are the themes that lie at the core of the works belonging to this

period of absurd drama.

1- Quoted by M.H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms, P.90

2- Quoted by Martin Esslin, The Theatre of the Absurd , Revised and enlarged edition,

(London: Pelican Book, 1968), p.272


10

The Birthday Party

‘The Birthday Party’ combines elements from the two one-actor which Pinter

wrote in the same period of his life: the room, the safe heaven, menaced by an

intrusion from the cold outside world, is here a boarding house in a seaside resort,

where Stanley Webber, a not so very young man in his late thirties, has found refuge

from the troubles of life, Meg, a simple elderly woman who looks after him with

exaggerated solicitude and who obviously regards him as a son but also as a kind of

lover-recalls the character of Rose in ‘The Room.’ And the two emissaries of a brutal

and mysterious organization who arrives to fetch Stanley from Meg-a Jew Goldberg

and an Irishman McCann-have good deal in common, both in their function and in

their manner of operation, with the two hired killers in ‘The Dumb Waiter.’

In this play we can trace many characteristics of the Theatre of the Absurd. It is

comic and provokes the laughter of the audience by showing the absurdities of human

existence and leaves them bewildered by veiling the past and the origins of the

characters. Pinter does not tell us anything about the background of the hero or

villains. We do not know exactly who Stanley is and whatever information Stanley

gives about himself is ambiguous, and misleading. There are also clouds of

uncertainly about the cause of the persecutors bringing the hero out of himself; nor do

we know anything about the superhero(Monty) for whom the persecutors work and to

whom our hero- Stanley is taken eventually by them.

As in an absurd play nothing is told explicitly about the theme of the play and it

is left susceptible to a number of interpretations. The Birthday Party has also been

interpreted as an Oedipal tragic farce in a seaside boarding house. As Meg has no

child so she treats Stanley as her son but at the same time she also plays the role of

seductress to Stanley:

Meg(shyly): Am I really succulent ?1

Although Stanley is fed up with her motherly attentiveness, but he accepts that

he cannot do anything without her:

Stanley: (absently). I do not know what I’d do without you.2

1- Harold Pinter; The Birthday Party(London: Methuven Drama, 1981), p.100

2- Ibid, p.18


11

The dialogues in an absurd play create the two-fold effect of comedy and

menace and the same thing we see in The Birthday Party. The play is more often

described as comedy of Menace- a description not originally coined for Pinter, but

now primarily associated with his early plays. In Act I we see Stanley trying to scare

Meg by saying that some people would be bringing a wheel barrow with them. This

reference produces fear in Meg’s heart and also makes us laugh at Meg’s childish fear.

In this play the growing atmosphere of menace and the destruction of Stanley’s

personality is conveyed through riddeles, children’s games, music- all of which are

humorous.

Pinter resembles the Theatre of the Absurd in matters of language also. In his

plays the dialogue appears to use the clichés and patterns of everyday conversation to

express a darker sense of man’s insecurity, aggressiveness or hypocrisy. There is

repetition of phrases at first merely trite, but becoming more telling with each

utterance. The opening dialogue of the play is a fine example of Pinter’s habit of

repetition.

Meg : Is that you, Petey?

Pause.

Is that you?

Pause.

Petey?

Petey: What?

Meg: Is that you?

Petey: Yes, it’s me.

Meg: What? .. Are you back?

Pinter’s characters do not talk explicitly about the situation. In the final scene

of The Birthday Party Meg knows very well that Stanley has gone but she cannot and

will not admit it to herself. Her husband Petey is too inarticulate to offer a speech of

consolation. Four times Meg repeats that she was the belle of the ball:

1- The Birthday Party, p.9

2- Ibid, p.87


12

“I was the belle of the ball…. Oh yes. They all said I was. Oh, its true. I was ,…..

I know I was.”

Again and again Pinter has emphasized this fact that the ability to communicate

among people is not lacking but that they do not want to communicate. A.P.

Hinchliffe comments.:

“Communication itself between people is so frightening that rather than do that there

is continual cross-talk, a continual talking about other things rather than what is at the root of

their relationship.”

Some critics perhaps encouraged by Pinter’s acknowledged debt to Samuel Beckett,

see in ‘The Birthday Party’ man’s decay into death, life as a process of loss. Stanley loses

first his sight then his power of speech and finally ceases to exist as a living man. He is then

taken away, dressed in funeral clothes by two men in a large black hearse like car. As

Goldberg says to him:

“You’re dead. You can’t live, you can’t think, you can’t love. You’re dead.”

Like other absurd dramatist Pinter himself does not give any opinion about his plays.

He just portrays a situation full of restlessness and leaves the conclusion to the audience. This

habit of Pinter is responsible to a great extent for the different kinds of interpretation of the

play. John Russell Brown comments:

“ The plays written in this way, offer a sequence of partial discoveries, which the

audience seem to make for themselves and out of which a sense of overall coherence and

meaning seems to be born in each attentive consciousness courses.”,

The play could also be taken as the leave taking of an adult from the cosy, comfortable,

cared world of childhood into the hard world of adulthood where one has to earn his own

bread.

Here the title of the play, The Birthday Party stands not for the celebration of Stanley’s

birthday but for the ritual of Stanley’s destruction by his two persecutors. Thus approached

from different aspects the play presents the same aspect of a complex, relevant and true

poetic metaphor of the absurdity of human life.

1- A.P. Hinchliffe, Harold Pinter (London and Basingstoke: the Macmillan Press, 1976), p.59

2- The Birthday Party, p.52

3- Quoted by Michael Scott, Harold Pinter – The Birthday Party, The Caretaker & The Homecoming : a

Selection of Critical Essays (London: Macmillan Education Ltd. 1991), p.91

BIBLIOGRAPHY


13

1. Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 3rd ed. New Delhi: MacMillan, 2005.

2. Esslin, Martin The Theatre of the Absurd Rev & enlarged ed. London : Pelican

Book,1968

3. Hinchliffe, Arnold P. Harold Pinter New York: Macmillan, 1967

4. Scott, Michael. Harold Pinter- The Birthday Party, The Caretaker & The

Homecoming: A Selection of Critical Essays London: MacMillan Education Ltd,

1991

5. Pinter, Harold The Birthday Party. London: Methuen Drama, 1981


14

ALLAN OCTAVIAN HUME: An Officer with a Difference and

His Etawah Connect

Dr. B.D. Shukla Asstt. Prof.

Deptt. of History & Culture


Allan Octavian Hume is a wellknown figure in Modern Indian History. Because of the

reason that he was the founder father of Indian National Congress. But few people are

familiar with the other facts of his versatile persona that this saint of Shimla was also a social

reformer, amateur ornithologist and a passionate horticulturist in British India.

Allan Octavian Hume was born at St. Mary Cray Kent in 1829 and came to India in 1849 as

a young Civil servant and joined the Bengal Civil Service at Ewatwh in the North Western

Provinces ‘The Times of India’ reports After the customary practical introduction into the

routine of his varied duties, he became Assistant Magistrate and Deputy Collector at

Etawah.(1)

He became attached to the city of Etawah as he remained here for a long time. During

this time he advocated India’s self-government to interest in welfare works of building and

followed his enthusiastic work as a horticulture tourist experimenting with new varieties of

seeds and planting trees in the town of Etawah along the main roads. He also collected and

preserved for scientific study a wide range of gird species of the Indian subcontent as

posdible (2) He lost much of his collection during the 1857 revolt but he soon resumed his

scientific enterprise again in the same etawah. Few people connected with Etawah know

about Hume’s Etawah connect. During his tenure in India A.O. Hume worked in Etawah for a

long time and worked largely for the welfare of the masses. His prime work started

improvement in the health facilities in the area. The first medical institution built in Etawah

in 1856 was the result of the efforts of this East India Company official. In SWOAOH vol.1 a

letter of Hume to commerce, Agra dated 16 June, 1856 is recorded on page no-62. This letter

of Hume made a request to submit to government his application to be forwarded with a grate

from the poltic pusrse in aid of a Dispensary and Hospital to be constructed at Etawah. (3)

Not only this after the construction of this Dispensary he kept a vigilant eye on its working

and progress. In 1866 Hume prepared Annual Report of the Etawah Charitable Dispensary.


15

This report justifies how Hume was serious for the betterment and welfare the district people.

(4)

The District owes many roads and bridges also to this philanthropic official who was

hardly a match to any other company official. Earlier Etawah city was divided into two parts

namely old city and new city and to connect to these parts, Hume constructed three brideges

over nalas. First was constructed at Sabritganj, second at Kaharan ka pul leading to station

road and third at Purvijatola. He also constructed a road Pakki Saray that connects Etawah to

the main road of Gwalior (5) He also promoted a galla mandi named Humeganj consisting of

a large well kept square, with a mettalled roadway and masonary shop (6)

Despite all these effort, he is most noteworthy for his endeavours for the cause of

elementary education in the area. Elementary education was one of the most neglected issue.

According to his March 30, 1859 report there was an urgent there was an urgent need to

adopt a liberal attitude towards education. He established Hume High School. This chief

school of the distract was raised by him to the status of the superior zila school (7). He got the

Hall of this school constructed representing ‘H’ shaped building to exhibit his name. Now

this school is named as Sanatan Dharma Inter College. In the same period, a hostel was also

established named Hume High School hostel, which was later donated to H.M.S. Islamia by

the government. At present the hostel is known as Mass hostel. (8)

The most impressive element that Hume stands is higher than his contemporary

officials was that he was a visionary officer who had a deep sense of the needs of the people.

For this reason, he planned the promotion of modern elementary education through the

vernacular language and general awareness . He introduced free primary education and a

local vernacular news paper lomitra (The people’s Friends)

He founded Tehsili schools in 8 districts of the rovience including etawah (10) He

considered the elementary education to be prime requisite for the betterment and welfare of

rural india and for the reason collected founds through vluantary tax contributions of local

Zamindars. Another land mark of his efforts in this regard was the being of a central Anglo-

Verancular School in the town of Etawah on 01 Augush, 1856 (11) Alongwith this 7 Tehsil

schools were opened, more than 250 schools were recognized and aid was issued from the

public funds (12) His efforts in the area gave a definite impetus to the growth of education

specially female education.

As per the cases of the N WP 1865 vol-1 pg no-95 :


16

“Literacy is consideraling more advanced among the musciaus than among the Hindus-The

progress of female education in the district generally leaves no doubt that it is going or

increasing hold on the public interest.

One more factor that strengthens the visionary fact of this personality was the

establishment of a basic public library system for the district. He wrote a letter to

commissioner, Agra regarding ‘public library system proposed for Etawah district on 28

June, 1956. The letter is well recorded in SWOAH vol-1. This letter stated that “I have the

honour to inform you that ever since I took charge of this district, I have been endeanouring

to establish public libraries in all the principal towns of the district. Public libraries could not

I found be maintained and I therefore considered that their amalgamation with Putworee

Book Clubs, such as were suggested by the Board and approved by the His Honor the

Lieutenat governor, would probably give to both the institutions give to both the institutions a

stability that singly neither could ever have gaired……” (pg. no.63)

He desired to get these libraries function as important tools or aid to serve the

necessities of the larger schools. His proposal was delightfully entertained by the their

lieutenant governor John R. Colvin who also agreed to direct same government money to

support the libraries in the area Hume supported that modern education and libraries would

‘cultivate and elevate the public mind” (13)

His another vision was the initiation of self government in India. He was so inspired by the

idea that became the fountain head of the Indian national congress in the later years. For

which he is well known. But credit to is initiation and implementation of the primary efforts

for the materialization of the dream of self government to the Indians also took its first snape

in his maiden work place in India, Etawah only.

In 1863 the government had cleared the way for the selective introduction of a limited

form of the local municipal. Government with the right to impose local taxes as one of the

main responsibilities (14). There corporations were to be appointed not through the elections

but the nominations by the District Magistrate. So in 1863, Hume proposed the names of 7

Indian leaders and 4 European officials to form. The board of municipal commissioners,

which started working from November 1863. Thus the foundation stone of democratic

governance in Etawah was also laid by A.O. Hume only.

His tenure in Etwaha was till April, 1867. The modern history of Etawah and A.O.

Hume are inseparably associated. Though the imprints of Hum’s feet have got slightly felt as


17

his constructions are either damaged or encroached or changed with new added constructions

yet these remains are still existent to tell the story of Hume’s Etawah connect. The need is to

preserve these legacies which also loudly indicate regalement attitude of Indians towards

history and heritage. Allan’s relation and attachment with the people of Etawah can be seen

in the development of the city during his service period. In the town building with the display

of alphabets ‘H’, ‘U’, ‘M’, ‘F’ are still existing in the town waiting the recognition of ASE,

yet his memories are precious to be documented carefully in the pages of Modern Indian

History.

Foot notes

1-Wedderburn William: - A.O. Hume Father of the Indian national Congress, Page No. 17-18

2- Etawah gazetteer Allahahabad, 1991 prepared by ---------- page no. 63

3- Mehrotra ,S.R. : - SWOAOH Vol-1, Pag 62

4- Wedderburn William: - A.O. Hume Father of the Indian national Congress, Page No. 211.

5- Friend of India (Serampore) 1861News paper


7- Wedderburn William: - A sketch of his life and his services to India Pg. No. 131




11- Government records of the NWP (U.P.), Ewatha file no. 19


13- Census of India 1971, Page No- 97

14- Etawah District records relating to the file no 5-8 1857-58,


18

Impact of Globalization on Indian

Retail Economy Smt. Anita G. Kadapatti

Principal Investigator

U.G.C.Minor Research Project

Associate Professor in Commerce K.S.Jigalur Arts & Dr. Smt. S.M.Sheshgiri

Commerce College for Women,

Dharwad. Karnataka State

Abstract

As India techniques into contemporary retailing along with a number of modifications

regarding its markets, manufacturers as well as customers, you will find distinctive problems

that the international organization getting into India needs to deal upward along with, be it an

easy shifting customer goods organization or perhaps an international retail chain such as

Wal-Mart. Most of the actual participants discover the buying encounter along with

Department stores because time intensive as well as would rather store from little retailers.

This particular reaction is reducing throughout just about all grow older as well as earnings

team. Participants concur they visit little retailers for sale for their lengthy position

relationships together and also the reaction is impartial old as well as earnings team.

I. INTRODUCTION

Retailing may be the last phase inside a channel associated with submission, which

includes all the companies the ones active in the physical movement as well as transfer

associated with possession associated with goods as well as providers through producer to

customer. Retailing entails an immediate user interface using the client and also the

coordination associated with company actions through end to end from the idea or even

design phase of the product or even providing, to its shipping as well as post-delivery support

towards the client. Consistent with India’s financial development, the actual retail field with

this nation isn't just growing but additionally modernizing.

The actual Indian Retail Field offers captured the actual world’s creativity within the

last couple of years. This topped the actual listing of the majority of appealing retail location

about consecutively three years through 2013-2014, ranked 2nd within 201014 as well as

once again ranked first in 2011 [1,2,3]. Within the Indian economic climate, Conventional

markets tend to be changing on their own within new platforms, for example, departmental


19

shops, hypermarkets, supermarkets as well as specialty shops. Within the last couple of years,

because contemporary retail ideas start to help to make a good look throughout city India, the

actual discussion on the effect on the traditional Indian retail companies such as the so-

described "Super-market" shops and also the community “Grocery shop stores” will get

shriller [4,5,6].

II. IS IT GLOBAL INDIA?

Little Indian "Grocery shop" Shopkeepers happen to be sensation heat in the

Department stores. The actual competitors to big retail stores appear to be developing, as well

as widening to take domestic retail stores along with the worldwide giants that are looking to

key in the actual Indian market. Information reviews, such as individuals released with this

paper, possess reported cases of little stores shutting lower or even dropping company within

places exactly where big retailers possess setup store [7].

Experts continue to be exercising chances about the grocery store v/s organized main

retail fight, vacillating in between stating how the two models associated with organizations

may co-exist contentedly, every helping various requirements as well as the forecasting

disaster for that grocery store shop that possibly might discover the speed challenging.

However just so long as the actual Indian customer weighs in at their choices in support of

the actual grocery store having to pay MRP from a good electric outlet that’s the stone’s

discard as opposed to having to pay much better costs, however from the price of an extended

day at the actual closest retail outlet. Regardless, the majority of India nevertheless favors to

stroll towards the close by grocery store shop for pretty much everything! This can alter if so

when the actual baggie’s setup shops in a most additional road, in most community that they

can, when the amounts seem sensible [8].

Nevertheless, grocery stores possess possibilities to develop within India despite the

actual development associated with department stores simply because these types of grocery

store stores will even obtain the advantage of the actual developing economic climate. The

actual debate how the grocery store stores may have these types of department stores is just

fantasy. Consequently, both department stores, as well as grocery store shops, may perform

concurrently within India.

The actual development within India’s organized retail field is principally due to

change within customer conduct. This particular alter offers to arrive because of numerous

factors: Quickly growing earnings degree, change in lifestyle, Favorable pattern of


20

geography, retail providing one roofing buying encounter, Improve within the amount of

nuclear families, Enhanced buying energy in the event that Indian Center course, Existence

associated with domestic as well as international participant, Impact associated with

Liberalization, Privatization, as well as Globalization, Mass inflow associated with FDI

within the retail field, Beginning associated with start-up business industries such as ICT,

Engineering companies, outsourcing and so on.

III. WHAT IS FUTURE OF HOUSEHOLD RETAILES?

Small retail stores tend to be fairly similar to “super-market” stores from the western.

However provided the actual variety from the Indian market, it might be hard to transport the

description that will express a diploma associated with standardization [9]. The grocery store

shop may usually a variety through 25 to 400 Sq. Ft along with a variety of product groups

linked to the everyday needs associated with a public. Grocery store stores mainly cope with

foods as well as grocery merchandize. Based on KPMG, the food as well as grocery market

within India was valued at the US $ 230 billion in 2009. The food as well as grocery section

adds regarding 58% from the retail product sales within India as well as includes mainly from

the unorganized field [10].

Success associated with fittest & fastest may be the rule associated with today’s

business game. To contend effectively with this business period, the actual retailer should

concentrate on the actual customer’s purchasing encounter. To handle the customer’s

encounter, retailers ought to know very well what “customer experience” really indicates.

Client Encounter Administration is a technique that concentrates the actual procedures as

well as procedures of the business round the requirements from the person client. This

signifies a method that leads to the win–win value trade between your retailer and it is clients.

The aim of encounter client administration would be to precede clients through satisfied to

faithful after which through faithful to recommend. Buying within India offers observed the

trend using the changes within the customer purchasing conduct and also the entire structure

associated with buying additionally changing.

Business associated with retail within India that has turned out to be contemporary is

visible through the truth that you will find multi- stored malls, huge shopping malls, as well

as sprawling processes that offer food, shopping, as well as amusement just about all

underneath the same roofing. India retail business is growing by itself the majority of

strongly; consequently an excellent need concerning property has been produced. Indian


21

retailers favored way of growth would be to increase to additional areas and also to improve

the amount of their outlets inside a town. It's anticipated which through 2018; India might

have 300 new malls [11].

Together with, Indian metropolitan areas tend to be seeing the paradigm change

through conventional types of retailing right into a contemporary organized field. A study

through Pictures retail estimations some functional department stores to a lot more than dual

to more than 398 with 200 million sq. Ft through 2011 and additional 505 department stores

through 2016, about the back, again associated with main retail advancements actually within

Tier II as well as Tier 3 metropolitan areas within India.

IV. CONCLUSION

The actual marketers usually search for emergent developments that recommend new

marketing possibilities as well as within India lots of possibilities can be found because of

that a lot of Indian as well as large worldwide retailers tend to be getting into this particular

nascent, although powerful market. Without doubt the actual large giants tend to be providing

difficult competitors to small retail store; however individuals are nevertheless towards small

retailers.

The fear associated with redundancy amongst small retailers is baseless. Small

retailers continue to be appropriate in spite of rising departmental stores, just about all that's

needed is from their store would be to carry on supplying value added service, the financial

institution upon relationship marketing.

References

13. Shepherd, Craig, and Hannes Günter. "Measuring supply chain performance: current

research and future directions." Behavioral Operations in Planning and Scheduling.

Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. 105-121.

14. Park, JungKun, Frances Gunn, and Sang-Lin Han. "Multidimensional trust building in e-

retailing: Cross-cultural differences in trust formation and implications for perceived

risk." Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services19.3 (2012): 304-312.

15. Ucbasaran, Deniz, et al. "Life after business failure the process and consequences of

business failure for entrepreneurs." Journal of Management39.1 (2013): 163-202.

16. du Jardin, Philippe, and Eric Séverin. "Dynamic analysis of the business failure process: a

study of bankruptcy trajectories." (2010).


22

17. Hatten, Timothy S. Small business management: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Cengage

Learning, 2015.

18. Kivell, P. T., and G. Shaw. "The study of retail location." Retail Geography (RLE

Retailing and Distribution) 7 (2012): 95.

19. Ramakrishnan, K. "The competitive response of small, independent retailers to organized

retail: Study in an emerging economy." Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 17.4

(2010): 251-258.

20. Karpak, Birsen, and Ilker Topcu. "Small medium manufacturing enterprises in Turkey:

An analytic network process framework for prioritizing factors affecting

success." International Journal of Production Economics 125.1 (2010): 60-70.

21. Ott, Julia C. When Wall Street Met Main Street. Harvard University Press, 2011.

22. Waxell, Anders. "Geography and the retail industry: A literature review with a special

focus on Sweden." (2014).

23. Dabholkar, Pratibha A. "How to improve perceived service quality by increasing

customer participation." Proceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS)

Annual Conference. Springer International Publishing, 2015.


23

Recommendations for Mega-Retail Approach:

Customers and Retailers Perspectives

Smt. Anita G. Kadapatti Principal Investigator

U.G.C.Minor Research Project Associate Professor in Commerce

K.S. Jigalur Arts & Dr. Smt. S.M.Sheshgiri

Commerce College for Women, Dharwad. Karnataka State

Abstract

Recently, the actual mixture of financial development as well as population

development within rising markets as well as much less developed markets offers faster the

actual development associated with globalization associated with retailing as well as

globalization through retailers. The actual problems confronted through global as well as

globalizing retailers could be much more challenging when compared with individuals (and

customers) confronted through companies within additional sectors for example automobiles,

metal, as well as computer systems. Retailing Innovations which are attentive to the actual

features associated with special nationwide markets as well as wider aggregations associated

with markets for example mature, rising as well as much less developed markets tend to be

crucial towards the achievement associated with global as well as Globalizing retailers.

I. INTRODUCTION

In the last a number of years, modern retailing is becoming progressively global

within scope. The word globalization associated with retailing includes numerous related

developments for example (1) main retailers depending on mature markets establishing the

Market existence within nations in various phases associated with financial development, (2)

the actual supply chain under girding the actual procedures associated with retailers

becoming more and more global within scope, as well as (3) the actual diffusion associated

with retailing Innovations in a variety of areas of the world. Generally, the actual Retail

Market Environment in several countries globally may be susceptible to the actual impact

associated with globalization causes. The actual impact of those globalization causes is

actually apparent regarding numerous aspects of retailing like the retailing supply chain,

product variety, shop structure, as well as branding.

Together with these types of modifications, retailers which operate inside a global

Retail Market Environment will also be confronted by the fact that the actual framework


24

associated with Retail markets in a various country is actually commensurate using its phase

associated with development.

Secondly, author discusses exactly how these types of problems could be changed

into possibilities along with mega-retailing Innovations. Author determine having a roadmap

with regard to long term investigation as well as existing propositions upon long term

development regarding retailing Innovations within these types of markets.

II. MEGA-RETAILING CHALLENGES FOR RETAILER

Within mature markets for example The North America, both infrastructure with

regard to physical distribution associated with products as well as customer buying power

tend to be mostly in position. More regularly, the actual retailing development problem such

markets would be to substitute products, services, as well as encounters which are being

consumed along with new products, providers as well as encounters like a route with regard

to development [1,2,3].

The explanation becoming, simplest requirements associated with individuals are

becoming a lot more than properly fulfilled and therefore, retailers require paying attention to

how to fulfill the higher-order requirements associated with customers as well as therefore

develop. Quite simply, retailers possess to consider how to produce exceptional value with

regard to customers via Innovations which exceed fulfilling fundamental requirements.

Inside a Market Environment by which individuals are flooded along with

(exchangeable) physical products, the above mentioned retailing development, by giving

clients by having an entertaining experience while simultaneously allowing them to co-create

their own product bestows the actual organization having a aggressive difference benefit

[4,5].

A significant problem confronted through Globalizing retailers located in mature

markets within their efforts to market in order to clients within rising markets may be the

absence of the well developed as well as working retailing submission system, mass media,

transport, as well as storage infrastructure [6].

One method of dealing with these types of challenges would be to improve the

amount of marketers within rural places through assisting individuals to begin their very own

small shop. Project “Sunrise”, released within 2014 like a relationship associated with

Hindustan Unilever within India to promote “Swachh Bharat” mission by Prime minister -

Narendra Modi. HU promoted soap, liquid soaps and initiated mega campaigns for indirect

advertising [7].


25

The actual retailing development doesn't involve a company working from the

separate Retail outlet, however in the house of the woman micro-entrepreneur. Comparable

methods happen to be used through additional large production businesses. For instance,

P&G offers began to work along with so-called “free delivery samples” online-stores to

conquer the actual problem within rising markets through providing their own products

within small package sizes to fit upon crowded shelves as well as using a system associated

with nearby representatives to maintain the actual stops stocked.

III. CONCLUSION

Since the scope associated with retailing additional expands and much more Retail

companies globalize, these people encounter new challenges. Innovations within retailing

tend to be a essential to be able to change these types of challenges into opportunities as well

as effectively contend, especially within mature markets as well as much less developed

markets. From this background, with this document, all of us discover (1) customer

dependent, (2) business dependent, as well as (3) legal/regulatory dependent challenges as

well as opportunities which mature markets, rising markets as well as much less created

markets present to retailers and also the connected development challenges.

IV. REFERENCES

1. Chari, Anusha, and T. C. A. Madhav Raghavan. "Foreign direct investment in India’s

retail bazaar: opportunities and challenges." The World Economy 35.1 (2012): 79-90.

2. Amin, Mohammad. "Labor regulation and employment in India's retail

stores."Journal of Comparative Economics 37.1 (2009): 47-61.

3. Bhattacharyya, Rajib. "The opportunities and challenges of FDI in retail in

India." IOSR Journal of humanities and social science 5.5 (2012): 99-109.

4. Thakkar, Jitesh, Arun Kanda, and S. G. Deshmukh. "Supply chain issues in Indian

manufacturing SMEs: insights from six case studies." Journal of Manufacturing

Technology Management 23.5 (2012): 634-664.

5. Upadhyay, Parijat, et al. "A comparative study of issues affecting ERP

implementation in large scale and small medium scale enterprises in India: a pareto

approach." International Journal of Computer Applications 8.3 (2010): 23-28.

6. Ardic, Oya Pinar, Nataliya Mylenko, and Valentina Saltane. "Small and medium

enterprises: A cross-country analysis with a new data set." World Bank Policy

Research Working Paper Series, Vol (2011).

7. Singh, Ram. "Promotion Strategies for Sustainable Development in Rural India."

Management 4.2 (2015).


26

A Comparative Study of Other’s Relationship between Normal and

Mentally Challenged Children in Agra Region of U.P

Dr. Vibha Assistant Professor of Sociology,

Govt. P. G. College Jalesar, Etah.U.P.

Abstract

A relationship is the result of the bonding of two unique people. It takes two to tango,

but we all tango our own, unique way. So, every relationship is unique. A mentally

challenged child in a society is usually a serious stress factor for the parents, teachers and

others. Present study is an attempt to find out the relationship between normal and mentally

challenged children and their other’s relationship. Self constructed Social Relationship Scale

was administered .The result of the present study was significant difference between normal

and mentally challenged children. It indicates that Other’s Relationship of normal children is

better than mentally challenged children.

INTRODUCTION

Mentally Challenged is a generalized disorder, characterized by significantly impaired

cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors with onset before the

age of 18. It has historically been defined as an Intelligence Quotient score under 70. Once

focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition now includes both a component relating

to mental functioning and one relating to individuals' functional skills in their environment.

There are thousands of agencies around the world that provide assistance for people

with developmental disabilities. They include state-run, for-profit, and non-profit, privately

run agencies. Within one agency there could be departments that include fully staffed

residential homes, day rehabilitation programs that approximate schools, workshops wherein

people with disabilities can obtain jobs, programs that assist people with developmental

disabilities in obtaining jobs in the community, programs that provide support for people with

developmental disabilities who have their own apartments, programs that assist them with

raising their children, and many more. There are also many agencies and programs for

parents of children with developmental disabilities.

Human beings are an intrinsically gregarious species - our personal relationships are

of immense interest to us and are a key factor in achieving happiness and well being. From

the moment of birth, humans crave love and intimacy and we devote much energy to creating

and maintaining successful personal relationships throughout our personal and our working

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_behavior

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Quotient

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition


27

lives. However, modern industrialized societies present a particularly challenging

environment for sustaining rewarding personal relationships. Understanding how people

initiate, develop, maintain, and terminate relationships is one of the core issues in

psychology.

Beyond that there are specific programs that people with developmental disabilities

can take part in wherein they learn basic life skills. These "goals" may take a much longer

amount of time for them to accomplish, but the ultimate goal is independence. This may be

anything from independence in tooth brushing to an independent residence. People with

developmental disabilities learn throughout their lives and can obtain many new skills even

late in life with the help of their families, caregivers, clinicians and the people who

coordinate the efforts of all of these people. Each child, no matter his abilities or disabilities,

has the capacity to learn. When a child is diagnosed with mental retardation or a

developmental disability, it does not mean that the child is unable to learn. What the child

learns may be different from what a child without disabilities his age may learn. No matter

the course work that is his focus, being able to assist him in his learning endeavors is

extremely important. From the moment of birth, all children begin their learning process;

they learn to roll over from side to side, sit up, scoot, crawl and then to walk and run. A child

with a diagnosis of mental retardation or developmental disabilities often takes significantly

longer to accomplish these skills. In addition to the physical delays, she may also face delays,

deficits or difficulty in the development of oral language, short-term and long-term memory,

the ability to learn social rules, problem solving skills, skills related to activities of daily

living and often social inhibitor skills. A child with mental retardation or developmental

disabilities is often classified by the severity of his cognitive and adaptive abilities based on

his IQ scores: The classifications are borderline intellectual functioning (IQ score of 70-79),

mild mental retardation (50-69), moderate mental retardation (35-49), severe mental

retardation (20-34) and profound mental retardation (below 20), according to the "Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders."

In social science, a social relation or social interaction refers to a relationship between

two (i.e. a dyad), three (i.e. a triad) or more individuals (e.g. a social group). Social relations,

derived from individual agency, form the basis of the social structure. To this extent social

relations are always the basic object of analysis for social scientists.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyad_(sociology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(sociology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(sociology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_structure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scientists


28

A relationship, especially an intimate relationship, poses a lot of challenges for people

with an autism spectrum disorder or other social cognitive challenges. Or, as a young man

with autism once told us: “Relationships are 1000 times more difficult than math!”

Nevertheless, there are certain elements that are important in every relationship.

Pivotal building blocks in a relationship are: reciprocity, mutual respect, loyalty, mutual

support, communication and understanding and honoring each other’s boundaries. The

problem with these “keys to a satisfying and healthy relationship” is that they are very

abstract. People with ASD and other social cognitive challenges may understand words like

respect and support on a linguistic level, i.e., they probably can give you a definition of these

words, but what is difficult for them is understand what these words imply in real life, in a

concrete relationship.

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives for the present study were as following:

1. To study the Other’s Relation of Normal Children.

2. To study the Other’s Relation of Mentally Challenged Children.

2. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

The hypothesis of the present study can be formulated as following in the light of the

above mentioned objective.

1. There exists no significant difference of Other’s Relation between normal and mentally

challenged children.

3. ESIGN OF THE STUDY

Descriptive survey was used in the present study.

Sample of the Study

A sample of 40 Normal and Mentally Challenged children (20 Normal, 20 Mentally

Challenged Children) age group 05 to below 15 years was randomly selected.

Tool

Self constructed Social Relationship Scale was used.

Statistical Techniques

tatistical technique for the analysis and interpretation of data were used as follows:-

Mean, SD,T-test and Graphical Representation

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Finding related to objective

Table 1. Sample Size (N), Mean (M) and Standard Deviation (SD) t-Test Value of

Other’s Relationship of Normal and Mentally Challenged Children


29

Group N M SD t-Value P

Normal Children 20 22.90 2.10

16.5

.05 Mentally Challenged Children 20 9.00 2.77

The table 2 indicates that mean score (M=22.90) of Other Relationship of Normal

Children is more than Mentally Challenged Children (M=9.00). This score reveals that Other

Relationship of Normal Children is greater than Mentally Challenged Children. Standard

deviation of Mentally Challenged Children (SD=2.77) is grater than Normal Children

(SD=2.10). The score of standard deviation represents that variability of Normal Children is

lesser than Mentally Challenged Children. To find out the significance of difference of Other

Relationship Normal and Mentally Challenged Children t-Test was used. Table 1 indicates

that the t-Test (t=16.5) shows that there is significance of difference between scores of Other

Relationship of two groups.

CONCLUSION

These values represent the individual differences in two groups. It shows that Normal

Children had higher scores in Social relationship in comparison to Mentally Challenged

children.

Mentally Challenged Children face an increased of failure experiences compared to

normal children; they may develop traits that work against their becoming independent. They

often become overly wary if adults and develop a lower expectancy of success (that is, they

do not expect to succeed at challenging tasks). At the same time, challenged children are

more likely to become dependent on adult approval and to accept adult(as opposed to their


30

own) solutions to difficult problems. A mentally challenged child in our society is usually a

serious stress factor for the parents ,teachers and others.. It often requires a reorientation and

re-evaluation of family goals, responsibilities and relationships. In India, the majority of

persons with mental retardation have traditionally been cared for by their families. In today’s

modern society this home based care has resulted in many adverse consequences. Factors

such as changes in the social system (e.g. breaking u of joint families) and the economic

system (e.g. unemployment, inflation etc.) have contributed to stress that parents of mentally

challenged children experience. The emotional and social stress that these parents undergo

has been described by various investigators n the East and West.

The result of the present social investigation may be of great significance for

educational policy makers for modifying educational policies regarding relation of mentally

challenged children. The results may also be useful for the curriculum develops and school

administrators in developing school programmes. Teachers may also get insight in giving a

proper therapy to their mentally challenged children.

References

1. Arvial, A.(1967).Mental Retardation, Appraisal, Education and Rehabilitation. London:

University of London

2. Allport,G.W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of

personality. New Haven CT: Yale Univ. Press.

3. Allport,G.W.(1935).Attitudes. In C. Murchison, (ed.), A Handbook of Social

Psychology.Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, 798–844

4. Assor, A.(2002). Choice is Good, But Relevance is Excellenct, British Journal of

Educational Psychology, Peter Tomlinson (Ed.). British Journal of Educational

Psychology-Society,Leicester:72(2),286

5. Bhatia ,B.R.(1989). Dictionary in Psychology. NewDelhi: Anmol Publication.

6. Best,J.W. (1977). Research in Education. (Ed-III),New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book

Company.

7. Buch, M.B.(1988-92).V. Survey of Education Research National Councial of Educational

Research Training Vol.112.

8. Cruickshank, W. M. & G.O. (1958).Education of the Exceptional Children and Youth

Engle woodcliffs. prentice Hall.


31

9. Davis, R.A.(1988).Educational Psychology. New York, N. Y.: McGraw Hill Book

Company ion.

10. Best, J.W. (1977). Research in Education. (Ed-III),New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book

Company.

11. Buch, M.B.(1988-92).V. Survey of Education Research, National Councial of

Educational Research Training Vol.112.

12. Cruickshank, W. M. & G.O. (1958).Education of the Exceptional Children and Youth

Englewoodcliffs. prentice Hall.

13. Davis, R.A.(1988).Educational Psychology.NewYork, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company


32

Inter-linkages between Local Self Governance and e-Governance in India

Dr. Niharika Tiwari

Assist. Prof. (Pol. Sc.)

GPGC Jalesar Etah, UP

Local self governance and e-Governance both are the processes to make the people of

a country an active agent of multidimensional change towards a better system of governance.

Decentralisation of power and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) move

hand in hand in today’s world owing to increased awareness among the people about their

rights and the complex nature of the governance. The importance of decentralisation has been

emphasised and analysed by the international institutions defining the concept of good

governance like World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and United Nations

Development Programme (UNDP) etc. It is argued that the vast countries like India, China

etc can ensure quality decentralisation only with the help of e-Governance. Through e-

Governance state can deliver its services to every citizen in a hassle free manner. Therefore,

India adopted both of the processes to establish good governance in the country around

1990s. India as a democratic country has always been actively involved in the improvisation

of its system of governance through innovative efforts and mechanisms. Local self

governance and e-Governance both are the initiatives taken by the government of India at

constitutional and ground levels respectively, to increase the reach of the people to the

process of decision-making. As, it has been observed by the scholars that:

Development must be woven around people, not people around development-and it should

empower individuals and groups rather than dis-empower them. And development cooperation should

focus directly on people, not just on nation-state;(HDR 1)

Local self governance can best be understood as a political process consisting of the

devolution of resources, tasks and decision-making power to democratically elected lower-

level authorities, for instance, Panchayat System and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India.

According to UNDP,. . . Decentralisation, or decentralising governance, refers to the restructuring

or reorganisation of authority so that there is a system of co-responsibility between institutions of

governance at the central, regional and local levels according to the principle of subsidiarity, thus

increasing the overall quality and effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the

authority and capacities of sub-national levels. …Decentralisation could also be expected to

contribute to key elements of good governance, such as increasing people's opportunities for


33

participation in economic, social and political decisions; assisting in developing people's capacities;

and enhancing government responsiveness, transparency and accountability; (UNDP 4)

On the other hand, by ensuring faster, transparent and accountable governance, e-

Governance emphasises the use of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to

speed up the process of good governance. It brings the benefits of Information and

Communication Technology to the people standing at the margin of the society through

transparent, timely and hassle free delivery of citizen services. Government of India

has initiated e-Governance programme in country in the late 1990s. After that, Union

Government has approved the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), comprising of 27

Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 8 components in 2006 to give a boost to e-

Governance initiatives in India. Recently, the government of India has started focussing on

JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan Yojana, Aadhar and Mobile). As far as governments are concerned

the coming together of computerisation of offices and internet connectivity promises faster

and better processing of information leading to speedier and qualitatively better decision

making. Greater reach and accountability, better utilisation of resources and overall good

governance can be ensured through e- Governance. It can also be helpful in reducing the

pervasive corruption in India which has tainted all spheres of our life. e- Governance along

with decentralisation holds the promise of enhanced access to information and government

agencies. The local self governance in India can be realized in true sense only with the help

of ICT while accomplishing the process of governance.

The proposed article will be an effort to find out the inter-linkages between these two

notions of good governance. It will also critically analyse the viability of programs and

policies introduced by government of India for incorporating the process of e-Governance to

achieve the targets of Local self governance.

Governance: In the 1989 the term ‘Governance’ was first used by World Bank to describe

the need for institutional reforms and more efficient public sector in Sub-Saharan countries.

According to World Banki:

Governance is epitomised by predictable, open and enlightened policy making (i.e.

transparent);a bureaucracy imbued with a professional ethos; an executive arm of government

accountable for its actions and a strong civil society participating in public affairs; and all behaving

under the rule of law; (WB vii)


34

Governance stands for the process through that government enact, implement and

adjudicate their policies for the citizens. Whereas; good governance reflects a broader

perspective, by stressing the importance of the people’s participation in the process of

governance. The Government of India, gives a definition of ‘good governance’ as having

certain universally accepted features like exercise of legitimate political power, formulation

and implementation of policies and programmes that are equitable, transparent, non-

discriminatory, socially sensitive, participatory and above all accountable to the people at

large .

e- Governance: It emphasizes the use of the Information and Communication Technology

(ICT) to speed up the process of good governance by ensuring faster, transparent and

accountable governance. In other words, technology-driven governance process.

The UNDP definesii: e-Governance is the public sector’s use of information and

communication technologies with the aim of improving information and service delivery, encouraging

citizen participation in the decision-making process and making government more accountable,

transparent and effective. e- Governance involves new styles of leadership, new ways of debating and

deciding policy and investment, new ways of accessing education, new ways of listening to citizens

and new ways of organizing and delivering information and services. e- Governance is generally

considered as a wider concept than e-government, since it can bring about a change in the way

citizens relate to governments and to each other. e- Governance can bring forth new concepts of

citizenship, both in terms of citizen needs and responsibilities. Its objective is to engage, enable and

empower the citizen; (UNDP)

The definition of e-Governance goes beyond the application of IT in government functioning.

It implies a completely new definition and concept of public governance .e-Governance is defined as

digitisation of government information and online transaction of public services. In other words, it

implies electronic delivery of public services between government and its citizens. Other uses the term

e- Governance as an extension of e- commerce to government procurement and sees it as Business-to-

government (B2G) transaction. Applications of electronic data interchange (EDI). In trade

facilitation agencies like Customs, has been promoted as e-Governance by multilateral agencies like

the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and World Trade

Organisation (WTO) ;( Kaushik and Deboroy195)

e- Governance integrates government system seamlessly to meet these expectations.

Good governance and e-Governance go hand-in-hand in today’s world, particularly in

developing countries where sustainable development has emerged as a challenge in the


35

process of urbanisation and human development. e- Governance along with local self

governance can ensure probity in the system and proper management of available resources.

It further ensures sustainable development by increasing the level of accountability in the

governing bodies and citizenry both.

To bring the benefits of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) at the last

mile to ensure transparent, timely and hassle free delivery of citizen services, Government of

India has initiated e-Governance programme in country in the late 1990s. Department of

Electronics and Information Technology (DEIT) and Department of Administrative Reforms

and Public Grievances (DAR&PG) has formulated the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP).

Decentralisation of Authority (Local Self Governance): The de-centring and the pluralisation of the

state into a number of levels that stretch horizontally from civil society and market organisations on

the one hand, and vertically from the transnational to local self-government institutions on the other,

is considered to be a welcome development for several reasons;(Chandhoke 2957).Decentralisation

is closely linked to the concept of democratic governance which has deeper inter-linkages

with the notion of good governance because like democracy good governance also put

emphasis on establishing the mechanism of institutionalised citizen participation. In general,

citizen’s participation is expressed through consultation, dialogue, voting, contesting

elections etc. Local self governance is a mechanism to ensure democracy as a way of life.

Authority, ‘Authority can most simply be defined as “legitimate power”. Whereas

power is the ability to influence the behaviour of others, authority is the right to do so.

Authority is therefore based on an acknowledged duty to obey rather than on any form of

coercion or manipulation’ (Heywood, 445).Whereas, Decentralisation, makes people’s

participation a ground reality by making the arrangements for sharing the authority in a

country. The confluence of both is called ‘decentralisation of authority’. According to World

Bankiii(n.pag.)- Decentralisation is the transfer of authority and responsibility for public functions

from the central government to intermediate and local governments or quasi-independent government

organisations and /or the private sector is a complex multifaceted concept. Decentralization cab be

defined in general terms as the transfer of authority or dispersal of power, in public planning,

management and decision-making from the national level to sub-national levels, or more

generally from higher to lower levels of government(Mills, et al.11).Decentralisation takes


36

various forms and involves different institutions and mechanisms. According to World Bank

(n.pag.), there are three types of decentralisation of authority mentioned in figure (A)-

Figure (A): Types of Decentralisationiv

Source: http://www1.worldbank.org.

Devolution: It stands for the transfer of function or authority for decision-making, finance,

and management to quasi-autonomous units of local government with corporate status. Devolution

usually transfers responsibilities for services to municipalities that elect their own mayors and

councils, raise their own revenues, and have independent authority to make investment decisions. In a

devolved system, local governments have clear and legally recognized geographical boundaries over

which they exercise authority and within which they perform public functions. It is this type of

administrative decentralisation that underlies most political decentralisation because local

institutions are based on local political representation. It can be called political decentralisation.

De-concentration: It is often considered to be the weakest form of decentralisation and is

used most frequently in unitary states-- redistributes decision making authority and financial and

management responsibilities among different levels of the central government. It can merely shift

responsibilities from central government officials in the capital city to those working in regions,

provinces or districts, or it can create strong field administration or local administrative capacity

under the supervision of central government ministries.

In this form of decentralisation tasks are delegated and local institutions are not based

on any type of political representation. Ultimate authority lies in the hands of central

government.

Delegation: Delegation is a more extensive form of decentralisation. Through delegation

central governments transfer responsibility for decision-making and administration of public

functions to semi-autonomous organisations not wholly controlled by the central government, but

ultimately accountable to it. Governments delegate responsibilities when they create public

enterprises or corporations, housing authorities, transportation authorities, special service districts,


37

semi-autonomous school districts, regional development corporations, or special project

implementation units. Usually these organisations have a great deal of discretion in decision-making.

They may be exempt from constraints on regular civil service personnel and may be able to charge

users directly for services.

Inter-linkages between Local Self Governance and e-Governance: Decentralisation of

authority in long run aims citizen centric decision-making. Since devolution of power (local-

governance) is a first interface between the citizens and the government, introduction of e-

Governance in Panchayats /municipalities will assist Panchayats /municipal bodies to

improve service delivery mechanism, achieve better information management & transparency

and ensure utmost citizens' involvement in governance, etc.

It is usually argued that the local government has an information advantage over the upper-

tier governments. But it may be asked why a central government cannot procure for itself the same

information advantage of proximity through local agents. In some countries, the central government

uses such representatives at the local level for this purpose, like the pre´fets in France and Italy or the

intendentes in Chile. It may even be argued that the central government can have economies of scope

in the collection of information. But the main reason why in practice the local government still retains

the informational advantage has to do with political accountability. In democratic countries, the local

politicians may have more incentive to use local information than national or provincial politicians,

since the former are answerable to the local electorate while the latter have wider constituencies,

where the local issues may get diluted; (Bardhan 191)

The accumulation and appropriation of such local information by the local politicians

can be made more affective with the use of ICT by introducing e-Governance.

Now a days, particularly for highly populated countries like India it is not possible to

deliver public services door to door manually. Therefore, use of telephone, computer and

computerised data base to quick access, satellites, automatic dispensing machines and

wireless devices are made to institutionalise good governance of which decentralisation is a

core aspect.

There is an increasing realisation that technology intermediation enables the

achievement of some simultaneously conflicting objectives. For example, one of the constant

challenges in government is to balance the need to maintain tight control so that services are

fair and equitable with the need to decentralise so that services are responsive to people’s

needs. In a manual system we tend to swing between two extremes and depending on the

mood at that moment or depending on which point in the swing of the pendulum you are at, it


38

goes one way or the other. But thanks to certain technology-based approaches one can have a

system that allows complete decentralisation and delegation while maintaining a high degree

of control. So these are new phenomenon as far as governance is concernedv.

Local Self Governance in India: An Overview ‘Devolution’ a type of decentralisation of

authority will be used as a ‘key concept’ to evaluate the inter-linkages between e-Governance

and Local self governance in India to make the analysis more precise. The rationale behind

this is that in India political decentralisation seems to be more prominent.73rd and 74th

constitutional amendment paved the way for rural and urban Local self governance in India.

At present these institutions are playing very crucial role in the implementation of various

flagship programmes of welfare for the people such as- National Rural Health Mission

(NHRM), Mid Day Meal, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) etc. Devolution of power has been

an age old dream in India.

Village Panchayat was a unit of local governance since British days, for instance, the Bengal Local

Self-Government Act 1885, the Bengal Village Self- Government Act 1919 etc. In addition to this, in the

Government of India Act, 1935, the power to enact legislation was specifically given to the Provincial

Legislation by Entry 12 in the Provincial Legislative List. By virtue of this power, new Acts were enacted by

many other states vesting powers of administration, including criminal justice, in the hands of the Panchayats;

(Basu 312)

After getting independence when new constitution of India was framed, a directive was

included in the constitution of 1949 in article 40 as follows:

The state shall take steps to organise village Panchayats and endow them with such powers

and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.

The 73rd Constitution Amendment Act: The passing of 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment

Acts in 1992 is considered the culmination of the devolution of power in India. It

incorporated part IX &IX-A in the constitution of India. While part IX is related to the

Panchayats (Art. 243-243O), part IX-A is related to the Municipalities (243P-243ZG).These

institutions of local governance are directly elected bodies and also have provisions of

reservation for SC, ST and women. According to Second Administrative Reform

Commission,

…all governance processes are about fulfilling the citizens’ aspirations and needs. Whatever

be the structure of governance, we have to face two great challenges in the coming decades. The fist

is the fulfilment of human potential, prevention of avoidable suffering and ensuring human dignity,

access to speedy justice and opportunity to all Indians so that every citizen is a fulfilled and


39

productive human being. The second is the rapid economic growth realizing the nation’s potential

and allowing India to play her rightful role in the global arena in order to protect the vital interests of

present and future generations and become an important factor in promoting global peace, stability

and prosperity. We need to sharply focus the State’s role and fashion instruments of governance

as effective tools in our quest for these national goals. Decentralization is a potent tool to

counter the phenomenal asymmetry in the locus of power and the imbalance in the exercise

of power; (India, 6th ARC Report16)

Devolution of power (both urban and rural) is an exclusive state subject under entry 5

of list II of the 7th Schedule. Although, the devolution is constitutional, it can be

supplemented by laws made by the respective state legislature. The union government cannot

enact any law regarding this. These amendments for devolution do not apply to Jammu

&Kashmir, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and National Capital Territory of Delhi.

Rural Devolution of Authority and e-Governance in India: Rural devolution of

authority is known as ‘Panchayati Raj’ in India. It has been enunciated to enhance the

participation of people in order to strengthen the grass root democracy in India so that good

governance could be instilled in the government. It has allowed weaker sections of the

society to take part in the process of decision-making. It has three-tier system of Panchayats,

namely,(a) The village level;(b) The district Panchayat at the district level; (c) The

Intermediate Panchayat which stands between the village and district Panchayats in the States

where the population is above 20 lakhs.

There are 29 items mentioned in the Act on which Panchayats can exercise its authority

some of them are- land improvement, minor irrigation, animal husbandry, fisheries,

education, women and child development etc. Moreover, Panchayats may be conferred on the

authority by the state legislature as may be necessary to enable them to function in a judicious

manner. They may be entrusted with the responsibility of:

• Preparing plans for economic development and social justice.

• Implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice, and

• In regards to matters listed in the Eleventh Schedule.

In India the success rate of the functioning of the Panchayats has been very modest. Yet

the introduction of e-Governance has provided an opportunity to the Panchayats to work in a

faster, smarter and transparent manner. e- Governance creates better connectivity between


40

citizens and government agencies. There are following rural e-Governance projects initiated

in India to benefit institutions of rural devolution of authority (India 813-14):

e-Choupal: Business Division of Indian Tobacco Company (ITC-IBD) has introduced e-

Choupal for connecting the farmer with ICT. It is very useful for farmers because it facilitates

the selling of agricultural products and other home- made consumer products. Each e-

Choupal is equipped with computer, Internet connection, better Power supply and printer.

Thus it reduces the cost of product by allowing free flow of market related information to the

farmers. Moreover mediators also do not get opportunity to block the market information.

Kisan Call Centre (KCC): Kisan Call Centres have been functioning since 21st January, 2004

and working in 25 different locations covering almost all the states of the country. At present,

144 call centre agents have been engaged in KCC who answer in 21 local dialects.

National e-Government Action Plan: Introduced in 2003 this plan suggests a list of

core policies: (a) Overall vision, mission strategy approach (b) e- Governance technology

architecture, framework and guidelines (c) Human resource strategy (d) Policy for front end

facilitation counters, such as kiosks, integrated service centres (e)Policy on back- end

department automation.

Computerised Rural Information System Project (CRISP): It facilitates the District

Rural Development Agency (DRDA) in monitoring the implementation of poverty alleviation

programmes through computer based information system. Rural soft 2000 allows online

monitoring of processes from centre by an agent.

e-Panchayat: It is one of the 27 Mission Mode Projects (MMP),under National e-

Governance Plan, formulated in 2006 to completely transform the functioning of Panchayati

Raj Institutions, making them more transparent, accountable and effective organs of

decentralised self-governing institutions. Under e-Panchayat,11 core common applications

are being developed that address all aspects of Panchayats functioning viz. from internal core

functions such as planning, monitoring, implementation, budgeting, accounting, social audit

etc to citizen service delivery like issue of certificates, licenses etc. Together these

applications constitute the Panchayat Enterprise Suite (PES).

While four of the eleven Core Common Applications have already been rolled out, all

the remaining applications (except GIS module) were launched on 24th April 2012 on the

occasion of National Panchayat Day. The present status of the four applications that have

been rolled out is as follows (n.pag.);


41

PRIA Soft- an online cash-based double entry accounting software that implements

four-tier Model Accounting System for PRIs has been a major success with 1.5 lakh

Panchayats on board and 83,000 Panchayats making online voucher entries during 2011-

2012.Over 100 lakh vouchers were entered for the year 2011-12vi.

Plan Plus- Over 45,000 Panchayats uploaded their Annual Action Plans in Plan Plus

in 2011-12.This includes 88 Zilla Panchayats, 1361 Block Panchayats & 43941 Gram

Panchayatsvii.

The National Panchayat Portal- Over 2, 36,500 dynamic websites have been created

for Panchayats (95% adoption) and 30,000 of these websites are seeing an active content

uploadviii.

Local Governance Directory- It captures details of local governments and has assigned

unique codes to all Pachayats to ensure interoperability amongst all applications of PES. It

also maps Panchayats with Assembly and Parliamentary Constituenciesix.

Above programmes projects and data regarding the role of e-Governance in

devolution of power in rural India illustrates that functions, funds and functionaries all have

been decentralised to enhance people’s participation, accountability and responsibility in the

system of governance. e-Governance has helped in the institutionalisation of devolution of

power in India in true sense of terms.

74th Constitution Amendment Act: Part IXA which has come into force on 1/06/1993

gives a constitutional foundation to the local self- government units in urban areas. Some of

the provisions are similar to those contained in Part IX for example reservation of seats,

finance commission, election commission etc. Article 243Q makes it obligatory for every

state to constitute such units of urban devolution of power. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the

country are classified into four major categories:

1. Municipal corporations

2. Municipalities (municipal council, municipal board, municipal committee)

3. Town area committees

4. Notified area committees

The municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while the

notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated

bodies.


42

As per the Indian Constitution, 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of

towns are to be designated as municipalities or Nagar Panchayats with elected bodies. Until

the amendments in state municipal legislations, which were mostly made in 1994, municipal

authorities were organised on a Latin: ultra vires (beyond the authority) basis and the state

governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive decisions

without an amendment to the legislative provisions.

After the 74th Amendment was enacted there are only three categories of urban local

bodies:

• Nagar nigam (municipal corporation)

• Nagar palika (municipality)

• Nagar panchayat (city council)

This article provides that there be a Nagar Panchayat for transitional areas i.e. an area

in transition from rural to urban, a municipality for a smaller urban area and a municipal

corporation for a larger urban area.

Article 243Q of the 74th Amendment requires that municipal areas shall be declared

having regard to the population of the area, the density of population therein, the revenue

generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural

activities, the economic importance or such other factors as may be specified by the state

government by public notification for this purpose.

Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy a greater degree of

fiscal autonomy and functions although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across

the states; these local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic

base, and deal with the state governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities have

less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions and have to deal with the state governments through the

Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district. These local bodies are

subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments.

Responsibilities of Union Local Bodies (ULBs)

The municipal bodies of India are conferred with a long list of functions delegated to

them by the state governments under the municipal legislation. These functions broadly relate

to public health, welfare, regulatory functions, public safety, public infrastructure works, and

development activities.


43

Article 243(w) assigns 18 functions to the ULBs. Public health includes Water

supply, Sewerage and Sanitation, eradication of communicable diseases etc; welfare includes

public facilities such as education, recreation, etc; regulatory functions related to prescribing

and enforcing building regulations, encroachments on public land, Birth

registration and Death certificate, etc; public safety includes Fire protection, Street lighting,

etc; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner city roads, etc; and

development functions related to Town planning and development of commercial markets.

Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development

functions like planning for economic development and social justice, urban poverty

alleviation programs and promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. However,

conformity legislation enacted by the state governments indicates wide variations in this

regard.

In addition to the legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state

government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such

as Family planning, Nutrition and slum improvement, Disease and Epidemic control, etc.

Besides these state level agencies, City Improvement Trusts and Urban Development

Authorities have been set up in a number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land

acquisition and development works, and take up projects such as markets and commercial

complexes, etc.

Urban Devolution of Authority and e-Governance in India: Like rural devolution of

authority ICT has modernised the urban local authority devolution bodies as well. It is the

reality that without the help of ICT a second most populated country like India can never be

governed in an appropriate manner. In urban India the problems of water scarcity, slums,

crimes etc are rampant, moreover modern methods of committing crime are also used.

Therefore, it is expected from the urban local bodies to do their duties properly to provide an

empowering environment to the people. For this, the use of ICT has also been made through

‘Government Process Reengineering’. The best example can be the use of Close Circuit

Cameras in maintaining security. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is defined as- the fundamental

rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures

of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed. In the government context the term Government Process

Reengineering (GPR) is used to indicate a similar redesign that produces “leaps in operational efficiency” in the context of

service deliveryx;(n.pag.)


44

Figure (B): ULBs-Process Reengineering

Source: http://www.asci.org.in

Figure (B) illustrates the inter-linkages among the ULBs, Business, and Citizens

along with the process reengineering to provide quality services to the citizens with the help

of ICT.

The process of urbanisation, decentralisation and the emergence of cities as drivers of growth are placing stress on the

resources and capabilities of local governments. In the urban context of many developing countries, access to publicsector

services in basic sectors such as water and sanitation services, public safety, housing, and roads is often limited and

increasingly constrained. But a number of innovative applications that harness ICT are helping developing countries

improve the daily lives of citizenry by transforming the delivery of services and reforming operations in most sectors of the

economy; (WB,n.pag.)

India has also witnessed faster urbanisation process along with increasing population;

consequently the use of ICT in governance process or e-Governance has become imperative

for India. Therefore, India has taken following major steps to incorporate ICT in ULBs:

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (2005-06): It aims, introduction

of a system of e-Governance using IT applications, such as GIS and MIS for various services

provided by ULBs and parastatal agencies. Moreover, reform of property tax with GIS has

becomes a major source of revenue for ULBs and arrangements for its effective

implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at least 85 per cent within next seven

years. It also visualises implementation of decentralisation measures as envisaged in 74th

Constitutional Amendment Act. The State should ensure meaningful association and

http://www.asci.org.in/


45

engagement of ULBs in planning the function of parastatal agencies as well as the delivery of

services to the citizens.

Information and Services Need Assessmentxi (ISNA): It has been commissioned by

Ministry of Urban Development in June 2012 as part of JNNURM for e-Governance in

Urban Local Bodies. The study will provide a comprehensive data base of the ULBs and help

in taking policy decisions, formulating procedures assessing and providing necessary

financial support etc by the central government, state/UTs governments and International

agencies etc and will also help corporate sector to design their programme.

National Mission Mode Project: As a part of JNNURM National Mission Mode Project

(NMMP) on e-Governance in Municipalities envisages covering all Urban Local Bodies

(ULBs) in 35 cities with population of above 10 lakh as per 2001 census. e-Governance in

municipalities is expected to:

(a) Focus on clearly identified list of citizen services that would be covered with clearly laid

down service levels and outcomes that would be achieved.

(b) Improve efficiency and effectiveness in interaction between local-government and its citizens

and other stakeholders (i.e. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community Based

Organisations (CBOs), Residents Welfare Associations (RWAs), private sector, etc.);

(c) Improve quality of internal local-government operations to support and stimulate good

governance;

(d) Bring about transparency and accountability in the governance of urban local bodies;

(e) Enhance interface between urban local bodies and citizens; and

(f) Help improve delivery of services to citizens.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): It is being used successfully for

better water management in cities such as Hyderabad, Bangalore, Tirupur, and Nagpur.

The Global Positioning System (GPS): This service is being used to track and monitor bus

services in the cities.

The Off-Site Real Time Monitoringxii (OSRT) System: It is a unique but simple mobile-

based IT initiative by Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) to improve the

delivery of public services. It uses a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) and

Global Packet Radio Services (GPRS) technologies through cell phones. Online monitoring

of solid waste management, maintaining parks and street lights is being done through OSRT.


46

The technology allows cell phones to capture real time images of workers at public

sites under inspection with the date and time of the picture as well as the stamp of latitude

and longitude alongside the image, superimposed on a Google map layer. The images are

instantly transmitted to a central server, and immediately available in the public domain

allowing citizen monitoring.

The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP): This plan encompasses both urban & rural India

with a broader perspective .The NeGP aims at improving delivery of Government services to

citizens and businesses with the vision of, Making all Government services accessible to the

common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency,

transparency & reliability of such services at affordable costs to realise the basic needs of the

common man.

In this plan Department of Electronics & Information Technology (DEITY) plays

very crucial role as facilitator and catalyst for the implementation of NeGP by various

Ministries and State Governments and also provides technical assistance. It serves as a

secretariat to the Apex Committee and assists it in managing the programme.

In addition, DEITY is also implementing pilot/ infrastructure/ technical/ special projects and

support components. The Department of Administrative Reforms (DARPG’s) responsibility

is towards Government Process Re-engineering and Change Management, which are desired

to be realised across all government departments. Planning Commission and Ministry of

Finance allocate funds for NeGP through Plan and Non-plan budgetary provisions and lay

down appropriate procedures in this regard.

e-Governance Initiatives in India: An overview; Government of India has taken so

many steps for e- administration and computerisation of departments. Computerised

Railways, Telephone, Post offices, Records of the people (ADHAAR Card), online

application forms for employment and admission in the college, online examinations, e-

banking, e-filing of Income Tax Returns etc are the cardinal initiatives taken by the

government of India.

Information and Communication Technology in India is handled by the ministry of

Communications and Information Technology at the centre. The ministry has three

departments namely:

• Department of Post-Expansion of postal network especially in rural areas has, to a great

extent, been brought about. On an average, a post office in India serves an area of 21.23 sq


47

km and a population of 7,814 (India Year Book 165). Moreover, speed post service, Mail

Network Optimization Project (2010), tracking facility for registered mail, National Address

Database Management System, Project Arrow are the major steps.

• Department of Telecommunications: The Telecommunications services have improved

significantly since Independence, particularly National Telecom Policy in1994 introduced

series of reforms to make this sector more vibrant. At present India has the 2nd largest

wireless network in the world(ibid.).The major initiatives taken by this department are

Approval of National Optical Fibre Network in 2011 for providing broadband connectivity to

all 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats, International Long Distance Services etc .Mobile Value Added

Services (MVAS) such as m-banking, m-education, m-governance, m-health and m-

agriculture are playing very crucial role in bringing about empowerment to all strata of

society by delivery of services.

• Department of Information Technology: This sector has showcased India’s ability in IT at

world level. The software and services exports including ITeS-BPO exports are estimated at

US$ 68.7 billion in2011-12, as compared to US$ 59.00 billion in2010-11, an increase of 16.4

%. Major initiatives are-National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), State Wide Area

Networks(SWANs),Common Services Centres(CSCs),State Data Centres(SDC),Electric

Forms Application through State Portal, State Service Delivery Gateway(SSDG),e-District,

Biometrics Standards, National Knowledge Network, Cyber Forensic etc.

All these efforts in the field of ICT basically strengthen the government to cover the

distance between governance and good governance by making the delivery system efficient,

faster and smarter. Thus, e-Governance is helpful in establishing the identity of the

beneficiary in citizen centric services. Moreover, it is helpful in reducing corruption by

keeping records of all activities. According to the Second Administrative Reforms

Commission, there are four types of interactions in e- Governance. The report titled as

“Promoting e- Governance: The SMART Way Forward” (2008) explains e –Governance in

the following manner:

1- G2C (Government to Citizens): An Interface is made between the government and citizens

which enables citizens to get benefitted from the efficient delivery of large variety of

government services. This expands the availability and accessibility of government services

on the one hand and improves the quality of the services on the other. It increases the


48

opportunity of the citizens to interact with the governing bodies as the fundamental purpose

of introducing e-Governance is to make government citizen-friendly.

2- G2B (Government to Business): Here, e-Governance tools are used to enhance and smoothen

business interactions. Business community is promoted to interact virtually with the

government. It helps is minimising red tape, operational cost and time in licensing,

procurement, permits and tax collections. Consequently, business, trade, tourism flourish at

faster pace. All official information is available at the website of concerned ministry making

the process of interaction between the government and business entrepreneurs transparent and

accountable.

3- G2G (Government to Government): In this case, ICT is used to maintain judicious co-

ordination between the departments of the government and between the governments. This

can be of two types first, horizontal i.e. between different government agencies such as

between executive and legislature. Second, vertical i.e. between various level of government

from top to bottom like central government, state governments and Panchayati raj institutions

at rural and urban level.

4- G2E (Government to Employees): The interaction between government and its employees is a

regular and two-way phenomenon as government is the employer of a huge number of

people. For their Salaries, pensions, insurance etc employees depend on the government in

exchange they work for the government. e-Governance can not only be helpful in providing

them best kind of services, it can also increase the satisfaction level of the employees.

Succinctly, e-Governance makes the governing authority corruption free through

increased transparency, efficient management and greater convenience. e- Governance has

the calibre to ensure good governance in a system because all the features of good

governance like rule of law, transparency, accountability, participatory and responsiveness

can only be realized in true sense of terms when e-Governance becomes the integral part of

the administration of a country.

Challenges and Suggestions: India is a nation of ‘Unity in Diversity’; therefore, any

plan or project can only be successful when it is formulated in such a manner as to be

understood by all. In a multi-lingual country like India ICT projects should be launched in the

local dialects as well so that language does not remain an obstacle in the process of

decentralisation through e-Governance.


49

Moreover, infrastructure for successful functioning of ICT devices particularly in

villages and small towns should be made available. So that 24/7 availability of services could

be ensured.

21st century India still have large chunk of citizens who are illiterate and the

functional literacy of the country is still very poor .Caste and gender discrimination are still

being filled by several schemes. In such an atmosphere to acquaint people with the use of

ICT is a hard nut to crack. Therefore, the education system of India should be renewed

drastically and e-Literacy campaign should reach in remote areas as well.

Poverty, unemployment, absence of functional literacy can induce people to misuse

ICT devices. Here comes the role of civil society, intelligentsia and rural/urban bodies of

governance to provide guidance to the people through seminar, drama, and workshops. So

that ICT can truly lead to strong Local self governance.

India’s development process can be fasten through the judicious use of ICT in the

devolution of authority; as grass root democracy is the only best possible path to achieve

equitable society. In today’s digitalised world it cannot be realised without interlinking each

and every person with the process of governance.

Reference

1. Bardhan, Pranab. “Decentralization of Governance and Development.”, The Journal of

Economic Perspectives16, no. 4(Fall 2002):191.Print.

2. Basu, Durga Das. Introduction to the Constitution of India, LexisNexis Butterworths

Wadhwa, Nagpur, 2008.Print.

3. Chandhoke, Neera. “Governance and the Pluralisation of the State: Implications for

Democratic Citizenship”, Economic and Political Weekly 38 (28), (July 2003)2957-

68.Print.

4. Debroy, Bibek eds. Agenda for Improving Governance by Academic Foundation and

Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, Delhi, 2003.Print.

5. Heywood, Andrew. Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007.Print.

6. India, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India, GOI,

2013.Print.

7. India. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India, GOI,

2014.Print.

8. India, Second ARC Report-6. Local Governance an Inspiring Journey into the Future,

GoI, 2007. Print.


50

9. Mill, A.et al. eds. Health System Decentralization: Concepts, Issues and Country

Experience, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1990. .

10. UNDP, Human Development Report. People’s Participation, New York Oxford

University Press 1993.Print.

11. UNDP, Decentralized Governance Programme: Strengthening Capacity for People -

Centred Development, Management Development and Governance Division, Bureau for

Development Policy, (September 1997). 4.Print.

End Notes

i World Bank 1994, p. Vii. ii www.in.undp.org iii http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/what.htm

iv http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/admin.htm v http://indiagovernance.gov.in vi http://accountingonline.gov.in. vii http://planningonline.gov.in viii www.panchayat.gov.in ix http:// panchayatdirectory.gov.in x www.egovernments.org xi http://jnnurm.nic.in xii Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services. URL-http://urbanindia.nic.in

http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/what.htm

http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/admin.htm

http://indiagovernance.gov.in/

http://jnnurm.nic.in/

http://urbanindia.nic.in/


[51]

Health and Health Status of Schedule Tribes

Dr. Vijay Singh Chaudhary

Assistant Professor

Physical Education

Govt. P.G. College, Jalesar, Etah (U.P.)

Introduction

Health is the foundation of human life. It leads the man towards progress and

prosperity, Healthy people make healthy nation. In other words, health is wealth for an

individual, society and nation. The prosperity of a nation rests upon the health of its citizens.

But there is a lot of misconception about health. For a layman, health is a good looking

physique, for some it is a sound muscular body, for some it is a body without disease or

illness for some it is an efficient work ability of the body.

Health is the greatest wealth. He who has a good health, cherishes life in enjoyment.

Health is a way of life where mental, physical and social well-beings are considered in the

absence of a disease. In other words, health is the quality of life to live most and serve best.

According to :

World Health Organisation (WHO) : "Health is the state of complete physical,

mental and social well-beings and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity" (old).

WHO (New): "Attainment of life to lead a socially and economically productive life”.

J.F. William: "It is the quality of life to live most and serve best”.

Essential Elements of Healthy Environment (Water, Food, Air, Soil)

(A) Safe Water

Water is the basic necessity of human beings, without water man can not live. Our

earth consists of 70% of water but still safe, fresh drinkable water is only 2%. Thus water is

very precious.

To make water drinkable it has to go through many processes like filtration,

chlorination, sedimentation, ionization, and distillation. Today all the sources of fresh water

are polluted by one or the other way. Even ground water is not safe for drinking. There are

many reasons of its pollution like industrial and chemical wastes into rivers; addition of

fertilizers and pesticides into ground water and fresh sources of water; sanitary and sewerage

disposal into the rivers, lakes, garbage and waste products are thrown into the rivers, canals;

detergents, soaps are added into water etc. All these pollutants make fresh water unsafe for


[52]

drinking. This is a big cause of health problem. Many dangerous health problems like

Hepatitis (Jaundice), Cholera Typhoid, Gastroenteritis, Dysentery, etc., are because of unsafe

water. So, this basic necessity should be considered consciously to provide drinking water.

The water supplied to our homes, work places should be properly treated to make it safe for

drinking. At home we should boil the water before drinking. We should also try our best

neither to pollute nor waste water.

(B) Safe Food

Food is again the basic necessity of human being. Today what we eat as food, is

chemically treated food. These chemicals have decayed human life to a great extent. Food is

again a concern of health problems, as many health problems have originated from the

polluted food. This pollution of food may be due to many reasons like :-

(a) Over population and to meet this demand food is produced on large scale without

considering hygienical factors.

(b) Lot of chemical spray over food like fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides, germicides

etc.

(c) Commercialisation of food stuffs has made food unhygienical which is treated in

unsafe environment.

(d) Even non-veg food is being polluted due to chemicals and synthetic treatment.

(e) Fresh food is not available as it has to go through many processes like transportation,

storage, packing, etc.

(f) Unsafe cooking spoil its nutritious value, i.e., without washing, without proper

baking, adding spices and synthetic flavours, etc.

(g) The trend of junk food is coming up which is non-energetic.

So, we should avoid pollution of the food and consider hygienical methods like

cooking, washing the raw eatables thoroughly, baking it properly without spoiling the

nutritious value, avoiding synthetic flavour and spicy foal proper eating habits to be followed,

taking fresh food, avoiding junk food, etc. The collective efforts in the cham of food

producing to the food consuming hygienical methods should be followed to provide health

and h eating.

(C) SAFE AIR (Less Noise, Dust. Radiation and Pollution)

In healthy environment, “safe air” is again one of an important elements of health.

Today our atmosphere has been polluted to a great extent. There is a lot of dust, noise and


[53]

radiation in the nearby surroundings. This all has happened because of the urbanization and

industrialization. It has reduced the oxygen content in the air and has increased many

poisonous components in the air. Thus, human health has been affected. Many health

problems and diseases like Asthma, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Scars etc. are

increased because of polluted atmosphere. There are many reasons of air pollution like:-

(a) Industrial growth has increased the poisonous gases, smoke, chemical dust, radiation

etc., in the atmosphere. So, there is a threat to all living beings.

(b) Automobiles, vehicles and machines are also big causes of pollution.

(c) Deforestation has reduced the greenery and plants, thus oxygen content in atmosphere

has reduced.

(d) Modernization and mechanization of gadgets/equipments like refrigerators and air-

conditioners have caused ozone in atmosphere. Thus ultra violet and infra-red rays of

sun have caused many problems.

(e) Tele-communication industries (mobile, phones, satellite) have increased

electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere which has decaying effect over human

genes.

(f) Mining, thermal plants and nuclear plants, etc, have polluted atmosphere.

(g) Poor sanitary disposal has also polluted the fresh air.

(h) Noise of machines, vehicles, electrical gadgets have created a lot of problems.

We should try our best not to pollute the atmosphere. This can be done by planting

maximum trees; using checked vehicles, using eco-friendly gadgets, preventing noise, etc.

Further we should make our surrounding clean, hygienical and eco-friendly with lots of

plants, less dust, less noise, etc. This gives refreshing feeling throughout the day. Thus many

health diseases and health problems can be reduced.

(D) SAFE SOIL

Soil is more precious than gold. It is the source of all production. This soil has also

been polluted today. It has direct or indirect relation with other polluting factors. There are

many causes of its pollution.

(a) As concrete jungle (urbanization) has reduced its space.

(b) Unsafe mining, deforestation and floods have removed top soil which is highly

productive.


[54]

(c) Using of strong chemicals and their disposals have reduced its natural productivity;

use of fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides, poor disposal of industrial and domestic

waste have threatened environment.

(d) Plastic, chemical and synthetic industries have polluted soil.

(e) Pollution of ground water and over use of ground water have caused many problems.

(f) Poor methods of harvesting and wrong agricultural methods have reduced its fertility.

This pollution can be prevented with collective efforts. One of the best methods is to

grow maximum plants and trees. We can also prevent the pollution by educating everyone to

be eco-friendly and using good eco-friendly equipments.1

Health and Fitness

Health is a state of complete mental and physical well being whereas fitness is the

ability to meet the demands of a physical task. The following forms are the various

dimensions of health;

➢ Physical

➢ Mental

➢ Social

➢ Moral

➢ Spiritual

PHYSICAL - Physical health is measure of physical fitness of the human organism.

MENTAL HEALTH - Mental health is a state of internal adjustment of man, achieved by

balancing expectations with realizations.

SOCIAL HEALTH - Social health denotes successful adjustment of a man in his society.

MORAL HEALTH - Moral health is indication of the adherence of an individual to an

acceptable moral code which adds strength to his conduct and character.

SPIRITUAL HEALTH - Spiritual health is related to soul or spirit within oneself which

though separate and a distinct from physical body entity is an essential aspect of human life

and personality. All these are tuned to achieve the goals of life and personal wellbeing such

as;

➢ To enjoy happy and peaceful living

➢ Avoid disease

➢ Delay death2


[55]

Knowledge of health education assumes great importance in India, where most of the

people are ignorant about the basic principles of health and hygiene. Because of this

ignorance, they are unable to prevent the diseases, most of which are preventable. There is an

emergent need to remove this ignorance of masses. They are to be made aware of

fundamental and basic principles of health and hygiene. Health education provides the

scientific facts of community hygiene that could help in preventing and eradicating many

diseases and remove ignorance. Health education programmes are basically of preventive and

pramotive nature. As prevention is better than cure, such programmes are very important in

transmitting the knowledge, making the people aware of various dreaded diseases, occurrence

of which could be easily avoided. In this way health education can play an important role in

eliminating many problems that adversely affect young people, adults and society in general.

It is necessary for a prosperous country to have healthy citizens. Health education has

a very significant role to play as it comprises health knowledge, health habits and health

attitudes. It can improve the individual family and community life for a bright and prosperous

future.

Health education helps an individual to distinguish between good and bad health

habits and encourages him to make good habits as enduring and lasting healthful behaviour.

Health education is essential to assure that proper health habits are established early in life, as

habits and behaviour adopted in childhood remain unchanged even in adult life. The good

health habits instilled in children during their formative years reflect in their life, making

them healthy useful and effective citizen of the country. In this way health education also

contributes to national growth.

Many physical defects and ailments like hearing and sight problems, bad posture,

malnutrition etc. Occur during early childhood. Health education plays an important role in

checking, preventing and curing these defects and ailments by promoting intelligent health

attitudes among them..

Health education is a comprehensive, qualitative and a dynamic process of education

as:

(1) It develops sound attitudes towards the importance of good health and safety practice

at home and in the community.

(2) It provides direct learning experience to encourage the practice of wholesome healthy

habits in daily living.


[56]

(3) It introduces students to the areas of health knowledge, enabling them to better

understand and cope up with individual and community health problems.

(4) It introduced students to the basic mechanism and functions of human body.

(5) It integrates the many sources of health information in the biological, social and

physical sciences so that can be applied in a meaningful way towards establishing a

total health concept.

(6) It helps students to achieve deeper insight into the nature of social relationship and

family life.

(7) It furnishes a setting for learning which enables the students to realize their fullest

potentialities.

(8) It encourages the development of responsibility and cooperation among students in

observing environmental controls.

(9) It establishes procedures for providing students with satisfactory health counselling

and guidance services.

(10) It contributes to the education of physically challenged people, enabling them to make

the most of educational opportunities available.

Now days health is considered as a worldwide social goal. Health education is of great

importance as its main aim is to achieve optimum health of an individual which include all

the dimensions of health i.e physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual. Health

education has become one of the most important disciplines of education. Health education is

basic to learning to happiness to success to effective citizenship and to worthwhile living.

Health Care in Tribal Areas

Present and the Future

The Scheduled Tribes (ST) constituted 8.6 per cent of the total population of India in

2011, amounting to about 10 crore in absolute number. Health of the ten crore marginalized

and vulnerable people should become an important national concern. Their poor socio-

economic and educational status is well known. What is their health status?

The mortality indicators of ST population have certainly improved during the past

decades. However, these are significantly worse than off the general population. A

comparison on a few child mortality indicators is as follows: -


[57]

Sr. no. ST Other Per cent diff.

1 Infant Mortality Rate 62 49 27 per cent

2 Under Five Year Child Mortality Rate 96 59 39 per cent

The infant and child mortality rates (most likely to be underestimates) in the STs are

higher by about one-third than in the other population. Moreover, these show a huge variation

between the states, and are particularly high in 7 states.

The nutritional status of ST children as well as of adults reveals a sad picture.

i) 53 per cent boys and 50 per cent girls in pre-school age were underweight, and 57 per

cent boys and 52 per cent girls were stunted in height.

ii) 49.0 per cent of ST women had a Body Mass Index less than 18.5 indicating chronic

energy deficiency.

iii) Dietary intake of tribal households showed large deficiencies in protein, energy, fats,

iron, vitamin A and riboflavin.

The under-nutrition in children and adults have in ST population certainly decreased

over time period (1985-87 to 2007-08), yet the present levels of deficient food intake and

under-nutrition should be unacceptable.

The diseases prevalent in tribal areas can be broadly classified into following

categories.

A) The diseases of underdevelopment (malnutrition, communicable diseases, maternal

and child health problems),

B) Disease atypically common in ST population (Sickle cell disease, animal bites,

accidents) and

C) Diseases of modernity (Hypertension, addiction, mental stress).

Public Health Service to ST population is one of the weakest links. It suffers from

several handicaps.

i) It is often inappropriate for the scheduled areas, being a rubber stamp version of

the national model primarily designed for the non-tribal areas. It does not take into

account the different belief systems, different disease burden and health care

needs as well as the difficulties in delivering health care in a geographically


[58]

scattered, culturally different population surrounded by forests and other natural

forces. It is surprising that no serious thought was earlier given to design a

separate public health care plan for scheduled areas.

ii) The other major difficulty in delivering public health care to tribal population is

the lack of health care human resource willing, trained and equipped to work in

scheduled areas. There is a shortage vacancy, absenteeism or half heartedness–of

doctors, nurses, technicians and managers in public health care system in

scheduled areas.

iii) Though buildings are built and health care institutions created in the form of

health sub-centers, PHCs and CHCs – they often remain dysfunctional resulting in

poor delivery of health care. This is further compounded by inadequate

monitoring, poor quality of reporting, and accountability.

iv) Unfriendly behavior of the staff, language barrier, large distances, poor transport,

low literacy and low health care seeking, - all lead to lower utilization of the

existing health care institutions in scheduled areas.

v) Access to hospital care for serious cases remains very low in tribal areas.

Thus, the public health care system in scheduled areas is characterized by low output,

low quality and low outcome delivery system often targeting wrong priorities. Restructuring

and strengthening it should be one of the highest priorities for the Ministries of Health and

FW in states and at the centre.

One reason for the inappropriately designed and poorly managed health care in

scheduled areas is the near complete absence of participation of ST people or their

representatives in shaping policies, making plans or implementing services in the health

sector. This is true from the village level to the national level.

In addition to the various handicaps listed above, there is a common perception and

complaint that funds for health care in tribal areas are underutilized, diverted to whet areas, or

utilized inefficiently, and worst, siphoned off through corruption.4

Conclusion

It is very obvious from above written material the health is the base for holistic

development (Mental and Emotional development) if one is taking part in physical exercise


[59]

regularly, with the balance diet and sound sleeps for 6-7 hours then he/she can go to achieve

the positive health.

Reference:

1. Text book of Physical Education by Sanjay Kundra and Deepmala pp. 118, 122, 123, 124.

2. Health, Diet and Fitness by Dr. (Mrs.) Jothi Dayananthan pp. 1-2.

3. Anatomy, Physiology, Physiology of Exercises and Health Education by Dr. Rajendra

Ramteke pp. 279-282.

4. Yojana February 2016 – Health Care in Tribal Areas : Present and the Future by Abhay

Bang pp. 23-24.

5. Essentials of physical education – Ajmer singh, Jagdish Bains, Jagtar singh Gill,

Rachhpal Singh Brar, Pg. No. 228 – 229


[60]

Mughal Painting & Persian Influences

Dr. Anil Kumar, Asstt. Professor, History,


The formation of the Mughal school of painting was an act of conscious will and

purpose on the part of the Emperor Akbar, who was the real founder of Mughal painting. The

style was established with the fusion of native Indian and foreign Persian elements in the

form of synthesis and integration. This constructive act was done by the combined efforts of

the artists of both the Persian and Indian traditions working together in the royal Mughal

atelier. In the beginning, that is during the formative years, Mughal illustrations show the

dominance of the Persian stylistic tradition; while at a later stage, by the end of the sixteenth

century, the Indian tradition became predominant putting the Persian idiom rnto the

background and consequently it guided the whole course of Mughal Painting in the

succeeding years. The purpose of the present study is to show the process of adoption and

adaptation of some of the Persian features such as with regard to landscape, rocks and hills,

water-Iream. architectural setting, cutting of the aares on the margin to suggest an illusion of

continuity in the scene, treatment of human figures, emotive expression, studies of lower

classes people, animal drawings, introduction of humour an caricature, themes of heroic

deeds, portrayal of mourning es. representation of demons, handling of fies, preference x

aold sky, depiction of night scenes, themes representing Majnu in the desert, and visit to

saint. etc. by the artists of the atelier of Akbar.

Mughal Painting, in its beginning, adopted much from Persia. There were three main

sources of Persian influences on Mughal painting: firstly, the works of the artists of Persian

origin at the Mughal court made a distinct impression on the art of painting as a whole1

secondly, the huge imperial Library of the Mughals2 which contained the valuable Arabic and

Persian illustrated manuscripts as well as the collected or compiled muraqqas (picture

albums) for the study of the historic and contemporary examples of painting; thirdly, the

dominance of Persian culture at the Mughal court which affected both the style and the

themes of the painters art.

The Mughal painters were inspired by the artists of Persia in the treatment of

landscape. This particular aspect is reflected in the depiction of high horizon in the earlier


[61]

manuscripts of the Akbari studio, but in later works the line of the horizon lowered for

creating a sense of space within it. Sometimes, rich vegetation in the landscape, as for

instance noticeable in the pages of the Hamza Nama, reminds us of the Shiraz school of

Persian painting. The Mughal artists’ special preference for Persian flora such as the cypress,

the chenar, almond, the triangular shaped tree on the hillocks, the flowering as wefl as grassy

tufts, the blossoming shrubs, the grassy fields, etc., are all borrowed from Persian painting to

emphasise the decorative aspect of the landscape composition. But this very characteristic is

dominating only at the formative stage of Mughal painting and it occurs only occasionally

from the time of its maturity when the illustrations became more true to nature. The Persian

landscape has almost disappeared from the end of Jahangir’s reign and onwards.

In the depiction of rocks and hills, the Mughal painting followed the Persian idiom.

Sometime, as is observed in the works of the celebrated Persian painter Bihzad, different

colours have been used for each hill to differentiate it from the others, and to bring about the

feelings of space and distance as well.3 With the maturity of the styie, the Mughal painters

tried to get rid ofihe Persian conventious th the modulation of contoum of the racks by (he

use of variation in colours, shading and toning.4 This particular aspect is apparent in the Ape

Outsmarts Thieves5 Shah Ardashirs Fate6, Pradyumna Destroys Sambara’7 The Raven

Addressing the Assembled Animals8 and The Fall of Babur from Horse9. This innovation was

further continued during the time of Jahangir as is evident in a Prince with a Youth and a

Sage10, and Peafowl.11

The rocks and hills were often given the form of animals and humans12 The Shiraz

and early Safavid Styles of Persia-a survival ofPersjan nomadic tradition also inspired the

artists of the Akhari studio. Some comparative Mughal works that share similar devices

include Slave Girls Sporting in a Stream13, An Old Shepherd and His Flack14, Babur and His

Two Chieftains Race During Their Retreat from Samarqand 15 and Akbar Watches as,

Animal Combat During a Hunt.16

The representation of watcr-stream in the paintings of Akbars court is very much

identical with the Persia,, idiom. The Persian painters ofboth the late fourteenth century

Mongol style mid the fifteenth century Timurid style had developed a craze for depicting

water streams or ponds with floating fishes or ducks in the foreground almost touching the

lower margin. The painters of Akbar and Jahangir acted likewise in accordance with the same

Persian fashion without any change.


[62]

The technique of dividing the whole dramatic event into several planes generally not

more than two by the use of hills and mountains was a tradition of the Herat school of Persian

painting. It was subsequently further developed by the artists of lie early Safavid and the

Bukhara styles of Persia17 A good ‘timber of Mughal works relating to the period of Akbar,

e.g. Prithu Chases the Earth Cow18, A Man Carrying Lion, on His Back19, and Akbat Hunting

the Cheetas20, reflect similar compositional arrangements. Furthermore, the painting ‘Young

Women with a Guru21, a production of the Allahabad workshop. revea’s the continuation of

the aforesaid tradition in the Salim Studio.

The representation of architecture in Parsian painting is flat, that is in the two-

dimensional manner, and the tendency is to emphasize its decorative as well as pictorial

character. Though the Mughal artists, right from the beginning, favoured the third dimension

for indicating depth to the buildings, it appears that the aforesaid Persian conventional

scheme was often applied in the formative years of Mughal painting as is observed in some

illustrations of the Tuti Nama22, the Hamza Nama23, the Tilasm and Zodiac24 manuscripts. As

the style maturedby the end of the sixteenth century, the Persian fashion of architectural

expression disappeared with a few exceptions25 by the artists of Persian origin migrated to the

Mughal court or Their subordinates.

With regard to the architectural settings the Mughal painters from the lime of Akbar

to Shah Jahan borrowed atleast three persian devices which are given as under.

Firstly, in a considerable number of Mughal illustrations the whole dramatic event is

divided into two parts by depicting the main action inside of buildings while the secondary

events being handled outside the courtyard by cutting the figures in the foreground near the

lower margin. This particular method of treatment was applied especially in the court scenes,

as is frequently observed in the identical works executed by the Persian master Bihzad, where

the Emperor was seated in a pavillion inside the courtyard and his attendants with a door

keeper were posted at the gate of the courtyard outside building. 26 In such compositions the

spectator who is imagined to be looking at the scene from a certain elevation for the purpose

of representing a complete scene, observes both the inside and the outside of the building at

the same time.

Secondly, several Mughal paintings, such as the scene in a Mosque School27, Feast of

the King of Yaman28, and Episode in it Bazaar29, depict persons conversing as the centre of

main action either inside or outside of an arched pavillion. Such a compositional arrangement


[63]

was originally a Persian convention which repeatedly occurs in Persian painting of the

fifteenth and sixteenth centuries30

Thirdly, paintings representing a variety of occupations in lie mosque, especially

scenes of sermon and school, seem to have been favoured by the early Mughal artists, e.g.

Mir Sayyad Ali31 of Persian origin. II would be pertinent to thraw attention towards the fact

that such mosque scenes were very popular in tersia from the last quarter ofthe fifleenth

century to the first half ol the sixteenth century32, and the same subsequently spread to the

Mughal school of painting in India.

The minute studies of lower classes people in regard to the building construction

scene was for the first time taken up by Bihzad in Persian painting as is evident in one of his

paintings entitled ‘The Construction of the Castle of Khawarnaq’33. In this connection the

painters of the Akbari atelier followed the Persian artist Bihzad and produced several

identical works in the illustrated manuscripts of the Babur Nama, the Akbar Nama, the Jamil-

al-Tawarikh etc. An example of this conventional scheme may be studied in Sultan Chazan

Khan Builds Charitable Institutions,34 where the arrangement of figuries-such as the brick

liners, stone masons, porters, carpenters, blackmiths and supervisors-and their poses as well

as groupings are all derived he celebrated Bihzad. Moreover, like that of the similar works by

Bihzad, the Mughal artists main attention is was directed not on the facial expression but on

the reciprocal interaction between the figures. 35

The two most striking characteristics of Persian Painting in the early fourteenth

century. as observed in the Shah Nama (Demotte) of Firdawsi (circa 1330-36). are the cutting

of the figures on the margin to suggest an illusion of continuity in the scene36, and the

representation of figures in the extreme foreground-sometimes even with his back turned

towards the spectator or even seeming to come forward out of the picture with the intention

of depicting the eye into the picture to the point the artist wishes to make it the centre of

attention37. Both of these Persian devices were inherited by the artists of Akbar. An example

of the former may he studied in the paintings Mughal Troops Chase the Armies of Daud’, by

Manohar38. while the latter technique is evident in a good number of works such as Aemr

Disguised as the Surgeon Mizzmuhil arrives before the Fort at Antalya39, A Chained

Elephant40, and A Hunting Scene.41 besides, as regards the technique of extending figures as

well as landscape compositions beyond the margin, a traditional design of Persian painting


[64]

which frequently occurs from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, the Akbari artists42

again combined the features taken over from the Persian models.

In the treatment of human figures, round faces with heavy cheeks as well as rouged

cheeks43 as often observed in the formative stage of Mughal illustrations, are identical with

the Persian convention, Some specimens of early Mughal paintings44 show the employment

of the Persian Safavid manner in the handling of faces where the red outline is stressed in the

nose, lips, and ears; but it was a temporary phase and was soon discontinued with the

dominance of the indigenous features by the third quarter of the sixteenth century. The

depiction of human faces in Mughal painting, on the whole, has been made either in three-

quarter view or in complete profile, the former being inspired from the Persian convention

while the latter was a continuation of the Indian tradition However both the styles were

applied and progressed side by side in the Mughal studio ever Since the formative years of

Mughal art45. it would not be improper to suggest, on the basis of the early productions of the

Akbari atalier, that the three-quarter, profile was some-what dominant in the beginning and it

was subsequently superseded by complete profile. During the time of Akbar and Jahangir, the

three-quarter view was usually preferred in group compositions, especially in battle scenes

and court scenes while the affluence of complete or rigid profile is observed in single

portraits. It seems that with maturity of the sytle by the time of Shah Jahan, the method of

three quarter profile which is rarely observed in the works relating to the period of Shah

Jahan, was completely replaced by the complete or strict profile tradition.

Taking the Persian school of painting as a whole, but with few exceptions it Jacks the

emotive expression to the human faces ‘which is in fact made subordinate to the decorative

aspect of the compositions The Persian painters invented certain Conventional gestures for

the depiction of facial expression as well as mental attitude of the figures. One of these

devices was the putting of a finger to the lits as a sign of astonishment. This very

characterstic is apparent in a good number of Mughal works produced in the royal ateliers of

Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Furthermore, it is observed that this particular gesture has

generally been preferred in the cases where the human figures related to the picture look as

the scene with somewhat unconcerned and emotionaless faces. But it would be unfair,

however to suggest that such conventional substitutes were often applied due to any lack of

ability in the expression of emotions on the part of the Mughal artists who, compard to the


[65]

painters of Persia, usually showed a greater amount of proficiency in the treatment of human

interrelationships psychological interations and increasing emphasis on naturalism

The Mughal artists while illustrating the heroic deeds of their patrons combined the

same with the exploits of the early Persian kings following the traditions of the Sassanian

pictorial art of Persian painting in the thirteenth to sixteenth century. The adventures of the

Persian heroes viz. Rustam, Iskander and Bahram Gur inspired the Mughal painters in regard

to the themes of battle, hunting and struggle against the forces of evil such as combats with

dragons.

Paintings produced during the reign of Akbar show that the Mughal artists concerned

themselves with such subject- matters of warfare and battle as fill the pages of the Persian

Shah Nama. and that example of such Persian paintings were available to the illustrators of

the royal atelier. The presence of the Persian tradition in same early Mughal works may be

noticed where the warriors in the frenzy of battle deal blows and receive mortal wounds with

apparent indifference.46 A head just about to fly from the shoulders at the vigorous blow of a

foe seems to regard the unwanted separation with entire indifference as exhibited in the facial

expression. Similarly, a soldier from whose body the blood is puring in abundance refrains

from exhibiting any outward sign of the agony that must accompany such a painful

experience.

A page from the National Museum Babur Nama (1597- 98), represents a battle scene

where fighting dominates in the foreground and progressively weakens in the background47

This is again a Persian derivation especially that of the Shiraz style of the fifteenth and

sixteenth centuries. 48

In the representation of certain favorite incidents of hunting, the artists of Akbar, and

Jahangir followed the traditional manner of Persian painting when they depicted galloping

horsemen and wild beasts fleeing from their arrows or exhibited skill in shooting the deer. 49

It is interesting to note that the depiction of the scene of qamargah hunting50 by the Mughal

painters51 is very much similar to that by Persian painters. 52

Themes of hunting with lion or tiger seem to be very fascinating for both the Persian

and the Mughal painters as it carried the symbolic meaning of fighting with the evil forces of

nature. A similar Mughal work ‘Akbar Hunting Tigers near Narwar’53, designed by

Basawan, is directly inspired by a Persian painting entitled Mihr Cuffing Of a Lion’s Head at

One blow.54 Several features are common in both the works, such as the hunter is mounted


[66]

on a horse and head is being severed by Sword at one blow and consequently the beast resists

the stroke with its claws.55

Persian paintings depicting combats with dragons56 usually associated with Rustam,

Iskandar and Balirarn Gur may he traced back to the Sassanian wall paintings of the seventh

century57. The theme was taken up by the Akbari artists58 with the philosophy that there the

struggle between the forces of good (ic. Bahram Gur, etc.) and evil (i.e.dragon) prevalent in

the nature. These paintings represent an imaginary world where the monster, very close to the

dynasore, with its huge scaly body, sometimes coiled round a tree on a mountain side, and

with open jaws often discharging fire and smoke, ppear quite unearthly. Furthermore, it

seems that the popular lion hunting scenes of Jahangirs reign were influenced thematically by

the dragon hunting exploits of Bahram Gur.

As to the animal drawings in Mughal painting, the representations of horse, camel and

deer have closer affinities with those of the Persian tradition. The treatment of horses with

powerfully rounded quarters and narrow longish faces in the Akhari works, display

inspirations from Persian paintings of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The process of

Indianisation of the features of horses appears to have been attempted first undet Jahangir59

and as a result, the Persian mode of expression became completely obsolete subsequently as

we observe in the works relating to the period of Shah Jahan.

In the depiction of conflicts between animals, the Mughal artists followed the

conventional manner of the earlier painters Persia. The theme of the lion leaping onto the

back of a deer an burying us teeth in the shoulder of the unfortunate beast60 had long history

going back to a period much earlier than that of the Sassanians and these reappeared

repeatedly not only on th Persian carpets but also in the margins of the illustrated Persian

manuscripts. Another similar motif adopted by the artists of Akbar is that of lion in combat

with a bull. 61

Ii seems more feasible to suggest that no doubt the introduction of humour in Mughal

painting came through Persian paintings but in the Mughal paintings comparatively more

instances of caricatural elements were dealt with.62 A good number of Persian works

depicting humour and caricature are known to us; e.g. some illustrations oldie thirteenth

century Kaliia63 Wa Dimnah; Salim Visiting Majnu in the Desert64, Sultan Sanjar and the Old

Woman65 A Scene of Drunkenness66 and Drinking Party in the Mountains67. Of the above

mentioned examples, the scene of drunkenness by Muhammadi has greatly influenced th


[67]

Mughal artists from the time of Jahangir onwards. The Persian master Muhammadi displayed

mastery in drawing pictures of lively bands of merry making dervishes who behaved rather

like thronpe of buffoon than professed religious men. Paintings such vagabond groups of

dervishes frequently occur during tF period of Jahangir and Shah Jahan..

Miskin, a reputed artist of the Akbari atelier, was a great painter of animals. He often

introduced homorous animals in number works such as the figure of a semi-human lioness

gazing at the spectator. These include Noahs Ark,68 Raven Addressing the Assembled

Animals 69. The World of Animals70, and Laila and Majnu with the Animal Kingdom71 It

would be pertinent to draw attention towards the fact that humour of the kind which Miskin

represented in the aforesaid illustrations are originally borrowed from an earlier Persian work

entitled Salim Vhiting Majnu in the Desert72 and where also a sense of caricature has been

depicted through the humorous lion staring at lie spectators. -

The depiction of visit to a saint seated at the entrance of a cave, where the landscape

dominates and engulfs the human figures, seems to be a popular compositional device

invented by ‘the fifteenth century Heart 73 and the sixteenth century Safavid74 who were the

renowned painters of Persia. The conventional scheme subsequently reappears in a number of

Mughal works, viz. Herrnitage of a Saint’75, Iskandar Visiting a Hermit’76 encounter with a

Hermit in the Wilderness77 The God Siva appears to the Sage Viswamitra78, und The

Devotee79

In consideration of the lack of varieties of emotive expression, with regard to. the

portrayal of deep grief in the mourning scenes, the Persian artists had to devise certain

conventional modes of indicating emotion; e.g. the gnawing of the back of the hand, veiling

of thc face tossing of the arms, hands stretched out in supplication, and tearing of clothes in

an out-burst sorrow.. These characteristics are apparent in several Persian works as for

instance The Bier of the Great. lskandas80 and The Mourning for the Death of Lailas Husband

81. A series of. comparative Mughal works which share similar subject technique and

compositional devices as in Ihe aforesaid two Persian examples include Women Mourning

beside the Coffin of Mangu Khan82 The Death of the Emperor Timur 83, and A Princess on

her Death-Bed. 84

The representation of spotted demons wearing a variety of horns with animal faces

and clad in short skirts, in Mughal paintings85, have been greatly influenced from the

identical monsters depicted in the illustrations of the Persian Shah Nama86. These Persian


[68]

demons87, observable as early as in the Sassanian frescoes of the seventh century 88, occur

more frequently in the pages of the Hamza Nama, the Harivamsa and the Ramaya

manuscripts of the Akhari studio. But, as a matter of fact,.the appearances of the Mughal

demons on the whole sugges inspiration of Hindu demonology which has been so prolific in

the production ot such monsters.

Mughal artists preference for gold sky89, laying of scenes in ravines between two

mountains representation of flames90, handling of night scenes where either there is no

darkness and the stars shine on a fully illuminated scene or despite darkness all around, the

faces of the figures look as visible as by day light 91 and themes depicting Majnu in the desert

with wild beasts92. All of these also exhibit features taken over from the Persian model

Considering the fact that (hat Persian influence counted much during the formative years of

Mughal Painting under Akbar, it has often been termed as lndo-Persian’93. This particular

explanation is neither logical nor acceptable. Mughal Painting had never been merely a

reflection or a colonial expression of Persian Painting Even the earliest productions of the

atelier of Akbar reflect a variety of characteristics which distinguish from those of the Persian

style of miniature painting. As the art progressed to its maturity by the last decade of the

sixteenth century, the Mughal painters, especially those of Indian origin94, tried to get rid of

the Persian mannerism and consequently the process of Indianisation became apparent in

regard to gesture, movement, emotive expression, dress, landscape composition, and

architectural setting. In fact, the course of adoption and adaptation of the Persian elements on

the part of the Akbari artists, right from the very beginning, resulted in the transformation of

quite a good number of these features borrowed from Persia. This particular process gave

Mughal Painting an identity of its own as distinct from Persian Painting which contributed to

its origin. Thus, Mtighal Painting at any stage is in no sense Persian or a part of Persian art.

Taking the Akbari school of painting as a whole, we may be observe a kind of

synthesis between the Persian two-dimensional as well as the decorative approach and the

Indian naturalism as well as the three-dimensional treatment more particularly at the close of

the sixteenth century India.

References

1. The Persian masters like Mir Sayyid Ali Abdus Samad, Aqa Riza, etc., as incharge of

the painting studio, would have been certainly in a position to impose their will on the

artists working under their direction.


[69]

2. Cf Ain-iakbari tr H.Blochman, Calcutla 1977, Vol. I, pp. 109-110.

3. Sp. Verma, Art and Material Culture in the Paintings of Akbar’s Court New Delhi,

1972, p. 24.

4. N. R. Ray Mughal Court Painting. Calcutta, 1975, p. 29.

5. Anwar-i Suhaili, 1570, school of Oriental and African Studies,

London; S.C. Welch, Imperial Mughal Painting New York, 1978, p1.4.

6. Darab Nama (Qr. 4615), folio 3v, circa 580-85, British Library, london S.C.Welch,

op. cit. p1. 5.

7. Hafivamsa, circa ‘585-90, Los Angeles County Museum of Art P Paul, Indian

Paintings in Los Angeles Museum, New Delhi, 1982,

Pl, IV.

8. Attributed to Miskin, Anwar-i Suhaili, circa 590, British Museum, london (1920

9.]7.05)S C. Welch, op. cit., pl. II

9. Babur Nama, 1597-98, National Museum, New Delhi; Rai Krishna Das, Mughal

Miniatures, New Delhi, 1955, pl. 3.

10. Attributed to Abul Hasan, Gulistan ofSadi (W.668), foLio 49, circa 1610-15, Walters

Art Gallety, Baltimore; MC. Beach, The Grand Mogal Imperial Painting in India

(1600-1660), Willaimstown, Mass., 1978, cat No. IS.

11. Attributed to Mansur, circa 610-20, from a private collection Sc. Welch, opcit., pi. 26,

12. B, Gray, Persian Painting London, 1917, pI, on p. 143. lIere Iht coral hills in ihe left

are given the shape of flying cranes.

13. Tilasm and Zodiac, folio l8b, circa 1565, Raza Library, Rampur: K Khandelwal and J

Miztal An Early Akbari Illustrated Manuscript of Tilasm and Zodioc Lalit Kala. No,

14, 1969, p1. IV fig, 16.

14. Diwani Hafia, folio 77, circa 1588, Raza Library, Rampur Sp. Varma, Op- cit, PI. V.

15. Babur Nama, circa 1593 State Museum” of Oriental Cultures Moscow SI. Tyulayev.

Miniatures of Babur Nama Moscow 1960, illust. 15.

16, From aprivate collection, circa 1595-1600; S.C.Welch, The Art of Mughal India:

Painting and Precious Objects, New York, 1963 pl. 2.

17. B. Gray, op. cit., pIs, on pp. 28. 135, 149; L, Binyon, JVS Wilkinson, and B. Cray.

Persian Miniature Painting, Oxford 933, p1. CI4

18. Harivamsa (Acc. No. 659. M.) circa l585-90 Bharat Kala Bhawan Banaras


[70]

19. Anwar –i- Suhaili (9069M.8) 1596, Bharat Kala Bhawai’, Banaras,

20, Akbar Nama, circa 1604, Chester Beatty Library, Dublin; T.W Arnold and jbs

Wilkinson, The library of A. Chester Beatty A

Catalogue of Indian Miniatures. Oxford, 1936, Vol.11, pI. 25.

21. Dvadasa Bhava, circa 1600-1605, Edwin Binney Collection: Edwin

Binney, 3rd, Indian Miniature Painting from the Collection

of Edwin Binney 3rd. 1 The Mughal and DeccaniSchools

Portland, 1973, cat, no. 44.

22. Folios 20, r., 32.v. (Cleveland Museum ofArt.)

23. Mihrdukht Shoots Her Bow at the Ring, Hamza Nama, circa 1558- collection of Mrs.

Maria Sarre-Hermann, Ascona Switzerland D, Barret and b, Gray, Indian Painting,

New York, 1978, p1. on p. 76.

24. Folio 28. a. (Raza Library, Rampur) K. Kbandelvala and J. Mittal op. cit., pI. VIII,

fig- 30.

25. Cf The Feast of the King of yaman, Anwar-i Suhaili (Add. 18579):

folio 33 Ia, 1604-10, British Library, London: J.V.S, Wilkinson, The Lights of

canopus, London, 1929, Pl XXIX,

26. Some identical Muglial works are: Kublai Khan and His Empresess Enthroned, Jami

al-Tawarikh (54.31), 1596, Freer Gallery of Art

Washington: reproduced in M, C, Beach, The Imperial Image:

Paintings for the Mughal Court, Washington, 1981, cat, no. II

Akbar Hears a Petition, Akbar Nama (60.28), circa ‘1604, Freer

Gallery of Art, Washington: reproduced in ibid,,cat,no. 12, g.

darbar of Jahangir. Jahangir Narna (14-654), circa 1620, Museum

of Fine Arts, Boston Imperiai Mughal Pointing, ‘p. cit, p1. 17;

Darbar of Shahjahan, circa 1645 school of Shah Jahan, Bharat

Kala Bhawan, Banaras: Rai Krishna Das, op. cit,. pf. 8.

27. Ascribed to Mir Sayyid Ali, School of Akbar, circa third quarter of

the sixteenth century: L. Binyon, JVS Wilkinson and B. Gray. op.

cit p1. CHi 4.

28. See f.m 25.


[71]

29. Attributed to Bichitr, school ofShah Jahan, circa, 1650-60, from a

private collection; The Grand Mogul, op, cit. cal. no. 35.

30. L Binyon, JVS Wilkinson and B. Gray, o cit. pls. LXXX A & B,

LXXXIV A, LXXXVI B, XC H. B.

31. Ibid., pl. CIII A.

32. The Persian master Bihzad employed this particular compositional

device in several of his pictures: ibid. pi LXX B; B. Gray. Persian

Painting, p1. on 23, For some other closely related Persian

examples, vide Binyon, Wilkinson and Gray, op. cit.. pis. LXX.A,

LXXXIV B. LXXXIX. B

33. Khamsa of Nizami (Qr. 6810), folio 154v, Herat, 1494, British

Museum, London: B. Gray, Persion Painting, pI, on p 16.

34. Jami aI-Tawarikh, 1596, Former Imperial Library, Tehran: J. Marek

and H Knizkova. The Ienghiz Khan Miniatures from the Court of

Akbar the Great, tr. Olga Kuthanova, London. 1963, p1. 29.

35. Some other similar Mughal works include Building Operation at

Agra fort, by Miskin, AkbarNama (1,5.2.1896,45 & 46/117), circa

1590, Victoria and Albert Museum London Geti Sen Paintings

from the Akbar Nama, Calcutta, 1984, pls. 31-32; Building of

Fatehpur Sikri, Akhar Nama, circa 1604, Chester Really Library,

Dublin: The Library of Chester Beatty, op cit., Vol.11, pl.24.

36. The Indian Army Fleeing before the Iron Warriors of Iskandar.

Shah Nama (Demote) of Firdausi (1955.167), Tabriz. circa 1330-36,

Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University: B, Gray, Persian

Painting, p1. on p.29.

37. Battle of Iskandar with the Dragon, the Demotte Shah Nama of

Firdawsi (30.105), Tabriz, circa 1330-36, Museum of Fine Arts.

Boston: Ibid p1, onp.28

38. Akbar Nama (54.30), circa 1604, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington:

The Imperial Image. op cit.. cat, no. 12. d. cf. B. Gray, Persian Painting, plon p. 29.

39. Hamza Nama (60.15), circa 1558-73, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington The Imperial

Image. op. cit., cat. no. 5. b


[72]

40. From the Muraqqa Gulshan, circa 1590, Former Imperial Library, Tehran: ibid. fig.

12.

41. From a Diwan of Amir Flasan Dihlavi (W. 650). folio 09. V, 1602-3. Walters Art

Gallery, Baltimore: The Grand Mogul. op. cit. cat. no.1.

42. Eg. Bears and Monkey, Anwar-i Suhaili, 1570, school of Oriental and African

Studies, London: J.V.S. Wilkinson, Mughal Painting, London, 1948 p1.3. In this

particular Mughal illustration the artist has chosen to depict trees going beyond the

margin.

43. Such rouged and heay cheeks, for instance, may be frequently noticed in the Hamza

Nama pages.

44. e.g. A Banquet for Two Spies at Akinigar, Hamza Nama (52/I

8770/59), circa 1558-73, Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna Imperial Mughal Painting,

op. cit. p1. 3.

45. Paintings Of the Hamza Nama reflect a good combination of these two modes of

facial representation.

46. A Battle Scene, Hamza Nama (Acc. No. 5401 .M), circa 558-73, Bharat Kala

Bhawan, Banaras.

47. For some other closely related Mughal works vide M, Busagli, Indian Miniatures,

New Delhi, 1976 pls. 19-20; The Grand Mogul. op. cii., cat, no. I, illust. on p.38.

48. Ct B. Gray, Persian Painting, pls. on pp. 74, 89, 128, 135.

49. A Hunting scene Diwan ofAmir Hasan Dihlavi (W.650). folio 109.

V., 602-3, walters Art Gallery, Baltimore: The Grand Mogul, op.

cit., cat, no. I, illust. on p. 34; Bahrarn Our Hunting Deers, by

Nadim, Kharnsa of Nizami (1920-9-17-0258). circa 1610, British

Museum, London The Imperial Image, op. cit.. fig. 25.

50. Vide Taikereb al-Vakiat, tr Major Charles Stewart, Lucknow,

1971, p. 67.

51 Akbar Hunting in an Enclosure Akbar Na’na, circa 1590, Victoria

and Albert Museum, London (IS. 2-1896 56/117): Imperial

Mughal Painting, on. cit pl. 14. For an identical example from

Jahangir's reign, vide The Library of Chester Beatty, op. cit., Vol.

III, p 87.


[73]

52. Hunting Scene, Zafar Nama, folio 484, 1529, Gulistan Palace Library, Tehran:

reproduced in B. Gray. Persian Painting. pl. on p.133

53. Designed by Basawan, Akbar Nama, circa 1590, Victoria and Albert Museum,

London (I.S. 2-1869 17/117): The Art of Mughal India, op. cit., pl. I Ia.

54. Mihr and Mushtari of Assar (No. 32.6) Bukhara, ‘523, Freer Gallery of Art,

Washington: B, Gray, Persian Painting. p1. on p. ‘49,

55. Some other similar paintings were also executed by Ihe artists of

Akbar and Jahangir. Vide : Codices Selecti : Phototypice Impressi,

Fascimile Vol sow L 11/2, Remus Nama If, Gray, 1982, pI. V. & A

27; P. Paul, Couri Paintings of India (I6th-19th Centuries). New

Delhi, 1983, p1. M, 44 (school of Jahangir).

56. For some identical Persian example B. Cray. Persian Painting,

p1s. on pp. 63, 112, 162; Binyon, Wilkinson and Gray, on. cit., pl.

XXXII A.; B. W. Robinson. Persian Miniature Painting from

Collections in the British Isles, London, 1967, pls. 45,51.

57. B. Cray, Persian Painting, p. 12.

58. Vide Ziyauddin Nakshabi’s Tales of a Parrot (The Cleveland Museum Tuti Nama),

Graz, 1978, pl. 48; Codices Selecti

Phototypic Impressi, Eascimile Volume L11/I Harma Nama I.

Graz, 1974, p1. V8; Imperial Mughal Painting. op. cit., p1. 5.

59. N, R, Ray, op. cit., p. 73. }.

60. The motif has been frequently applied ti the decorative marins of Ihe Jahangiri

paintings.

61. Cf B. Gray. Persian Painting. pl. on p. 84 (Timurid school of Persia); The Grand

Mogul. op. cit., cat, no. 6 (school of Akbar); The Art of Mughal India, op. cit., pl. 12

(school of Akbar).

62. One of .the earliest examples of homorous representation in Mughal Painting may be

studied in a portrait of Mulla Du-Piyaza reproduced on plate I of AK,

Coomarswamy’s Indian Drawings (New Delhi, 1979).

63. T. W. Arnold, Painting in Islam, New York, 1965, p. 80.

64. By a pupil of Bihzad, Khamsa of Nizami (Qr. 6810), folio 128v,

1494 British Museum, London : B, Gray, Persian Painting, pl. on p. 120.


[74]

65. Shah ‘Tahmasp’s Khamsa of Nizami (Or. 2265), folio Is, British Museum, London.

66. By Sultan Muhammadi, circa 1517-40 : Binyon, Wilkinson and Gray. on, cit.. pl.

LXXV.

67. Attributed to M’uhammadi, circa 1590, Museum of Fine Arts,

Boston (No, 4,649): B, Gray, Persian Painting. p1. On P. 157.

68. Attributed to Miskin, Diwan of Hafiz circa 1590, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington

(No. 482) Imperial Mughal Painting, p1. 9.

69. See f,n. 2.

70. Inscribed to Miskin. circa 1590, Freer Gallery ofArt, Washington (45.29): The

Imperial Image. op. cit. cat, no. 19.

71. Attributed to Miskin, circa 1605, from a private collection: R Paul, . oiL, pI. M. 38.

72. See f.n. 64,

73. Courtier Visits a Hermit, attributed to Bihzad. Khamsa of Amir Khusrau (Ms. P. 163).

folio 23, 1485 Chester Beatty Library. Dublin Norah Titley. Miniature Paintings

Illustrating the Works of Amir Khusrau 15th, 16th, 17th Centuries Marg. Vol.

XXVIII, No.3 1975, p. 26, fig. 21.

74. Iskandar Visiting a Hermit, Khamsa of Nizami (Add. 25900), folio

250, ‘535-40, British Museum, London B. Gray,’ Persian Painting, p1. on p. 140.

75. Anwar-i Suhaili (9069. M. 7), folio 32, 1596, Bharat Kala Bhawan, Banaras

76. By Basawan, Khamsa of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi (}Jo. 13.228.30),

597-98, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York S.C. Welch, ‘The Paintings of

Basawan Lofts Kate. No.10 1961, p1. IV, fig. 8.

77. Ramayan (07.271), 587-98, Freer Gallery ofArt, Washington: M. Busagli, GD, cit.,

pI. 49,

78. Jog Bashishta, folio 230, 1602, Chester Beatty Library, Dublin The Library of Chester

Beat op. cit.. Vol.11, pI. 49b.

79. Anwar-i Suhaili (Add. 18579), 1604-10, British Library, London:

The Lights of Canopus, op. cit.. pl.1I See also pls. Ill & IV ibid.

80. Shah Nama (Demotte) ofFh’dawsi (No. 38.3). TabTiz. 1330-36. Freer Gallery ofArt,

shington B, Gray, Persian Painting pi. on p. 32

81. Khamsa ofNizami (Or. 6810), folio 135.V., school of Bihzad Rent, 1494, British

Museum, London: ibid., pI. on p. 122.


[75]

82. Designed by Basawan, Jami al-Tawari’Kh, 1596, Fomier Imperial Library, Tehran :3.

Marek and H. Knizkova, op. cit., p1. 21.

83. Tarikl,-i Khandan-i Timuria, folio 134, circa 1584, Khuda Baksh Oriental Public

Library, Patna. For another identical painting, also see folio 86 of the same Ms.

84. By Manohar, Anwar-i Suhaili (9069. M. IS) folio 100, 1596, Isharat Kala Bhawan,

Banaras.

85. Vide : Hamza’s Supporter Landahur Kidnapped in His Sleep’by a Demon, Haraza

Nama, circa 1558-73, Museum fur Angewandte

Kunst, Vienna : Codices Selecti I. op. cit., pI. V5; Pradyunina

Destroys S’ambara, Harivamsa, circa 1585-90, Los Angeles

Country Museum of Art : Indian Pointins in Los Angeles

Museum, op. cit pl. IV Rama and Lakshaman Battle the Demon

Rakshasas, by Mohan, Rarnayan, folio 38v, 1527-98, Freer Gallery

ofAn, Washington (I’Io. 07.271), folio 35,V., 1587-98, Freer Gallery

of Art, Washington: The Imperial Image . cit., cat, no. I Sb.

86. Gray, Persian Painting, pl. on p.90 8W. Robinson, OD, cit.,

pls. 23, 28; Binyon, Wilkinson and Gray, OD, Ct. pl. XCVIII.

87. For jinms, devils, and demons in Persian art, vide Painting in

Islam, op. cit., pp. 08-9.

88. B, Grey. Persian Painting, p. 12

89. It is more frequent in the earlier Manuscripts than that ofthe later

works; eg. folios Sly,, 158V, 194V, 2 IOV, 293V (Cleveland Tuti

Nama); folios l4a, 22b, 26a (Rampur Tilasm and Zodiac). The

Persian master Bihzad also preferred the old fashioned gold sky.

Though the Mughal painters employed this particular

characteristic, on the whole it seems to have been rarely used as

against the blue sky which the comparatively more common in

Mughal painting,

90. C.F. Basil Gray. Pçrsian Painting, pI. on p. 79 (Timurid school of

Persian); Rai Anand Krishan, The Snake and the Camel Rider

Marg, Vol. XXXV, No.2 illust, facing p.32 (school ofAkbar),


[76]

91. Vide : Shahid Suhrawardi. Introduction to the Study of Indo Persian Painting’, Marg,

Vol. Xl, No.3, p. 28; Sir Leigh Ashton

(Ed.), The Art of India and Pakistan, London, 1950, no. 652, pl.

124 (school ofAkbar); B. Gray, Persian Painting pp. 115-18. 121,

92. The subject was very popular during the reign of Jahangir: vide

The Library of Chester Deafly . cit. Vol. III, pl. 70; p. Paul, p.

cit., pl. M38; R.H,Pinder Wilson, Three Illuslrated Manuscripts

of the Mughal Period’, Ars Orientalis, Vol.11. 1957, fig. 4. In the

representation of this particular theme the Mughal artists seem to

have been initated the whole compositional arrangement from the

identical Persian works.

93. Vide : L. Binyon and T,W. Arnold, The Court Painters of the

Grand Moguls. Oxford. 1921, pp. 37-8: Shahid Stihrawardi,

Introduction to the Stu4 of Inch-Persian Painting’, Marg, Vol.

Xl,No, 3,1958, p. 21; N.R, Ray, op cit. ppl. 4-5.

94. Abul FazI remarks about the Hindu painters that their pictures

surpass our conception of things’. Ain-i-Akbri op. cit p 114,


[77]

The Creation of Bangladesh Roles of India

Dr. Manoj Kumar Nehtaur, (P.G.) College Nehtaur.

Kotwali Road, Nehtaur (Bijnor) U.P.

The main reasons for the break-up of Pakistan and the emergence of Bangladesh were

the lake of Bengali Participation in the central decision-making process in Pakistan and the

colonial style of economic exploitation of East Pakistan by West Pakistan.1

The declaration of independence by Bangladesh had its immediate impact upon india.

Not only the government of India, but a large section of her people-particularly the people of

the boarding states of West Bengal, Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya-were directly affected by

it. The popular reaction was spontaneous, sharp and decidedly in favour of and independent

Bangladesh. Most of the political parties of India championed the cause of Bangladesh and

the Indian Public opinion was truly and vigorously reflected by the national press. The

reaction of the government was also clear and emphatic, though its pronouncements guarded.

New Delhi had to Jude the situation not merely against the background of developments in

the subcontinents, but in a large international context. 2

THE INDIAN MILIRARY INTERVENTION

The Indian government’s commitment to the liberation of Bangladesh was implicit in

its decision to keep the border open after March 25, allowing Bangladesh evacuees to move

into India’s eastern provinces. If the Indian government had prevented the entry of the

evacuees, 80 to 90 percent of whom were Hindus, they would simply have been liquidated,

since Pakistan forces were determined to kill all the Hindus of farmer East Pakistan.3 “It was

not that the India government inveigled the evacuees by opening up the border, as the

Pakistan government alleged. Any government believing n basic democratic values and

democracy rather than a “demographic solution” to problems would have done the same. As

Indira Gandhi told President Nixon, the vast number of refugees on her hands was “the price

India was paying for the tradition of an open society” 4

Obviously other factors - humanitarian considerations, “the century’s greatest

opportunity” to humble Pakistan creation of a quiet frontier in Eastern India and the

tremendous economic burden of maintaining and of the ultimate settlement of refugees

played their parts in the Indian government’s decision to intervene in favour of Bangladesh,


[78]

But the most important factor was that the creation of an independent Bangladesh was

necessary for the protection of the political system of India. As Indira Gandhi stated during

her tour of the united states in November 1971, the Bangladesh crisis was “a real treat to

India democracy and India stability”. 5

The Indian government began to train and equip Bangladesh guerrillas in order to

keep the Bangladesh movement alive, all the while putting pressure on the Pakistan

government to release Sheikh Mujib. India also advocated a political settlement “on terms

acceptable to the elected representatives of East Bengal, leg by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.”

That the Pakistan government was not willing to come to terms with Awami League leaders

was clear from the fact that Yhaya already in September 1971 declared vacant the seats of

National Assembly members held by prominent AL leaders, arranged “farcical” by-elections,

and finally, convened a session of the “purged” National Assembly for December. Besides,

there were predictions – both in the Indian and Western press- that if the war continued for

long, the leadership of the liberation struggle would pass from the centrist AL to more radical

groups in Bangladesh. From November 13 Indira Gandhi, therefore, began to assert that time

was running out for a negotiated settlement . In these meantime she had made all of the

preparations- diplomatic as well as military – to launch a full scale war with Pakistan.” 6

The Soviet Union had already been displeased with Pakistan because of its continued

friendship with China, sits cold response to Breznev’ plan for Asian collective security, and

its rejection of Kosygin’s scheme for a regional economic grouping. The Soviet Union was

the first among the major powers to urge the Pakistan government “to stop bloodshed and

repression against the population in East Pakistan and to turn to methods of Peaceful political

settlement.”7 The People’s Republic of China, on the other hand, declared her firm support

for the Pakistan government and people “In their just struggle to safeguard state sovereignty

and national independence.8

In response to America’s policy on Bangladesh , Indira Gandhi had accepted a two-years

old standing offer from the soviet union to enter into a treaty with India. On August 9, 1971

the treaty of Peace, Friendship and Article nine of the treaty stated:

“Each high contracting party undertakes to abstain from giving any assistance to any

third party that engages in an armed conflict with the other party. In the event of either being

subjected to attack or threat thereof, the high contracting parties shall immediately enter into


[79]

mutual consultation with a view to eliminating this threat and taking appropriate effective

measure to ensure the peace and security of their countries”9

At the time of signing the treaty, Gromyko the Soviet Foreign Minister , offered India an

immediate supply of advanced weapons, which according American estimates, reached a

value of $500 million by December 15, 1971.10

From April to September Indian staff officers were busily engaged in making

preparation in case they were called upon to liberate Bangladesh in a quick and short

campaign. Except for one infantry division stationed near Calcutta , the rest of the forces of

her Eastern command were oriented towards the defense of the Himalayan border or were

intended for international security operations in Nagaland at the Mizo Hills. Most of India’s

Eastern command division were mountain division, armed with light weapons and possessing

no bridging or other river crossing apparatus. These forces were re-equipped with Russia-

supplied amphibian tanks and other weapons necessary for launching a successful campaign

in riverine Bangladesh, where the Pakistan army had adopted the defensive tactics of fighting

with heavy automatic weapons from pillboxes and fortified bunkers.11 the chief of staff of

the Indian army sent to division from his reserve mountain division to strengthen forces on

the West Bengal- “East Pakistan” border and had raised a new crops headquarters (II corps)

for the control of these divisions under Eastern made available for Bangladesh operations

under corps Headquarters (IV corps) these also being brought from the northern front, the

artillery fronts. Two regiments of light tanks (TP – T6 Russian amphibians) were put under

eastern command.

The inter-services command in Eastern India, which has always been oriented toward

Himalayan operation, was also re-organized. An advance headquarters of Eastern Air

command, under an Air commodore, and an advance Indian Naval Headquarters,

representing , were placed under the Headquarter of eastern command to ensure the highest

degree of co-ordination between the army, Air force and Navy in Bangladesh operation. The

operational infrastructure including the widening and surfacing of roads was attended to

under monsoon conditions in Silchar and Tripura on the eastern side of Bangladesh lastly,

massive bridging resources were made available to eastern command so that it could lay

10,000 feet of bridging at any time. 12

It seems that by October the Indian government had taken the decision to intervene

militarily. As already indicated full preparations had been made by the Indian armed force to


[80]

launch a campaign in Bangladesh. Now another crucial condition was met which could open

the way to war: the successful talks between Indira Gandhi and premier Kosygin towards the

end of September. The joint Sovient-Indian statement of September 29 state.

“The Soviet side took into account the statement by the Prime minister that the

Government of India is fully determined to take all necessary measures to stop the influx of

refugees form East Pakistan into India and ensure that those refugees who are already in India

return to their homeland without delay.13

From the last week of September the soviet press began to detail and condemn

Pakistan atrocities in Bangladesh.14 On October 27, after five-day talks between a soviet team

headed by soviet deputy minister Nicholai Firyubin and top officials of the Indian foreign

office, India and the soviet Union invoked the crucial article nine of the Indo-Soviet Treaty.

The Indo-soviet Treaty , coupled with Soviet support to the Bangladesh liberation

movement, created uneasiness among Chinese leader, with the result that a definite shirt took

place in Chinese attitudes. President Yahya Khan sent a high-powered delegation. Headed by

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, to china in the first week of November, China, however , gave it a cool

reception, the Chinese leaders made it clear to Bhutto the China would not intervene

militarily in a new Indo-Pakistan War and urged a negotiated settlement of the Bangladesh

crisis.15 The fact that no joint communiqué was issued after the talks was duly noted by india

decision makers.

During her three-week tour abroad in Bangladesh, Austria, great Britain, the U.S.

France and West Germany in October-November 1971, Indira Gandhi got the feeling that

none of the western powers would directly help Pakistan in the event of an Indo-Pakistan

conflict over Bangladesh.16 Indira the decided, it seems, to provoke Pakistan to launch attack

on India, in order to provide her with an opportunity to liberate Bangladesh through direct

military intervention. From the day of her return from abroad, Indira Gandhi became

increasingly aggressive in her speeches. On November 13, talking to pressmen at Delhi

airport, she stated that while she was on the whole satisfied with her talks with world leaders,

she could not say how effective any intervention by them would be in solving the Bangladesh

issue without a war. 17

On November 30 Indira Gandhi told the Indian parliament that India would not

withdraw its troops from the border areas unless Pakistan troops vacated Bangladesh.18 On

December 2 she told congress party workers in Delhi that India had reached “the point of no


[81]

return” and repeated her demand that the Pakistan army vacate Bangladesh.19 Finally, at a

mammoth gathering in Calcutta, Indira Gandhi on December 3 declared that Pakistan troops

in Bangladesh were a threat to India’s security any war could be avoided only if Pakistan

withdrew its troops from Bangladesh20 indeed the war had already begun.

With in a week of her return to India, Indira Gandhi had already given political

clearance to Indian forces to cross the border of “East Pakistan” for “self-interest” or “self-

defence”21 from November 20, the Indian army , together with regular units of the Mukti

Bahini , launched attacks in number of areas in Jessore, Sylhet, Rangpur,Dinajpur and

Comilla districts.22 On November 21 a fierce tank and artillery battle took place around Boyra

on the border of Jessore district, between Indian and Pakistan forces. Pakistan and Indian air

force planes were engaged in combat and three PAF Sabre jets were shot down by IAF Gnats.

By November 23, when president Yahya proclaimed an emergency in Pakistan, the

village of Chaugacha, five to six smiles inside Bangladesh territory, was under the control of

Indian and Mukti Bahini troops. On the same day Indian 130mm guns of soviet origin began

shelling jessore airport. Indian and Mukti Bahini troops were also holding pockets of territory

in Sylhit and Commila districts by this time. As the Indian and Mukti Bahini forces continued

their offensive in several areas, president yahya in desperation ordered full-scale war on

india. On December 3 the formal war between india and Pakistan started.

India having no significant military objective on the western front took only

“defensive-offensive” actions there. On the eastern front seven division of india forces under

the command of Lieutenant general Jagjit Singh Aurora, launched and attack on Pakistan

forces from several directions just before day break on December 4. In the Calcutta region II

crops made thrusts into the Kushtia Jessore and Khulna areas. From the north XXXII crops

advanced through Ruhea and hilli and Dinajpur district and Lalmonirhat in Rangpur district.

A brigade from Tura in Meghalaya moved towards jamalpur in Mymensingh. On the eastern

side of Bangladesh IV corps mounted on offensive an offensive in sylhet, Comila and

Naokhali districts. By December 6, the morale of the Pakistan forces in Bangladesh had

broken. The Indian Navy placed a siege over the entire bay of Bengal. An Indian aircraft

carrier. The I.N.S Vikranta, guarded Chittagong port.

The Pakistan air force in Bangladesh had only one squadron (14) of Sabre jets. A few

of them had already been destroyed by the end of November. Most of the remaining aircrafts

were destroyed on the very first day of the war. Through continuous air attacks on December


[82]

4 and 5 the Indian air force made all 11 airports of Bangladesh unworkable and three of the

remaining Sabre Jets of the Pakistan air force remained in their hangars. AIF planes also

destroyed river Ghats (docks) and ferries used by the Pakistan army all over Bangladesh.

Once Bangladesh’s air space had been liberated, Indian forces used the same tactics as

the Pakistan had used during the second phase of the Bangladesh revolution. They resorted to

parachute drops, helicopter ferrying of troops across rivers and air strafing of enemy

concentrations. General Maneckshwa’s repeated broadcasts that all lines of logistic support

for Pakistan troops from outside had been completely cut off and that therefore Pakistan

forces had better surrender destroyed their already flagging morale. After some initial

hesitation, lieutenant general A.K.Niazi,C-in-C of the Pakistan army in “East Pakistan” and

his subordinate officers divided to surrender after 11 days of war.

During the December war the soviet Union extended substantial logistic support to the

Indian armed forces. 31 soviet manned aircraft were flown from Egypt to India during the

war. A number of soviet technicians. Were also sent to India to repair sophisticated weapons

purchased by India from the soviet union.23 On the other hand , president Nixon who, as

revealed in the Anderson papers, wanted to “tilt the balance in favour of Pakistan” brought

severe diplomatic any psychological pressure on India during the war both to bring about a

ceasefire and to save Pakistan from disintegration on December 5 at the special request of the

U.S.A, a security council session was convened and the U.S.A, supported by china, proposed

an immediate ceasefire. Here again soviet Russia came to India’s rescue and vetoed the

proposal. The Nixon government then took the issue to the general assembly. As most of the

states had sub nationalistic problems , the American sponsored move, extensively made to

prevent the breakup of a nation, and received the support of 104 states of the U.S seventh

Fleet, including the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise, to move from the

Tonkin Gulf towards the Indian Ocean. The soviet Union then deployed some 35 ships and

submarines- the largest number the soviet union had ever sent into the Indian ocean at any

time-to effectively counteract the presence of eight ships of the seventh Fleet Moscow also

threatened to open up a diversionary military action in sinkiang-44 soviet divisions were

posted along or close to Sino-soviet border- if the Chinese moved to interfere militarily in

favour of Pakistan.24

MUKTI BAHINI


[83]

Some Indian and foreign journalists compared the Indian advance in Bangladeshi with

the German Blitakrieg across France in 1940. Pakistan’s mistakes, they argued, were the

same as those of France. The Pakistan army relied on the Magi not line strategy, sticking

doggedly to prepared bunkers. Concrete defence works and barbed wire entanglements arcos

the man roads. The Indians almost invariable attacked through the fields, along dust tracks or

along rivers. They used small tanks, armoured personnel carriers, jeeps and gunboats, the

Indian forces also commandeered tiny rickshaws and motorized trishaws (motorized scooter

rickshaws) small field guns and rocket launchers were screwed into vehicles and raced into

position. A. K. Niazi , a “poor general” never seemed to have expected this. The Pakistan

army, mistaking rapid and bewildering movements for large forces, tamely surrendered.25

However the quick success of the Indian army was made possible by the work already

done by the Mukti Bahini and the share of fighting undertaken by them in the December war.

As has been stated above, the Mukti Bahini guerrillas and sector troops had already

immoblised the Pakistan forces in Bangladesh before he full-scale war between India and

Pakistan started. Moreover, a joint command of the India armed forces and Mukti Bahini was

formed before the war between India and Pakistan broke out. 26

The join command had already worked out a coordinated plan to during about a quick

end to the war. The India forces with tanks, artillery and air force would launch direct attacks

on the main bases while the Mukti Bahini guerrillas and sector troops would “outflank” and

attack from the sides or rear. Since the latter was a light force, familiar with the territory, and

with strong political motivation, it could work with speed, ferocity and flexibility.

This strategy, based on Usmani’s Teliapare proposals was effective in isolating the

strong points of the Pakistan forces and prevents their reinforcement by men, arms and

ammunition.

The cite one of many examples in Ashuganj a single battalion of EBR and some

Mukti Bahini guerrillas encircled and rendered effective the entire 14th division of the

Pakistan army, this strategy likewise prevented the strategic retreat of Pakistan troops from

outlaying posts to the “Dacca bowl” to fight a last, long drawn battle. It also helped the main

columns of the Indian army t bypass many of the Pakistan strongholds and reach Dacca with

in the shortest possible time. A part form its vital role in outflanking and encircling the

Pakistan bases, the Mukti Bahini furnished reliable intelligence as to the exact position of

Pakistan bunkers, ambushes and road blocks, thus enabling Indian attacks to be accurate and


[84]

very swift, in areas which it liberated unaided, the Mukti Bahini followed solely its own

plans. These areas included Kurrigram and Lalmonirhat in north Bengal; Sunamganj and

Habiganj in Sylhet, Comila, Akhwara and the northen side of Brahmanbaria; “axes of

advance” in Koberhat, Hayaki and Hat-Hajari in Chittagong; Alamdanga, Chuadanga and

Meherpur in Kushtia; Manirumpur and Abhaynagar of Jessore Bagerhat, Satkhira and

Kaliganj in Khulana; Madaripur, Gopalgang and Faridpur in Faridpur district ; Barisal and

Patuakhali; and “axes of advance” in Brahmanbaria, Bhairab and Narsingdi in the final stages

of the war.27

Joint action was evident in a small but significant respect even in the war from the air. The

very first air attack on Bangladesh was launched by the Bangladesh air force. On December 1

group captain Chandan Singh, IAF base commander of Jorhat, flew to Dimapur, where the

Bangladesh airmen that Pakistan had planned an attack on India for December 3. The Indian

government had decided that the Bangladesh air force would start the war in the eastern front,

so that the big power and other nations could not pin the blame on the Indians the first targets

of the Bangladesh air force would be the Chittagong fuel dump and the Goldai fuel dump at

Narayanganj . the Bangladesh air force officers responded enthusiastically to the proposal.

Fight lieutenant Shamsul Alam was selected for the Chittagong mission with caption

M.Akram as co-pilot.

These officers started their “operation kilo” in two small aircrafts at 100 hours on the

night of December 3 flying at a very low altitude to avoid Pakistan radar, the Bangladesh

airmen hit the exact position of the fuel dumps at Chittagong and Narayanganj causing them

to burst into flames. The Pakistan anti-air-craft- guns barked in vain and the Bangladesh

aircrafts returned safely to Dimapur beside these two first missions . the Bangladesh air force

gave support to advancing Mukti Bahini in several areas and intercepted communications

among every troops. As the Bangladeshi airmen knew the exact positions of Pakistan

airbases, airfields. The river Ghats in Bangladesh, one Bengali officer was taken as co-pilot

in each of the IAF planes for every sortie.

The Mukti Bahini and the Indian forces thus played equally important and

complementary roles in bringing the Indian armed forces performed the role, which

according to Teliapare document, was to be played by the regular formation of the Mukti

Bahini. On December 16,1971, general Niazi surrendered on behalf of Pakistan forces in

Bangladesh them numbering about 93,000 including west Pakistan police and militia. The


[85]

surrender was formalized at Ramna race course in Dacca, the very place where sheikh Mujib

had declared on march 7,1971 that the struggle of the Bangladesh this was for “complete

emancipation and independence.”

References:

1) Robinson, Francis, “The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan Bangladesh, Sri

Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan & The Maldives, p : 216, Cambridge University Press

Cambridge New York, Port Chestor Melbourne Sydney.

2) Ghose Sucheta, “The Roleof India in the Emergence of Bangladesh.”page -45,

Minerva Association Publication Calcutta 1983.

3) About 6.8 million evacuees were maintained in 896 temporary camps established and

maintained by a special organisation headed by Colonel N.P. Luthra, under the

Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation, Government of India. The remaining evacuees (

about 3 million) who found shelter with friends and relatives werealso registered with

Colonel Luthra’s organisation and provided with rations and medical assistance from

the camps. Franda M.F. “Refugees and Migration Patterns in North- eastern India and

Bangladesh.” AUFS Fieldstaff Reports XVI:3 (1982), pp :6-7

4) Mullick D. Indira speaks on Genocide, war and Bangladesh, ( Calcutta, Academic

Publishers, 1972) p,52.

5) Ibid,. p.55

6) Maniruzzaman, Talukdar, The Bangaldesh Revolution & its aftermath, pp 125,

Bangladesh Books International Limited Dacca 1980.

7) Supplement to Soviet Review, IX: 3 ( January 8, 1972), pp 8-9.

8) Ayoob, M and Subrahmanyam, K. The Libration War ( New Delhi ) S. Chand and

Co., 1972) pp 153-154.

9) The Pakistan Obserer (Dacca), October 23, 1971.

10) The Christian Sciences Monitor, December 16, 1971.

11) Frontier, ( Calcutta) IV: 19 ( August 21, 1972) p. 3

12) Maj. Gen. Palit, D.K. The Lightning Campaign : Indo- Pakistan War 1971 ( New

Delhi : Thomson Press , 1972) pp 63-75.

13) Supplement to Soviet Review , IX ,3 ( January 18, 1972)

14) “Article from the Soviet Press.” In ibid, pp 26-42.

15) Choudhury, G.V. “The Emergence of Bangladesh” opcit, pp 76-77.


[86]

16) During the time of Indira Gandhi’s tour of the United States, Secretary of State

William Rogers made a statement that the US would keep itself out of any India-

Pakistan conflict. Mullick op cit,. p 61

17) Op. cit.

18) Ibid. p 63.

19) Ibid, pp 66,68

20) Ibid., pp 70, 72

21) Choudhury, G.W. , op. cit., p 80.

22) Bayley , D.H. “India : War and Political assertion,” Asian Surve XII, 2, ( February

1972) pp 93-94.

23) Frontier, ( Calcutta) IV : 36 ( December 18, 1971)

24) Thornton, R.c., “South Asia: Imbalance in the sub- continent Orbis, XIX, 3 ( Fall,

1975) pp 868- 869.

25) Maniruzzzman, Talukdar, The Bangladesh Revolution and its aftermath, pp 132,

Bangladesh Books International Limited Dacca-1980.

26) Ibid.

27) Ibid 133.


[87]

Facets of Globalization

Dr. Shikha Singh Department of Economics

Govt. Degree College

Chharra, Aligarh (U.P.)

1.1 Introduction

• Investigate the role of globalization as a force for growth and poverty reduction.

• Define globalization as “growing integration between countries around the world as a

result of flows of goods and services, capital, people and ideas”

• Main theme of the paper: integration accelerates development by raising productivity in

the developing world. In this way it can be powerful force for poverty reduction.

• Authors looks at: history of globalization (waves), globalization and its role for

inequality, economic geography (why some regions of the world are globalizing while

some are not)

2. Globalization and History

• During the last 200 years the different economies across the world have become more

integrated and the growth rate of the global economy has accelerated (causality runs

in both directions)

• Globalization conies in waves.

— first wave: 1870-1910 - declined transport costs, flows of trade,

capital and labor increased. Trade relative to world income almost doubled (10% to

18%). This was reversed during and between the wars

— second wave: 1960-1980 - dramatic expansion of trade among rich countries but

most developing countries isolated (excl. Taiwan, S. Korea)

— Third wave: since 1980 - dramatic increase in capital flows, most of them now

flow as PDT; revolutionary changes in telecommunications; sea freight is now

1/3 of what it was in 1920; air travel - 16%, international phone calls–1%.

• While trade arid capital flows have accelerated, movement of people has declined

relative to 1870-1910.

• As integration progressed the growth rate of the world accelerated from 1% per year

in the mid 19th century to 3.5% in 1970-2000. Today the world economy can produce

in 2.5 years all the value it produced in the whole 19th century.


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• There are reasons to believe that integration spurs acceleration in world growth rate

(Sokoloffs Erie canal example, railways). As backward regions integrate their growth

rates accelerate

• How has this increase in wealth been distributed, among countries - up to 1975 very

unequally; However – “nations who gained most from globalization are the poor ones

that changed their policies to exploit it” - Lindert and Williamson (2001).

3. Globalization and Growth

• Following WWII most developing countries pursued import-substitution policies and

re-mained relatively isolated from the growing trade and capital flows - they grew but

most of it was post-war rebound; rich countries grew faster. (4.7% per year). China

and India - did not grow in the 1960s-1970s. The few countries that chose open trade

policies grew much faster.

• What theoretical channels are there between globalization and growth: given that the

biggest differences between countries are caused not by differences in stocks of

capital but. by productivity differences openness can increase the flow of ideas,

provide opportunities to adapt more advanced technologies developed elsewhere.

• China: opening the economy in the early 1980s to obtain new capital equipment and

technology - had huge effect on growth (on average 9% 1978-1994, exports and

imports grew 13-14% per year)

• India: pursued inward-oriented policy until 1991 (grew 1.4% per year in 60s, -0.3% in

the 70s; 80s - better but borrowed a lot from abroad)

• Cross-country evidence:

– Frankel and Romer (1999) – “trade to GDP ratio is robustly correlated to long term

growth”. Use instruments to rule out reverse causality from growth to trade.

– Dollar (1992) and Sachs and Warner (1995) - create cross-country measures of trade

openness. Show that trade openness if correlated with more rapid growth.

– Dollar and Kraay (2001) show that both increased trade and increased FDI are related

to accelerated growth; don't find an effect between changes in the investment rate and

growth.

• The above evidence is supportive of theoretical models in which innovation plays

central role for growth and integration accelerates innovation in backward regions.


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• Cross-country evidence should be treated with caution due to various econometric

problems but the fact is that "there are no countries who chose to be less open to

factor flows in 1990s relative to 1960s and rose in the global living standard ranks”.

• Experience of post-1980 globalizers

— many developing countries (including largest ones) have liberalized their trade since 1980

— Post-1980 globalizers - had 104% increase in trade last 20 years and experienced

acceleration of growth rates (from 1.4% in 60s, 2.9% in 70s, 3.5% in 80s and 5% in 90s). The

non-globalizing developing countries had a decline in growth rates

— in 1980 “globalizers” were poorer as a group than non-globalizers (see the paper for

details) - shows that even poor countries can participate in globalization and get good results;

Today they are richer and have better property rights (no causality implied)

4. Globalization and Poverty

• A common view of globalization among lay people - leads to growing inequality

between nations and within countries - benefits rich more than the poor.

• The last section shows this is not true - globalization has reduced the gap between rich

and globaliziation poor as the letter have been grown faster than the rich.

• Theory: predicts that globalization can have different effect on incomes within a

country.

– It changes factor prices so the overall effect will depend on what factors are abundant

and how are they owned. It would be remarkable coincidence if poor hold factors

whose price will have to go down due to globalization

• Dollar and Kraay (2001) - show that there is on average one-to-one relationship

between the growth rate of income of the poor and the growth rate of per capita

income. Thus changes in the distribution of income are not systematically associated

with changes in the growth rate

• it is true that there are "winners" and "losers" from globalization - however no

evidence that the "losers" come disproportionately from the poor.

• True that some liberalizing countries have had increases in inequality (e.g. China) but

many haven't


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• Even if inequality has increased in some countries - poverty has fallen (e.g. Vietnam -

poverty cut in half in 10 years). China also experienced rapid poverty reduction in the

1990s.

• Most recent globalization wave - first time in history that poverty has declined in

many countries (since 1980 number of poor declined by about 200 mln people).

Poverty declined in the post 1980 globalizers but increased in the non-globalizers

(Chen and Ravallion, 2001)

• Freeman and Oostendorp (2000) - find that growth rate of wages has been twice as

rapid in globalizing countries from above than in non-globalization and faster than in

rich countries. Find also that both trade and foreign investment increase wages..

Workers in general then benefit from globalization although surely some workers

(e.g. those in previously protected sectors) lose.

• child labor - shown to decline a lot as incomes grow. Vietnam - sharp reduction in

child labor after opening of the economy.

5 Globalization and Global Inequality

• Remember world became more unequal between 1820-1980 (Bourguignon and

Morrison. 2001). Most increase in inequality driven recently by changes across

countries.S

• Seems that in recent years growth in inequality is falling. Globalization may have

contributed to this as it benefits poor regions and promotes convergence within an

integrating regions.

• For example: within the group of post-1980 globalizers and the rich countries -

inequality increased up to 1975 after which it fell markedly.

• Growing divergence within the developing countries - some are fastest growers, some

are slowest . Same pattern observed within regions of China, India. However

locations that integrate more with the global economy (e.g. coastal provinces in

China) grow rapidly)

6 Globalization and Geography

• Fact: global production is remarkably concentrated geographically - vast majority of

world GDP is produced in temperate regions within 100 km of the sea or major river.

Why is geography so important?


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• Possible factors

— Quality of institutions may have been determined by

history/climate (Acemoglu et al.. Hall and Jones). Still this explains only part of the

variation in production density - e.g. USA - same institutions striking concentration of

production in coastal areas

— Transportation costs - sea freight cheapest. For some countries (e.g. landlocked)

transport costs are quite high. Depend a lot on quality of infrastructure (ports, rail,

roads - i.e. institutions again...) however this is not all - see Switzerland - one of the

richest countries

— externalities - related firms cluster together, location decisions are interdependent;

rich countries tend to be clustered together but there are notable exceptions (Australia,

Singapore...)

7 Conclusions

• Globalization has generally supported poverty reduction-and growth.

• Globalization is not ineffable growing integration is quite controversial and

liberalization policies can be (and have been) easily changed despite being

economically sound- thus it is important to coordinate countries' efforts in trade

liberalization and financial integration)

• The successes of 1990s. show that integration. requires not just open trade policies but

also sound institutions, law, property rights, etc.

• Many regions of the world do not participate in globalization - due to inward oriented

policies, geography. Migration (currently the missing flow in globalization) can make

up this difference.

• Anyone who cares about poverty should think twice about restricting trade - this will

worsen the situation of the poor.

• other rues exist - environmental - not addressed in this paper.

Reference

1. Prof. Mool Chand Sharma, Globalisation & Democratization

2. John Baylis, Globlization of world

3. Prof. Micheal Zoolan University of Biomingham, Globlization and Growth


[92]

Women Empowerment in India : Myth or Reality

Anshika Arthur Research Scholar

(Deptt. of Sociology)

JJT University, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan)

Abstract

The human species has made significant progress in several spheres of life. But man

has not grown enough to overcome the self-made mental slavery to the laws of the jungle.

Since time immemorial the laws of physical strength thrives at the expense of the weak and

has made women the primary under-dogs of an exploitative society. In the lower socio-

economic level of society, women do more hazardous manual labour than men. Women do

more than half the agricultural works in India. Still men are considered to be the “bread

winners”. This sense of women being inferior is passed on from one generation through

psychological conditionings.

By and large a woman in Indian society has been victim of humiliation, torture and

exploitation. In the contemporary Indian society, there are many episodes like rape, murder,

dowry, burning, wife beating and discrimination in the socio-economic and educational

fields. Indian society is pre-dominated by men, hence women are a victim of male

domination in the respective spheres of life; especially in economic life, for instance, over

decision making on resources, on utilization of her earnings and on her body. Hence, a

woman’s life lies between pleasures at one end and danger at other end.

The most widespread and de-humanizing discriminations and assault against women

are on the psychological level. The female psyche is being crushed at the very childhood. The

female psyche is brutalized long before bodily violence is inflicted on her. They are

conditioned to accept inferior positions in society. Women from childhood undergo a slow

unconscious process of destructive or denial of their self worth. Society, through a process of

conditioning, creates in girls at home and in school certain thinking patterns, which ascribed

to the female sex an inferior status. Besides, society gradually trains them to make this value

system their own. Usually baby girls are given bangles, anklets etc. thus communicating a

sense of fragility.

Another result of the social conditioning is that man either as father; brother or

husband considers women as socio- economic gift of his household. A woman‟s value


[93]

judged, not so much in terms of her worth as a person with rights and dignity as in terms of

her utility to man. Expression of this mentality is found in different language and society. For

example, in Hindi, girl is called “paraya dhan” and boy “apana dhan”.

The condition of women is more miserable in the rural India with respect to various

socio-economic aspects. The prevailing areas of degrading women in India are as follows.

1. Violence

Indian society has been bound by culture and tradition since ancient times. The

patriarchal system and the gender stereotypes in the family and society have always showed a

preference for the male child. Sons were regarded as a means of social security and women

remained under male domination. Due to her subordinated position, she has suffered years of

discrimination, exploitation and subjugation. She became the victim of several evils like child

marriage, sati, polygamy, Purdah system, female infanticide, forced pregnancy, rape etc. In

such incidents/recorded cases surprisingly mother-in-law are also taking active part

(forgetting the fact that they are also women and some time back they also played daughter-

in-law role). This discrimination and violence against women had an effect on the sex ratio in

India also. The main causes of violence are unequal power-relations, gender discrimination,

patriarchy, and economic dependence of women, dowry, low moral values, negative portrayal

of women’s image in media, no participation in decision-making, gender stereotypes and a

negative mindset. The Hindustan Times, New Delhi (May 10, 2005) reported, Delhi is not

only the rape capital of India; it has now taken lead in all types of crimes against women. As

against 135 cases (number of atrocities against women at the hands of their husbands and

relatives) reported in 2003, the figure jumped to 1211 in 2004.Crime records compiled for 35

mega cities in December 2003 by National Crime Records Bureau, shows that Delhi accounts

for 30.5 percent of the total crime against women”. If such is the magnitude of domestic

violence against women in Delhi, the capital city of India, it would not be surprising if the

situation is worse in other areas. Uttar Pradesh reported the highest cases of cruelty by

husband and his relatives against women (15%) in the year 2001 (see Status of violence

against women in India: Decadal trends 1991-2001, NIPCCD). The information Brochure

published by SWAYAN, an NGO, has shown that in 1994 there was a rape every 42 minutes,

a molestation every 22 minutes, a dowry death every 106 minutes and a criminal offence

every five minutes–all that does not include the innumerable cases that go unreported. Data

of 2001 also reveals that every hour there is a case of one sexual harassment, one dowry

death, two rapes, four molestation and six cases of cruelty by husband and his relatives. Dr.

Brenda Gael Mcsweeney, UN Resident coordinator has rightly remarked ─ “we must ask


[94]

ourselves when the female half of the world is living with the daily threat of physical

violence or mental violence, are we truly free?”.

2. Poverty

Rural poverty is one of the important characteristics of India and nearly 45 percent of

rural people are below poverty line. Most of them are just surviving with day-to-day earnings.

If we take International poverty line (1994) into consideration in India, there were 47 percent

of the population at below $ 1 a day category and 87.5 percent at below $ 2 at a day category

(Vijaya Kumar et al, 2002). Under such circumstances, within the family, the worst sufferers

are needless to say women and girl children. For this category of women, neither credit nor

skill training is accessible. Better health care and higher educational opportunities are far

reaching dreams for their children and there is no need to say about the status of girl child in

such families. She (girl child) is treated as a “silent lamb” born to suffer all evils in the male

dominated society. So far much has not been done for this vulnerable sub-culture of the

society.

3. Economic Exploitation

On the world level, women and girls together carry two-third of the burden of the

world’s work yet receive only a tenth of the world’s income. They form 40 percent of the

paid labour force. Though women constitute half of the world’s population yet they own less

than one percentage of the world’s property (UNDP Human Development Report 1995).

According to UN Report (2005): „women constitute half the world’s population, perform

nearly two-third of its work hours, receive one-tenths of the world’s income and own less

than one-hundredth of the world’s property’.

The condition of women in India is more miserable in every field of social life. They

are paid half of three-quarters of the money while their male counterparts earn for the same

job. In India a predominantly agricultural country, women do more than half of the total

agricultural work. But their work is not valued. On an average, a woman works 15 to 16

hours a day unpaid at home and underpaid outside.

According to National Committee of Women, the growth in the percentage of women

labour force in the organized sector is minimal in the last sixty years i.e. 3.44 percent in 1911

to 17.35 percent in 1971; besides, the work load either in the field or in the factories or

offices, the women have to do the household such as cooking, washing, cleaning up the house

etc. The younger women, besides all these, have to carry the burden of early pregnancy,

childbirth and breast-feeding. In terms of help offered to people for their various functions

women seem to receive the least attention from the society.


[95]

The status of women is intimately connected with their economic status, which in

turn, depends upon rights, roles and opportunity for the participation in economic activities.

The economic status of women is now accepted as an indicator of a society’s stage of

development. However, all development does not result in improving women’s economic

activities. Pattern of women’s activities are affected by prevailing social ideology and are

also linked with the stage of economic development.

4. Educational Deprivation

In India, the literacy rate of women is much lower than men because boys receive

more schooling than girls. So stark is the gender inequality in India that it is one of the 43

countries in the world where male literacy rate are at least 15 percent higher than female

rates. Educational deprivation is intimately associated with poverty. The UNICEF Executive

Director Mr. Carol Bellamy says; “No country has ever emerged from poverty without giving

priority to education.”(Indian Currents, 13 June 2004).

However, modest improvement is gradually coming up in educational level of

women. After independence many steps have been taken to improve the lot of women. Many

laws have also been passed. A National Commission on Women was setup to act as a

watchdog on the matters concerning women in 1992. Many programmes in the areas of

education, health and employment have been initiated for development of women, rural as

well as urban. As a result, literacy rates are going up and fertility rates coming down.

Universalisation of education, elimination of drop- out from schools, promotion of Balwadi’s

and Crèches, Girls Hostels, Technical Institutions for women and distinct emphasis on health,

nutrition and family welfare programmes etc. are some such initiatives. The women

empowerment in India could be a reality in the sense that in the decision making process such

as legislature, bureaucracy, village Panchayats, Judiciary and similar organization etc. 33%

reservation has to be given as soon as possible. Much awaited splendid glory of human could

be seen provided they are given substantial representation in the decision making process.

But myth is still needed in order to give women the old Vedic age glory.

Reference

1. P.H. Prabhu : Hindu Social Organization.

2. Social change in modern India.


[96]

Role of An Individual in Conservation of Natural Resources

Dr. Jay Kiran (Associate Professor)

Department of Sociology

Government P.G. College, Chharra, Aligarh UP

Introduction:

Every individual has responsibility to use natural resources judiciously.

This will give equal opportunity to all to use the resources for the benefit of

mankind. One should not be selfish to spend the available resources without

thinking of other fellow beings. There is no limit to spend natural resources if

available plenty but at the same time one should realize that natural resources

are non-renewable sources. The future also depends on such resources. Every

individual should think himself or herself as a world think himself or himself as

a world citizen. The whole world is a family and all are inter-dependent for a

better life. The mother earth has given enough for all to satisfy minimum wants

but not enough to utilize. Every individual has a role in the conservation of

natural resource like in using water electricity woods, foods etc.

Meaning of Conservation: The protection of animals, plants, and natural

resources. : the careful use of natural resources (such as trees, oil, etc.) to

prevent them from being lost or wasted.

Meaning of Natural Resource: Natural resources are resources that exist without

the actions of humankind. This includes all ... are in this category because their

rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaningthey

are considered non-renewable.

Objectives of conservation of natural resources:


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➢ To maintain the essential ecological processes and the life support system –

soil, air, water, pond, plants, animals etc.

➢ To ensure the availability and sustainability of resources which assumes the

survival of all species is a healthy and easy manner.

➢ To preserve the diversity at the specific habitat levels.

Methods of conservation: • For conservation of water.

• Keeping the water taps closed, when not in use.

• Using less water-consuming toilets.

• Watering the plants to be done in the evening tours.

• Using drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation systems water lawns etc.

• Treating water to be provided for irrigation purpose.

• Water to be used carefully and economically for domestically for

domestic and industrial.

Need for Conservation:

• Use of natural resources is increasing but the amount of these resources by

decreasing.

• Deforestation caused the loss of energy resources.

• Relational and international capacities conserving the resources are not

properly organized, must have some common conservation strategy.

Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources:

Conservation of energy:

• Switch off light, fan and other appliances when not in use.

• Use solar heater for cooking.

• Dry the cloth in the sun light instead of driers.

• Use always pressure cookers


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• Grow trees near the house to get cool breeze instead of using AC and air

cooler.

• Ride bicycle or just walk instead of using scooter for a short distance.

Conservation of water:

• Use minimum water for all domestic purposes.

• Check the water leaks in pipes and repair them properly.

• Reuse the soapy water, after washing clothes for washing courtyard,

carpets etc.

• Use drip irrigation.

• Rain water harvesting system should be installed in all the houses.

• Sewage treatment plant may be installed in all industries and institution.

• Continuous running of water taps should be avoided.

• Watering of plants should be done in the evening.

Conservation of soil:

• Grow different type plants i.e trees, herbs and shrubs.

• In the irrigation process, using strong flow of water should be avoided.

• Soil erosion can be prevented by sprinkling irrigation.

Conservation of food resources:

• Cook required amount of food.

• Don’t waste the food, give it to someone before spoiling.

• Don’t store large amount of food grains and protect them from damaging

insects.

Conservation of forest:

• Use non timber product.

• Plant more trees.


[99]

• Grassing must be controlled

• Minimize the use of paper and fuel.

• Avoid the construction of dam, road in the forest areas.

Conclusion:

Considering preservation and conservation of environment, the

Government of Indian Environmental preservation is viewed or seen as the

setting aside of earthly resources for preventing damage normally caused by

contact with humans or by certain human activities, such as logging, mining,

hunting, and fishing, only to replace them with new human activities such as

tourism and recreation. Furthermore regulations and laws may be enacted for

the preservation of natural resources. Being earth friendly is very essential as

this will save our planet at the time making a better place to live in for us, for

future generations.

The responsibility lies more on the human population because they have

got the thinking power and the wisdom to judge good and had man should

realize that he is not alone in this world. There are others to use the available

resources. Hence responsibility should be for all human being for an equitable

use of natural resources for sustainable use of natural resources for sustainable

life styles of all in this mother earth.

References

• http://computersuren.blogspot.in/2012/05/role-of-man-in-conserving-

natural.html

• http://feelfriendly.com/information-preservation-conservation.html

• http://www.powa.org/all-blogs/499-ways-of-protecting-and-preserving-

our-environment

• http://www.preservearticles.com/201101012237/why-is-the-conservation-

of-natural-resources-a-must-for-mankind.html


[100]

• http://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625183/11-methods-for-the-

conservation-of-natural-resources.html

• file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Sachin/Desktop/jai%20kiran/in

dividual_lifestyle.pdf

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[101]

The Problem of National Integration In India And Its

Sociological Background

Rekha Rani Asstt. Prof. B.Ed Deptt.

K.R G PG college Mathura

Abstract

The meaning of the term national was derived from natal/native. Native

inhabitants related with a particular religion, language, region, civilizational

heritage, or culture have been branded as nationals. This derived meaning takes

into consideration the people/populace/natives only. It ignored the fact that the

term ‘national’ comprises two elements simultaneously. One pertaining to

nation and second to have nationality of the said nation. We should keep in

mind that; nationality on the one hand, is granted by the government which

governs a nation, and it is acquired by the nation’s-member in the form of

citizenship on the other.

Introduction

“The end result of assimilation and its associated cultural processes, if

carried through, without hindrance, is social and cultural integration, some times

called social unity” (Gillin and Gillin). Every society or social group in function

enjoys some degree of integration otherwise it would lose its entity as

functioning group. Integration of a social group implies organization,

organization of customary behavior, attitudes, interests and sentiments.

Integration is organization rather than homogeneity. A group is said to be

integrated in the degree to which its members, its social categories, statuses and

role performance, its culture are organized for the achievement of common

purposes or goals. In an organized group all the individuals ‘identify

themselves’ and their subjective considerations are ‘identified with the objective

goals of the groups.’


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Meaning of national integration :

Now we can combine two terms to form the concept of ‘national

integration’. In its simplest form national integration means that ‘all the

components’ as material and social things, irrespective of their individualized

patterns, formed out of racial, religious, lingual, regional, customary and other

parochial considerations within a geo-political area of legitimate and sovereign

self-rule, are functioning so as to assimilate with ‘the pattern designed as

national pattern’ all the heterogeneous collectivities, as communities groups,

associations in particular, and national citizens in general are made to function

by adjusting together to the sovereign ideals and corresponding political power

of self-rule. In this process they adjust their internal differentiation in

accordance with ideals and norms which are declared and agreed upon as

national ideals.

Problematically it is a challenging problem as how to motivate the nation-

citizens to regulate their personalized interests, sentiments, and loyalty in terms

of national integration, sentiment and loyalty. Sociologically national

integration is an integrative pattern evolved purposefully by national

considerations in which pluralities and their socio-cultural diversities are to be

subsumed. People are the ‘members’ of their ‘social-cultural systems’ they

interact with each other under socio-cultural habituation inherited from their

respective bio-social heritage. There may be inconsistencies between them. At

the same time people become ‘national-citizens’ of a ‘national system’. It

requires a re-adjustment of mental disposition, in the thinking, feeling and

acting, in a manner so that nation-citizens may not feel alienated and resort to

the deviant practices to harm the nation cohesiveness, oneness and national

unity.

Since independence much has been said about the nature of Indian

society and its problematic composition on the one hand and about problems of

national integration on the other. Conferences and seminars have discussed


[103]

these issues. Newspapers have outlined the challenging tasks of national

integration and doubts have been raised about have been raised about an

integrated India. Various terms have been used to explain the nature of Indian

society and nature of unity in Indian nation. Unity in diversity, co-existence,

accommodation and assimilation of diversities, melting pot, fusion, synthesis,

multiplicity of civilization co-existing since time immemorial, composite

cultural living, pluralities with divers bio-social heritage, amalgamation of

antagonistic separate identities within Indian nation, all have been issues of

constant debate.

Another sociological implication of the socio-cultural heritage, inherited

from the past expressing indifference to ‘imposed’ pressure, is the persistence of

‘backward loyalties’. Blind reliance upon groups with strong, religious, kinship,

caste, and other local ties became detrimental to the growth of rational

constitutional national consciousness. This mental framework is being

constantly exhibited by the inhabitants of Indian nation-society as well as by the

leaders.

The expansion of group life into national life in India cab be visualized

by rational interpretation of long popular records which are unilaterally quoted.

The society in India has expanded from the simple group life to the complex

and interwoven national life of to-day. When India launched national movement

to attain nationhood, national struggle for self-rule and attained independence in

1947, she faced herself with many vial problems of political, economic, and

social re-organization. The political division of the country had left numerous

tangled questions unsolved, caused considerable rioting, violence and

bloodshed, generating religious segregation and communal hatred. The people

with all background diversities gathered under the banner of a nation called

independent India. The partition was a severe strain, on the efforts to create and

develop a ‘national life’, which also brought into the country a large number of

uprooted people. Since then it has become a trying period of re-organization and


[104]

re-integration, to make aware the heterogeneous masses conscious of India as a

nation, undermining their factional, sectional and local consciousness. To bring

them into national stream, to generate consciousness for national survival, and

to build national character to foster national unity, all have been challenging

tasks.

The old principle o co-ordination and co-operation, though based on

hierarchy, inequality and authority, with which the masses were living received

serious blow during the latter Mughal King. It was further replaced by the

policy of divide and rule by British administration separating tendencies were

cultivated, propagated and given constant encouragement in all spheres of

Indian life affecting the psychological frame-work of individuals, groups and

communities. It poisoned the whole interactive system and inter-personal

relations. The web of social relationships which was tied with some kind of

commn considerations shattered to pieces by ‘divisive forces’. All these trends

set into motion a whirlpool in the socio-cultural life which was to be

transformed into ‘national life’ of an emerging nation. However, it could not be

replaced by a new social framework; a new institutional matrix; a new

awareness required for a new commitment of loyalty corresponding to, and in

harmony with, the new India as a nation.

There are hundreds of social problems, big and small. Volumes have

written on the diagnosis and treatment of each of these problems. However, “the

central problem is that of adjusting our social life and our social institutions so

that as individual national-citizens and as communities, we may promote a more

harmonious living in accordance with the national objectives, ideals and goals,

irrespective of our underlying diversities of culture, civilization, ideology,

language and region.”

Key obstacles in national integration:

If we take the “processes and problems of integration in Indian nation”

we may trace it that among various obstacles perpetuated by various ‘Isms’ the


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“Ideological and Institutional frame-work, valuesand beliefs, prejudices and

stereotypes inherited from past and stereotypes inherited from past and ustained

through the process of socialization among various ethnic, religious, lingual,

and regional groups, resulting in mutual hatred constitute the most important as

well as generally pervaded obstacle.” Besides, to my mind, there are certain

follies which are operating in the minds of sectarian leaders and their followers

creating ‘barriers’ in national integration. They are as follows

1. Folly of self-styled preserver of own cultural heritage: there are certain

people in each community who feel that their cultural heritage can be

saved only by their efforts otherwise it will be eliminated or destroyed. It

perpetuates fanaticism.

2. Folly of mis-placed historical superiority: There are certain sections in

each community who consider and hence advocate their historical

superiority over other. Hindus glorify ancient Bharat and Gupta period

while Muslims glorify medieval Mughal conquest. It perpetuates

orthodox and backward loyalties to dead past which has no relevance to

contemporary national co-existence.

3. Folly of mis-placed identity: Certain sections of people identify

themselves with superiority. The conception of pre-aryan, Aryan, dwij,

antyaj, etc. ae full of ambiguous explanations. But they have become

reference-group to identify. Not only that the ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’

are divided in accordance with their illusionary origin forgetting their

constant inter-mixture and mutual co-existence. It sustains national

cleavages.

4. Folly of future apprehension: Certain people are apprehensive about

future Indian nation ‘to be’. They are constantly apprehensive about (a)

conversion, (b) multiplication in numbers, (c)repetition of atrocities of the

past.


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When these certain section of people get hold of leadership they spread

these follies through their speeches from public platforms and deeds

through their political followers. It is essential, for national integration,

focus on the realities of mutual understanding and harmonious living for

national co-existence. These realities are to be communicated, echerished

and sustained to overcome the above follies.

References

1. Desai, A.R., 1948. The social Background of Indian Nationalism. Bombay:

Popular Prakashan.

2. Gandhi, M.K., 1938. Hind Swaraj. Ahmedabad, Navjivan Publishers.

3. Gillin and Gillin, 1948., cultural Sociology, New York: Macmillan

4. Kabir, Humayun, 1955. The Indian Heritage: Bombay Asia Publishing

House.

5. Kothari, r., 1989. ‘Cultural context of communalism in India’ Economic and

Political Weekly, January 14:81-85.

6. Mookerji, Radhakumud, 1914. The fundamental Unity of India: London,

Macmillan.


[107]

Study of Gaseous Particle Detectors Used in High

Energy Physics with Emphasis on Gems

Dr. Jai Shanker Asstt. Professor

Deptt. of Physics


Abstract:

In this paper I have reviewed the various gaseous particle detectors used

in high energy physics experiments. They fall under the broader category of

gaseous ionization detectors. I have first looked at the how these detectors have

evolved. Starting form multi-wire proportional chambers with parallel wires and

micro-strip gas chambers with narrowly spaced conductor strips, this paper

finally focuses on Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM). GEMs are used in different

geometries and with different gas mixtres depeding on their use.

Introduction:

Gaseous ionization detectors are radiation detection instruments used to

detect the presence of ionising particles, and in radiation protection applications

to measure ionizing radiation [1]. They use the ionising effect of radiation on a

gas-filled sensor. If a particle has enough energy to ionize a gas atom or

molecule, the resulting electrons and ions cause charge induction which results

in the outer circuit and that can give us the required output signal.

History of Gaseous Detectors

2.1 Multi Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPC)

In 1968 Charpak et al. built the first multi-wire proportional chambers. A

MWPC is a chamber with many parallel wires, arrange das a grid and put at a

high voltage, with the metal casing being on ground potential. A particle,

traversing the detector volume, leaves a trace of ions and electrons,which drift

toward the case or the nearest wire, respectively. The ions drift to the cathode


[108]

plates, while the electrons are collected by the anode-wires. The strong electric

field close to the thin anode-wires causes avalanche multiplication.

2.2 Micro-Strip Gas Chambers (MSGC)

The ’Institut Laue-Langevin’ in Grenoble, Oed (1988) presented a new

kind of detector [2]. This detector contains no wires at all, but uses instead very

narrowly spaced conductor strips . The field strength necessary to produce gas

amplification is generated between neighbouring strips and not by the voltage

difference between the strips and the detector cathode which can be at a large

distance. Because of this, a much higher position resolution can be obtained, by

optimizing the strip dimension.

2.3 Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) :

The Gas Electron Multiplier was invented by F. Sauli in 1996 [3]. The

GEM is a thin structure of two metal electrodes with an insulating foil inserted

in between. The layer is perforated with holes, where the electron multiplication

can occur when applying a potential difference.

The GEM typically consists of a 50 µm thin kapton foil coated with a 5

µm copper layer on both sides. It is chemically etched with double conical holes

with a hexagonal pattern of holes . The diameter of the holes is 70 µm ± 5 µm in

the copper and 50 µm ± 5 µm in the kapton, and the holes have a pitch of 140

µm resulting in a hole density of 50 holes per mm2. There are other dimensions

of the holes available, but this is the standard GEM geometry used as the part of

the project.

3. Manufacturing technology of GEM Foil

The GEM manufacturing technology has been developed at CERN in the

printed circuits workshop by A. Gandi and R. De Oliveira. The kapton covered

with copper is coated with a photosensitive layer on both sides and exposed to

UV light through a mask reproducing the desired pattern of hole. The metal is


[109]

then chemically removed from the holes, and the foil is immersed in a solvent

for kapton.

Hence the manufacturing procedure creates conical holes from both sides.

An inevitable defect that occurs in this process is the formation of double

conical shaped holes. However, this shape probably improves the dielectric

rigidity.

In a typical GEM foil, as designed by CERN workshop, the

thickness of copper coating is 5 µm and the polymer is 50 µm thick. The holes

usually have a pitch of 140 µm. The inner diameter in kapton is about 50 µm

and the outer diameter in copper is about 70 µm.

Figure 1: GEM Foil (magnified view) (Courtesy-CERN Gas Detectors

Development (GDD) web page: http://gdd.web.cern.ch/GDD, 2010.)

4.Operation Principle:

When an electric potential difference is applied between two electrodes, a

strong electric field is generated focused within the holes of the GEM [4]. If an

electron is injected into a hole it gets accelerate by the strong electric field, and

creates an avalanche to produce secondary electrons. However, the total number

of electrons produced can be controlled by the applied potential over the GEM

electrodes,since the GEM is working in the region of proportional

multiplication.

The ions thus created in the process move upwards, either to the GEM-

top electrode or even further up in the structure. Some of the avalanche

electrons will be attracted to the GEM bottom electrode, and the rest of them

emerging from the hole are transferred down stream. Hence several GEMs can


[110]

be put in cascade to further increase the strength of signal. This is one of the

features making the GEM a successful device in various detector applications

over the world. Note that the multiplication in the holes is defined as the real

gain, and the increasing number of electrons emerging from the GEM, as

compared to impinging on it, is defined as the effective gain. The field density

in the amplifying channel can be varied either by increasing the potential

difference between the upper and the lower electrodes of GEM or by reducing

the diameter of the GEM holes. The length of the amplifying channel for a

single GEM is fixed by the thickness of the insulating foil. That’s why most

GEM foils have an insulator thickness of 50 µm. So the electric field in the

GEM hole is about 100 kV/cm where the potential difference across the GEM is

500V. Along the direction perpendicular to the axis of the holes, the field

strength is almost uniform in the centre and increases sharply near the sides

particularly close to the copper-Kapton interface. This determines how high a

voltage could be applied to the GEM i.e. the point of electrical breakdown.

5. Electric Field in GEM holes

Upon application of a potential difference between the GEM electrodes

(copper layers) a high electric field develops in the holes focusing the field lines

between the drift electrode, thereby providing an effective amplification path for

electrons released by ionization in the gas and drifting in the high field through

the open channel. The field density in the amplifying channel can be varied

either by increasing the potential difference between the upper and the lower

electrode of GEM or by reducing the diameter of the GEM holes. So far most

GEM foils have an insulator thickness of 50 gm. So the electric field in the

GEM hole is about 100 kV/m when the potential difference across the GEM is

500 V.


[111]

Figure 2: Electric Field Contour in GEM[1] Figure 3: Avalanche

in GEM[1]

6. Summary:

In this paper we have seen the various gaseous particle detectors used in

high energy physics experiments. Due to high gains, higher frequency rates, and

robustness and with several available geometries GEMs stand out among the

gaseous detectors. The progress done in the field of GEM construction has made

the use of GEMs viable for high energy experiments.

References:

1. Development of fast tracking detectors: MicrostripGasChamber and Gas

Electron Multiplier." PhD thesis.Institute of Applied and Technical Physics

at the Technical University of Vienna and CERN IEP IGDD. Geneva. 1998

2. Y. Giomataris. "Development and prospects of the new gaseous detector

Micromegas" Nucl. Instr. Meth. A119. 239-350 (1998).

3. R. Bouclier, M. Capeans, W. Dominik, M. Hoch, J-C. Labbe, G. Million, L.

Ropelewski, F. Sauli and A. Sharma."The Gas Electron Multiplier

(GEM)."CERN

4. http://ts-dep-dem.web.cern.ch/ts-dep-dem/products/gem/geminfo.htm


[112]

Gender Conflict as Sub-Theme in Morrison’s Works Dr. Amit Nelson Singh

Raja Balwant Singh College, Agra

Abstract

Gender Conflict seems to be greatest problems of the late twentieth and

early twenty first century, This is the age of women empowerment, women

have stepped in all walks of life and are proving themselves not only equivalent

but even better than men. But even today in this so called modern world women

are still suffering on the name of traditions. They not only suffer brutal physical

torture, but also face mental stress, and undergo emotional blackmailing and

last but not the least they are also used as a commodity for physical pleasures.

Women have turned into a globalized commodity, whether it is economic world

of marketing or business entrepreneurship. Women find preferences in

employment as salesgirls, soothing tellycaller, sizzling eye pleasing hospitality

industry and the bold fashion world, as they can attract greater crowd and can

grab the attention of many. It have been invariably observed the use of women

enhances the reach and appeal of advertisements and hence its revenue earning

potential. If it is a reception counter or a helpdesk we find women there, since

people prefer talking to pleasant women and at times they ignore the

unsatisfactory services provided to them and all these satisfactory services are

overshadowed by talking to these pleasant and beautiful women.

Toni Morrison, the Noble Laureate has emerged as voice for the

voiceless especially for the women who are oppressed and suffer because of

Gender Conflict. Morrison presents an amalgam of so many social issues in just

her own simple words. She has raised issues of the Racial Oppression, the

Gender Conflict, the traditional and cultural conflicts and last but not the least

the 'gender issue’, Her protagonist are not ordinary females rather these females


[113]

are Black and hence suffer racial oppression, they suffer from both Blacks and

white males. This is where her uniqueness lies that she deals with so many

issues that individually and collectively they stand apart and yet they are

interrelated and suffer Gender Conflict at different levels.

The extra cutting edge that Morrison possesses is that she paints a picture

with words as an artist, full of colour making it colourful as much as she can, so

that her readers while reading feel as if they are unveiling a picture, her readers

can easily visualize what she wants to project. In other words she puts herself in

the character and feels the character, thus delves into the inner most secrets,

dreams and aspirations of each of them finally reveal the Gender Conflicts.

Keywords: Gender Conflict, Oppression, Subjugation, Suppression,

Protagonist, Afro-American.

Gender Conflict means ‘a serious disagreement or a prolonged armed

struggle between people of different genders’1. Gender conflict is a conflict

between people of different sex, keeping women in mind the only gender

conflict that one can think off is a conflict with the males. But the Black

females were the worst affected due to their extremely vulnerable position in

society. They suffered this gender conflict in a double way and these were

victims of “double jeopardy”. The major gender related conflicts can be

classified and studied under three categories namely: The Inter-racial gender

conflict, gender conflict with own community and Gender Conflict with own

gender.

The Inter-Racial gender conflict these black females were in direct

conflict with the white males, who exploited these females as per their choice.

At times these black females were like a sexual toy for white males to quench

their sexual thirst and at times they were like a live movie when these females

were asked to perform sex with their black male partners in front of their white


[114]

masters. These black females had no personal choice of their own they were

like a puppet in the hands of their white masters.

This physically, mentally, emotional and psychological suffering of the

black females has been a historical fact for centuries and these females, being

utterly subjugated, had no option but to follow the instruction of their white

cruel masters. These black females suffered discrimination when they worked

at several farm houses and plantations they were paid less wages then their

fellow male workers. Not only the wages these black females were given less

food to eat as compared to their male fellow workers stating that they are

women and they need less food. However they had to feed their babies and

were half fed, it was a kind of malnutrition. They were usually very weak and

fainted at times during working on their plantations. Whenever a female

fainted on a plantation the master instead of sympathizing with them accused

them of acting and making lame excuses in order to avoid work. At times the

masters order their black male slaves to perform sex with these fainted women

and stated that they just need sexual dose to be back in senses.

Another naked truth was that was the white male masters were clever and

cunning and they wanted to be richer day by day. In order to be rich they asked

these black females to perform sex with their male fellow being so that they

may give birth to another slave child, which would result in the increase in the

number of slave and in a few years would increases the number of earning

slave for him. Thus these black females were treated as a reproduction machine

for more slaves. However, conflicts can also be seen of these black females

with the black males of their own community who instead of protecting the

unprotected women in their community are either suffering with these females

voicelessly or are without any manly courage to defend the black female. The

conflict with the black men of their own community was because at times these


[115]

women were sexually exploited by the white masters because of the silence

and obedience of the black fellow males. At times when women resisted, the

black fellow companion followed the orders of their white masters Hence it

was again the white master who was the head of the family and the deciding

factor for this black family. Not only this the black male slaves usually cast all

their frustration of the day on these weak woman and try to exercise their

power on these woman, as this is the only place where they can exercises their

power and prove their manliness. The later submissive community of males at

times does not fulfill the hopes, aspirations and desires of their own male

family members. Hence, they are usually in a state of conflict with their own

male family members. Morrison has painted all such character in her novels.

In, ’The Bluest Eye’ Morrison’s first female protagonist Pecola Breedlove

suffers and experiences some indirect conflict with the characters of other

genders. Her very first conflict is with the classmates of her class who tease her

day and night. The second place where gender conflict can be seen clearly is

the conflict between Pecola’s mother and father where they both keep fighting

all night, and later choose their own ways of living where the other cannot

interfere in their lives. At this point Pecola’s father rather then being the

strength of the family left all of them without care.

Pecola suffers more of it when she is raped by her own father. Her father,

instead of protecting and defending her daughter, tries to use the weaker

gender for his own pleasures. This is the worst conflict where the afflicted girl

is unsafe in her own house. It is not the white master community nor the

outside world, but her own blood who exploits her maximum. Morrison paints

it beautifully in the afterword. “It is because Pecola was having her father’s

baby that the marigolds did not grow”. 2 ‘The Bluest Eye’ revolves around the

tragic life of Pecola and the gender conflict in her family, her parents fail to


[116]

give her warmth and stability. Her family makes her feel unwanted, unworthy

and ugly.

Gender Conflict seems to be the second underlying theme of Morrison

novels where in ‘The Bluest Eye’ we see Pecola suffering these conflict while

in the very next novel ‘Sula’, the second female protagonist Sula can be seen in

similar direct conflicts. If ‘The Bluest Eye’ marked Toni Morrison’s entry into

the literary world, then her second novel ‘Sula’ established her as a literary

force revealing Gender Conflicts.

Sula, is a black woman and is seen as a character that breaks societal

bonds and limitations of a female in a patriarchical society. Her dressing in a

manly attire is another episode where the patriarchic society objects to her

lifestyle.

This short novel ‘Sula’ is all about two friends i.e. Sula and Nel, who

grow up together in the Bottom, a black section of an Ohio town, and who

become fast friends despite their radically different home lives. When a

horrific accident occurs and the girls decide to keep it a secret, they both

forever connected, even as the event begins to drive them apart. Nel embraces

the conventional life of her own mother, marring Jude right out of high school,

while Sula escapes her wildly distressed family life for college and a life of

expensive clothes and white men. It is clearly evident that both Sula and Nel

are females but both choose different paths and lead different life styles

resulting into different ideologies of this own leading to minor conflicts.

However, at a later stage when Sula returns and everything bad about the

Bottom is blamed on her, Nel is forced to confront what is “bad” within her.

Sula provides a multifaceted portrait of a community and, within it, a

friendship. Morrison confronts superstition, the role of women in black society,

the ravages of war, legacy, and the gray areas of morality and perception that


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don’t make any of the preceding easy to define. Bornini Kar explains this

problem as follows:

In this family Eva is all in all-she is the matriarch; but she takes up this

position not out of her will but because of being abandoned by her husband, In

order to sustain herself and her children. Eva sacrifices her leg and with the

insurance money looks after her children. The protagonist of the novel Sula is

born in this family. She is Eva’s granddaughter, the daughter of Hannah, As a

young black girl Sula has a unique and textures experience. She acquires the

realization that her mother and grandmother have had to fend for themselves

and their children. Morrison here instead of sentimentalizing the Black

Women’s role as mother tries to probe into its complexities and shows how

difficult it is for a black women to survive in her role as a mother3

Sula suffers some bad attitude exhibited by her classmates, this saga of

gender conflict crosses all limits and Sula discovers herself alone and helpless

and realizes that no heavenly supernatural power is going to come to defend

her and so she has to be a women for whom nothing is impossible. And hence

she is compelled to prove herself bold, brave and then even defensive towards

herself and her friend. Later, she is tagged as a woman full of violence. At

places she is seen defending her friends and she is in indirect conflict with her

friends who cannot defend themselves.

Gender conflict is visible again when Sula visits her friend and even

seduces her friends husband Jude and later Sula seems to be in direct conflict

with Jude as she considers that her friend has been robbed by her husband Jude

who is an intruder in the lives of Sula and Nel. Morrison’s extensive use of the

themes of gender and sexuality are brought into relief by her ability to combine

them with class. Although there are many authors who have previously used

these themes in their writings, her ability to use her character’s working-class


[118]

lifestyles to intensify their gender roles and sexuality are one of the best master

pieces and serve as reasons her powerful writings. In Sula, the main character

is a dominant female. She refuses to take a husband, something that deeply

troubles her mother.

Morrison's third novel ‘Song of Solomon’ is a story of Milkman Dead's

search for self-identity. Ruth Foster now know as Ruth Dead, the mother of

Milkman is solely responsible for the problems of Milkman, thus Ruth rather

being a motherly and protective figure does not prove herself. Although there

is no direct conflict between the mother and son, but a sense of struggle and

protest can be seen in Milkman’s life. Even his aunt Pilate is an unmarried lady

who suffers alone direct conflicts with society. Pilate is very similar to Sula.

‘Jazz’ is a tale of post slavery life and it is full of gender conflicts. How it

affects and sometimes encourages rage, lust and hatred. In this book written on

Joe Trace. He cheats on his wife with an eighteen year old girl. After their

short lived affair many conflicts crop up. These conflicts are basically due to

different selfish ideologies and understanding where there is no room to

understand the practical problems of the other. Joe, finally shoots and kills this

eighteen year old girl. This is the place where we see a direct conflict between

Joe and this girl and the murder of this girl is the outcome of this conflict. The

death of this girl serves as the final climax of the novel. Minor gender conflicts

are also visible in Joe and his furious wife Violet. Violet is also addressed as

Violent by her neighbours and the narrator to highlight her violent attitude.

Violet demonstrates her frustration, conflict and crushes at the funeral and tries

to disfigure the the young girls face with a knife since she cannot withhold her

husband physically. Later we discover this gender conflict rising to such a

level of insecurity and xenophobia that it causes tremendous emotional and

psychological stress to Violet and turns her into a lunatic.


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Morrison in her next novel ‘Tar Baby’ is set on Valerian street. The

Candy King, made sure he would retire at the age of sixty-five. He bought a

tropical island and built a house preparing for those later years. He did miss his

mark a bit by retiring at sixty-seven, but however, he is now finally able to

spend a little extra quality time at L’Arbe de la Croix. He’s especially fond of

his greenhouse where he spends most of his time nursing his cognac and the

flowers of his native Philadelphia.

Yet the rest of the entourage are wondering if they will ever be allowed

back to Philadelphia. What started as a temporary extended stay has lasted

three years. Margaret, King’s wife has had enough of Island living and plans to

move near her son immediately the Christmas holiday, although Valerian is a

bit sceptic and doubts Son’s presence on Christmas. Sydney and Ondine, are

not as much dissatisfied with Island living as with the unsettlement of it.

Ondine’s best cooking utensils ae still kept unused in Philadelphia. As of now

King and Margaret both are happy because of their niece, Jadine as she is there

too and they are together like family. She is a model by profession and has

completed her graduation and has three men interested in marrying her. While

shopping in Paris for a party to celebrate her good fortune, a tar black women

in a yellow dress spits at her. This is an episode that highlights the conflict and

hatred that these women possess against each other and the return of Jadine to

island is the outcome of this episode. Jadine’s would be is a white man and

now she is in a state of conflict, a conflict with a man, a conflict with a white

man, who might love her emotionally but not physically. In order to clear her

doubt she ask him if it is her black skin that he loves or is it her? Slow to

realize his presence, there is stranger hiding in the house. Son jumped ship and

hid away on a sailboat coming to the island. He’s been stealing chocolate and

spring water for the past several weeks. He’s been keeping an eye on the


[120]

household sleep, especially Jade. This contentious household needs the pivotal

change brought about when Margaret unexpectantly finds Son in her closet.

Tar Baby juxtaposes every nuance of race and class. Morrison with just few

characters is able to accomplish her task. Sydney, is a just a servant but is

proud to be the most industrious and laborious negroes in Philadelphia.

Through Valerian’s sponsorship Jadine has been molded by the white culture.

She stay in a guest room in L’Arbe de la Croix since she doesn’t work here for

Margaret as a secretary of sorts.

The image of women in fiction has undergone a sea change during the

last four decades. Women writers have moved away from traditional portrayal

of enduring, self-sacrificing women towards conflicted female characters

searching for identity, no longer characterized and defined simply in terms of

their victim status.

In Tar baby Morrison deals with a different kind of Gender conflict and

cruelties. The six major Characters are her most diverse, and the conflicts are

both realistic and symbolic, embodying the opposition of wealth and poverty,

youth and age, male and female, black and white, in a microcosm of society

found in Caribbean island. Byerman observes that:

The setting is not the American Midwest and South, But an isolated

CARIBBEAN ISLAND, Isle de Chevaliers. Though all the major characters

are American, the setting is useful in clarifying the effects of the dominant

order on personality. Seperated from the context of American society, the

Americanness of the characters… can be more directly observed4

In Morrison’s novel, the ghost of Beloved as a returned spirit speaks for

all those lost souls who suffered and died during the middle passage. She

speaks as one and as the voice of many as she describes the slave ships and

their journey again suffering from Gender Conflict.


[121]

We are crouching now- we are standing but my legs are like my dead

man’s eyes-I cannot fall because there is no room to- the men without skin are

making loud noises- I am too hungry to eat it- the sun closes my eyes- those

able to die are in a pile… I want the face that is mine5

Paradise is the third novel that explores the theme of Afro-American

history. Beloved was about slavery, Jazz about urban era and Paradise is set in

contemporary times, but it was inspired by stories of the all black communities

established after slavery came to an end and the conflict in gender started

spreading its wings The isolation in the convent psychologically made a great

impact in the lifestyle of these women giving birth to individuality. Darlene

Clark, a historian remarks:

Because of the interplay of racial animosity, class tensions, gender role

differentiations and regional economic variation, Black women as a rule,

developed and adhered to a cult of secrecy, a culture of dissemblance, to

protect the sanctity of inner aspects of their lives, the dynamics of

dissemblance involved creating the appearance of disclosure, an openness

about themselves and their feeling, while actually remaining in enigma. Only

with secrecy, thus achieving a self-imposed invisibility, could ordinarily Black

women accrue the psychic space and harness the resources needed to hold their

own. 6

While talking about her latest novel Morrison clearly states that ‘Mercy’

has been like a novel way back into past somewhere where there were no

Female Africa writers around 1970. When Morison started writing ‘Mercy’ she

specifically had it in mind. Men, were the dominating factor everywhere

whether it was literature, dramatics or high positions in the religious world.

The harsh partiarchical world never allowed anyone female to excell in any

field. Females were only portrayed as cooks, maids, servants, who were always


[122]

projected with minor supporting roles in drama, theatre or literature. Females

were never the main line or the centre of gravity of any stream. Not only this

keeping in mind children were the worst affected and that’s why Morrison has

created children in her novels.

Thus Morrison portrays various strands of gender conflicts in the lives of

women that intensifies their suffering and make the vulnerable to exploitation

and subjugation of the racial and the patriarchal order. The artistic delineation

of these conflicts makes her character memorable and representative of the

pathos experienced by the Afro-American females.

References:

1. The New Encyclopedia Britannica vol.9 pg-878 Micropaedia

/Reading Reference founded 1768, 15th edition-pub. by:-

Encylopaedia Britannica Inc. Jacob E, Safra, Chairman of the Board

Jorge Agailar Carz Prudend.

2. Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye. London: Vintage, 1999, p.146

3. Mohit K. Ray and Rama Kundu, Studies in Women Writers in

English, Delhi: Atlantic, pg.51

4. Byerman, Keith E. Beyond Realism in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and

K.A. Appiah, Eds. Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and

Present New York: Amistad.1993

5. Toni Morrison, Beloved. London: Vintage,1997,p.211

6. Hine, Dariene Clark, Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in

the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts in the Culture of

Dissemblance. Signs 14.4 (1989):912-20


[123]

Problems and Remedies of Agricultural Land use in District Aligarh

Dr. Abha Bishnoi

Aligarh district has a vast area classified as agricultural waste land which can

be reclaimed and put to agricultural use. In 1990-91, this land measures 20,868

hectares which was about 4.26 per cent of the total reporting area of the district. Of

this 9,600 hectares or about 1.96 per cant of the reporting area was culturable waste

land and 11,268 hectares or about 2.30 per cent of the reporting area was classified as

other fallow land. There is a need to reclaim this land and to put it to agricultural use

so as to increase area under cultivation. This agricultural waste land is mostly

concentrated in Koil (26.54), Sikandra Rao (23.27) and Atrauli (20.62) tahsils.1

Targets of reclemation may be defined on the basis of extent of such areas and the

feasibility of their reclamation in different blocks, which of course would depend on

several complex and Inter-related factors.

Where such areas are used for grazing at present, they may be used to produce

fodder crops. As pointed out by R.P. Singh, social forces help to keep idle waste lands

idle, especially when it occurs in the immediate vicinity of existing villages, and land

owners having an interest in high rents and low wages, often display little enthusiasm

for an expansion of the cultivated area.2 Where such waste lands are located at great

distances from the villIges, accessibility is reduced and cost of cultivation becomes

formidable. A pick erd choose policy about reclamation of waste lands would be

helpful. It is estimated that if all the agricultural waste lands the district are fully

recovered and brought to the average level of cultivation in the net sown area of the


[124]

district, they would be contributing about 5.38 per cent of the exiting agricultural

production of the district as recorded in 1990-91.

Experts in soil management recommed that a minimum of 30 to 33 per cent of

the total area should remain under forest. The National Forest Policy Resolution of

1952 had recommended that the country as a whole should have atleast 33 per cent of

its area under forests. It was also resolved that in holly areas this proportion should be

brought to 60 per cent and in the plains it should be brought to 20 per cent of the total

area. In fact it is essential to keep a part of the land under forests to ensure supplies of

timber and fuel and also to provide for soil protection and moisture control. The report

of the National Commission on Agriculture, 1972, had emphasised upon the need to

augment productivity in forest areas, failing which a critical situation may have to be

faced. In Aligarh district the total area under forests is only 1,252 hectares excluding

an area of 157 hectares under Reserved Forests. Combining the two, the district has

only 0.29 per cent of its area under forests, and the per capita input for forest land

comes to as low as 5.07 sq. metres. One reason why area under forests has reduced to

such critical limites in the district is the fact that the contribution of forests to the

economy of the district has always been very meagre as compared with agriculture or

industry. A more dynamic policy is now needed in place of the traditional

conservation forestry practices.

There is a need to stop heavy grazing of forest land by cattle, to check

encroachment upon forest land for agriculture or any other use, to increase the

productivity of forests, and to give a forceful boost to ‘Grow More Trees’ compaign in

this district which is exposed by virtue of its location on the western fringe of Utter

Pradesh to face the advancement of the desert of Rajasthan. Emphasis is needed on

planting for commercial forests and not merely for protective purposes.


[125]

Forestry was originally adopted and encouraged with a view to create new

wood resources. But now various social aspects and implications of forestry are being

emphasised. Many needs or rural people like provision for grazing, supply of grass

and fodder, thorns for fencing, protection of agricultural lands against wind, and the

recreational needs of the urban people have received due attention. Thus the concept

of social forestry has become firmly established. With the National Commission on

agriculture defining its objectives in 1973,3 a new dimension has been added to our

planning for forest land of the future.

The district is endowed with a rich wealth of lifestock particularly cattle and

buffaloes, and a well-.developed dairy industry. Mixed farming is not practised in this

district and the dairy industry is based on the market and demand commodities like

milk, butter, and ghee etc. In Aligarh district the area under pastures is slightly

shrinking since 1982-83, but the area under fodder crops has registered an increase of

7.66 per cent during tne period two years extending from 1988-89 to 1990-91.

The large cattle population of tno district has its own demand on land for food.

In fact there exists a competition between man and cattle for subsistence from land.

Traditional cattle grazing cannot be retained since it requires large open areas for

grazing. A small land tilled to produce fodder crops can meet the requirements of a

large cattle population. It is estimed that about 20 per cent of the existing grazing land

can sustain the same number of live stock if it is used to produce fodder crops. Thus

areas which are not very suitable for intensive cultivation may be used to produce

fodder crops. A good progress has already been made in this regard, for, of the total

area which was used to produce fodder crops in Aligarh district in 199o-91, about

78.18 per cent was irrigated, suggesting thereby that the crop is being given adequate

attention. In Aligarh district fodder planning needs be done practically on the same


[126]

level on which regular cropping is done, for dairy promises to provide more

employment to rural areas provided technical expertise and credit facilities are made

available to the unemployed rural population of the district.

Reference

1. Figures in brackets denote percentage of the total area classified as agricultural

waste land in the district in 1990-41.

2. R.P. Singh, ‘Agricultural Land Use Planning in India’ in V.N.P. Sinha and R.B.

Mandal (eds.), Dimensions in Geography, 1979, p. 153.

3. National Commission on Agriculture, Interim Report on social Forestry, 1973,

p.12.


[127]

Effect of Antenatal Care on Pregnant Women in Agra City

Deepti Singh,

Prof. Neeta Chopra

Abstract:

Antenatal care is necessary for the concieving mother. It is the care of the

women during pregnancy. This study was conducted on 200 pregnant women (100

women each from government and private hospital ) in Agra city through multistage

stratified sample technique. The mean number of antenatal checkups, consumption of

iron tablets were 3.29 and 102.30. 95.0% had taken two doses and tetanus toxide

vaccination and remaining 5.0% did not receive vaccination of tetanus toxide.

Statistically significant association were observed regarding the multi-

nutrientsupplements, type of work, exercise who did and regularity in exercise with

pregnant women at government and private hospital.(p<0.05)

Introduction:

“Motherhood is the most divine gift to the mankind God has given on

earth.” (Agarwal, 2014). Antenatal care is the care that pregnant women receive

from health care professionals during pregnancy period. It is the clinical

assessment of mother and fetus during pregnancy, for the purpose of obtaining

the best possible outcome for the mother and child (Harrington, 2010).

Antenatal care includes recording medical history, assessment of

individual needs, advice and guidance on pregnancy and delivery, screening

tests, and education on self-care during pregnancy. (www.who.in).

The primary aim of antenatal care is to achieve at the end of pregnancy a

healthy mother and a healthy baby. It is the systemic medical supervision of

women during pregnancy. Its aim is to preserve the physiological aspect of

pregnancy and to prevent or detect, as early as possible, all that is pathological.


[128]

Early diagnosis during pregnancy can prevent maternal ill-health, injury,

maternal mortality, foetal death, infant mortality and morbidity.

Objective:

To study the antenatal care of the selected pregnant women.

Methodology:

Multistage stratified random sampling technique was used for selecting

the mothers as sample for the present study. The sample comprised of 200

pregnant women belonging to urban area of Agra District from one government

and one private hospital A questionnaire was formulated to elicit information

regarding the antenatal care during pregnancy among pregnant women in

relation to certain selected variables.

Statistical analysis:

After collecting the required information from the subjects, the schedules

were coded numerically and data were classified into simple and complex

tables. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, the data was analyzed by

applying percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test, correlation

coefficient t-test for correlation coefficient, chi square test for drawing the

conclusion.

Result and Discussion:

The collected data were analysed and discussed in the following tables:

Table 1 : Distribution of subjects in government and private hospital

according to frequency of antenatal checkup.

Frequency of

Antenatal

Government

Hospital

Private

Hospital Total


[129]

Checkup No. % No. % No. %

None 4 4.0 0 0.0 4 2.0

One 3 3.0 6 6.0 9 4.5

Two 15 15.0 17 17.0 32 16.0

Three 19 19.0 10 10.0 29 14.5

Four & More 59 59.0 67 67.0 126 63.0

Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0

Mean 3.26 3.32 3.29

SD 1.07 1.13 1.09

t 0.386

p >0.05

Above table 1 shows the distribution of subjects according to place of

delivery and antenatal check-up. Out of 200 pregnant women, the majority of

them (63.0%) were having four and more antenatal check ups, followed by

16.0% having two antenatal check ups and the minimum (2.0%) did not have

any antenatal check up through out their pregnancy.

Among the 100 subjects who had their delivery at government hospital,

the majority of them (59.0%) were having four and more antenatal check ups,

followed by 19.0% having three antenatal check ups and the minimum (3.0%)

were having one antenatal check up; while among the 100 pregnant women at

private hospital, majority of them (67.0%) were having four and more antenatal

check ups, followed by 17.0% having two antinatal check ups and the minimum

(6.0%) were having one antenatal check up through out their pregnancy.

The mean number of antenatal check up was 3.29 among 200 subjects in

the present study. The mean number of antenatal check up was more among


[130]

pregnant women at private hospital (3.32) as compared to pregnant women at

government hospital (3.26). Statistically, insignificant difference regarding the

mean antenatal check up was observed between the pregnant women at

government and private hospital (t = 0.386, p>0.05). Similar observation was

also reported by Singh et.al. (2002) as they found that 89% of the pregnant

women availed antenatal visits of which 62% had received three or more

antenatal clinic visits in India. Krishnatrey et.al. (2015) found similar trend in

their study that 90.66% received antenatal care, majority of them (43.35%) had

2 antenatal visits.


according to tetanus toxide vaccination taken

Tetanus Toxide

Vaccination

Taken

Government

Hospital

Private

Hospital Total

No. % No. % No. %

None 4 4.0 6 6.0 10 5.0

One 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

Two 96 96.0 94 94.0 190 95.0

Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0

2 =0.421 , df =1, p>0.05.

Above table 4.4.2 shows the distribution of subjects according to place of

delivery and tetanus toxide vaccination taken. Out of 200 pregnant women, the

majority of them (95.0%) had taken two doses of tetanus toxide vaccination and

remaining (5.0%) did not recieve vaccination of tetanus toxide.


majority of them (96.0%) had taken two doses of tetanus toxide vaccination and


[131]

remaining (4.0%) did not recieve any dose of tetanus toxide; while among the

100 pregnant women at private hospital, majority of them (94.0%) were taking

two doses of tetanus toxide vaccination and remaining (6.0%) did not recieve

any dose of tetanus toxide vaccination. Statistically, insignificant association

was observed regarding taking tetanus toxide vaccination with pregnant women

at government and private hospital (2

=0.421, df =1, p>0.05). Singh et.al.

(2009) observed more or less similar finding that receiving second dose of

tetanus toxoid or booster dose were about 78%.


according to consumption of iron tablets

Iron Tablets

Government

Hospital

Private

Hospital Total

No. % No. % No. %

None 4 4.0 6 6.0 10 5.0

30 7 7.0 0 0.0 7 3.5

60 7 7.0 1 1.0 8 4.0

90 28 28.0 13 13.0 41 20.5

90 & More 54 54.0 80 80.0 134 67.0

Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0

Mean 96.30 108.30 102.30

SD 32.94 29.67 31.32

t 2.707

p <0.05


[132]

Above table 3 indicates the distribution of subjects according to place of

delivery and consumption of iron tablets. Out of 200 pregnant women, majority

of them (67.0%) were consuming 90 and more iron tablets, followed by 20.5%

consuming 90 iron tablets and the minimum (3.5%) were consuming 30 iron

tablets during their pregnancy.


majority of them (54.0%) were consuming 90 and more iron tablets, followed

by 28.0% consuming 90 iron tablets and the minimum (4.0%) did not consume

any iron tablet; while among the 100 pregnant women at private hospital,

majority of them (80.0%) were consuming 90 and more iron tablets, followed

by 13.0% consuming 90 iron tablets and the minimum (1.0%) were consuming

60 iron tablets during their pregnancy.

The mean number of iron tablets was (102.30) among 200 subjects in the

present study. The mean number of iron tablets was more among pregnant

women at private hospital (108.30) as compared to pregnant women at

government hospital (96.30). Statistically, significant difference in mean

number of iron tablets was observed between the pregnant women at

government and private hospital (t =2.707, p <0.05). The present finding of the

study supported by Singh et.al. (2009) as they reported that about 73% of the

pregnant women received iron folic acid tablets during their pregnancy.


according to multi-nutrient supplements.

Multi-nutrient

Supplements

Government

Hospital

Private

Hospital Total


[133]

No. % No. % No. %

None 29 29.0 3 3.0 32 16.0

Pediasure 6 6.0 5 5.0 11 5.5

Mother’s Horliks 9 9.0 5 5.0 14 7.0

Mama’s Best 23 23.0 48 48.0 71 35.5

Protinex 10 10.0 21 21.0 31 15.5

Zefric Powder 17 17.0 17 17.0 34 17.0

Multivitamins 6 6.0 1 1.0 7 3.5

Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0

2 =38.636, df =6, p<0.05

Above table 4 suggests the distribution of subjects according to place of

delivery and multi-nutrient supplements. Out of 200 pregnant women, majority

of them (35.5%) were taking mama’s best as nutrient supplements, followed by

17.0% taking zefric powder and the minimum (3.5%) were taking multivitamins

as nutrient supplements.


majority of them (29.0%) did not take any multi-nutrient supplements, followed

by 23.0% taking mama’s best nutrient supplements and the minimum (6.0%)

each were taking pediasure and multivitamins as nutrient supplements

respectively; while among the 100 pregnant women at private hospital, majority

of them (48.0%) were taking mama’s best as nutrient supplements, followed by

21.0% taking protinex and the minimum (1.0%) were taking multivitamins as

nutrient supplements.Statistically significant association was observed regarding

the multi-nutrient supplements with pregnant women at government and private

hospital (2

=38.636, df =6, p <0.05).


[134]


according to type of work

Type of Work

Government

Hospital Private Hospital Total

No. % No. % No. %

Sedentary 34 34.0 56 56.0 90 45.0

Moderate 47 47.0 39 39.0 86 43.0

Heavy 19 19.0 5 5.0 24 12.0

Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0

2 =14.289, df =2, p<0.05.

Above table 5 indicates the distribution of pregnant women according to

place of delivery and type of work. Out of 200 pregnant women, majority of

them (45.0%) engaged in sedentary work, followed by 43.0% in moderate work

and the minimum (12.0%) engaged in heavy work.

Among the 100 pregnant women who had their delivery at government

hospital, majority of them (47.0%) engaged in moderate work, followed by

34.0% in sedentary work and the minimum (19.0%) engaged in heavy work;

while among the 100 pregnant women at private hospital, majority of them

(56.0%) engaged in sedentary work, followed by 39.0% in moderate work and

the minimum (5.0%) engaged in heavy work. Statistically, significant

association was observed regarding the type of work with pregnant women at

government and private hospitals (2

=14.289, df =2, p <0.05). Agarwal and

Agarwal (2004) observed that most of women were doing hard to moderate

physical activity.


[135]


according to exercise

Exercise

Government

Hospital

Private

Hospital Total

No. % No. % No. %

None 57 57.0 32 32.0 89 44.5

Morning Walk 26 26.0 38 38.0 64 32.0

Evening Walk 10 10.0 8 8.0 18 9.0

Yoga 7 7.0 19 19.0 26 13.0

Others 0 0.0 3 3.0 3 1.5

Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0

2 =18.033, df =4, p<0.05

Above table 6 reveals the distribution of pregnant women according to

place of delivery and exercise. Out of 200 pregnant women, majority of them

(44.5%) did not do any exercise, followed by (32.0%) doing morning walk and

the minimum (1.5%) did other exercise. Among 100 pregnant women delivered

at government hospital, majority of them (57.0%) did not do any exercise,

followed by (26.0%) doing morning walk and the minimum (7.0%) did yoga

exercise. While among the 100 pregnant women delivered at private hospital,

majority of them (38.0%) did morning walk, followed by (32.0%) no exercise

and the minimum (3.0%) did other exercise. Statistically, significant association

was observed regarding exercise with pregnant women delivered at government

and private hospital (2

=18.033, df =4, p <0.05).


[136]


according to regularity in exercise

Regularity in

Exercise

Government

Hospital

Private

Hospital Total

No. % No. % No. %

Regular 43 43.0 68 68.0 111 55.5

Irregular 57 57.0 32 32.0 89 44.5

Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0

2 =12.653, df =1, p<0.05

Above table 7 highlights the distribution of pregnant women according to

place of delivery and regularity in exercise. Out of 200 pregnant women, the

majority of them (55.5%) were regular in doing exercise and remaining (44.5%)

were irregular in doing exercise.

Among 100 pregnant women delivered at government hospital, majority

of them (57.0%) were irregular in doing exercise and remaining (43.0%) were

regular in doing exercise. While among the 100 pregnant women delivered at

private hospital, majority of them (68.0%) were irregular in doing exercise and

remaining (32.0%) were irregular in doing exercise. Statistically, significant

association was observed regarding regularity in exercise with pregnant women

delivered at government and private hospital (2

=12.653, df =1, p <0.05).

Conclusion:

On the basis of the results obtained from the present study it can be

concluded that Majority of pregnant mothers had four and more antenatal

checkup, recieved two doses of tetanus toxide and consumed 90 and more than

90 tablets of iron during their pregnancy. Most of the expecting mothers


[137]

consumed mama’s best as nutrient supplement .Thus antenatal care is a

important key factor for health of the mother and her baby.

Bibliography:

1. Agarwal, A. V. (2014). Human Touch. Surrogacy, 11(3), 23.

2. Agarwal Sonika and Agarwal Anika (2004). Blood pressure pattern in

undernourished pregnant women of rural Varanasi, Journal of Obstetric and

Gynaecology of India, 54(3), 1251-254.

3. Elhance, D.N. (2008). Fundamentals of statistics. Kitab Mahal, Allahabad:

3-11.

4. Harrington Kevin (2010). Antenatal Care. Retrieved from http://

www.pregnancy care.eu

5. Krishuatrey, M., Ahmed, S. and Sharma, K.D. (2015). A study of routine

antenatal care and its relationship with birth weight in Dimoria Block,

Kamrup District, Assam. Journal of Evidence based medicine and health

care, 2 (11), 1619-1624.

6. Singh, Mamta, Jain, Shashi and Chaudhary, Maya (2009). Dietary adequacy

of pregnant women of four district of Rajasthan, Jour. Hum. Ecol., 25(3),

164-165.

7. Singh, S. (2002). Antenatal care of pregnant women in India. Journal of

Community Medicine, 24 (3), 148-156.

8. World Health Organization (2003). Retrieved from http://www.who.in.


[138]

A Comparative Study of Life Style of Hypertensive and Non-

Hypertensive Young Adults in Agra District

Priyanka Sharma

Prof. Neeta Chopra

Abstract

This study was undertaken to describe the life style factor of hypertensive and

non-hypertensive young adults. Regarding life style practices it was observed that the

subjects with hypertension did not doing exercise and even if they were doing some

exercise, they were irregular. Hypertensive subjects changed their life style and were

prescribed exercise by the doctor, did not moderate work spent time for recreation.

Even after the onset of hypertension the condition can be controlled through

appropriate and good life style, so as to prevent further loss of health due to related

metabolic discuss like cardiovascular disease.

Introduction

Hypertension is high blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood

pushing against the walls of arteries as it flows through them. Arteries are the blood

vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s tissues. Classification

of Blood pressure for Indian Adults (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 2012).

As with the increase in blood pressure the incidence of heart attack also

increases. It left untreated, high blood pressure can result in serious health problems,

including damage to the heart and other organs. Therefore, the monitoring of blood

pressure is vital So that problems can be detected early. Following are normal blood

pressure ranges by age according to National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (2012)

standard classification of blood pressure for young adults are :-


[139]

Blood Pressure

Classification

Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg.)

Normal < 120 < 80

Pre hypertension 120-139 80-89

Stage-1 140-159 90-99

Stage-2 > 160 > 100

Life Style modifications

Adoption of healthy lifestyles by all persons in critical for the prevention of

high blood pressure and is an indispensable part of the management of those with

hypertension. Weight loss of as little as 4.5 Kg reduces BP and/or prevents

hypertension in a large proportion of overweight persons, through the ideal is to

maintain normal body weight. Blood pressure is also benefitedadoption of the dietary

approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) eating plan which is a diet rich in fruits,

vegetables and low fat dairy products with a reduced content of dietary cholesterol as

well as saturated and total fat (modification of whole diet), rich in potassium and

calcium content. Dietary sodium should be reduced to no more than 2.4 gm/dl.

Everyone who is able should engage in regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk

walking at least 30 minutes per day most days of the week. Alcohol intake should be

limited to no more than 30 ml of ethanol the equivalent of two drinks per day in most

men and no more than 0.5 0Z of ethanol (one drink) per day women and lighter

weight persons, drink 120Z of beer, 0.5 0z of wine and 1.5 oz of liquor life style

modification reduces BP, prevent or delay the incidence of hypertension, enhance

antihypertensive drug efficacy, and decrease cardio vascular risk. For example, in

some individuals, a 1,600 mg sodium DASH eating plan has BP effects similar to

single drug therapy. Combinations of two (or more) life style modifications can


[140]

achieve even better results. For overall cardiovascular risk reduction, Patients should

be strongly counseled to quit smoking.

Life Style Modifications to Prevent Hypertension

Modification Recommendation

Approximate

systolic Blood

pressure Reduction

Weight Reduction Maintain normal body weight (BMI 18.5-

24.91 g/m2.

5-20 mm Hg/10kg.

Adopt DASH

eating plan

Consume a diet rich in fruits veg. and low

fat dairy products with a reduced content

ofsaturated and total fat.

8-14 mm Hg.

Dietary Sodium

reduction

Reduced dietary sodium intake to no more

than 2.4 gm/day and sodium or 6 gm.

Sodium chloride

2-8 mm Hg.

Physical activity Engage in regular aerobic physical activity

such as brisk walking (at least) 30 Min.

per day most day of the week.

4-9 mm Hg.

Moderation of

alcohol

consumption

Limit consumption to no more than 2

drinks (eg. 240z beer 10 oz whiskey) per

day in most men and to no more than 1

drink per day in women and lighter weight

persons


[141]

Objective

To assess the life style of hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects.

Methodology

Multistage stratified systematic random sampling technique was used for the

selection of the sample for the present study.

Out of 86 districts in U.P., One district namely Agra was selected purposively

in the first stage as it was convenient to the researcher. Agra district is divided in to

rural and urban areas. Out of these areas, urban area was selected randomly in the

second stage. Agra Urban consists of twenty seven hospitals out of them one hospital

namely Shree Gopal Hospital, One OPD namely cardiology was selected randomly in

fourth stage. About 1500 patients aged 21-40 years and having hypertension visiting

in the cardiology OPD. Out of these patients, 10% of them were selected

systematically in the 5th stage. Thus 150 hypertensive patients aged 21-40 years of

both sex were the unit of information in the present study.

In non-hypertensive groups having the same age and sex that of study group of

150 subjects were selected, Thus 300 respondents (150 respondents suffering from

hypertension and 150 non-hypertension formed the unit of information for the present

study.

Interview method

Interview method is in a sense the foundation upon which all other elements

rests, for it is the data gathering device. The type of interview used by the investigator

was research individual. The subjects were asked for their dietary and life style

pattern.

Interview may be defined as “A face to face interpersonal role situation in

which one person is interviewed the questions were designed to obtain answers

pertaining to the purpose of the research problem.”

Interview method was adopted to gain general and spicify information about

the subjects each of them was personally interviewed by the investigator herself.


[142]

Results and Discussion :

Table 1 : Distribution of hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects according

to changes in life style.

Change in life

Style

Hypertensive Non-Hypertensive

No. % No. %

Yes 89 59.33 6 4.00

No 61 40.67 144 96.00

Total- 150 100.00 150 100.00

x2 = 106.121, df = 1, P<0.05

Abovetable reveals the distribution of hypertensive and non-hypertensive

subjects according to change in life style. Among the hypertensive respondents

majority of them (59.33%) changed their life style and remaining (40.67%) did not

make change in their life style. While among the non-hypertensive subjects, majority

of them (96.00%) did not make changes in their life style and remaining (4.00%)

changed their life style. Statistically, significant difference regarding change in life

style was observed between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects (P<0.05).


to type of work.

Type of work Hypertensive Non-Hypertensive

No. % No. %

Sedentary 58 38.67 35 23.33

Moderate 90 60.00 102 68.00

Heavy 2 1.33 13 8.67

Total- 150 100.00 150 100.00

x2 = 14.505, df = 2, P<0.05

Above table shows the distribution of hypertensive and non-hypertensive

subjects according to type of work. Among the hypertensive respondents, majority of

them (60.00%) were engaged in moderate work, followed by 38.67% sedentary work.

While among the non-hypertensive respondents majority of them (68.00%) were


[143]

engaged in moderate work, followed by 23.33% sedentary work and the minimum

(8.67%) were engaged in heavy work.

Statistically, significant association regarding type of work was observed

between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects (x2 = 14.505, df = 2, P<0.05).


to working hours per day

Working

hours per day


No. % No. %

1-2 5 3.33 0 0.00

3-4 21 14.00 18 12.00

5-6 46 30.67 60 40.00

7-8 50 33.33 34 22.67

9-10 28 18.67 38 25.33

Total- 150 100.00 150 100.00

Above table expresses the distribution of hypertensive and non-hypertensive

subjects according to working hours per day. Among the hypertensive respondents,

majority of them (33.33%) spent 78 hours per day and the minimum 3.33% spent 1-2

hours per day in work.

While among the non-hypertensive respondents, majority of them (40.00%)

spent 5-6 hours per day in work, followed by 25.33% 9-10 hours per day and the

minimum (12.00%) spent 3-4 hours per day in work.


to number of sleeping hours per day.

Number of sleeping

hours per day


No. % No. %

5 8 5.33 9 6.00

6 35 23.33 30 20.00

7 45 30.00 39 26.00

8 38 25.34 52 34.67


[144]

9 24 16.00 20 13.33

Total- 150 100.00 150 100.00

x2 = 3.413, df = 4, P>0.05

Above table indicates the distribution of hypertensive and non-hypertensive

subjects according to numbers of sleeping hours per day. Among the hypertensive

respondents, majority of them (30.00%) slept for 7 hours per day, followed by 25.34%

8 hours and the minimum (5.33%) slept 5 hours per day.


slept for 8 hours per day, followed by 26.00% 7 hours and the minimum (6.00%) slept

for 5 hours per day. Statistically significant association regarding sleeping hours was

observed between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects (x2 = 3.413, df = 4,

P>0.05).


to hours spent for recreation per day.

Hours spent for

recreation per day


No. % No. %

1 30 20.00 35 23.33

2 49 32.67 42 28.00

3 67 44.67 54 36.00

4 4 2.66 19 12.67

Total- 150 100.00 150 100.00

x2 = 12.12, df = 3, P<0.05

Above table highlights the distribution of hypertensive and non-hypertensive

subjects according to time spend for recreation per day. Among the hypertensive

respondents, majority of them (44.67%) spent 3 hours for recreation per day, followed

by 32.67% 2 hours and the minimum (2.66%) spent 4 hours for recreation per day.


spent 3 hours for recreation per day, followed by 28.00% 2 hours and the minimum

(12.67%) spent 4 hours for recreation per day. Statistically, significant difference


[145]

regarding hours spend for recreation was observed between hypertensive and non-

hypertensive subjects.

(x2 = 12.102, df = 3, P<0.05).


to change in exercise schedule.

Change in Exercise Hypertensive Non-Hypertensive

No. % No. %

Yes 82 54.67 16 10.67

No 68 45.33 134 89.33

Total 150 100.00 150 100.00

x2 = 66.013, df = 1, P<0.05


subjects according to change in exercise schedule. Among the hypertensive

respondents, majority of them (54.67%) showed change exercise schedule where as

remaining (45.33%) did not change in exercise schedule. While among the non-

hypertensive respondents, majority of them (89.33%) did not make any find change in

exercise schedule where as remaining (10.67%) were found to make change in their

exercise schedule was observed between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects

(P<0.05).


to exercise done.

Exercise Done Hypertensive Non-Hypertensive

No. % No. %

Yes 89 59.33 90 60.00

No 61 40.67 60 40.00

Total- 150 100.00 150 100.00

x2 = 0.138, df = 1, P>0.05


[146]


subjects according to exercise (Yoga/walking + aerobics) done. Among the

hypertensive respondents, majority of them (59.33%) did exercise and remaining

(40.67%) did not do any exercise.

While among the non-hypertensive respondents, majority of them (60.00%) did

exercise and remaining (40.00%) did not do any exercise.

Statistically, insignificant difference regarding exercise done was observed

between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects (x2 = 0.138, df = 1, P>0.05).


to regularity in exercise done.

Regularity in

Exercise done


No. % No. %

Regular 25 28.09 71 78.88

Irregular 64 71.91 19 21.12

Total- 89 100.00 90 100.00

x2 = 46.428, df = 1, P<0.05

Above table reveals the distribution of hypertensive and non-hypertensive

subjects according to regularity in exercise done. Among the hypertensive

respondents, majority of them (71.91%) were irregular in doing exercise and

remaining (28.09%) were regular. While among the non-hypertensive respondents,

majority of them (78.88%) were regular in doing exercise and remaining (21.12%)

were irregular.

Statistically, significant difference regarding regularity in exercise was

observed between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects.

(x2=46.428, df=1, P<0.05).


[147]


to type of exercise

Type of Exercise Hypertensive Non-Hypertensive

No. % No. %

Walking 47 52.81 39 43.3

Yoga 36 40.45 35 38.89

Aerobics 6 6.74 16 17.78

Total- 89 100.00 90 100.00

x2= 5.301, df = 2, P>0.05

Above table indicates the distribution of hypertensive and non-hypertensive

subjects according to type of exercise done. Among the hypertensive respondents,

majority of them (52.81%) were doing walking in exercise, followed by 40.45% Yoga

and minimum (6.74%) were doing aerobics exercise.


were doing walking exercise, followed by 38.89% Yoga and the minimum (17.78%)

were doing aerobics.

Bibliography

1. M.C. Navarra, Doman, “Obesity behind rise in incidence of primary

hypertension family practice news april 1, 2003, 45-51.

2. Mehta, A (2012), 72% of Urban Indians have unhealthy hearts. Indian Journal

of cardiology, 32, 115-120.

3. National institute of Nutrition (NIN) (2000). Fibrinogen in coronary artery

disease. Annual report, Hyderabad, XV, 185.

Conclusion:

“A comparative study of life style of hypertensive and non-hypertensive young

adults” was conducted in Agra district. On the basis of the results obtained from

present study, the following conclusion can be drawn.

Majority of the hypertensive respondents were found less conscious about

physical exercises (like Yoga, Walking, Aerobics etc.)as compared to non-


[148]

hypertensive subjects. Some of them were not doing any physical exercise even if they

were doing some exercise, they were not regular. While after getting complications

due to bad life style, some of the hypertensive subjects tried to change their life style

as prescribed by the doctors, did moderate work spent time for recreation.

Thus it can be concluded that the life style factors are positively associated

with hypertension. Therefore it is suggested that although hereditary plays on major

role in occurrence of hypertension yet careful management in the life style can prevent

the conditions, even after the onset of hypertension the conditions can be controlled

through appropriate and good life style.


[149]

Individual Versus Society of The Twentieth Century

Dr.Alkesh Singh, Agra

Man is a social animal and a rational being. He acts in society in relation to his

fellow beings in pursuing both individual and common ends. One cannot understand

man without his social relations. Being a part of its social structure, man needs a sense

of belonging for his satisfaction. When this needed sense of belonging is lost for some

reasons or the other, man suffers from a feeling of insecurity, loss of confidence and

discontent.

A society is the larger group to which any individual belongs. Society is the

union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which associating

individuals are bound together. Society can also be looked upon as a process, as a

series of interactions between human beings, each person stimulating another person

and responding to the stimuli from the other person. No social life is possible without

such interactions. The interactions with others may lead to co-operation as well as to

conflict. While co-operation is the process of working together for commonly

accepted ends, conflicts arise when there is a struggle between rivals for recognition.

Besides, there is the process of competition between the two interacting persons or

groups when they strive to attain the same goods, services or recognition. Thus,

interactions lead to uniformities as well as diversities, so that while there are many

similarities between the individuals in a group, whether it is a family neighbourhood

or a national group, there are also many diversities. Thus, the whole society and each

group in the society can be viewed as the manifestation of the social processes

between the interacting members. According to the new Encyclopaedia Britannica:

Society is a group of human beings bound together for self-

maintenance and self-perpetuation and sharing their own institutions and

culture. The concept denotes continuity and large scale complex social

relations with both sexes and all age groups involved.


[150]

Society is viewed as a natural boundary, maintaining systems of all human

actions. Man is social by nature. Firstly, his nature is such that he cannot afford to live

alone. No human being is known to have normally developed in isolation. Human

nature develops in man only when he lives in society and shares a common life with

his fellow beings. Society is something which fulfils a vital need in man’s

constitution. Secondly, man lives in society because necessity compels him to. Many

of his needs will remain unsatisfied if he does not have the co-operation of his fellow

beings. He is totally dependent for his survival upon the existence of some sort of

society. The importance of society for physical and mental development is obvious.

The need of self-preservation, which is felt by every being makes a man social.

Therefore, it is not due to his nature alone but also due to his necessities that man lives

in society. Lastly, for his mental and intellectual development man lives in society.

Society Preserves culture and transmits it to succeeding generations. Thus, society

fulfils not only physical needs but also determines a man’s mental equipments.

Man is bound to follow the set rules and traditions in order to exist in society

which he can not avoid. He is dependent on the society for protection, comfort,

nurture, education, opportunity and the multitude of definite services which society

provides. Further, for the content of his thoughts, dreams aspirations even many of the

maladies of mind and body, man is dependent on society. His birth brings with it

absolute need of society itself. Society is an organisation that liberates and limits the

activities and behaviour of men. It also sets up standards for him to follow and

maintain. Society is an ever changing, complex system consisting of a web of social

relationships.

Individual is a product of society. Every individual is the offspring of a social

relationship between man and woman. The individual is neither beginning nor end,

but a link in the succession of life. Society is more than a necessary environment,

more than the soil in which individuals are nurtured. The individual is born to a

society the processes of which determine his heredity and parts of which become in

time his internal mental equipment, not merely an external possession. Society both


[151]

liberates and limits man’s potentialities as individuals and moulds their attitudes,

beliefs, morals and ideals. Without society individual’s personality cannot come into

being. It is a fundamental condition for the development of individuality. Society is

responsible for the growth of the self and that human nature develops in man only

when he is a social man and one of many men sharing a common life.

Individuals belong to society as the cells belong to the organism. He occupies

an important place in the society. It is the individual’s contribution to society that

plays an important role in the growth and development of society. A number of

individuals together form society. The only centre of activity, feeling function and

purpose are individual selves. The only society is one in which these selves are bound

together, through time and space, by the relations of each to each which they

themselves create or inherit. The only experience is the experience of the individual. It

is only in the light of their struggle, interests, aspirations, hopes and fears that assign

any function and goal to society. And conversely it is only because they are a part of

society that individuals are endowned with interest, aspirations and goals. The

relationship between individual and society is not one sided. Both are essential for the

comprehension of either. Society and individual each is essentially dependent on one

another.

Thus, the understanding of individual and society, is the understanding of

relationship, a relationship involving those processes that operate between man and

man and between man and group in the constantly changing pattern of social life. As

Maclver and Charles H. Page writes:

Society with all the traditions, the institutions, the equipment it

provides is a great changeful order of social life, arising from the

physical as well as the physical needs of the individual, an order

wherein human beings are born and fulfill themselves with whatever

limitations, and wherein they transmit to coming generations the

requirements of living.


[152]

A social change on the whole changes the way of life, pattern of behaviour and

the very set up of society. As Maclver says:

It is soon apparent that social change is a process responsible

for many types of changes, changes in the man-made conditions of

living, changes in the attitudes and beliefs of men and changes that go

beyond human control to the biological and physical nature of things.

Social change is a law of society and is also inevitable. In the Indian society

changes have occurred rapidly in the political system, occupational structure, culture

and religion. In the families and in the attitude and approach of an individual change

can also be observed.

In the Indian society the traces of transformation of man, society and social

relationships were witnessed in the nineteenth century. Its pace got accelerated in the

Post-independence Era due to various unavoidable factors. Owing to the tactical rule

of the British, India became susceptible to changes in various walks of life. The

various social, political and economic factors like industrialization, urbanization,

scientific advancement alongwith the influence of Western culture were responsible

for transformation at various levels in India.

Modern Indian society is very complex and complicated one. It has shrunk in

spirit languishing in confusion, disintegration, frustration and tension. Life has

become indefinitely vast without any proper inter linkage to hold it together from

falling apart. Man in the modern society is torn asunder by dual code of behaviour. He

lives by treachery, cowardice, hypocrisy and opportunism. There is a conflict between

tradition and modernity. There is also clash between traditional and modern ideas,

values and customs. Marriage has become increasingly unstable and the more

functions are being performed inadequately. Youngsters revolt against the set rules of

the elders. In the name of progress man has become spiritually impoverished. He has

become self centered and selfish. Competition has reduced him to the level of a mere

economic man, whose interests and thoughts are confined to himself only. Changes


[153]

have not only affected the individual but they have changed the structure of the family

also. On the whole the ways of living of the man in the modern society have changed.

The twentieth century has been an age of great spiritual stress and strain. It is

an age of disillusionment and disintegration of a generation. Modern man is passing

through a critical juncture of the Modern age. A tremendous change has been marked

in the Indian society in the twentieth century. The changing ethos often makes

increasing and disturbing demands on the individuals. The individuals victory over the

material things has turned the world civilization into a tragedy. The more the

individual has the more destitute he becomes. Despite his so many havings: worldly

position and power, yet he has neither peace within nor calm around. Individual is the

victim of the society and the social changes George Santayana writes, Society is like

the air, necessary to breathe but insufficient to live on.

The twentieth century has also been regarded as the Age of alienation. Due to

the fast changing value system and the impact of modernization the individual suffers

from feeling of alienation. The term alienation is derived from the Latin term

‘alieniere’ meaning “to avoid” Encyclopaedia Britannica defines alienation as:

A term which implies personal powerlessness, meaninglessness,

homelessness, cultural estrangement, social isolation or self

estrangement

Alienation implies moving away from others or being separated from the

group. In other words, it is a term applied loosely to situations in the contemporary

world, in which people feel alienated from the society. Lack of solidarity may be said

to indicate alienation. A feeling of alienation could be anything. Some people who

live far from their family feel alienated, both physically and emotionally due to alien

surroundings. But the same people might, also feel alienated at home due to different

reasons together. Alienation is present between the person and his life and also

between the person and social institutions. Alienation is a feeling of estrangement,

when man starts feeling isolated from the society as well as from his self. Changes in


[154]

the family organizations, the meaning of work and the work roles open to people, have

combined to create a feeling of meaninglessness. It is a feeling that envelops the

alienated person when he cannot comprehend what is happening to him and what to

believe. Susheel Kumar Sharma writes:

In the modern world of growing hostility, mechanization,

urbanization changing values, depersonalization, disorganization,

self-misgivings, delusions, rootlessness, discontent, psychological and

other maladjustments, alienation has become a part of life

There are two different kinds of alienation, social alienation and self alienation.

Social alienation means the sense of estrangement brought out by the sudden

discovery that the social system is either oppressive or incomplete with their desires

and ideals. Whereas self alienation however means the loss of contact of the

individual selves with any inclination or desires that are not in agreement with the

prevailing social patterns as a result of which the individuals are forced to manipulate

in accordance with the social demands or feels incapable of controlling their actions.

Alienation also includes a variety of phycho-social disorders such as the loss of self,

despair, loneliness, pessimism and anxiety. Yogendra Singh writes, alienated

individuals are “lonely men” moving in “lonely crowds” Individuals are alienated not

only from the basic institution’s but from their own self identity also.

The pull of social conventions, economic conditions, cultural changes created

tension in the mind of the individual. Under such conditions individual suffers from a

inner problem of isolation, frustration and purposelessness of life, which is clearly

noticed in the alienation from one’s self and from the society.

Individuals also undergo a condition of anxiety, depression, restlessness and

mental sufferings and they consequently long for a state of harmony and spiritual

calm.

Rootlessness which creates a sense of aloneness is another problem which the

individual faces today. He suffers not only froth war, persecution, famine but from


[155]

problem of randomness and meaninglessness in his way of existence. The individuals

feel misfit and they find themselves lonely and rootless in the society in which they

have to live and face pathlessness. They feel divided in their soul and hopelessly lost..

In the modern Indian society the individual has become a mere machine, an

automation. His life has become mechanical. He fails to perceive today the Very

meaning behind his life. He feels uprooted with no purpose of existence.

When the individual losses faith in the existing values, he wanders through the

mazes of his existence. He starts looking for a place which he can call his own, and

not feel self estranged, socially isolated and culturally uprooted. These questions, who

am I? where have I come from ? where do I belong ? disturb him. Hence a search

begins for the answers that he is seeking. The individual can either try and adjust to

others, to the society, to the systems, giving up his true self or he may strive to keep

and develop his individuality. The individual can find his true self through love,

selfless action, sense of commitment and faith in God.

Man’s interaction with society has been the perennial theme in literature since

time immemorial. Indian novelists writing in English have made significant efforts

and persistently dealt with the individual's predicament in society. The protagonists of

novelists like Anita Desai and Shashi Deshpande face the traumas of social changes in

society which lead to the search for individuality and meaning of life.

References

1. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 30 Vols-9 eds. Encyclopaedia Britannica

Inc., 1973., p. 315.

2. Maclver, R.M. and Charlaes. H, Page, Society : An Introductory Analysis, Delhi:

Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., 2001 . p. 49

3. Maclver, R.M. and H. Charales. Page, Society An Introductory Analysis, Delhi:

Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., 2001, p. 630.

4. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 30-Vols-15eds. Encyclopaedia Britannica

Inc, 1973, P. 243.


[156]

5. Sharma, Susheel Kumar, “The Strange Case of Billy Biswas : A Psychograph of

an Alienated Hero,” in The Novels of Arun Joshi, R.K. Dhawan, ed. New Delhi:

Prestige Books, 1992, PP. 162-163.

6. Singh, Yogendra, Cultural Changes in India : Identity and Globalization, Jaipur

Rawat Publication, 2000, p. 222.

7. Ibid., p. 222.

8. Ibid., p. 23.

9. K.R.S. Iyenger, Indian Writings in English, Bombay: Asia Publishing House,

1993, P. 514


[157]

Place of Self In the Poetry of Kamala Das

Dr. Gyanendra Singh Pundhir

A major Indian woman poet in' English Kamala Das, who can be

parallely introduced with her own words:-

I am Indian, very brown, born in

Malabar, I speak three languages, write in

Two, dream in one................

I had a house in Malabar.................

What I narrate are the ordinary events of an ordinary life. She unbars her

soul and self in her poetry. But she says with confidence that she is every

woman and what she feels, what she thinks, is universal. She is a poet who was

able to move beyond the socio cultural confines that kept other woman

domesticated and Invisible. Such an exceptional woman forced a re-vision of

seemingly stable social relations and roles for woman, there work etc. The work

of such woman like Kamala Das possesses a power to enable the readers to

reread the social relations and to participate in a revolution of consciousness1.

Kamala Das in her poem expresses her ideas against arranged marriages

which are usually inspired by the parent's conveniences more than those of the

couples. In such situation life of the life partners becomes a treasure of sorrow.

Except for physical contact, it offers no emotional contact between the man and

woman. The fullness of life through ‘the sexual fulfillment2, has completely

evaded her. She asks a question in complete despair-

Who can

Help us who have lived so long

And have failed in love?


[158]

As Nissim seeks ‘self-within the self’ Kamala Das also reflects that the

grand mother had been a source of affection and inspiration to her. But her

death rendered her sorrow-stricken. The house looked deserted, she felt lonely

and depressed. During her serious illness the nervous break down in the noisy

city of Bombay she had taken shelter in Malabar and was nursed back to perfect

health by her grand mother. She expresses her feelings by saying.

Pick an armful of

Darkness to bring it here to lie.

Behind my bedroom door like a brooding

Dog I lived in such a house and

was proud, and loved...............

In chapter 33 of ‘My story’ also she writers, “After the sudden death of

my grand- uncle and then that of my dear grand mother the old Nalapat House

was locked up and its servants disbanded. The windows were shut, gently as the

eyes of the dead are shut. My parents look my great grand mother to the house

called ‘Sarvodaya’ where she occupied noiselessly the eastern bedroom on the

ground floor, shaded by the tall mango trees through the leaves of which was

visible the old beloved house3.

Woman carries the name imposed by family or by society Kamala stands

boldly to question it. Why should a lady have a name given by someone else?

Why can’t she have her own existence? In ‘spoiling the Name’ she asks-

Why? why should I remember or bear

That sweet sounding names, pinned to

Me, a medal undeservingly

Gained..............you ask me of


[159]

Reference :

1. Sharma, M.L., Kamla Das P. 12 (A Punjab University Publication –

Correspondence course Directorate)

2. My story : An Autobiography by Kamala Das, Ch. 33, Pg. 147-48.

3. An Anthology of Indian Literature. Ed. J.B. Alphonso Karkala

(Harmonsworth, Penguin Books Ltd. 1971), Page. 292.

4. A.K. Ramanujan, The Collected Poems (Delhi : Oxford University Press,

1995, Page 121.


[160]

Nature is Blissful Experience: In Life and Death

Manju Singh Research Scholar, English

Wisdom and Spirit of Universe!

Thou soul that art the eternity of thought

And giv’st to form image a breath

And everlasting motion

William Wordsworth the great poet1 of nature, addressed nature as spirit and wisdom.

Why should not lie?

According to Wordsworth – Nature has treasure of beautiful and vital influence but we get

little from nature.

Emily Dickinson calls – Nature a juggler.

Coleridge Consider, “Nature is neither beautiful nor ugly.

Browning looks, “Nature for science setting image and symbol, nature is an infinite treasure

of images beauty, ugliness and colour.”

Arnold baid, “Nature is law and law of all mind.”

According to Shelly, “Nature is source of perfect joy.” The man, therefore, can never be

happy without nature. There is an inseparable link between nature and man. Nature is the

source of perfect power “Winter is warm, humid air. Yet soft as spring, “So we can get

perfect skill, perfect art and perfect joy.2

Nature is filled with river, hills icy rocks, beautiful flowers and fruits with honey and

sweet, nimble deer, thick forest, beautiful birds and lake etc. so nature had been the subject

matter of Wordsworth, Keats, Coleridge and Shelly as well.

Hearing the melodeous sound of nightingale the poet says –

Beautiful must be the mountain whence ye come.

The bright in the fruitful valley

The stream, wherform ye learn your song.3

Modern people also hear the music of waves in English channel. Sophoclese, the great

dramatist used to sit hours at sea – share, Acglean sea. The rise and fall of sea inspired him to

understand the complex nature of human destiny. That is a mixture of joy and sorrow. Nature

makes thoughtful to human miseries, philosophy of nature enables to think deeply through

mind because man is a part of nature.


[161]

Nature has music such as rustling sound of leaves in the wind. Chirping of birds in the

morning, the sound of battles, cricket and roaches. The roar of waves so enchanted to the

listeners. “I have heared the coockoo’s parting cry from Westfield through the next garden

tree come with the volleying rain and tossing breeze.”

Nature has floating cloud, dancing revolt, beauty born murmuring sound and vital

field of delight as well as sea, waves that enchanted to the listeners.

Nature gave defending power to all the creature either, as jaw and claws, hood and

stings, mind and mindsets, nature gives life and death too. Nature filled this earth with eating

stuff. If we use thse things to satisfy our belly, over eating can worse our physical system too.

This suggests that the thing that can make our lives, that can mar our life too. If we use

natural things in a large scale, they may be harmful for us. We can take joy but not excess

joy. Excess of everything is harmful. Nature gave us things to use but not to misuse. Ice is

useful and harmful both. Similarly, it is about the fire.

Today in this era of destruction, we should need the education of nature. Everything is

important in nature even a poisonous thing. Poets compared human activity to the natural

activity as wandering like floating clouds. Bending like wellow. Beautiful checks are

compared to rose.

Elenry L. (Derozeo) compared the students’ opening mind to the petal of young

flowers. Expanding like the petal of young flowers. I watch the opening of your mind.

Somewhere emassed5 of snow can be seen as help of salt and somewhere is nothing.

Huge creeper can be seen embracing the huge trees. Natural music can be heared such

horripiting as death. The thing that gives us life, can abolish us.

Materialistic can bring no piece while nature loving can make happy and joy because

nature gives lively impact and powerful intell. “But off in lovely room and mid in the din of

town and cities. I have owed to them, in the hour of our weariness, sensation, sweet felt in the

blood along in the heart.”

Man get little from them. So no pretty sight6 of nature touch the heart of wealth

seeking person. Nature has in her store great beauty and great influence. Nature possess such

feeling as joy and sorrow “deep water of joy we see into our life of thing.”

Teeming the life, song of birds multicolored7 splendour and fragrance of flowers in

the forest “Roses that down the alleys shines for open, jasmine muffled lattice.”


[162]

Rapid growth of industrialization gave birth to new problem like congestion, shortage

of house, crime of sese craze. The society became more and individuals and selfish. All that

problem directly affected public morality and an atmosphere of moral perplexity and

industrialization which increase modernization.

“The city had swallowed the green maidan which stretched from the old fort wall to

the river bank.” Oscer wildie writes in her story ‘Selfish giant’ that when giant fell dead, the

while flowers of tree fell down to cover his body as if it were his coffin and only in the

hidden brook side gleam primroses orphans of the flowering prime.10

Reference :

1. William Wordsworth : The poem ‘Influence of natural object, Line 1-4

2. Mathew Arnold : Thyris : Stanza 2 line 6-7

3. Robert Bridge : Nightingale line 1-4

4. Mathew Arnold : Thyris stanza 6 line 7-9

5. Henry L. Derozeo : To the pupil line 1-2

6. Wordsworth : Tintern abby line No. 25-29

7. Wordsworth : Tintern abby line No. 48-50

8. Mathew Arnold : Thyrsis stanza 7

9. Ruskin Bond : Kite maker

10. Mathew Arnold : Thyrsis stanza 12 line No. 9-10


[163]

History of Indian English Literature

Ritu Yadav

Abstract :

As a matter of fact, Indian Writing in English has a very recent history, which is one

and half century old. Britishers ruled India for 150 years. During British rule in India. India

and England had dealt with each other in trade, military and political affairs. During this

period, England acquired wealth and empire of India. India, in return, got English language

and the concept of constitutional Government. From the historical perspective, Indian English

Literature has passed through several phases such as Indo-Anglian, Indo-English, Indian

Writing in English and recently Indian English literature. Inspite of its diverse cultures, races

and religions Indian Writing in English has successfully recaptured and reflected the multi-

cultural, multilingual society. As a result, it has aroused a good deal of interest at home and

abroad also. The works of various writers get not only a vast category of readers, but also

receive a vast critical acclaim.

Introduction :

Many Indian writers have choosen English as a medium of expression and left a great

impact on different forms, of literature. For example Toni Dun, Pandita Ramabai Saraswati,

Sri Aurobindo, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Mull: Raj Anand, R. K. Narayan, Raja

Rao, Nissim Ezekiel, Nayantara Sahgal, Kamala Das, Jayant Mahapatra, Anita Dcsai, Bharati

Mukherjee, Salman Rushdie, Shashi Deshpande, and some recent Indian writers such as

Arundhati Roy; Kiran Desai, Arvind Adiga, Chetan Bhagat and many others. They have been

using English to represent the Indian culture and spirit. In this connection, the remarks of

Randolph Quirk and Raja Rao are worth quoting. Quirk rightly remarks that English is-not

the private property of the Englishmen.

Indian Writing in English expresses a shared tradition, cultural experiences and Indian

heritage. Early Indian writers have used many Indian words and the experiences throughout

their works of art. R. K. Narayan has created Malgudi similar to Thomas Hardy’s Wessex


[164]

Nirad C. Chudhary is famous for his The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (1951). As

figured out by Reddy Venkata K. and Reddy Bayapa P. these writers do comment on the

social issues like: “superstitions, casteism, poverty, illiteracy and many other social evils that

were eating the vitals of Indian society” Salman Rushdie is the most notable among all the

Indian writers in English. His Midnight's Children (1980) won the Booker Prize in 1981.We

know Shashi Tharoor for his The Great Indian Novel (1989), Bharati Mukherjee author of

Jasmine (1989) has spent her career on the issues involving immigration and identity. Vikram

Seth is known for his novel A Suitable Boy (1994). Other remarkable writers include

Khushwant Singh, Anita Desai, Shashi Deshpande, Amitav Ghosh, Bharati Kirchner,

Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai, Jhumpa Lahiri, C. R. Krishnan, Vikas Swarup, Chetan Bhagat,

Arvind Adiga and others. Chitra Bancrjee Divakaruni is well known for her unique literary

creations like Arranged Marriage (1996), The Mistress of Spices (1997), Queen of Dreams

(2004) One Amazing Thing (2011), The Oleander Girl (2013) and others.

Indian Writing in English has witnessed few controversies in its evolvement. It has to

prove itself on the grounds of superiority and inferiority compared to literature produced in

other Indian languages. It has also witnessed accusations of being superficial, imitative,

shallow etc. Indian writers in English have also been criticized of being not real socio-

cultural ambassadors of India. They have been said to get themselves uprooted from the

authentic Indian sense. However, the new generation of Indian writers in English has handled

the wide range of themes and the subject matters. Shashi Deshpande, Shobha De, Arundhati

Roy, Kiran Desai, Chetan Bhagat, Arvind Adiga and Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni have

written on variety of themes. For these writers English is a medium of expression of their

creative urge, through which they can reach to the international readers.

Indian English Prose

The use of English for the exposition of Indian views has opened up new gateways of

the interpretation of Indian scenario. Raja Ram Mohan Roy an advocate of English education

was the first Indian to write prose in English. Mahatma Gandhi’s writing was marked by

simplicity, pointedness, and clarity of thought, which are the essential attributes of a good


[165]

prose. His The Story of My Experiments with Truth (1940) is a great work. Jawaharlal

Nehru's principal works include Glimpses of World History (1934), Autobiography: Towards

Freedom (1936) and Discovery of India (1946). Dr. Radhakrishnan, a great writer and

philosopher expressed philosophical thoughts. Swami Vivekananda's speeches and writing

spread over the volumes. Other legendary thinkers like Keshab Chunder Sen, Madan Mohan

Malaviya, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Ravindranath Tagore and Dayanand Saraswati, the

founder of the Arya Samaj have contributed for social, educational and religious reform

through their works.

Indian English Poetry

The history of Indian English poetry began in 1830 with Kashiprasad Ghosh.

However, Henry Derozio (1827) was considered the earliest Indian English poet. His The

Shair and Other Poems (1830) found a place in literary history of India. Michal

Madhusudhan Dutt's (1824-1872) two long poems, The Captive Lady and Vision of Past

(1849) are worth noting. Manmohan Ghose an elder brother of Sri. Aurobindo wrote his Love

Songs and Elegies in 1898.

Toru Dutt (1856-1877) is the first Indian poetess in English. She wrote a good deal of

poetry in which she has represented Indian traditions in a foreign language. She has to her

credit A Sheaf Gleamed in French Fields (1880) a volume of French poetry that she

translated into English. Sri. Aurobindo was a genius who worked on prose poetry and drama.

His Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (1995) is an epic in 12 hooks. It is about an individual

who overcomes ignorance, suffering, and death in the world through her spiritual quest.

Sarojini Naidu (1879-1940) the 'Nightingale of India' has been considered the most

prominent poetess of the colonial period. Three volumes of her poetry, The Golden Threshold

(1905), The Bird of Time (1912) and The Broken Wing (1917) ranks her among the notable

writers. This series is further carried on by Ravindranath Tagore a great poet, dramatist,

novelist, a storyteller and famous educationalist. He has translated Gitanjali (1910), a

collection of poems in Benuali, into English. Tagore has created 'strong women' in his works


[166]

like Ghare-Baire (1916) but penetrated submissive behaviour for women in his prose

writings.

Reference :

1. Rao Raja : (1974) „Kanthapura‟ with an introduction by C.D.Narsimhaiah, Calcutta :

OUP.

2. Ali S.M. : (2010)„Contemporary Indian Writers‟, Jaipur Mark Publishers.

3. Asnani Shyam M. :( 1985) „Critical Responses to Indian English Fiction‟, Delhi :Mittal

Publications,.

4. Awasthi, K.N. : (1993)„Contemporary Indian English Fiction : An Anthology of Essays,

Jalandhar : ABS Publications.

5. Badal, R.K. : (1975)„Indo-Anglian Literature‟, Bareilly: PBD.

6. Bakhtiar Iqbal (ed.) :( 1964) „The Novel in Modern India : The P.E.N.‟, Bombay : All

India Centre.

7. Basvaraj Naikar : (2002)„Indian English Literature‟, New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers.


[167]

Glimpses of Indian English Literature

Vikash Sharma

Abstract

The beginning of English education and knowledge of English literature and science

through the medium of English language offered a fresh fillip to the growth and expansion of

English in India. In the modern times, the contribution of India has been basically through

the Indian English literature and novelists are considered to be the forerunner in this respect.

A sizeable number of Indian novelists and writers on the literary horizon, have given vent to

their creative urge in no other language than English and earned credulity to established

Indian fiction as a prime force in the world of fiction.

Indian English literature has been an outcome of change, it has also become the

perennial source of the consciousness and conscience of that change. The vast orbit of

assimilation and inclusion pertaining to Indian mode of temperament, culture and civilization

has been reflected and projected in a set of thought and theory in such savant grade thinkers

as those of Tagore and Nehru. Tagore’s philosophy of universality which he applied and

embodied in his artistic sensibility, has been imitated by Nehru in the doctrine of Panchsheel,

which can be interpreted as Indian historical and cultural extension. The Indian English

literature in general and the Indian English novel in particular made its debut in the Thirties.

R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, K. Narayan Raja Rao, Vikram, Seth, Arundhati Roy, Salman

Rushdie etc. are few names of modern Indian English literature writings.

Keywords : Indian English, Western Novel, Malgudi, Tagore, Indian English Literature.

Introduction

India English Literature has a relatively recent history. It is only one and a half

centuries old. The first book written by an Indian in English was Travels of Dean Mahomed,

a travel narrative by Sake Dean Mahomed published in England on 1793. In its early stages.

India English Literature was influenced by the Western novel. Writing Indian writers used

English unadulterated by Indian words to convey an experience which was essentially

Indian. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838–1894) in 1864 wrote Rajmohan's Wife and

published. It was the first Indian novel written in English. Next was Raja Rao (1908–2006),

Indian philosopher and writer, wrote Kanthapura and The Serpent and the Rope. Later Kisari

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake_Dean_Mahomed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Rao

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisari_Mohan_Ganguli


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Mohan Ganguli translated the Mahabharata into English. The only time the epic has ever

been translated in its entirety into a European language. Then comes Rabindranath

Tagore (1861–1941). He wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the

translations of his own work into English. Dhan Gopal Mukerji (1890–1936) was the first

Indian author to win a literary award in the United States. Nirad C. Chaudhuri(1897–1999), a

writer of non-fiction, is best known for his The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (1951),

in which he relates his life experiences and influences. P. Lal (1929–2010), a poet, translator,

publisher and essayist, founded a press in the 1950s for Indian Englishwriting, Writers

Workshop. Ram Nath Kak (1917–1993), a Kashmiri veterinarian, wrote his

autobiography Autumn Leaves, which is one of the most vivid portraits of life in 20th century

Kashmir and has become a sort of a classic.

R. K. Narayan (1906–2001) contributed over many decades and continued to write till

his death. Like way Thomas Hardy used Wessex, Narayan created the fictitious town

of Malgudi where he set his novels. Malgudi they could vividly understand the Indian

experience. Narayan's evocation of small town life and its experiences through the eyes of the

endearing child protagonist Swaminathan in Swami and Friends is a good sample of his

writing style. Mulk Raj Anand (1905–2004), was similarly gaining recognition for his writing

set in rural India, but his stories were harsher, and engaged, sometimes brutally, with

divisions of caste, class and religion. The next is Kamala Markandeya an early writer in

Indian English Literature writer. The contributions of Manoj Das and Manohar

Malgoankar to this growth largely remains unacknowledged.

In the later phase of writing in Indian English literature the most notable is Salman

Rushdie, born in India and now living in the USA. Rushdie, with his famous work Midnight's

Children (Booker Prize 1981, Booker of Bookers 1992, and Best of the Bookers 2008),

ushered in a new trend of writing. He used a hybrid language – English generously peppered

with Indian terms – to convey a theme that could be seen as representing the vast canvas of

India. The other is Nayantara Sehgal who was one of the first female Indian writers in

English to receive wide recognition. Her fiction deals with India's elite responding to the

crises engendered by political change. She was awarded the 1986 Sahitya Akademi

Award for English, for her novel, Rich Like Us (1985), by the Sahitya Akademi, India's

National Academy of Letters. Anita Desai, who was shortlisted for the Booker Prize three

times, received a Sahitya Akademi Award in 1978 for her novel Fire on the Mountain and a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisari_Mohan_Ganguli

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhan_Gopal_Mukerji

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirad_C._Chaudhuri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_an_Unknown_Indian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Lal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Workshop

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Workshop

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._K._Narayan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgudi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_and_Friends

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulk_Raj_Anand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Markandaya

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Das

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manohar_Malgonkar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manohar_Malgonkar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayantara_Sehgal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Like_Us

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Desai


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British Guardian Prize for The Village by the Sea. Her daughter Kiran Desaiwon the

2006 Man Booker Prize for her second novel.

In this line of big Indian writers is Vikram Seth, author of The Golden Gate (1986)

and A Suitable Boy (1994) is a writer who uses a purer English and more realistic themes.

Being a self-confessed fan of Jane Austen, his attention is on the story, its details and its

twists and turns. Vikram Seth is notable both as an accomplished novelist and poet. Vikram

Seth is also a prolific poet.

Amitav Ghosh has contributed immensely to the Indian English Literature is. He is

the author of The Circle of Reason (his 1986 debut novel), The Shadow Lines (1988), The

Calcutta Chromosome (1995), The Glass Palace (2000), The Hungry Tide (2004), andSea of

Poppies (2008), the first volume of The Ibis trilogy, set in the 1830s, just before the Opium

War, which encapsulates the colonial history of the East. Ghosh's latest work of fiction

is River of Smoke (2011), the second volume of The Ibis trilogy.

Shashi Tharoor, in his The Great Indian Novel (1989) is a story-telling (though in a

satirical) mode as in the Mahabharata drawing his ideas by going back and forth in time.

Vikram Chandra is another author who shuffles between India and the United States and has

received critical acclaim for his first novel Red Earth and Pouring Rain (1995) and collection

of short stories Love and Longing in Bombay (1997).

Among Recent writers in Indian English writing is such as Arundhati Roy and David

Davidar show a direction towards contextuality and rootedness in their works. Arundhati

Roy, a trained architect and the 1997 Booker prize winner for her The God of Small Things,

calls herself a “home grown” writer. Her award winning book is set in the immensely

physical landscape of Kerala. In his novel Lament of Mohini (2000), touches upon the unique

matriarchal system and the sammandham system of marriage as he writes about the

Namboodiris and the aristocrats of Kerala. Similarly, Arnab Jan Deka, writes about both

physical and ethereal existentialism on the banks of the mighty river Brahmaputra. His co-

authored book of poetry with British poet-novelist Tess Joyce, appropriately titled A Stanza

of Sunlight on the Banks of Brahmaputra (1983), published from both India and Britain

(2009), evokes the spirit of flowing nature of life. His most recent book Brahmaputra and

Beyond : Linking Assam to the World(2015) made a conscious effort to connect to a world

divided by racial, geographic, linguistic, cultural and political prejudices. His highly

acclaimed short story collection The Mexican Sweetheart & other stories (2002) was another

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Prize

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Desai

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Booker_Prize

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Seth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Gate_(Vikram_Seth_novel)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Suitable_Boy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Circle_of_Reason_(novel)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debut_novel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Lines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calcutta_Chromosome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calcutta_Chromosome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glass_Palace

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hungry_Tide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Poppies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Poppies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Smoke

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Indian_Novel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Chandra_(novelist)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_Roy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davidar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davidar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_of_Small_Things

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnab_Jan_Deka


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landmark book of this genre. Jahnavi Barua, a Bangalore-based author from Assam has set

her critically acclaimed collection of short stories Next Door on the social scenario in Assam

with insurgency as the background.

V. S. Naipaul, a third generation Indian English Literature writer from Trinidad and

Tobago and a Nobel prize laureate. Naipaul evokes ideas of homeland, rootlessness and his

own personal feelings towards India in many of his books.

An overlooked category of Indian writing in English is poetry. Rabindranath Tagore

wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the translations of his own work into

English. Other early notable poets in English include Derozio, Michael Madhusudan

Dutt, Toru Dutt, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Sri Aurobindo, Sarojini Naidu, and her

brotherHarindranath Chattopadhyay. Notable 20th Century authors of English poetry in India

include Dilip Chitre, Kamala Das, Eunice De Souza, Nissim Ezekiel, Kersy Katrak, Shiv K.

Kumar, Arun Kolatkar, P. Lal, Jayanta Mahapatra, Dom Moraes, Gieve Patel, A. K.

Ramanujan, and Madan Gopal Gandhi among several others.

Among younger generation of poets writing in English include Abhay K, Arundhathi

Subramaniam, Anju Makhija, Arnab Jan Deka, Bibhu Padhi, Ranjit Hoskote, Sudeep

Sen, Smita Agarwal, Makarand Paranjape, Jeet Thayil, Jaydeep Sarangi,Mani Rao, Jerry

Pinto, K. V. Dominic, Meena Kandasamy, Nalini Priyadarshni, Gopi Kottoor, Tapan Kumar

Pradhan,Rukmini Bhaya Nair, Robin Ngangom, Vihang A. Naik and K Srilata.

Modern Indian poets in English are Agha Shahid Ali, Sujata Bhatt, Richard

Crasta, Yuyutsu Sharma, Tabish Khair and Vikram Seth.

References

1. Khair, Tabish, Babu Fictions : Alienation in Contemporary Indian English Novels. New

Delhi : Oxford University Press, 2001.

2. Naik, M.K. Twentieth Century Indian English Fiction. Delhi : Pencraft International,

2004.

3. R.K. Dhawan, (ed.), Indian Women Novelists, Vol. I – IV, New Delhi : Prestige Books,

1991.

4. M.K. Naik, S.K. Desai, G.S. Amur (eds.), Critical Essays on Indian Writing in English.

Delhi : Macmillan India, 1972.

5. Viney Kirpal (ed.). The New Indian Novel in English : A Study of the 1980s. Bombay :

Allied Publsihers Limited, 1990.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahnavi_Barua

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Vivian_Derozio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru_Dutt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harindranath_Chattopadhyay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilip_Chitre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Das

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_De_Souza

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissim_Ezekiel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersy_Katrak

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_K._Kumar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_K._Kumar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Kolatkar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Lal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayanta_Mahapatra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Moraes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gieve_Patel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Ramanujan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Ramanujan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Gopal_Gandhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhay_K

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhathi_Subramaniam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhathi_Subramaniam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anju_Makhija

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnab_Jan_Deka

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibhu_Padhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Hoskote

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeep_Sen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeep_Sen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smita_Agarwal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarand_Paranjape

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeet_Thayil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaydeep_Sarangi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Rao

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Pinto

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Pinto

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._V._Dominic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena_Kandasamy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalini_Priyadarshni

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopi_Kottoor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapan_Kumar_Pradhan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapan_Kumar_Pradhan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Bhaya_Nair

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Ngangom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihang_A._Naik

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Srilata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Shahid_Ali

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujata_Bhatt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crasta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crasta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyutsu_Sharma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabish_Khair

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Seth


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6. C.D. Narasimhaiah (ed.). Makers of Indian English Literature. Delhi : Pencraft

International, 2000.

7. Jaydeep Sarangi (ed). Explorations in Indian English Poetry New Delhi : Authorspress,

2007.

8. M.K. Naik, Indian English Poetry : from the Beginning upto 2000. Delhi : Pencraft

International, 2006.

9. Basavaraj Naikar (ed.). Indian English Literature, Vol. I-IV, New Delhi, Atlantic Pub.,

2007.

10. K. Venkata Reddy and R.K. Dhawan (eds). Flowering of Indian Drama : Growth and

Development. New Delhi : Prestige, 2004.


[172]

Critical Study of Job Satisfaction among

Domestic Workers in India Dr. Sunil Kumar

Abstract

Performance of domestic work is a source of livelihood for the domestic worker. It is also

linked with the worker’s sense of job satisfaction. There are several facts related to job satisfaction.

The social status of the worker, her status within her own family, her status in her employers, family,

nature of the tasks performed, wages in comparison to the number of working hours per day, and the

psychological satisfaction that the worker may derive from her work are some features which may

influence the workers’ sense of job satisfaction. Keeping these aspects in mind, an attempt is made

here to study the workers sense of job satisfaction.

Key words : livelihood, Workers, Facilities.

Introduction

It is observed that 20.5 per cent of the domestics workers are satisfied with their jobs,

while 51 per cent say that they are not satisfied with their jobs. The causes for dissatisfaction

are widespread and they are related to social, psychological, and economic conditions. Lack

of prestige within one’s own family as well as within the employers’ family, unwarranted

harsh behaviour of the employers, lack of leave, holidays, leisure and rest facilities,

continuous working hours, monotonous work, and proportionately low wages are attributed

to be some of the causes for job dissatisfaction. Also, 28.5 per cent of the workers are not

sure of what to say in reply. They seem slightly confused about the matter. At times, they feel

that they are not happy being a domestic worker. At other times, they feel they do not have

any other options. So, they have to remain satisfied with whatever job is available to them,

especially seeing the situation in which they lead their lives.

Table – 1

Job Satisfaction among workers

S.No. Job satisfaction Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 41 20.5

2 No 102 51.0

3 Not Sure 57 28.5

Total 200 100.00


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Dissatisfaction with their present jobs is found to be prevalent among 51 per cent of

the domestic workers. It is observed that 24 per cent of these workers belong to the 16-20 age

group, 15.5 per cent to the 21 -25 age group, 1.5 per cent to the 26-30 age group, 3.5 per cent

to the 31-35 age group, 4.5 percent to the 36-40 age group, and 2 per cent to the 41 -45 age

group.

Table – 2

Dissatisfaction from the Job and the Age group of the workers

S.No. Age group (In years) No. of workers Percentage

1 16 – 20 48 24.0

2 21 – 25 31 15.5

3 26 – 30 3 1.5

4 31 – 35 7 3.5

5 36 – 40 9 4.5

6 41 – 45 4 2.0

Total 102 51.0

Note:- Percentage has been calculated out of 200 total workers.

It is dear that the lesser the age of the worker, the more the chances of job

dissatisfaction, As the age of the worker goes up, the tendency to be dissatisfied goes on

decreasing. Some sort of stagnation in the job or job switchover starts to creep into the lives

of these workers. Avenues for mobility and alternative job opportunities begin to decrease

with increase in age and, in most cases, workers have to be satisfied with whatever little job

opportunity is available to them.

Workers in the age group of 16-20 years are the most dissatisfied group. This is in a

way a healthy and positive symptom for that workers here are much more pliable, much more

willing to train and equip themselves for better opportunities in life. Moreover, it is this age

group that seems more receptive to taking in new ideas such as learning how to use time-

saving electrical appliances, which facilitate the completion of domestic work and provide

time for rest, leisure, skill enhancement, and upward mobility.

Conclusion

An attempt is made to assess if the domestic workers would like to change their jobs

if they get an opportunity to do so: 58 per cent of the workers are of the view that they would,

while 26.5 per cent say they would not like to change their jobs; 15.5 per cent are not sure


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whether they would like to change their jobs. The important components affecting the

workers' decision to change or not change their jobs are age, educational status, and wage

structures.

Table 3

Opportunely for Job Switch over

S.No. Like to switch over No. of workers Percentage

1 Yes 116 58.0

2 No 53 26.5

3 Not more 31 15.5

Total 200 100.0

The younger the age group to which the Workers belong, the more likely they are to

change their job. The more the level of to do all these domestic chores may vary from little to

huge. Special knowledge may also be required to operate domestic electrical gadgets in the

household. Thus, the amount of time and labour involved in domestic work will vary from

household to household.

References :

1. Kamble, N.D., Bonded Labour in India, Uppal Publishing House, 1995.

2. Kapoor, Promilla, Marriage and Working women in India, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing

House, 1970. ,

3. Karlekar, Malavika Poverty and Women Workers, New Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1982.

4. Kaspin, Leela, ‘Poverty, Migration and Women’s Status’, ICSSR, Research Abstracts

Quarterly, Vol. X, Nos. 1 and 2, January-June, 1981.


[175]

Law and Adjudiction of Law in India

Dr. Meenakshi Verma

Abstract

The police are the primary agency of law enforcement in India. The police as a law

enforcement agency are the domain of the state government. Though different states have

their own Acts governing the law enforcement agencies, most of them are modeled on the

Police Act of 1861. The Indian Police Act provides the following charter of duties for the

police. Obey and execute all orders and warrants lawfully issued by any competent authority.

Collect and communicate intelligence affecting the public peace. Prevent commission of

offences and public nuisances. Detect and bring offenders to justice. Apprehend all persons

whom he is legally authorized to apprehend and for whose apprehension sufficient grounds

exist.

Keywords : Police Act, Evidence, Legistation, FIR, Accused.

Introduction

There is also a code of conduct for the law enforcement agency.1 Procedurally,

criminal law is mainly governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) and Indian

Evidence Act, 1872. However, special procedures have been prescribed from time to time,

taking into account changes in legislation and in the police as an organisation. A number of

special and local laws have been passed to deal with crimes emerging in the changing socio-

economic scenario. One such social legislation is the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956.

The Cr.PC makes a distinction between cognizable and non-cognisable offences. A

cognisable offence is one under which a police officer can arrest without a warrant. The first

schedule of the CrPC lists all offences in the IPC and mentions whether they are cognisable

or non-cognisable. All offences under the IT (P) Act are cognizable.

The process of criminal justice starts with the registration of the First Information

Report (FIR). Information given telephonically and recorded in the diary of a police station is

also regarded as an FIR.2 Section 154 of the CrPC provides the procedure to be followed by

the police while recording information. The FIR itself is not a substantive piece of evidence

1 Annexure-I — Code of conduct for police in India 2 Sunil Kumar V. State of M.P AIR 1997 SC 940


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and can only be used to start an investigation.3 Criminal proceedings started against the

accused on the basis of an FIR, which does not contain any definite accusation amounts to an

abuse of the process of the court and are liable to be quashed.4 In a case where the names of a

few accused were not mentioned by the investigation officer despite the fact that their names

were known to the informer, the accused were given the benefit of the doubt.5

Under Section 156 of the Cr. PC, any officer in charge of a police station can make an

inquiry /investigation into a cognizable offence without the order of a magistrate. He,

however, has to send a report to a magistrate before proceeding to the scene of offence to

investigate the facts of the case and find or arrest the accused.6 The police are also obliged to

undertake investigations in cases referred to them by a Magistrate. Further, they are

empowered to require the attendance of witnesses by issuing an order in writing. However,

they cannot make women and persons below the age of 15 years come to the police station.

This has been upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Nandini Satpathy v. P.L.Dani.7

The police can examine the witnesses orally and record their statements under Section 161.

They cannot force a person to make any statement that is incriminating, and any attempt to do

so is a violation of the fundamental rights listed in the Constitution. The person being

examined or interrogated can demand the presence of his lawyer during the period of

investigation. The statements made to the police are not signed and cannot be used for

corroboration, except to for the purpose of contradicting a prosecution witness.8 A person is

free to make any statement of his free will and no police officer or any other person in

authority can induce, or cause the inducement of a wrongful statement.

A police officer may search, or cause to be searched, any premises, if he has

reasonable grounds to believe that such an act is a necessity. In the following cases, the police

can arrest an accused without a warrant or an order from a magistrate.

1. When a person is involved in a cognisable offence or a complaint has been made against

him or credible information has been received or a reasonable suspicion exists regarding

his involvement in the said offence. A warrant is considered to be credible information.9

3 Madhusudan Singh V. State of Bihar AIR 1995 SC 1437 4 State of U.P V. R.K.Srivastava {Criminal Appeal No. 323 of 1988, dated 11-8-1989 (SC)} 5 B.BhadriahV. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR 1995 SC 564 6 Section 157 Cr.P.C. 7 AIR 1978 SC 1025 8 Section 162 Cr.P.C 9 Working paper of the Law Commission on Arrest.


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2. When a person unlawfully keeps in his possession implements of house-breaking.

3. When a person is a proclaimed offender [an offender proclaimed as an offender by any

court or authority in any area with in India, but the provisions of Cr. P. C does not extend

to that area]

4. When a person is found on reasonable suspicion to have possessed stolen property or

suspected to have committed an offence concerning the same

5. When a person obstructs a police officer from lawfully discharging his duties or escapes

or attempts to escape from lawful custody

6. When a person is found to be a deserter of the armed forces

7. When a person commits or is suspected to have committed an offence outside India,

which is punishable in India

8. When a person commits a breach of the rules imposed under Section 356, which deals

with rules on recidivists in relation to specific offences

9. When another police officer requests for the arrest of a person and sufficient grounds for

arrest have been shown by the police officer requesting the arrest

10. When a person is asked to execute a personal bond of good conduct by the executive

magistrate under Sections 109 and 110, CrPC

A police officer can arrest a person if he commits a non-cognisable offence in front of

the officer and refuses to furnish details concerning his name and address or gives a false

address.10 A police officer may re-arrest a person who is a proclaimed offender or commits a

cognizable crime in the presence of another officer who has arrested the offender.11 A police

officer can arrest a person with a warrant if he has undertaken a bond to appear before the

court but has breached the bond.12

The police officer can arrest a person without a warrant if he has reason to believe that

the person is going to commit a cognizable offence. The person has to be produced before a

magistrate after the arrest.13 An accused person pending trial can be arrested by a police

officer, who then commits him to the appellate court or the subordinate court.14

10 S. 42 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 11 S. 43 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 12 S. 44 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 13 S. 151 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 14 S. 390 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973.


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Under Section 167, CrPC, the police must produce arrested persons in custody and the

relevant diary entries before a magistrate within 24 hours. All the proceedings of an

investigation must be recorded in a diary, under Section 172. Failure to do so is a serious

lapse that reduces the value and credibility of the investigation. The code makes it mandatory

for the police to complete investigations without unnecessary delay. The officer-in-charge

submits a report to the magistrate after the completion of the investigation. A police officer

may release an accused on bail either with or without sureties.

Special Procedure under IT (P) Act, 1956

The Act provides for Special Police Officers (SPO) to be appointed by the state

government to deal with cases under this Act, especially in areas specified by the state

govemment.15 The SPO shall not be below the rank of an inspector of police. The District

Magistrate may empower retired police or military officers to be an SPO. Subordinate

officers assist the SPO and the state government may also attach a non-official advisory body

of (up to five) social welfare workers, including women, wherever possible.

The Delhi administration, vide notification F.5/67/88/ Home (P) /ESTT dated

14/12/88, has appointed all A C Ps working as sub divisional police officers, SHOs and all

ACPs of the crime branch, Palam airport and the Railways as SPOs within the territory of

Delhi.

15 Section 13, Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1956


[179]

Study of Various Facets in The Writings of William Dean Howells

Dr. Seema Yadav

Abstract :

Howells who is primarily remembered as a critic and a novelist, thought himself first as a

poet and then a novelist. Although he saw the short story as the most important form of American

fiction, he never seems to have thought of himself as a short story writer except as a sideline;

however, he wrote short stories throughout most of his career. For the most part, his short stories

evidence the same major strengths and weaknesses as his novels. They show the merits of solid and

careful craftsmanship, simple clarity, excellent detail, ruble humour, good characterization and an

insistence on realism; the recurring weaknesses are a limited range in characters, events, emotions.

Despite his failings as a short story writer Howells has created a large number of extremely lifelike

men and women. The conversations of his characters are realistic and natural.

Keywords : Novelist, Characterization, Realism, Short stories, Society, Middle classes.

Objective of the study:-

1. To study various elements in the short stories and novels of William Dean Howells.

2. To study the scope of various types of characters in his writings.

3. To study nature of characters in the short stories and plays of William Dean Howells.

Introduction:-

The writings of Dean Howells are an analytical study of man. He did not follow

conventional plot which slights reality of life. His aim as a writer was to paint people

realistically. His interest was in the portrayal of real life, not in gliding, glowing panorama.

His characters are not puppets to follow the thread provided by the narrator. No dimension

but depth into character was his motto. As real life has no particular beginning, middle and

end, the plots of his stories have no beginning, middle and end. The effect comes from the

true portrayal of real life.

The first story, "Doorstep Acquaintance", has no plot. It is simply an introduction of

some characters by the narrator. There is no episode, no conflict and no denouement in the

story. The narrator describes the characters with their peculiarities, their national traits and

their various odd Jobs. The story, "His Apparition", is short, simple and realistic. Its plot is

free from complicacies and conflicts. Howells brings his characters in contact with each other

to work out "a credible dramatic action". The setting of the story, "The Angel of the Lord",


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is in a house, isolated and lonely, where Mr. Ormond and Mrs. Ormond live with fear of

death. No body visits them except a casual appearance of a tramp. The appearance of the

angel is only complexity in the story, and it brings the story to its denouement. The plot of the

story, "Though One Rose from the Dead" is also short and simple. The action is between

two persons–LMr Rupert Alderling and Mrs. Marion Alderling. They believe in the after-life

and hold that the dead cannot communicate itself physically to the living man but makes

signal of its presence. It comes true when Wanhope bids good-bye to Mr. Alderling to go to

station, he hears a womanish shout from the cove and Mr. Alderling’s reply, "I am Coming"

and then Mr. Alderling goes running to the cove and never comes back. The plot of this story

is well-made but a little against the spirit of realism because the death of Mr. Alderling is

romantic. The plot of "Editha" is short, simple and suitable to the theme. Three contrasting

views about war have been represented by three characters–Editha, Gearson and Mrs.

Gearson. There is no sub-plot, no authorial intervention, no catastrophe except Gearson’s

death in the war. The story runs naturally with increasing interest. The plot of "Braybridge’s

Offer" is not the straight and simple introduction, complication, climax, denouement which

Howells usually employed earlier. The multiple point of view and story within a story negate

that, but the complexity goes farther. The frame and the frame story are shifted back and

forth; and the concluding event of the engagement is known to all the characters. Here also

Howells' continuing emphasis is on the character. The complex plot is less realistic. The

story, "The Eidolons of Brooks Alford," is set in a hotel, in its basic club, where Alford

relates his story of eidolons. The atmosphere of the hotel is suitable to the development of the

story.

Howell’s major characters are exclusively middle-class, and the lower and higher

classes are not presented. His stories are a critical study of man and his society, his follies and

failure, the recognition of the ironies of his existence and his ideas and living conditions and

many kinds of pressures on him. Most of his characters are fundamentally good people who

intend to do what is right in the immediate situation. There are no hardened villains, no

glorious heroes, no martyrs, but only average people. There are social, financial,

psychological and other factors which influence his characters but they have their choices and

these choices are their responsibility. Howells, thus believed, if not in the perfectibility of

man, at least in the improvement of man.


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Though there is a limited range in characters, events and emotions in Howells’ short

stories yet some stories, like "Editha", are competently written in theme, style–structure and

setting. Several are better than the stories of other writers anthologized both in older and

modern collections. Howells' merit lies in balanced approach in selection and treatment of the

material and in the avoidance of extremes and giving the reader realistic fiction.

Howells did not pursue the pattern of the conventional plot as “a narrative of events,

the emphasis falling on casualty.”16 In the conventional plot, events are symmetrically

arranged and connected to produce a pre-planned conclusion. Characters are made, by

externalized control, to move towards their designed destiny, and events follow automatically

each other as the parts of a machine. In his opposition to the conventional plot, Howells

agreed with E.M. forster : “To pot with the plot, break it up, boil in down…. all that is pre-

arranged is false.”17 He hated an artificial story, leading to the denouement through the

contrived conflict. To him the centre of interest was characterization. Ile, therefore, slighted

the plot for the truth of character. His aim as a writer was to paint people realistically. He

said. “I find that I don't care for society and that I do care intensely for the people.”18 He was

interested in the portrayal of real life, not in gliding, glowing panorama. His characters are

not puppets to pursue the thread provided by the narrator. They are .free to move, free to act.

The story runs, through them and with them, to action. Plot grows naturally out of the

character. So he believed in “free ad simple design, where event flows event without the

fettering control of intrigue, but where all grows naturally out of character and condition.”19

Like the conventional plot, Howells condemned the artificial technical means of art.

He held that-artist must draw the pattern for his work from real life. The style he found fit for

his realistic fiction was plain style, free from literary artifices. Bred to simple industrious way

of life, he liked brevity and .simplicity in narrative to allow his characters to act upon each

other.

Howells emphasized the union of art and morals. He regarded mere entertainment in

an as a "metaphysical liliee" He condemned “the lubricity of literature and its celebration in

the monkeys and goats in us.”20 To him, man dominated by passions is an animal and his aim

as a writer was certainly not to portray animality in man. Expressing, his displeasure with

16 E.M. forster, Aspects of the Novel (Harmonds worth : Penguin : Books, 1966), p. 93 17 Aspects of the Novel, p. 108 18 Life in Letters, I.P. 223. 19 My Literary Passions, P. 26 20 My Literary Passions, p. 119


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sentimental love stories, he wrote: "If a novel flatters the passions and exalts them above the

principles in art, it is poisonous: it may not kill, but it will certainly injure."21

The novels filled with ‘sins of senses’ are deadly harmful. He held that art must teach

rather than amuse. Art cannot flout the eternal amenities: “Morality penetrates all things, it is

the soul of all things.”22 Howells was a society incarnate, who could not have ‘pulpitating

divans’ in his .stories, His longing was for decorum and decency. He was Victorian in his

treatment. He wrote his fiction in an era in which, in England and America, references to the

body were prohibited. So he could not offend the sensibilities, of the refined readers for

whom he wrote.. Ile was ever mindful that fiction was not written only for married people but

also for young girls and mixed group of all ages. Fiction should contain nothing corrupting to

the morals of young readers, especially girls. Therefore all the references to - sexual

immorality were out of his novels:....never, never write anything, you would be ashamed to

read to a woman.23 As a writer, he had always in his mind the readers of the Altantic Monthly

and the nerves of the Brahmins around him. He wrote with consideration to their likes and

dislikes. He said : “The novelist must realize that he will be held to account as a public

teacher and must do his work with the fear of a community before his eyes which will be

jealous of his ethical soundness.”24

References :-

1. Ebli, Kenneth E. (ed). Howells : A century of criticism Dallar, 1962

2. Gibson, William, D. Howells, Minneapolis, 1967.

3. Krik, C.M., Howells and Art in his time, Rutgers, 1965.

21 Criticism and Fiction, p. 95. 22 Ibid; p. 83 23 Years of My Youth, p. 145 24 Century 28 (May, 1884) p. 153


[183]

Customer Relationship Management in State Bank of India :

A Case study of S.B.I. in Agra City

Aloukik Upadhyay

Research Scholar,

Himalayan University, Itanagar

Abstract :

In view of the present era of open and liberal of Economy India banks are playing significant

role in country’s economy.

It is important that banks maintain good relations with their customers. The survival of

service organisations is imaginable only if they follow strong (Customer Relationship Management)

practices. In fact, CRM is consisted of number of variables. So, it is extremely important to

understand if banks are following good CRM practices and whether customers are satisfied with these

practices or not.

It today’s time there is intense competition in the market between public and private sector

banks. Customers have always right and they can effortlessly switch to different banks on account of

any negative experience if they come across. Apart from it is seen that private banks are somehow

able to attract customers due to their constant run to improve their services and relationships with the

customers to survive in the tough market. But this factor seems to be lacking in the case of public

sector banks such as SBI. In view light of changes, a research has been conducted to look into the

satisfaction level of customers of SBI in Agra city with its services. The research provides deep insight

into the problems that customers are currently facing and suggestions have also been provided that

may provide solution to the emerging issues in the bank.

Keywords :

Customer relationship management, Customer satisfaction, Service quality, Feedback,

Follow ups.

Objects of the Study :

(1) To study the importance of CRM practices in State Bank of India.

(2) To study various steps being taken by SBI, Agra to improve CRM in its branches.

Introduction

In the open economy changes have seen in every service sector. In this reference

banks are also incorporating necessary changes into their existing systems more importantly

their CRM practices. Maintaining good customer base in present intense competition has


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forced Banks to look into CRM. Today, Customers have numerous options available with

them. Customers expectations are also going high and they are expecting to have much better

experience and service quality with their banks. Globalisation of businesses has changed the

focus from being product oriented to being customer oriented. Providing excellent customer

service is a tough challenge for every organisation that especially deals directly with

customers on day to day basis.

Customers inquire from their bank, the first thing they think of is effective customer

relationship. It consists of different variables such as communication skills of employees of

the bank, their knowledge of work, dealing behaviour, politeness etc. that have countless

impact on customers. It has been observed that customers do compare public and private

sector banks on the basis of the service quality given to them. Hence, it has been identified

that even though SBI being a public sector bank has a large customer base, however it is

facing several challenges to maintain good reputation with its customers. This takes place on

account of number of issues that customers are complaining about the bank. If bank takes

strong initiatives to resolve these issues then SBI can become a threat for other public as well

as private sector banks.

Literature Review

Customers are known to be the best judge when it comes to service quality. Their

judgement is based upon several factors and some of these factors (Responsiveness,

Assurance, Tangibles, Empathy and Reliability) have been identified by Parsuraman. Berry

and Zeithmal which are taken into consideration for conducting the research work of this

paper. Their model is popularly known as Servqual model. They believe that ample amount

of information regarding service quality of organisations can be gathered based upon these

factors (Nargundkar, 2009). Servqual surveys are conducted by the organisations to

understand the quality of their relationship with their customers. These surveys are known as

relationship survey’s which assist banks in analysing their relationship strength and

weakness. These surveys are also worthwhile in making comparison with competitions

(Zeithaml, Bitner, Gremler, & Pandit, 2011). CRM in banking sector is essential for the

survival of the banks, however it is felt that it is still at the evolutionary stage. Banks must

take ideas from the customers to enrich their services (Putney & Puney, 2013). CRM is


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known to be a process that increases customer satisfaction. In today’s competitive business

environment if any competitor wants to enter into the market, then it has to focus on

satisfying customers. This represents successful implementation of CRM (Shaon & S. M.,

2015). Banking sector is a customer-oriented sector and therefore, research is needed in this

sector to analyse customers’ needs and attitude in order to build long term relationship with

them (Renuga & Durga, 2016).

The review of Literature has helped in developing conceptual framework of the study.

Research Methodology

The research for this study is empirical as data has been collected to understand

customer’s point of view about the CRM practices of SBI in Agra city. Observations have

been made to come to conclusion. This data has assisted in framing important suggestions for

the banks.

Sample size for research work is 150 customers of SBI in Agra city. Questionnaries

were distributed and 120 customer have replied.

Data Analysis and Results

Primary sources have been used to collect data for analysing the results. These

sources are questionnaires, discussions and interview of the customers which have provided

with satisfactory data to come to certain conclusion. The data has been profoundly analysed

to understand the customer’s perception about the current CRM practices of the bank. The

data collected around five dimensions of Servqual model has been diagrammatically

represented below.

Reliability

Q. 1. Can you rely on the Employees of the Bank for getting timely services?

Q. 2. Do you trust the information provided by the employees to their customers?

Assurance

Q. 3. How Polite are the employees of the bank?

Q. 4. Do you feel that employees understand customer’s needs appropriately?

Q. 5. Have you ever received individualized attention from the employees of the bank for

resolving any issue?


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Responsiveness

Q. 6. Do you believe that employees are willing to help for any query or issue?

Q. 7. Do you feel that customers are timely informed for any new service that bank

introduces?

Findings

1. The data collected with regards to understanding customer’s needs by employees of

SBI represents that 53% of the customers agree that their needs are understood by the

employees of the bank whereas 47% of the customers are of the negative view. This

shows that bank needs to work hard on this factor. If customers feel that their needs are

not appropriately understood by the employees of the bank then it is going to have

harmful effect on the reputation of SBI.

2. It has been identified with the help of questionnaire that only 50% of the customers

agree that they receive individualized attention for resolving any issue. On the other

hand 62% of the customers completely disagree of ever receiving personal attention for

getting resolution of their problems. The gap is quite high and may pose serious

challenges for banks to survive in the intense competition prevailing in the economy.

3. Employee’s willingness to help customers is also displaying negative response for this

research work, 47% of the customer feel that employees are helpful. However, 50% of

the customers do not feel this way. Even though the gap is not quite high but it can

certainly hurt the image of the bank while being compared with other banks. A small

percentage of negative response can impact banks in a big way.

4. Similarly, 45% of the customers agree that they are timely informed whenever bank

introduces any new service. On the other hand majority of the customers (49%) say that

they are never informed about the introduction of new service. The reason is that

customers who do not use mobile banking or net banking do not receive any

notification of such services.

Suggestions

Better Understanding of Customer’s Needs : The study conducted during the

research work suggests that employees should pay more attention to understand the need of

their customers. This would improve the satisfaction level of customers.


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Individualised Attention : This factor would enormously improve the image of bank.

Those customers who have big issues are looking to receive individualised attention, so that

they can be assured to fast and appropriate resolution of their problems. Bank should start

emphasising on this dimension of CRM in order to change the perception of its customers.

Employee’s Willingness to Help Customers : The research has come up with a

valuable suggestion that employees should change their attitude towards helping customers. It

has been identified that customers sometimes have to how from one counter to another in the

bank in order to get to the right person. Such circumstances are causing dissatisfaction among

customers. Therefore, bank should implement this suggestion to eliminate the negative

feelings of customers that may have damaging impact on SBI.

Timely Information of New Services to all the Customers : It was found out while

collecting data that those customers who do not use Mobile banking or Net banking do not

receive timely information about the introduction of new services by the bank. Hence, they

remain oblivious of the benefits that their bank is offering to them. So, it is suggested that

bank should come with a different way to inform those customers who are not using services.

Limitations of the Study

1. The sample size used for the research work may not be sufficient.

2. The research is based in Agra City only and other Districts of the country can be

considered for data collection to attain better results.

Conclusion

After the analysis performed for this research work, it is understood that CRM is the

backbone of the banking industry. Its reputation can be negatively impacted if attention is not

paid to develop strong CRM in the banks. Each and every bank is following practices of

CRM to face challenges of the rivalry. However, it has been observed that public sector

banks are somehow lacking in building strong CRM with their customers and private banks

are focusing much more seriously on this. During data analysis, it has been identified that

customers are highly satisfied with SBI in Agra City, however they are still looking for some

important factors to be improved in the bank which would further enhance their satisfaction

level. They are looking for some more personalized treatment and employees help in making


[188]

situations easier for customers. Once bank works upon these lacking factors, it would be able

to have long term, contented and profitable business in the market.

References

1. Uppal, R. K., Customer Relationship Management in Indian Banking Industry, New

Century Publications, New Delhi 2015.

2. Mulliek, N. H. Customer Relationship Management, Oxford University Press New

Delhi, 2016.

3. Nargundkar, R. (2009). Services Marketing (2nd ed). New Delhi : Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Limited.

4. Padi, M. G. (2012, September). An Assessment of the Effect of Staff Training on

Customer Service Delivery (A Case Study At Barclays Bank Ghana Limited).

5. Renuga. D. V., & Durga, D. Customer Relationship Management in Banking Sector

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing (2016; 6(8).

6. Sherlekar, S, & Krishnamoorthy, R. (2015) Marketing Management Himalaya

Publishing House, Delhi.


[189]

A Critical Study of Performance of District Consumer Forum in Agra

Vatsalya Upadhyay Research Scholar,

Himalayan University, Itanagar

Abstract

The present study is made to analyse the performance of District Consumer Forum in Agra.

Data has been collected from the District. Forum Agra. Two major problems, inconsistency in the

performance and slow speed of disposal, have been witnessed and pendency of cases is also one of the

problems because dependency of pending cases on registered case has been proved. Further common

problem, like non-awareness of consumer rights, lack of access to the Distt. Forum and non-access of

consumers towards awareness camps, meetings etc. in the study in Agra City.

Keywords : District Consumer Forum Agra, Disposal, Inconsistency, Pending cases Lack of

awareness of consumer rights.

1. Introduction

The consumers do not constitute a separate class. Everyone is consumer, the young

and old rich and poor and idliers.

The wave of awakening and upsurge of interest in consumerisum has been witnessed

in the last three decades. During these three decades, although some developments in various

fields of society have been seen, and these developments have brought about some

perceptible socio-economic changes. But the consumer interest over the years has been

neglected due to many factors. Various forms of malpractices and deceptive trade practices

have captured the market against the interest of consumers. Protection and growth of

organizations have led to pass the Indian Govt. consumer protection Act 1986. Later

consumer protection Act 2019 has been seen as new provisions of consumer protection laws.

In the present Act, there are three forms for the redressal of consumer problems, e.g.

National, State and District. The present study deals with District Consumer Forum in Agra.

2. Review of Literature

(1) A. K. Chandra (2008), He selected Raipur District for the proposed study. The

sample consists of 400 consumers of Raipur District hailing from urban (200)

semi-urban (100) and rural (100). The chief objectives of this study was to analyse

the working of Consumer Forum, highlights the problems of Consumer Forum and


[190]

to find out the applicability of act and it effectiveness. He found that Consumers

were very less aware about Consumer Forum and there was significant difference

amongst the views of different groups of respondents regarding the working of

Consumer Forum.

(2) V. K. Agarwal (2016) in the his basic book law of Consumer Protection has dealt

with various decided cases in various forums. The cars laws are well explained.

(3) Mohammad KamalunNabi (2015), Consumer Rights and Protection in India, has

been explained. And about various provisions of Consumer Protection Act and has

also been defined and the scope of District Consumer Forums. The method of

study is also good.

(4) M. E. Paul (2015) Consumer Redressal System And Consumer Protection in India,

in his book has edited various articles written by the different authors on consumer

protection in India. The collection meets all the requirements to study about the

developments being taken up in India in Consumer redressal.

(5) Kusha Gautam (2001) “Ready Reference For Consumers” The author has

explained in detail about various provisions of Consumer Protection Act 1986.

Author has also included various case laws in order to give examples.

3. Objectives of Study

(1) To study the performance of District Consumer Forum Agra.

(2) To study the pending cases in District Consumer Forum Agra.

(3) To study the steps taken up for creating awareness among consumer about

their rights in Agra City.

4. Research Methodology

The present study is designed to be an exploratory research. It is based

on quantitative analysis. Data has been collected from concerned

Consumer Forum under Right to Information Act-2005. The data has

been suitably re-arranged, classified and tabulated according to the

requirement of study.

5. Hypotheses for the study

(i) There is no significant association between total number of

registered cases and number of cases pending in District Consumer

Forum, Agra in satisfactory.


[191]

The performances of selected Consumer Forum satisfactory

6. Statistical Analysis of the Data :

To study and analyse the performances of selected Consumer Forum of Agra,

Simple statistical method has been used, such as Average, Proportion, Standard Deviation,

Coefficient of Variation and Percentage. To analyse the association between registered cases

and cases in pending, Karl-Pearson Coefficient of correlation has been applied and ANOVA

test has been applied at 5% level of significance for testing significant difference amongst the

performances.

7. Analysis of Data

Various Data about District Consumer Forum of Agra are given in the table 1.1 and

details about the pending cases, new filed cases and cases disposed of are placed in the

concerned column.

Table 1.1

Years Previous

Pending

New Filed

Cases

Total

Cases

Cases disposed

of

New

Pending

2005 870 261 1131 154 977

2006 977 310 1287 284 1003

2007 1003 277 1280 489 791

2008 791 369 1160 457 703

2009 703 327 1030 336 694

2010 694 776 1470 470 1000

Average 839 387 1226 365 861

Proportion 68.43% 31.57% 100% 29.77% 70.23%

S.D 112.48 38.08 96.66 121.29 132.37

CV 13.40 9.83 7.88 33.23 15.36

Source : Computed from the data collected from Agra District Consumer Forum.

In the table 1.1 average of six year’s pending cases from 2005 to 2010 is 839 cases

and average of new filed cases in the same period is 387 cases, these facts clearly indicate

that average of pending cases is highly or almost three times greater than average of new filed

cases, in the other words, portion of pending cases in the total cases (previous pending) is

68.43% and portion of new filed cases is 31.57%, comparatively very low. And on an

average, out of 1226 (average of total) cases, only 365 cases got disposed of and if percentage


[192]

wise analyzing; only 29.77% cases got disposed of out of total. If making the comparison

between new filed cases and cases disposal of, average of new filed cases is 387 (31.57%)

cases, whereas average of cases disposal of is 365 (29.77%) cases, clearly, new filed cases

are greater than disposal of cases and due to this difference, average of pending cases

(previous pending) his increased from 839 (68.43%) cases to new pending 861 (70.23%)

cases.

If considering the standard deviation, deviation in the total cases is of 97 cases, but the

deviation in the disposal of cases is of 121 cases, clearly deviation in the disposal of cases is

higher and this indicates lack of consistency in the performance the Consumer Forum. If

analysing the coefficient of variation, variation in the total cases is of 7.88%, on the other

hand, variation in the disposal is of 35.25% cases, comparatively very high and this data

indicates consistent increase in numbers of total cases, but huge inconsistency in the number

of disposal of cases. In Agra District Consumer Forum

Conclusion :

(1) A huge backlog of pending cases is major problem. Because in total registered

cases, portion of pending cases is higher than portion of new registered cases.

(2) Disposal of cases in Agra District Consumer Forum is lesser than speed of new

registered cases, therefore new pending cases have increased.

(3) There is consistences of performance of 9.09% in case of District Forum of

Agra.

(4) Disposal is slow which is another matter of concern.

References :

(1) Agarwal, V. K. Law of Consumer Protection with leading cases and question

bank, Bharat Law House, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2016.

(2) Nabi Mohammad Kamalun, Consumer Rights and Protection in India, New

Century Publications New Delhi, 2015.

(3) Paul, M.C. Consumer Redressal System And Consumer protection in India,

Kalpaz Publications New Delhi, 2015.

(4) Gautam, Kusha, Ready Reference For Consumer, Paras Printers & Publishers,

Noida, 2001.

(5) Sawerkar, from the study of Dr. A. K. Chandra, Consumer Perception and

Awareness about Consumer Rights and Consumer Protection Act, 2003.


[193]

A study of Consumer Awareness for Green Marketing

Annu Rani Assistant Professor,

Deptt. of Commerce, Vivekanand,

Anil Kumar, P.G. College, Dahina

Abstract:-

In current business scenario environmental issues plays an important role in business. In most of the

countries government is concerned about the environmental problems. In today’s business environmentally

sustainable development has become a key issue. Thus Green Marketing is one of the strategies a firm van adopt

to achieve this.

Green Marketing refers to the process of selling product and services based on their environment

benefits. Such a product or service should be eco-friendly in itself or produced in an eco-friendly World the

word “Green” has become a buzz word. Green causes are increasingly popular within public making green

marketing good for public relation and sales. Green marketing has been defined by AMA as “The study of the

positive and negative aspects of marketing activities on pollution energy depletion and non-energy resource

depletion”.

However one of the basic assumption of green marketing is that potential consumers would be willing

to pay more for a “Green” product. The present paper makes an attempt to analyse the awareness and

willingness of the consumer to buy green products.

Keywords : Consumer, Green Product, Global Warming, Eco friendly.

Objectives of the study :

1. To study the rise of green marketing

2. To study the depth and reach of green marketing

3. To study various aspects of green marketing.

Introduction:-

Global warming carbon credits ozone depletion environmental hazards, environment

impact assessment have all become common terminology in the 21st Century and its an

indication of environmentally conscious about society . Society becomes more con corned

about natural environment when ill effects of environmental degradation are experienced by

the society. One of the reasons for this degradation is problems that arise out of mass.

Production, mass consumption and mass marketing of environmentally irresponsible

products. As a result business houses have begun to modify their behavior in an attempt to

address these kinds of ‘new’ concerns of the society. Conventional marketing involves

selling products and services that satisfy consumer needs at affordable prices but green


[194]

marketing has the additional challenge of defining ‘What is green’ and developing and selling

products that the consumer will like.

Green marketing also known as environmental marketing involves a range of

activates including product modification change in production process, change and

modification in packing as well as modifying advertising. As defined by Tappan K Panda

“Green or environmental marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and

facilitate any exchange intended to satisfy human needs or wants such that the satisfaction of

these needs and wants occurs with minimal detrimental impact on natural environment”.

It is imperative that when we talk and think about green products to be really “green’

They should claim that they are less environmentally harmful” rather than environmentally

friendly . Thus environmental marketing should look at minimizing environmental impacts.

Environmentally friendly products balance environmental compatibility with performance,

affordability and convenience. They are typically durable, recyclable, non toxic and should

be made out of materials which are either decomposable or recyclable . There products

should have minimum packaging and empodyloco environmental energy impact.

As debates about how to cope with impact of human activity on environment continue

in full force, such as global warming talks that dominate political circles business have

entered the ‘Green market’ firms typically provide consumers eco-products or adopt green

practices and some firms simultaneously offer eco-or green products while committing to

eco-production and eco philanthropy.

Green business strategies have appeared in a wide range of Indus tries and address a

wide range of eco-issues a few examples of green products are hybrid automobiles, eco-

friendly paint, organic food, recycled copy paper and environmentally friendly cleaning

products . Businesses also promote their recycling efforts, use of wind power or other

practices intended to minimize the environmental impact of their actions.

We all know that the resources on this earth are limited and human wants are

unlimited . Therefore it is important for the marketers to utilize resources efficiently without

waste as well as to achieve the objectives of the organization. There is a growing interest

among the consumers all over the world regarding protection of environment worldwide

evidence indicates that people are concerned about the environment and are accordingly

modifying their behavior green marketing has emerged as a result of this and it speaks of a

growing market for sustainable and socially responsible products and services.


[195]

Firms in market economies make their production and marketing decisions based on

many factors inducing government regulation and consumers which are primary forces

shaping consumer products industry consumer preferences regarding eco-friendly products

and government regulation provide incentives for incorporating environmental and other

green objectives in the firm’s profit maximization decision. Some firms are proactive with

respect to greening of their products while for some firms eco-friendly practices are a bye-

product of cast minimization strategy.

An important aspect of green marketing is the willingness and ability of the

consumers to buy green products and pay more for it. The us market for example has 3.5

million confirmed green consumer while European market also has a consumer base for

green products.

However there is a very little data available on the consumer base in India or the

willingness and ability of the consumer to pay extra for green products .

Objectives :-

1. Avoiding waste : whether it’s creating biodegradable product packaging meaning it

can be broken down by biological means cutting down on water consumption or

reducing the amount of trash that goes in to landfills green marketing is just as

concerned with avoiding waste as putting forward an eco-friendly face to the public .

2. To study the awareness of consumers with respect to green marketing.

3. To find the willingness of the consumers to pay more for green products.

4. To find out awareness about eco-friendly or green products.

5. To analyze relationship between education and income with awareness of green

products.

Hypothesis :-

1. Consumers are aware about green marketing.

2. Consumers are willing to pay more for eco-friendly products.

Methodology of study:-

Both primary data and secondary data has been used for the paper.

1 Primary data

This includes questionnaire survey of people from the study area.

2 Secondary data

various published articles from journals books internet websites


[196]

Sample Design

The present study has been conducted for the city of Kolhapur .The total population

of the city is approximately 600000 which would roughly amount to 120000 household .

However the researchers have only considered the middle class and higher middle

class as our respondents : Due to limitations of time and cost the questionnaires were

collected through convenient sampling method. A total of 100 cases were considered for the

analysis.

Analysis and Interpretation :

The analysis of the data has been done with the use of SPSS software.

Cross tabulation of the variable of Green marketing was done with the variable educational

qualifications occupation and income. Similarly cross tabulation was also done for willing

ness to buy expensive eco-friendly products and preference for eco friendly the results and

inter predation is as follow.

AWARENESS ABOUT GREEN MARKETING

Table No 1 education clarification and awareness about green marketing

Educational

Qualification

No res pause No Yes Total

No % No % No %

No Response 0 0 1 50 1 50 2

Up to 12th 0 0 2 66.7 1 33.3 3

Graduate 0 0 19 36.5 33 63.5 52

Post Graduate 0 0 5 35.7 9 64.3 14

UG Profession 0 1 6 38.9 11 61.1 18

PG Professional 0 0 6 5435 0 0 11

Total 1 0 60 1 100

It is clear from the above table that more consumers are aware about green marketing.

This trend is visible across all categories of educational strata graduates and post graduates

show an aware Bess level of 63.5% and 64.3% respectively While among the professionals

the awareness for graduates and post graduates is 61.1% and 45.5% respectively over all 60%

of the concept of were aware of the concept of green marketing only those consumers who

have very low level of education are unaware about the concept of green marketing.


[197]

Table No 2 occupation and awareness about Green marketing.

Occupation

Awareness About Green Marketing

Total No Response No Yes

No % No % No %

Self Employed 0 0 2 20 4 80 6

Service 1 1.5 26 38.80 40 59.70 67

Professional 0 0 5 55.55 4 44.44 9

Student 0 0 4 25 12 75 16

House wives 0 0 2 100 0 0 2

House wives Total 1 39 60 100

It is evident from the above table that respondents belonging to service category show

highest awareness i.e. 59.70% regarding awareness about green marketing similarly amony

students the awareness levels are exceptionally high 75%

Table no 2 Income and Awareness about Green marketing

Income

Awareness About Green Marketing


No % No % No %

No Response 0 0 4 36.36 7 63.52 11

1 to 10000 1 2.77 14 38.33 21 58.33 36

10001 to 30000 0 0 13 43.33 17 56.66 30

30001 to 50000 0 0 2 16.67 10 83.33 12

Above 50001 0 0 6 54.55 5 45.45 11

Total 1 39 60 100

INCOME LEVELS

Again it is evident that in various income categories the trend shows overall

awareness of Green products across the class barriers. Highest levels of awareness are

83.00% in the category 30,000-50,000 the category of 0-10,000 shows an awareness of

63.52%


[198]

Table No 4 Educational Qualification and willingness to bug expensive eco friendly

products.

Educational

Qualification

Buy Expensive Eco-Friendly Products


No % No % No %

No Response 0 0 0 100 2 0 2

Up to 12th 2 0 2 33.33 1 66.67 3

Graduate 0 0 25 50.00 25 50.00 52

Post Graduate 0 0 3 21.42 11 78.58 14

UG Professional 0 0 8 44.45 10 55.55 18

PG Professional 0 0 7 63.64 4 36.36 11

Total 2 53 45 100

of the total respondents 53% are willing to buy expensive eco-friendly products. How ever in

the category of PG Professionals only 36% are willing to buy such products. so the

assumption that consumers who are highly educated and have money to spend might is not

necessarily aware of a willing to buy expensive eco-friendly products.

Table No 5 occupation and willingness to buy expensive eco-friendly products.

Occupation

Buy Expensive eco friendly products


No % No % No %

Self Employed 0 0 2 33.33 4 66.67 6

Service 0 0 27 40.30 40 59.70 67

Professional 0 0 5 55.55 4 45.45 9

Student 2 12.5 9 56.25 5 31.25 16

House wives 0 0 2 100 0 0 2

Total 2 53 45 100

people across all occupation categories are willing to buy expensive eco-friendly

products How ever the percentage of willingness to buy these products varies from 31.25%


[199]

for the students 45.45% for professionals 59.70 for service and 60.67% for the self employed

overall willingness to buy expensive eco-friendly products is only 45%

Table No 6 Awareness of eco-friendly products and preference for eco-friendly

products.

Awareness of Eco-

friendly Products

Preference for Eco - Friendly Product


No % No % No %

No Response 0 0 0 0 2 100 2

Yes 2 2.70 5 6.76 67 90.54 74

No 0 0 6 25 18 75 24

Total 2 11 87 87

here again we find out of the 74 respondents who are aware of eco-friendly products

67 i.e. 90% show preference for eco friendly products and out of the 24 respondents who are

not aware of these product 18 of them are still willing to buy eco friendly products on an

average 87% of the respondents show willingness to buy eco friendly products.

Conclusions :-

Over all 60% of the people are aware of the concept of 'Green marketing' Therefore

the hypothesis stated is proved no significant relationship is visible between income

educational qualification and occupation with respect to awareness about green marketing It

seems that people who belong to the service category among occupation are more aware and

willing to buy eco-friendly products consumers who are aware of eco friendly products and

have a preference for eco friendly products are not willing to buy expensive eco friendly

products. Hence the second by pothouses is rejected.

References:-

1. Kotker, Philip keller, K.L. Kosny, A, Sjha M (2012) marketing management A siuth

Asian perspective New delhi pearson education PP -77-80

2. Michael polonsky, " An introduction to Green Marketing " Electronic green journal Viol

1, no 2 2007.

3. Grant John (2007) The Green Marketing manifesto John wiley and sons ltd.

4. WWW coolavenues Com, MBA Journal, marketing , Green marketing-opportunities-

challenges.

5. http:// e-articles info/e/a/title/ Green Marketing/

6. WWW. Green Marketing net/stratergic html


[200]

Proteomic Studies of Tinospora cordifolia A Case Study in Agra, Etah,

Firozabad and Mathura Districts

Dr. Yugal Pratap Singh

Abstract

The proteomic diversity was studied in four accessions of Tinospora cordifolia

located at Agra, Mathura, Firozabad and Etah by using SDS-PAGE, Electrophoresis total 32

protein bands with different molecular weight were observed by SDS-Page. Out of the 32

protein bands, 5 bands are polymorphic and 27 are monomorphic in nature. All protein

bands have been found high and low molecular weight. There are four molecular bands

found in the study in all the four districts with molecular weight as 6600 KD, 43000 KD,

29000 KD and 14300 KD.

Keywords : Proteomic diversity, SDS Page, Protein Bands, Molecular weight.

Introduction

The proteomic study of Tinospora cordifolia is described as follows :

(i) Protein Profile

The electrophoretic banding patterns of the four accessions of Tinospora cordifolia

through SDS-PAGE have been tested in four districts. There are total 32 protein bands with

different molecular weight were observed. Out of the 32 protein bands, 5 bands are

polymorphic and 27 are monomorphic in nature. On the basis of banding pattern, the gel was

divided into five regions i.e., M, I, II, III, IV.

There are four protein bands were observed in marker region (M) with different RF

values ranges from 0.127 to 0.890. The ten bands are seen in region I (TC-1), however, in

region II, five protein bands are recorded with different RF values ranges from 0.218 to

0.781. There are in ten bands are recorded in region III with RF values of ranges from 0.181

to 0.903. On the other hand, in region IV, eight protein bands were observed with RF values

of ranges from 0.200 to 0.981. It is interesting to note that in all the accessions of Tinospora

cordifolia only five protein bands were found to be common in protein profiling and show the

similar RF values (Table 1).


[201]

Table 1 RF values of protein bands in accessions of Tinospora cordifolia

S.No. RF values

Marker 1 2 3 4

1 0.272 0.127 0.218 0.181 0.200

2 0418 0.181 0.400 0.236 0.381

3 0.636 0.272 0.454 0.345 0.436

4 0.909 0.381 0.600 0.381 0.509

5 0.381 0.781 0.418 0.709

6 0.436 0.563 0.763

7 0.545 0.618 0.927

8 0.672 0.727 0.981

9 0.745 0.909

10 0.890 0.903

(ii) Molecular weight of protein bands :

Data presented in table 2 clearly shows that the four plant accessions of Tinospora

cordifolia represent the occurrence of protein bands with high as well as low molecular

weight. Each plant sample was characterized by the presence of one or more specific band.

There are four bands with their molecular weight as 66000 KD, 43000 KD, 29000 KD and

14300 KD in accession TC-1. However, three bands were seen in accession TC-2 with

different molecular weight (66000, 43000, 14300 KD). The average number of bands in

accession TC-3 was four with MW 66000, 43000, 29000 and 14300 KD. However, four

bands were also observed accession TC-4 with different molecular weight viz., 66000 KD,

43000 KD and 14300 KD.

Table 2 Molecular weight of Protein bands (KD) of Tinospora cordifolia

Sample Molecular weight (KD)

TC-1 TC-2 TC-3 TC-4 M

TC-1 66000 66000 66000 66000 66000

TC-2 43000 43000 43000 43000 43000

TC-3 29000 29000 29000 29000

TC-4 14300 14300 14300 14300 14300


[202]

(iii) Similarity Index

The similarity matrix based on the proportion of shared protein bands, establishment

the level of relatedness among the four accessions; TC-1, TC-2, TC-3 and TC-4 and

computed based on sharing values ranged from 0.16667 to 0.28571 is presented in Table 3.

The relatedness of the all accessions was estimated by matrix containing scorable bands using

UPGMA program. The proteomic similarity was calculated by using pair wise comparison.

Fig. Shows dendrogram of genetic diversity of four accessions of Tinospora cordifolia

Fig. shows dendrogram of proteomic diversity of four accessions of Tinospora cordifolia

The sample TC-1 and TC-2 having closeness among the bands of protein with highest

similarity index ranges from 0.16667 to 0.27273. However, bands of TC-3 also show

similarity with the bands of TC-4 and show similarity index ranges from 0.31250 to 0.61538.


[203]

Table 3 Distance similarity matrix generated through UPGMA method by software

form protein profile

Sample TC-1 TC-2 TC-3 TC-4

TC-1 - 0.16667 0.31250 0.28570

TC-2 0.16667 - 0.41667 0.27273

TC-3 0.31250 0.41667 - 0.61538

TC-4 0.28571 0.27273 0.61538 -

(iv) Dendrogram

The Dendrogram was constructed based on Jacquard’s similarity coefficients using

UPGMA program and generated two separate clusters viz., Cluster I and Cluster II.

Dendrogram consists of two clusters, which are showing the closeness among the all

accessions. Cluster I showing the TC-1 and TC-2 while the other cluster II also show the

performance of the sample of TC-3 and TC-4 (Fig. 23).

References :

1. R. Aebersold, M. Mann, Mass spectrometry based on proteomics, 2003.

2. Boonmee Apaporn, A Proteomic Analysis of Curcuma Comosa, 2011, Proteomic

Science.

3. M.F. Balandrin, J.A. Klocke, Natural Plant chemicals sources of Industrial and Medicinal

materials 1985, Science.

4. Andles Caetane, A versatile and Universal Tool for genome Analsis, 1994, Plant

Molecular Biology.

5. Channarayappa, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Practices, 2007, University

Press, London.


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lwpuk dh [kkst ,oe~ iquizkZfIr dh blh leL;k dks gy djus esa [kkst batu dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA

[kkst batu D;k gS\

[kkst batu osc vk/kkfjr ,d izksxzke gksrk gS tks mi;ksDrk ds okafNr fo”k; ls lEcfU/kr osclkbV dh

[kkst dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS blfy, bl izksxzke dk le;≤ ij ifjiw.kZ gksuk vfr vko’;d gS vU;Fkk

ubZ fodflr csolkbV ds lEcU/k esa ;s [kkst batu lwpuk nsus esa vleFkZ jgrss gSaA bl izdkj [kkst batu ,d

vnHkqr cso lsok gS tks cso i`”Bksa dh dEI;wVj mRikfnr vuqdzef.kdk ds vfHkxe ,oe~ [kkst dh lqfo/kk iznku

djrh gSA ;g ,d Lopkfyr lwph gS ftlesa ekuo ds gLr{ksi ds fcuk Hkh MsVkcslksa dk lEiknu rFkk mUgsa

v|ru djuk lEHko gSA

[kkst batu lkekU;r;k cso i"Bksa dk iw.kZ ewy ikB vuqdzef.kdkc) djrs gSa rFkk MsVkcsl esa lwpuk,¡

,df=r djrs gSaA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd [kkst batu okLro esa b.VjuSV dh vusd osclkbVksa dk

fo”kky MsVkcsl gSA [kkst batu ,d ,slh fof/k gS ftldk dk;Z b.VjuSV ij miYkC/k yk[kksa osclkbVksa esa ls

fdlh fo”k; fo'ks”k ls lEcfU/kr osclkbV dh [kkst dj lwpuk miyC/k djkuk gSA fo”o ds fdlh Hkh LFkku ij

b.VjuSV dh osclkbVksa ls lwpuk,¡ izkIr djus ds fy, ;g vko’;d gS fd mDr fo”k; ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk


45

ftl osclkbV ij miyC/k gS ml osclkbV dk irk vo’; ekywe gksuk pkfg,A ;fn mDr osclkbV dk irk

ugha gS rks Hkh [kkst batu ds }kjk ml osclkbV dk irk [kkstk tk ldrk gSA

[kkst batu dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf”kr fd;k tk ldrk gS & A search engine is an information retrieval

system designed to help to find information stored on a computer system, such as on the world wide

web, inside a corporate or proprietary network or in a personal computer .

[kkst batu ds vo;o

[kkst batu lkW¶Vos;j dk;Zdzeksa dk ,d laxzg gS tks osclkbVksa ls lwpuk,¡ ,df=r dj mudks

vuqdzef.kdkc) djrs gSa rFkk bUgsa ,d MsVkcsl ds :Ik esa O;ofLFkr dj [kkst ds ;ksX; cukrs gSaA [kkst batu

dh lgk;rk ls [kkst djus gsrq mi;ksDrk fdlh ‘kCn] in] eqgkojk] lwfDr vkfn dks ftUgsa iz’u dgrs gSa] dks

[kkst ckWDl esa Vkbi djrk gSA iz’u dks fuos’k djrs gh [kkst batu lEcfU/kr osc i”Bksa dh la;qDr Ja[kyk

iznf”kZr dj nsrs gSaA [kkst batu vyx&vyx fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa tSls dqN [kkst batu izR;sd osc

i`”B ij izR;sd ,dy ‘kCn dks Hkh vuqdzef.kdkc) djrs gSa tcfd dqN [kkst batu ,sls gSa tks osclkbV ij

dsoy ‘kh”kZd vFkok okD;ka’k dks vuqdzef.kdkc) djrs gSaA [kkst batu izeq[k :Ik ls rhu vaxksa ls feydj

curs gSa&LikbMj] vuqdzef.kdk lfgr MsVkcsl rFkk [kkst lkW¶Vos;j A

LikbMj [kkst batu dk og vo;o gksrk gS tks osclkbVksa ij osc i”Bksa ds e/; la;kstuksa dk vuqlj.k

djrs gq, /khjs&/khjs jsaxrs gq, b/kj&m/kj Hkze.k djrk gS rFkk osclkbV ij miyC/k lwpuk dks i<+rk gSA LikbMj

}kjk izkIr fd;k x;k izR;sd osc i`”B ,d MsVkcsl esa laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk blls lEcfU/kr vU; fo”k;ksa

dh vuqdzef.kdk osc i”Bksa ls Lopkfyr <ax ls izkIr dj yh tkrh gSA vuqdzef.kdk dks izlwph Hkh dgrs gSaA

lkekU;r;k LikbMj ds mi;ksx }kjk gh vuqdzef.kdk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA vuqdzef.kdk ,d fo’kky xzUFk

ds leku gksrh gS ftlesa osc ij miyC/k rFkk LikbMj }kjk [kkstk x;k izR;sd i`”B fufgr gksrk gSA

vuqdzef.kdk dh xq.koRrk ij gh lwpuk iquizkZfIr dh izHkkoiw.kZrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA [kkst batu dk rhljk

vo;o gksrk gS [kkst lkW¶Vos;j] tks ,d izksxzke gksrk gSA ;g mi;ksDrk }kjk [kkst dh xbZ lwpuk dk

vuqdzef.kdk ls rqyuk djrk gS] feyrs tqyrs ‘kCnksa dks [kkstdj izkIr djrk gS] mUgsa vuq:i dze esa iafDrc)

djrk gS rFkk izkIr ifj.kke mi;ksDrk dks iznku djrk gSA

[kkst batu ds dk;Z &

lkekU; :i ls [kkst batu ds fuEu 6 vo;o gksrs gSa tks buds dk;Z dgs tk ldrs gSa&

LikbMj & LikbMj dks dzkWyj Hkh dgrs gSa tgk¡ LikbMj dk fgUnh esa vFkZ edM+h rFkk dzkWyj dk vFkZ /khjs /khjs

jsaxus okys tUrq ls gksrk gSA blh ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vo;o dk uke LikbMj vFkok dzkWyj j[kk x;k


46

gS vFkkZr LikbMj vFkok dzkWyj osclkbVksa ij lwpuk izkIr djus gsrq /khjs&/khjs jsaxrs gq, Hkze.k djrk gS osclkbV

dk voyksdu djrk gS rFkk izys[kksa dks osc i`”Bksa ls Lopkfyr :Ik ls iquizkZIr djrk gSA

vkdkZboj & ;g LikbMj ls osc i”Bksa dks izkIr djrk gS rFkk LFkkuh; izfr laxzg djrk gS rFkk bls ,d ek=

ifjxzg.k la[;k iznku djrk gS rFkk ,d uohu esVk MsVk uewuk mRiUu djrk gSA

,DlVªSDVj & vkdkbZoj }kjk miyC/k djk;s x;s i”Bksa dk fo’ys”k.k djrk gS vkSj ;fn os i`’B mi;qDr ik;s

tk,a rks ;wvkj,y vkdkZboj ds fy;s vkxs c<+k;s tkrs gSa tgk¡ budk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS fd os ml LFkku

dks ladsr dj jgs gSa vFkok ughaA

DyklhQk;j & oxhZdkj [kkst batu dk og vo;o gksrk gS tks vkdkZboj }kjk miyC/k djk;s x;s osc i”Bksa

dk fo’ys”k.k djrk gS rFkk mUgsa Mh0Mh0lh0 oxZ la[;k iznku djrk gSA

fcYMj & fcYMj og vo;o gksrk gS tks vkdkZboj }kjk miyC/k djk;s x;s osc i`”Bksa dk fo’ys”k.k djrk gS

rFkk lkFk gh mu esVk MsVkvksa dk ifj.kke Hkh iznku djrk gS tks vkdkZboj }kjk izys[kksa ds esVk MsVk uewuksa

}kjk laxzfgr fd, x, gSaA blds lkFk gh bldk mi;ksx vuqdzef.kdk MsVkcsl cukus esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

lpZj & lpZj og gksrk gS tks mi;ksDrkvksa ls mudk iz’u ¼Query½ Lohdkj djrk gS] vuqdzef.kdk MsVkcsl

dks iz’u iwNus gsrq mi;ksx djrk gS ,oe~ mi;qDr esVk MsVk rFkk LFkkuh; izfr dh iquizkZfIr gsrq ifj.kke ls

izkIr ifjxzg.k la[;k dk mi;ksx djrs gq, foLrr ifj.kke gsrq leLr lwpuk dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

[kkst batu ds izdkj

vktdy vusd la[;k esa [kkst batu miyC/k gSa muesa ls vf/kdka’k fu%’kqYd izkIr gksrs gSa ysfdu dqN

,sls Hkh gSa tks ‘kqYd ds vk/kkj ij miyC/k gSaA [kkst batu mi;ksDrkvksa dks mi;ksDrk ds vfHkKku i= ;k

b.VjuSV izksVksdkWy irs ij miyC/k gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds [kkst batu vyx&vyx izdkj ds LikbMjksa dk

mi;ksx djrs gSa tcfd dqN ,sls gksrs gSa tks ml lEHkkfor izR;sd osclkbV dk fujh{k.k djrs gSa ftl ij

oakfNr lwpuk dk miyC/k gksuk lEHkkfor gks ldrk gSA dqN [kkst batu p;ukRed fl)krksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs

gSa tks dsoy yksdfiz; osclkbVksa ij miyC/k o`gr~ lwpuk Hk.Mkj dks de le; esa gh izkIr dj ysrs gSa tcfd

nwljs izdkj ds [kkst batu lEHkor;k vf/kd izklafxd lwpuk lfgr dqN gh i`”Bksa dh [kkst djrs gSaA [kkst

batuksa dh viuh vyx&vyx fo”ks’krk,a gksrh gSa vkSj mUgha fo’ks”krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa fuEu izdkj oxhZdr

fd;k tk ldrk gS %

1- lk/kkj.k [kkst batu

2- fo”k; [kkst batu

3- esVk [kkst batu


47

4- osc funsZf’kdk [kkst batu

5- ladj [kkst batu

[kkst batu dh ;kaf=dh

lwpuk laxzg.k ,oa iquizkZIr djus gsrq izR;sd [kkst batu dh viuh Lo;a dh rduhd gksrh gSA dqN

[kkst batu osc i`”Bksa ls lwpuk dks laxzg djus rFkk mUgsa vuqdzef.kdkdr djus ds fy, LikbMj vFkok jkscksV

dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA [kkst batuksa esa LikbMj ;kfU=dh dh izfdz;k bl izdkj pyrh gS &LikbMj vFkok

dzkWyj vk/kkfjr ;kfU=dh okyk [kkst batu osclkbV ij miyC/k yk[kksa djksMksa i`”Bksa ls lwpuk dh [kkst djrk

gSA bl batu ds rhuksa vo;o ml osclkbV dks [kkstus ,oe~ lwpuk iznku djus gsrq ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gSaA

dqN [kkst batu vktdy mi;ksDrkvksa esa vR;Ur gh yksdfiz; gSa vkSj os mudk lkekU; ,oe~ fof’k”V lwpuk dh

[kkst gsrq mi;ksx djrs gSaA

[kkst batuksa ds y{k.k

[kkst batuksa ds y{k.k le;≤ ij cnyrs jgrs gSaA [kkst batuksa esa le;≤ ij gksus okys ;s

ifjoZru lwpuk dh fo’oluh;rk ,oe~ drkj dze dks izHkkfor djrs gSa fQj Hkh uohu izdkj ds [kkst batu

fnu izfr fnu mHkjdj gekjs lkeus vk jgs gSa vkSj izfrLi/kkZ ds bl ;qx esa os lHkh viuh vuqdzef.kdkdj.k dh

rduhfd;ksa dks lq/kkjus ,oe~ fodflr djus dk iz;kl dj djs gSa ftlls mi;ksDrkvksa ds chp mudh Nfo

mRre [kkst batu ds :i esa mHkj ldsA vktdy vusd [kkst batu lwpuk [kkstus gsrq vf/kd mi;qDr gSa rFkk

yksdfiz; Hkh gaS ftudk mi;ksx lkekU; ,oe~ fof’k”V lwpuk [kkstus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA muesa ls dqN yksdfiz;

[kkst batu gSa & xwxy] vUVk foLrk] ykbdksl] ;kgw] [kkst vkfn A

xzUFkky;ksa esa [kkst batu dh rduhfd;k¡ %&

osc O;oLFkkidksa }kjk Lohdkj dh xbZ [kkst dh vusd rduhfd;k¡ gS ftuesa ls dqN fuEu gSa&

❖ b.VjuSV lalk/kuksa dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy;s oxhZdj.k i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx djds [kkst dh tk ldrh

gSA

❖ b.VjuSV ij fo”k; vfHkxe ds }kjk [kkst dh tk ldrh gSA

❖ fo’k; oLrq fo’ys”k.k ds }kjk [kkst dh tk ldrh gSA

❖ b.VjuSV lalk/kuksa ds izlwphdj.k ls [kkst dh tk ldrh gSA

❖ cwfy;u izpkydksa dk mi;ksx djds [kkst dh tk ldrh gSA

❖ lwpuk laxzg.k ,oe~ iquizkZfIr dh i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx djds [kkst dh tk ldrh gSA


48

❖ esVk MsVk dk ltu djds [kkst dh tk ldrh gSA

❖ fFklksjl] fo”k;&’kh”kZd ,oe~ izeq[k ‘kCnksa ds }kjk [kkst dh tk ldrh gSA

[kkst batu dh Hkwfedk

osclkbVksa ls lwpuk dh iquizkZfIr esa [kkst batu fuEu egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrs gSa&

❖ b.VjuSV ls fo’oluh; ,oe~ lVhd lwpuk izkIr djrs gSaA

❖ osc lalk/kuksa dk miyfC/k LFkku Kkr djrs gSaA

❖ miyC/k lwpuk ,oe~ osc i`”Bksa dk drkjdze Kkr djrs gSaA

❖ fdlh izdj.k fo’ks”k ij fo’oO;kih Lrj ij fdl izdkj dk dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS] ;g Kkr djus esa

lgk;rk djrs gSaA

❖ osc ij lwpuk mRikn rFkk muds dz; fodz; ¼O;kikj½ ds ckjs esa lwpuk [kkstus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA

❖ b.VjuSV ij Rofjr lUnHkZ lzksr ds :Ik esa mi;ksx djrs gSaA

❖ b.VjuSV dk ,d lokZf/kd fo’kky fMthVy xzUFkky; ds :Ik esa mi;ksx djrs gSaA

fu”d”kZ &

b.VjuSV dh oYMZ okbM osc fujUrj c<+ jgh gS tks vR;Ur xfr’khy ,oe~ cgqvk;keh gSA bldh

vuqdzef.kdk Hkh vR;Ur fo”kky ,oe~ tfVy gksrh tk jgh gS ftlds dkj.k buls lwpuk [kkstuk le;lk/;

dk;Z gks x;k gSA [kkst batuksa us bl le;lk/; ,oe~ tfVy dk;Z dks ljy ,oe~ vR;Ur gh lw{e le; esa

lEiUu gksus okyk cuk fn;k gS blfy;s lwpuk dh vkWuykbu izkfIr gsrq [kkst batu ,d vf}rh; fodYi gSaA

lUnHkZ

1. Hussain, A. and Kumar, K. : Search engines: An overview. ILA Bulletin, vol. 42(3);2006,

p.21-26.

2. Kumar, P.S.G.: Information sources and services. New Delhi : B.R. Publishing: 2004,

p.98-100.

3. Meera, B.M.: Consideration of a quality assurance in design and development of search

engines. Proceedings of CALIBER-2000, p.2.12-2.19.

4. Singh, R.: Performance of world wide web search engines: A comparative study. Library

Herald, vol. 44(4); 2006, p.328-338.

5. Singh, Sonal and Singh, Surendra: Search engines: A boon for search in web. Granthalaya

Vigyan (Hindi). Vol.37(1-2); 2006, p.68-71.


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Urmila Sharma and S.K. Sharma, Indian Political Thought : Pg. 42.

Om Prakash Gawa, Indian Political Thought : Pg. 19.


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vkxjk dk izkphu bfrgkl

Mk0 ,fjd foylu

la{ksi.k %

Ekkuo lH;rk dk fodkl fo’o ds lHkh ns’kksa esa izk;% ufn;ksa ds rV ls vkjEHk gqvkA cM+s&cM+s

uxj ufn;ksa ds fdukjs ij clk;s x;s FksA ¼flU/kq lH;rk ds vf/kdrj uxj ufn;ksa ds fdukjs cls feys

gSa½ izkphu ;qx esa vkxjk ftl ‘kwjlsu tuin esa lfEefyr Fkk] og ;equk ds rV ij clk gqvk izns’k Fkk]

ftls vkt cVs’oj ds uke ls tkurs gSaA le; ds O;rhr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ;equk unh ds fdukjksa ij

vkcknh c<+rh x;hA ;equk unh ds fdukjksa ij :udrk] fldUnjk] vkxjk uxj] iksb;k] cq<+kuk] rjukSjk]

pUnokj] cVs’oj] ukSxkao] dpkSjk vkfn xkao /khjs&/khjs clrs x;s tks vkt bfrgkl esa vkxjk dh igpku

cukus esa lgk;d fl) gq,A pEcy unh ds fdukjs ij fiukgV bR;kfn xkao vkSj dLcs cls] ftuesa ls

vkt dqN e/; Hkkjr dh lhek esa gSA1

izkphu xzUFkksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ‘kwjlsu tuin esa ‘kkSjhiqj rFkk lkSachj bR;kfn egRoiw.kZ LFky

FksA2 vkxjk izkphu ;qx esa eFkqjk tuin dk izeq[k LFky FkkA vkxjk ,oa eFkqjk dk {ks= ct dgykrk

FkkA izkphu xzUFkksa esa ct e.My dh ifjØek 84 dksl dgh x;h gSA fgUnw /keZ esa bl izfØ;k dks vkt

Hkh i;kZIr yksdfiz;rk izkIr gSA VkWyeh ds xzUFk Hkwxksy esa nks lewg uxjksa dk mYys[k bl {ks= esa gS

ftuesa ,d eFkqjk vkSj nwljk vkxjk lEHkkfor ekus tkrs gSaA ;wukuh bfrgkldkjksa us Hkkjr ds le`) uxjksa

dk mYys[k fd;k gS fdUrq rc vkxjk ds :i esa bldk ukedj.k lEHkor% ugha gqvk FkkA3 ckS) rFkk tSu

lkfgR; esa ftu lksyg egktuinksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS muesa ,d ‘kwjlsu tuin Hkh FkkA4

vkxjk dk lEcU/k egkHkkjr dky ls Hkh tksM+k tkrk gSA eFkqjk ds jktk dal ds lkezkT; ds

vUrxZr vkxjk Hkh FkkA vkxjk esa dal dk dkjkxkj fLFkr FkkA blh dkj.k ls bl {ks= dk uke

vjxyiqj FkkA5 laLÑr ys[kdksa us vkxjk dks mxzlsuiqj dgk gSA

orZeku cVs’oj {ks= dks izkphu ;qx esa lwjtiqjk dgk tkrk FkkA lwjtiqjk ;nqoa’kh jktkvksa dh

jkt/kkuh FkhA6 jktk ;FkkZr~ ds nks iq= Fks ftudk uke ;nq vkSj iq: FkkA ;nq ds ,d iq= ‘kwjlsu Fks tks

vkxjk {ks= esa cl x;sA ;nq dh larku gksus ds bl {ks= ds yksx ;nqoa’kh dgyk;sA

izkphu xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj ‘kwjlsu ds iq= olqnso dh iRuh eFkqjk ds jktk dal dh cgu Fkh

ftudk uke nsodh FkkA buds iq= JhÑ”.k dk tUe vius ekek dal ds dkjkxkj esa gqvkA blls ;g

fl) gksrk gS fd JhÑ”.k dk tUe vkxjk {ks= esa gqvk Fkk D;ksafd dal dh tsy vjxyiqj vFkok vkxjk


86

esa cuh FkhA JhÑ”.k ds ppsjs HkkbZ usfeukFk Fks tks tSu rhFkZdj dgs x;s gSaA JhÑ”.k ds xq: ?kksj vafxjl

FksA JhÑ”.k ds xq: dk uke usfeukFk Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA7 Nksj vkxZjl vkSj usfeukFk ,d gh O;fDr gks

ldrs gSaA ?kksj vafxjl vFkok usfeukFk riLoh ,oa fpard FksA mUgksaus thou dh lkFkZdrk dks tkuus dk

iz;kl fd;kA mudh f’k{kk,a lR; vkSj vfgalk ij vk/kkfjr FkhaA vfgald&;K vkSj vafglk /keZ dh

LFkkiuk cq) ls iwoZ ?kksj vafxjl dj pqds FksA ?kksj vafxjl ds f’k”; JhÑ”.k Uks mRre ;K ogh crk;k gS

ftlesa fdlh Hkh tho dh gR;k ugha gksrhA ;g nh{kk JhÑ”.k Uks Hkh vtqZu dks nh FkhA bl vafglk /keZ

dk foLrkj ckn esa tSu rhFkZdjksa us fd;kA tSu xq: usfeukFk dh lk/kukLFkyh ‘kkSjhiqj FkhA ;g LFkku

vkt Hkh cVs’oj ds fudV fLFkr gSaA usfeukFk 22osa tSu rhFkZdj ekus x;s gSaaA8

egf”kZ vafxjl ds oa’ktksa ds uke Fks & vafxjl] fnO;& vafxjl vkSj fHk{k&vafxjlA bZlk&iwoZ

,d gtkj o”kZ iwoZ ;g _f”k gq, FksA vafxjl ds iq=ksa dk uke fgj.kd’;Ik] rFkk dqRl FkkA vafxjk _f”k

ds uke ij ;g {ks= vkxjk dgyk;kA vkxjk xtsfV;j ds vuqlkj] vxzou ct {ks= ds pkSng ouksa esa

,d FkkA9 blh ou esa /keZ xzUFkksa dh jpuk gqbZA vxzou ;equk ds rV ij QSyk gqvk FkkA xtsfV;j }kjk

;g Kkr gksrk gS fd bu ?kus ouksa esa vusd izfl) xq:dqy cus gq, Fks] tgk¡ ckydksa dks f’k{kk nh tkrh

FkhA

izkphu xzUFkksa esa vkxjk dks vjxyiqj Hkh fy[kk x;k gSA vxZy dk vFkZ dkjkxkj dks lqjf{kr

j[kus okys }kj ls gS tks yksgs dh NM+ksa ls cuk;s tkrs FksA eFkqjk ds fujadq’k ‘kkld dal us ;g cUnhxzg

cuok;k FkkA10 dgk tkrk gS blh dkjkxkj esa dal us viuh cgu nsodh vkSj cguksbZ oklqnso dks cUn

dj fn;k FkkA dal xsV uked cLrh vkt vkxjk ds xksdqyiqjk eksgYys esa fo|eku gSA vkxjk dk

iwoZorhZ uke vxzou Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA jktk ijhf{kr ds pkj iq=ksa esa ,d vxzslu FksA mUgha ds uke ij

bl {ks= ds ou dks vxzou dgk x;k] tks ckn esa vkxjk gks x;kA vkxjk ds uke ls lEcfU/kr vusd

vuqJqfr;k¡ feyrh gSaaA blesa lUnsg ugha fd ;g {ks= vR;f/kd izkphu vkSj egRoiw.kZ FkkA bfrgkl esa bl

{ks= dh vusd miyfC/k;k¡ Fkha tks vkt Hkh fNih gqbZ gSaA ;g {ks= izkphu dky esa vusd er&erkUrjksa ls

tqM+k jgk FkkA

iqjkrkfRod mR[kuu esa lwjtiqjk vkSj ‘kkSjhiqj LFkkuksa ij oS”.ko ckS) vkSj tSu izfreka, izkIr gqb Z

gSA11 ,d fo”.kq dh izfrek Hkh feyh gSA nks cM+h izfrek;sa feyh gSa tks ckS) vFkok tSu /keZ ls lEcfU/kr

izrhr gksrh gSaA losZ{k.k ds nkSjku ;g Kkr gqvk gS fd lwjtiqjk vkSj ‘kkSjhiqj dk izkphu uke iwju[ksM+k

vkSj vkS/kk[ksM+k FkkA ‘kkSjhiqj vkSj lwjtiqjk d s ikl cls gq, {ks= gSa tks ;equk ufn ds nf{k.kh rV ij gSaA


87

iwju[ksM+k ls cM+s vkdkj dh bZaV] crZu vkSj ewfrZ;k¡ mR[kuu esa izkIr gqbZ gSaaA vkS/kk[ksM+k esa eFkqjk vkSj

fHkylk ‘kSyh dk yky iRFkj dk ckS) pØ feyk gSA ftl ij dU/kksa rd euq”; vkÑfr mRdh.kZ gSA12

vkxjk&eFkqjk ds LFky ekxZ ij ;equk rV ij fLFkr js.kqdk ¼:udrk½ rFkk dSyk’k vkxjk ds

izkphu ikSjkf.kd LFkku gSaaA ;g vuqJqfr vkt Hkh izpfyr gS fd js.kqdk LFky dk egRo tenkfXu _f”k

ls gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd f’ko HkDr egf”kZ tenkfXu dSyk’k tkrs gq, ml LFkku ij jkr dks :ds

FksA muds gkFk esa nks f’kofyax Fks ftUgsa mUgksaus Hkwfe Ikj j[k fn;k fQj mUgksaus nksuksa f’kofyaxksa dks ,d

gh tyygjh esa LFkkfir dj fn;kA13 bls rc ls dSyk’k dgk x;kA bl LFkku ds ikl gh js.kqdk /kke

;k :udrk gSA _Xosn ds uosa e.My eas txnkfXu ds oa’ktksa dk o.kZu gSA14 tenkfXu izkphu ;qx ds

,d izrkih _f”k FksA tenkfXu us js.kqdk ds rV ij lk/kuk dhA tenkfXu dk fdlh ckr dks ysdj

vius lk<+w lglzktqZu ls fojks/k gks x;kA muds izrkih iq= ij’kqjke us ;q) esa lglzktZqu dk o/k dj

fn;kA lglzktqZu ds iq=ksa us ij’kqjke dh vuqifLFkfr esa tenkfXu dks ok.kksa ls ekj MkykA tenkfXu]

mudh iRuh js.kqdk vkSj ij’kqjke dk efUnj js.kqdk ¼:udrk½ ds ;equk rV ij fLFkr gSA vusd fons’kh

ys[kd vkxjk ls ij’kqjke dk lEcU/k lEHkkfor ekurs gSaA egkHkkjr dky ls tqM+s vkxjk ds bfrgkl esa

ij’kqjke dk tqM+uk xyr ugha yxrkA bl {ks= dh ikSjkf.kd dFkkudksa vkSj oa’kkofy;ksa dk ladyu

loZizFke vaxzst ys[kd ikWftZVj us fd;k FkkA

bl {ks= dk ,d vU; ikSjkf.kd egRoiw.kZ xkao gS iksb;k tks ;equk rV ij fLFkr gSaA bl LFkku

dk iqjkuk uke yksgkx<+ Hkh FkkA ‘kqax dky ¼200 bZ0iw0½ dk ,d f’kofyax bl xkao esa LFkkfir gS tks

Vs<+s’oj egknso ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA iksb;k xkao dk mYys[k ,Rekniqj rglhy rFkk c;kuk ljdkj

ds vUrxZr Hkh fd;k x;k gSA15 ;gk¡ ;equk rV ij izkphu Vhyk Hkh gS tks fdlh izkphu Hkou dk

[k.Mgj izrhr gksrk gSA vkxjk dk ;g Hkw&Hkkx izkphu ;qx esa vkckn vkSj [kq’kgky FkkA

lezkV dfu”d ds lkezkT; esa vkxjk ,d izeq[k lwck FkkA xkSre cq) dh igyh izfrek blh dky

esa cuh FkhA czkãh fyfi dk ,d vfHkys[k fdjkoyh {ks= ls izkIr gqvk gS tks d q”kk.k ;qx dk gSA16 xkU/kkj

‘kSyh dh ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh vkxjk esa mR[kuu }kjk izkIr gqbZ gSaA vkxjk tuin ds dbZ {ks=ksa ds mR[kuu esa cq)

dh izkphu izfrek;sa feyh gSaA17 vkxjk vkSj eFkqjk ml ;qx esa dykRed ewfrZ;k¡ cukus ds izeq[k dsUnz FksA

cq) dk rky ls xkSre cq) dh ,d fo’kky izfrek feyh gSa] tks dq”kk.kdkyhu gSaaA ;g fnYyh

E;wft;e esa j[kh gSA blesa ;g mRdhZ.k gS fd lezkV dfu”d us vkxjk dk iz’kklu ,d ckS) lkeUr dks

fn;k FkkA vkxjk ifj{ks= esa dkxkSjky ds laLFkkid jkSSy rFkk mlds firk [kkxj Hkh jgrs FksA bu nksuksa

ds uke ij dkxkjkSy LFkku cuk FkkA dkxkjkSy ls izkIr izkphu flDds ml {ks= dh izkphurk fl) djrs


88

gSaA ,Rekniqj ds fudV cqf<+;k dk rky gS tgk¡ ls xkSre cq) dh vusd ewfrZ;k¡ feyh gSa rFkk cq) pØ

okyk iRFkj Hkh feyk gSA Vw.Myk ds fudV dlkSa/kh xkao esa vusd nqxksZa ds HkXuko’ks”k feys gSaA bl {ks=

dh LFkkiuk jktk xt us dh FkhA [kqnkbZ esa nks QqV yEch vkSj vkB bap eksVh bZaV feyh gSA dkykZ;y ds

vuqlkj jktk xt us vkxjk dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA18 tktÅ ls dqN ewfrZ;k¡ feyh gSa tks ckS) /keZ ls

lEcfU/kr gSaA txusj ls ,d vklu ls cSBh ,slh izfrek feyh gS] tks ckS) /keZ ls lEcfU/kr gSA19

vkxjk ds ckg rglhy ds derjh xkao esa ,d Vhyk gS tgk¡ ckS) ewfrZ;k¡ feyh gSaaA lkjukFk ds

,d ys[k ds vuqlkj bl {ks= esa ,d ckS) eB Fkk tks cgqr lfØ; :i ls /keZ izpkj djrk FkkA vkxjk

ds fudV uwjkckn ls rhu flj okyh ewfrZ feyh gSA20 mDr iqjkrkfRod izek.kksa ls u dsoy vkxjk dh

izkphurk ij izdk’k iM+rk gS oju~ ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd vkxjk ns’k dk egRoiw.kZ Hkw&Hkkx FkkA

xqIr ‘kkldksa ds dky esa vkxjk dk ifj{ks= vR;Ur lEiUu FkkA vkxjk ds ikl c;kuk ls xqIr

dkyhu Lo.kZ flDdksa dk <sj feyk gSA bl dky esa Ñf”k vkSj m|ksx /kU/kksa esa vkxjk dk i;kZIr egRo

FkkA fgUnw /keZ ds izfr vkxjk ds fuokfl;ksa dh xgjh vkLFkk FkhA xqIrdky dk ,d pkSdksj tygjh okyk

f’kofyax mfM+;k xkao esa ;equk rV ij ,d Vhys ij fLFkr gSA xqIrdky esa fgUnw /keZ dk iqu:RFkku gqvk

Fkk vkSj f’ko rFkk fo”.kq cgqr yksdfiz; nsork vkSj vorkj FksA lkekU; turk mudh vkjk/kuk djrh

FkhA ‘kkld vkSj lkeUrksa us vusd efUnjksa dk fuekZ.k djk;kA

iqjkrkfRod vo’ks”kksa ls vkxjk dh izkphurk ij i;kZIr izdk’k iM+rk gSA mR[kuu esa cM+h la[;k

esa pk¡nh ds flDds feys gSaA pk¡nh ds nks gtkj NksVs flDdksa ls pkSFkh ;k ikapoh ‘krkCnh ds esokM+ ds

jktk xqgkfnR; fllkSfn;k dk irk pyrk gSA mu flDdksa ij xqfgykJh fy[kk gSA21 ^xqfgykJh* dk

lEcU/k esokM+ ls Fkk vkSj mudk dksbZ oa’kt vkxjk dk ‘kkld FkkA bl jktoa’k esa ,d izfl) ‘kkld

Fkk ftldk uke [kkse.k FkkA ;g lw;Zoa’kh xgyksr fllkSfn;k FkkA ;g lEHko gS fd vkxjk ds nqxZ ds

fudV jkorikM+k vkSj eudkes’oj efUnj esokM+ ds bUgha jktkvksa us cuok;k gksA fpRrkSM+ esa ;ks)k dks

^jkor* uke ls lEekuiwoZd lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA esokM+ ds mUgha jkorksa us cjxn ds isM+ ds uhps

eudkes’oj dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj mUgha jkorksa ds uke ij jkorikM+k bl {ks= dk uke iM+ x;kA efUnj

dk ewy f’kofyax vfr izkphu gSA vkxjk fdys ds fudV iqjkuh tSu izfrek;sa Hkh mR[kuu esa izkIr gqbZ

gSaA22 vkxjk tuin ls izkIr vusd izkphu izfrek;sa eFkqjk laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr gSaA vkxjk tuin ds

fiukgV {ks= ds izkphu nqxZ dks gw.k jktkvksa us cuk;k FkkA ikapoh ‘krkCnh esa gw.k jktk fefgjdqy us

Xokfy;j esa lw;Z efUnj cuok;k FkkA fiukgV dk nqxZ Hkh mlh gw.k jktk ds dky esa cuk FkkA ;g dsoy

vuqeku ugha gS oju~ nksuksa bekjrksa dh ‘kSyh esa lekurk ds dkj.k izekf.kr izrhr gksrk gSA


89

vkxjk tuin dk ,d izkphu LFky pUnzokj FkkA vkxjk uxj ds nf{k.k iwoZ esa uxj ls 50

fdyksehVj nwj ;g ifj{ks= ;equk rV ij fLFkr FkkA ;g LFkku fQjkstkckn ls 5 fdyksehVj

nf{k.k&if’pe esa gSA lu~ 996 bZ0 esa jkeflag gk:y us vius b”Vnso pUnzizHkq dh LQkfVd dh izfrek

;gk¡ efUnj cuokdj LFkkfir dh FkhA pUnzokj ij bl le; pkSgkuksa dk gh vkf/kiR; FkkA uoha vkSj

nloha ‘krkCnh ls pUnzokj dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ftlds ‘kkldksa ds uke Fks pUnzlsu] pUnziky] t;iky]

Hkjriky] vHk;iky] tkg:] Hkkstjkt] ek/kopUnz] ekfudpUn rFkk dhfrZflU/kqA Xokfy;j jkT; ds mRrj

esa ;equk vkSj pEcy ds e/;orhZ izns’k esa vlkbZ[ksM+k ds HkjksZa dk jkT; FkkA23 muds iru ds ckn bl

{ks= esa pUnokj ds pUnziky pkSgku us vf/kdkj dj fy;k FkkA bl pkSgku jkT; ds v/khu jkecfMM~;]

jkijh] grdkar] ‘kkSjhiqj vkfn dbZ nqxZ Fks] tks vkxjk ifj{ks= esa fLFkr FksA

fnYyh lYrur ds nkSjku Hkh vkxjk ds izkphu oSHko esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha vk;k] ;|fi vkxjk

dk iz’kklu Hkh eqfLye ‘kklu ds vUrxZr vk x;k fdUrq fnYyh ds lqYrkuksa us vkxjk dh izkphu ijEijk

vkSj laLÑfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;kA izkphu dky ls gh vkxjk vusd lk/kq&lUrksa dh ‘kj.k LFkyh

jgk gSA ;gk¡ vusd izkphu efUnj vkxjk ds xkSjo’kkyh bfrgkl ds xokg gSaA eqxydky esa vkxjk dk

oSHko loZJs”Brk ij igaqp x;kA lezkV vdcj us izkphu tSfu;ksa dh cLrh Qrsgiqj lhdjh dks viuh

jkt/kkuh cuk;kA fczfV’k ‘kkludky esa Hkh vkxjk esa vusd iz’kklfud Hkou] Ldwy] dkWyst vkSj

vLirky [kksys x;sA 1869 bZ0 esa mPp U;k;ky; vkxjk esa Fkk fdUrq ckn esa mls bykgkckn LFkkukUrfjr

dj fn;k x;kA24 vuojr~ la?k”kZ ds ckotwn vkxjk ifj{ks= us viuh igpku dk;e j[kh vkSj lkaLÑfrd

ewY;ksa ds {ks= esa vkxjk dh miyfC/k;k¡ egRoiw.kZ jghaA vkxjk dh fof’k”Vrk; sa mlds lkekftd thou esa

feyrh gSa tgk¡ ln~Hkkouk vkSj lg&vfLrRo dh Hkkouk,a jktuSfrd ladV vkSj vkfFkZd ijkHko ds

ckotwn cuha jghaA

lUnHkZ

1- eksrhyky tSu & Hkwxksy&ftyk vkxjk] vkxjk 1934] i0 23

2- ok;q iqjk.k ,oa Hkfo”; iqjk.k

3- VkWyeh & T;ksxzkQh

4- vkxjk fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j & i0 1

5- ogh] i0 718

6- ogh] i0 575

7- NkUnksX; mifu”kn


90

8- jke/kkjh flag fnudj % laLÑfr ds pkj v/;k;] i0 106

9- vkxjk fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j & mijksDr] i0 577

10- ikthZVj % ,U’ksUV bf.M;u fgLVksfjdy VªsMh’ku] i0 197

11- oh0ds0 frokjh % vkdZs;ksykWth vkWQ vkxjk fMfLVªDV] i0 15

12- ogh] i0 16

13- feJ cU/kq % Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ¼Hkkx 1½] i0 148

14- _Xosn ¼uoka e.My½

15- vCnqy gyhe % yksnh lqYrkuksa dk bfrgkl] i0 83

16- vkxjk fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j & i0 748

17- ogh] i0 748

18- dkykZ;y % okf”kZd fjiksVZ] i0 240

19- ogh] i0 209

20- ogh] i0 215

21- vkxjk fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j & i0 482&83

22- ch0ih0 dkEckst % iqjkrkfRod ifjizs{; esa vkxjk] i0 82

23- jruyky caly % pUnzokj rFkk fQjkstkckn dk bfrgkl] i0 111

24- lksfofu;j % bUVj ;wfuoflZVh cksMZ ¼l0Mk0 vk’khZonhZyky½] vkxjk 1972] i0 14


91

HkkSfrd Hkwxksy vkSkj ekuoh; Hkwxksy dh }Srrk

Mk0 lqeu ckbZ

izoDrk Hkwxksy

ckykth dkWyst] ipsjh cM+h]

>qu>quw jktLFkkuA

la{ksi.k %

HkkSfrd Hkwxksy cuke ekuo Hkwxksy ds fookn dks O;kogkfjd ugha ekuk tk ldrkA loZizFke

Hkwxksy dks nks Hkkxks esa ;wukfu;ksa us ckaVkA gsdkfV;l HkkSfrd Hkwxksy dks otunkj ekurk Fkk] tcfd

gsjksMksVl vkSj LVªkcks us vius ys[kksa dks ekuoh; nf”Vdks.k ls iwjk dj ekuo&Hkwxksy ij cy fn;kA vkt

rd Hkwxksy esa bl }Srokn dk fookn cuk gqvk gSA dqN fo)ku~ ;g dgus esa ugha pwdrs fd HkkSfrd

Hkwxksy esa mudh :fp ugha gS vkSj ekuo&Hkwxksy esa os n{k o dq’ky gSaA dqN fo)ku~ rks HkkSfrd o ekuo

Hkwxksy ds f}Hkkxhdj.k ls brus izHkkfor gSa fd bu nksukas ds v/;;u dh i)fr;ksa dks Hkh vyx&vyx

ekurs gSaA izkdfrd ?kVuk,a tSls tyok;q] ekSle] tyjkf’k o izokg] lkeqfnzd&foKku] HkwxHkZ&foKku]

HkwvkÑfr;k¡ vkfn ,sls fo”k; gSa tks izkdfrd&foKkuksa dh i)fr;ksa }kjk v/;;u fd;s tkrs gSaA buds

ifj.kke o fu”d”kksaZ dks ekik Hkh tk ldrk gS] os vf/kd ifj’kq) vkSj oSKkfud gksrs g aSA ijUrq lkekftd

,ao lkaLdfrd ?kVuk,¡ tks ekuo Hkwxksy ds fo”k; cus gSa] os u rks ifj’kq) vkSj u lHkh dh nf”V esa

leku ewY;ksa okys gSaA mUgsa HkkSfrd foKkuksa dh i)fr ls ij[kk ugha tk ldrkA os le; o LFkku ds

vuqlkj lhfer gksrs gSa] ?kVrs&c<+rs vkSj ifjorZuh; gSaA muesa lEHkkouk vf/kd vkSj fuf’pr ifj.kkeksa dk

vHkko gksrk gSA1

ojsfu;l dh Geographic Generalis esa HkkSfrd o ekuo Hkwxksy dk foHkktu 1650 esa Li”V gks

pqdk FkkA dk.V us vBkjgoha lnh ds vkjEHk esa HkkSfrd Hkwxksy ij teZuh ds dksfuaXlcxZ fo’ofo|ky; esa

O;k[;ku fn, vkSj iFoh ds ifjHkze.k ls ok;q&fn’kk esa fopy; dk v/;;u fd;kA2 gEcksy~V Hkh HkkSfrd

Hkwxksy esa :fp j[krk Fkk] ijUrq dkyZ fjVj dk >qdko ekuo&Hkwxksy dh vksj FkkA gEcksy~V o fjVj nksuksa

gh HkkSfrd Hkwxksy esa ‘kks/kdk;Z dk mn~ns’; izÑfr dh ,drk dks Li”V djuk ekurs FksA

jsdyl dk cy O;ofLFkr HkkSfrd Hkwxksy ij Fkk vkSj blh dh iwfrZ mldh jpuk La Terre esa

gSaA MkfoZu us Hkh fo”k; ds HkkSfrd i{k ij gh tksj fn;k vkSj tho/kkfj;ksa ds LFkkf;Ro ,oa fodkl ds fy,

izkÑfrd lek;kstu esa la?k”kZ dks t:jh Bgjk;kA lksejfoys us 1848 esa viuh jpuk Physical


92

Geography izdkf’kr dhA 19oha lnh ds mRrjk)Z esa vf/kdka’k HkwxksyosRrkvksa dk :>ku HkkSfrd Hkwxksy

dh vksj FkkA vky~czsd~V isad us Hkw&vkÑfr&foKku laLFkkfir dj ^Hkw&vkdkjksa ds fodkl* ds fu;eksa dk

fuekZ.k fd;kA mlus n’kk;kZ fd vkÑfr;ksa ds O;ofLFkr v/;;u ls izknsf’kd nf”Vdks.k dks fdl Hkkafr

O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA mlus /kjkry dh HkkSfrd vkÑfr ds ekufp=ksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij tksj fn;kA Hkwxksy

ds O;ofLFkr Kku esa budk i;kZIr egRo gSA blds i'pkr~ dksisu] Msfol] ekVksZuh] fey] tsQjlu vkSj

nksdq’ps,o vkfn HkwxksyosRrkvksa us Hkw&vkdkjk sa] o tyok;q dks Hkwxksy esa egRoiw.kZ ekukA bu lHkh

v/;;uksa esa ekuo ds ;ksx dks utjUnkt fd;k x;kA blh le; Msfol us vkoj.k{k; pØ (Cycle of

Erosion) ds lkekU; fopkj dks izLrqr fd;kA jsVtsy o lsEiy us Hkh HkkSfrd okrkoj.k dh egRrk O;Dr

dh vkSj ^êkuo dh /kjkry dh mit dgkA** gafVaxVu us tyok;q o ekSle dh n’kkvksa dks lH;rk ds

dsUnzksa ds LFkkuksa esa cnyko ds fy, mRrjnk;h Bgjk;kA esfd.Mj] fptgkse o gjcVZlu us HkkSfrd Hkwxksy

dks HkwxksyosRrkvksa ds v/;;u dk iz/kku fo”k; crk;kA 1877 esa izdkf’kr gd~lys dk Hkw&vkÑfr foKku

^Physiography* 19oha lnh dks vafre rhu n’kkfCn;ksa esa fo|ky;ksa esa yksdfiz; fo”k; FkkA3 lksfo;r

oSKkfudksa us Hkwxksy dks foKku dh ‘kk[kk dgk ftlesa Hkw&vkÑfr foKku] enk foKku] ty foKku vkSj

tyok;q foKku dh foospuk dh tkrh gSA vius fodkl ds fy, vkjfEHkd pj.k esa Hkwxksy ,sls v/;kidksa

}kjk i<+k;k tkus okyk fo”k; Fkk tks HkwxHkZ foKku dks i<+krs FksA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Hkwxksy fo”k; HkkSfrd

foKkuksa esa fxuk tkus okyk fo”k; FkkA oqy~Mfjt vkSj bZLV dh jk; esa HkkSfrd Hkwxksy loZO;kih fu;eksa]

izfØ;kvksa vkSj foKku dh Js.kh dk vf/kd lw{e] fo”ke] yphyk vkSj fofo/k fo”k; gSA4

HkkSfrd Hkwxksy cuke ekuo Hkwxksy ds f}Hkkxhdj.k dks ml le; rd ugha le>k tk ldrk]

tc rd fd ekuo Hkwxksy ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl dh vksj /;ku u fn;k tk,A fjVj o jsVtsy ekuo dks

n’;&txr~ esa ifjorZu ykus okyk vfHkdrkZ ekurs FksA Qsojs dk Hkh er ekuo dks okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu

ykus okys eq[; dkjdksa esa ls egRoiw.kZ dkjd le>k tkuk FkkA og Hkwxksy esa ekuo ds ;ksx dks lcls

vkxs [kM+k ns[krk Fkk & In geography, “we deal with man’s work, man’s calculations, man’s

movement, the perpetual ebb and flow of humanity, man-not the soil or the climate – is ever

in the forefront.” foMky fM yk Oyk’k oLrqr% ekuo&Hkwxksy ds lEiznk; dk laLFkkid FkkA og izns’k

ds lkaLÑfrd Hkw&n’; ds izeq[k fu/kkZj.kdrkZvk sa esa HkkSfrd ?kVdksa ds ;ksx dks cgqr de egRo nsrk FkkA

og HkkSfrd Hkwxksy vkSj fu;froknh rdksZa dh detksfj;ksa dks vPNh izdkj le>rk FkkA ijUrq Cyk’k


93

HkkSfrd o lkaLÑfrd ?kVukvksa ds e/; dksbZ lhek js[kk f[kaph gqbZ ugha ns[krk vkSj nksuksa dks ,dhÑr cus

Hkw&n’; tkurkA izkÑfrd o lkaLÑfrd n’;&oLrqvksa dks ,d&nwljs ls vyx&vyx djuk laHko ugha

gS vkSj u ,slh fØ;k fdlh izdkj dk ^Hkwxksy* gSA ekuo&vf/kokl ds fdlh {ks= esa ekuo dh ekStwnxh

ds dkj.k gh izÑfr esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu ?kfVr ns[ks tkrs gSa] os ifjorZu ogk¡ lokZf/kd ?kfVr gS tgk¡

tu&leqnk; dh HkkSfrd&laLÑfr dk Lrj loksZPp cuk gSA5 thu czwugal us ekuo Hkwxksy ds

ladYiukRed <kaps dks nks vo/kkj.kkvksa] fØ;kdyki dk fu;e vkSj vUrlZEcU/k dks fu;e }kjk l’kDr

cuk;kA vkxs fneka&ft;ka us Hkh Cyk’k dh ijEijk dks xfr nhA

ekuo&Hkwxksy ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds fopkj&n’kZu dk eq[; vk/kkj izÑfr vkSj ekuo ds e/;

ikjLifjd lacU/k LFkkfir djuk gSA nksuksa ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gS] vyx&vyx mudk dksbZ vfLrRo

ugha gSA ,slh le>cw> dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa vyx&vyx jhfr o i)fr

¼Methodology½ viuk;h tkrh gSA ;g i)fr izns’k esa fodkl dh fn’kkvksa vkSj ogk¡ ds yksxksa dh

vko’;drkvksa ds vuq:i fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA Hkwxksy dh fofHkUu ‘kk[kkvksa esa Hkh viuk;h x;h i)fr;k¡

,d&nwljs ls furkUr fHkUu gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;g fHkUurk fo”k; dh ,drk esa Hkh lUnsg mRiUu dj nsrh

gSA ^^tyok;q v/;;uksa vkSj Hkw&vkdkjksa ds v/;;uksa esa viuk;h x;h i)fr;ksa esa vUrj dbZ :iksa esa

izkÑfrd ouLifr o Qlyksa ds mRiknu dh i)fr;ksa ds vUrj ls Hkh cgqr vf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA**6

mi;qZDr ls ;g Li”V gS fd HkkSfrd Hkwxksy cuke ekuo Hkwxksy dk f}Hkkxhdj.k fn[kkoVh ek=

gSA ;FkkFkZ esa Hkwxksy ,d gh gS vkSj ;s nks bl fo”k; ds ,sfrgkfld Lo:i gSaA ,d gh lrr~ izokfgr

Hkwxksy&/kkjk ds ;g nks Nksj gSaA gkVZ’kksuZ us er O;Dr fd;k fd ;fn nks Hkwxksy&HkkSfrd o ekuoh; gksrs

rks Hkwxksy dk lkjk dk;Z gh rdZ ‘kwU; ¼Illogical½ cu tk,xkA ge izkÑfrd dkjdksa dk ekuo ij izHkko

vkSj ekuo dh fØ;kvksa dk /kjkry ij izHkko dk v/;;u djrs gSaA ge Hkwxksy fo”k; dk ‘kkjhfjd

foHkktu ¼Physiological Division½ ugha djrsA ;fn Hkwxksy dks Hkwxksyo sRrk dksbZ ewY;oku fo”k; dk

LFkku nsuk pkgrs gSa rks ekuo vkSj izkÑfrd n’; oLrqvksa vFkok ?kVukvksa ds chp mRiUu bl [kkbZ dks

ikV dj lekIr djuk pkfg,A7


94

LkUnHkZ lwph &

1. Holt-Jensen, A., 1981, Geography : Its History and Concepts, p. 13.

2. Hartshorne, R., 1939, ‘The Nature of Geography, A Critical Survey of

Current Thought in the Light of the Past’, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geographers, 29,

173, p.38.

3. Steddart, 1975, ‘The Victorian Science –Huxley;s Physiography and its

Impact of Geography’s, Trans. Inst. Of Br. Geogr, 66, pp. 17-40.

4. Wooldridge, S.W. and East, W.G., 1951, The Spirit and Purpose of

Geography, p. 30.

5. Holt-Jensen, A, op. cit., p.27.

6. Ahmad, A., op.cit.,

7. Febvre, L., 1952, Le Terra et I’ Evolution Humaine Introduction

Geographique a I’Historie, Paris; and 1932, A Geographical Introduction to

History, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd.


95

foxr ‘krh ds vfUre nks n’kdksa essa iq:”k miU;kl ys[ku

MkWŒ ¼Jherh½ vfuy dqekjh

foLrkjd O;k[;krk

jktdh; efgyk egkfo|ky;

ukjukSy] egsUnzx<+ ¼gfj;k.kk½

la{ksi.k %

vk/kqfud dky esa fodflr x| fo/kkvksa esa miU;kl dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA fgUnh miU;kl ds

fodkl dk Js; vaxzsth ,oa caxyk miU;klksa dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA fiNys rhu lkS lky ds lkfgR; ds

bfrgkl dks miU;kl dk bfrgkl dgk tk ldrk gSA :lh gks ;k vaxzsth] Lisfu’k gks ;k vesjhdh &

lHkh esa vk/kqfud lkfgR; dh igpku miU;kl ls gksrh gSA fgUnh esa ,slk ugha gSA fgUnh esa miU;kl dk

bfrgkl dqy lkS o”kZ iqjkuk gSA fdUrq lu~ 1984 ds vkl&ikl] Mk0 ukeoj flag] ¼ekfld gal tuojh

1999 i”B 147½ ‘kCnkoyh esa] miU;kl dks u;h fn’kk feyhA miU;kl la[;k esa Hkh vf/kd jgs vkSj

mRÑ”Vrk dh nf”V ls HkhA mUgksaus vkykspdksa dks peRÑr dj fn;kA ,slk yxk fd miU;kl viuh

lEiw.kZrk ij igqap x;k gSA bl izxfr dks pkj oxkZsa esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA

1- efgyk miU;kl ys[ku 2- iq:”k miU;kl ys[ku

3- vYi la[;d miU;kl ys[ku 4- nfyr miU;kl ys[ku

iq:”k miU;kl ys[ku

lkekftd lkaLÑfrd i”BHkwfe esa xr rhu pkj n’kdksa ls ftl <ax dk vkSj ftl Rofjr xfr ls

ifjorZu gks jgk gS de ls de fgUnh ds lkfgR;dkj ;k rks mlls cs[kcj gS ;k fQj mldk Bhd

vanktk ugha yxk ik jgs gSaA ;g ifjorZu ns’k ds yxHkx izR;sd Hkkx esa vkSj lekt ds yxHkx izR;sd

oxZ esa ?kfVr gks jgk gSA ifjorZu dk uohure dkj.k gS] nwjn’kZu vkSj mlesa Hkh dsfcy dk;ZØeA

mlus lkekftd xBu ds izR;sd igyw dh uhao fgyk nh gSA gksuk ;g pkfg, Fkk fd

lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd i”BHkwfe ds fu;ked izR;sd rRo dks mlds okLrfod Lo:i esa idM+us dh ps”Vk

dh tkrh vkSj rRi’pkr~ mlds lgh :i dh O;k[;k dh tkrhA fdUrq ,slk ugha gks ldkA mldk dkj.k

gS & okLro esa ml izpfyr lR; dh rg rd igaqpuk] ,d izdkj ls] vlEHko lk gks tkrk gSA

lkaLÑfrd lR; ijEijkxr LohÑfr ds cy ij yksd ls euok;sa tkrs gSaA /khjs&/khjs mudk f’kdatk

jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd lRrk ds fo/kkuksa ls vf/kd etcwr gksrk pyk tkrk gSA og izR;{k :i ls vius

fu;e ugha Fkksirk] oju~ laLdkj dk :i nsdj mUgsa ,slk cuk nsrk gS fd yksxksa dks yxrk jgs fd mUgksaus


96

[kqn mudks pquk gSA yksx muls NwVus ds fy, gkFk&ikao ugha ekjrs] cfYd tkus&vutkus mu f’kdatksa

dh xkaBs dlrs jgrs gSaA

larks”k dk fo”k; gS fd fgUnh ds miU;kldkjksa us lkaLÑfrd f’kdats ds bl :i dks igpkuus esa

nsjh ugha dhA QyLo:i jktuhfrd vkfFkZd pkyksa dks igpkuk tkus yxk tks rFkkdfFkr lkaLÑfrd

lR;ksa dh fufeZfr dk nkck djrs jgrs FksA ;U=hdj.k] nks egk;q)ksa vkSj vfLrRooknh fpUru ds

QyLo:i vk/kqfudrk dh tks fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZ gS mls ysdj Hkh fiNys n’kd esa miU;klksa dh jpuk

gqbZ g SA vkLFkkfuokZlu dh vfHkO;fDr nsus dh igy eksgu jkds’k us vius miU;kl ^va/ksjs can dejs*

¼1961½ esa dhA vkjEHk esa vKs; gksa ;k ;’kiky] ckn ds Ñ”.k cYnso gks ;k fo”.kq izHkkdj lHkh esa

lkaLÑfrd ewy rd igaqpus dh izfØ;k lfØ; feyrh gSA fookg ds /kkfeZd :i ls fojfpr vyx

‘kkjhfjd lEcU/k] cgqxkferk] daqokjk ekrRo] LosPNkpkj] izJ; rFkk izse dk migkl] iw.kZ O;fDr&Lokra=~;

ij cy&vc vke ckr gks xbZ gSA lu~ 1962 esa izdkf’kr ,d miU;kl ds m)dj.k ls vUnktk yxk;k

tk ldrk gS fd lkBksRrjh dky ls gh ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu yksxksa ds ru&eu ij Nkus yxk FkkA

miU;kl ds ys[kd gS deys’oj&^^’kknh dk vkRek ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA vxj vkfRed feyu dh ckr

gksrh rks ‘kkfn;k¡ djus dh mez ipkl ds ckn gksrhA ;g egt ,d ‘kkjhfjd vko’;drk gS ftls vkn’kZ

dk rkt igukdj xfjek iznku dh xbZ gSA** fueZy oekZ dk ôs fnu* vk/kqfud laosnuk dk miU;kl gSA

if’pe ds vFkZghu ifjos’k esa ftl NksVs lq[k dh ryk’k bl miU;kl esa dh xbZ gS og vkt ds lUnHkZ

esa xSjekStw ugha yxrhA jktdey pkS/kjh dk miU;kl êNyh ejh gqbZ* leySafxd ;kSukpkj esa fyIr

fL=;ksa dh dgkuh gSA fo”k;oLrq ds vuks[ksiu rFkk rVLFkrkijd ys[kdh; nf”Vdks.k ds dkj.k bl

miU;kl dk vyx vfLrRo gSA ‘krh ds vUr rd vkrs&vkrs rks fpUru dk ;g :i dgha vf/kd mxz

gks x;k gSA bl izlax esa ,d lekt ‘kkL=h dk dFku mn~/kr gS & ^^gekjs fpUru dh iqf”V vius vki

gks tk;sxh & O;fDrxr ifjokj brus VwV tk,saxs fd mudh dHkh Hkh ejEer ugha dh tk ldsxhA

ifjokjksa ds nqfnZu ‘kq: gks pqds gSaA**

uosa ;k ‘krh ds vfUre n’kd eas izdkf’kr ftu miU;klksa us fo’ks”k [;kfr vftZr dh] muesa

mYys[kuh; gS & Ñ”.k cYnso oSn dk ûj&ukjh* fo”.kq izHkkdj dk ^v)Z&ukjh’oj*] euksgj ‘;ke tks’kh

dk ^getkn*] fouksn dqekj ‘kqDy dk ûkSdj dh deht* rFkk lqjsUnz oekZ* êq>s pkan pkfg,* vkfnA ;g

dSlh fofp= ckr gS fd bu lHkh miU;klksa dk Fkhe ,d tSlk feysxkA ukjh dh lkekftd nqnZ’kk vkSj

mlds lEHkkfor dkj.kA


97

okLro essa bl ‘krh ds vUr rd vkrs&vkrs nks fo”k; vf/kd egRrk izkIr dj pqds gSa tks vkt

Hkh mUghsa dks egrk iznku dh tkrh gSS os gS & Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukfj;ksa vkSj ‘kwnzksa dh fLFkfrA lkFk gh

jktuhfr ds {ks= esa Hkh bu nks oxkZsa us izkFkfedrk izkIr dj yh gSA

lu~ 1981 esa ‘kSys’k eSfV;kuh }kjk jfpr miU;kl ^pUn vkSjrksa dk ‘kgj* esa /keZ&ifjorZu gy

djus dh leL;k dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA fHkD[kq dk êkSr dh ljk;* ¼1981½ esa egaxkbZ] csdkjh]

Hkq[kejh dk vdky ls ihfM+r lk/kkj.k turk dh fgald Ñfr rFkk yqbZ lksygosa dk o/k o mldh iRuh

esjh ij mudh eR;q iwoZ yxk;s x;s egkfHk;ksx rFkk izrkM+uk dk dqfRlr fp= izLrqr djrk gSA ef.k

e/kqdj dk ^lQsn eseus* ¼1988½] esa ^^jsfxLrku dk vUrghu jsrhyk QSyko** ;gka ds ik=ksa dh eu% fLFkfr

ds fy, izrhdkRed lUnHkZ cuk gqvk gSA blesa jsr dk ifjos’k ik=ksa dh Hkhrjh irksZa ls fyiVk gqvk gS fd

>kadh izLrqr djrk gSA bl miU;kl esa dFk usfx;ksa dh cLrh ds futhZo gksrs tkrs vfLrRo dk fp=.k

fd;k x;k gSA euksgj ‘;ke tks’kh us vius miU;kl ^ge tkn* ¼1996½ esa Lokra=;ksRrj dky esa

mnkjokn rFkk miHkks$rkokn ds lkFk tks laLÑfr iuih gS] mlus ‘kgjksa ds ckn dLcksa dks ?ksjuk ‘kq:

dj fn;k gSA mlh dk ,d n’; izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA pkVqdkj oxZ uo&/kukM~;ksa ds fy, Hkksx foykl

dh ôLrqvksa* dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ^ge tkn* esa tks dqN fn[kk;k x;k gS] og ukjh dh nqnZ’kk dk Vªsyj

ek= gSA Ñ”.k cYnso oS/k dk ûj&ukjh* ¼1996½] ^^blesa L=h&iq:”k ds lEcU/kksa dh VdjkgV vkSj

ikfjokfjd fo?kVu dks mldh i”B Hkwfe ds lkFk idM+us dh dksf’k’k feyrh gSA miU;kl enZ dh

LoHkkoxr fofp=rkvksa dks lkeus ykus ds fy, gh jpk x;k g SA fo”.kq izHkkdj ^v)Zukjh’oj* ¼1997½]

miU;kl esa rhu [k.M gS&O;fDreu] lekteu] varjeuA êwy ijEijk rks iq:”k dh gS] mlds ikS:f”kd

vg~e dh] tks mls cspkjk cuk nsrk gSA lgt rks bls gh cukuk gSA miU;kl ds nks ik= gS & vftr

vkSj lqferkA okLro esa os fufer ek= gSA izrhd gS & uj vkSj ukjh dsA mlls Hkh dgha vf/kd uj vkSj

ukjh ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k ds izrhd gSA lEiw.kZ miU;kl ukjh dh nqnZ’kk dks] Hkkafr&Hkkafr dh nqnZ’kk dks]

ijo’krkvksa dks] lkeus ykus ds fy, fy[kk x;k gSA

ijns’kh us ^xqyke csxe* ¼1995½] eqxy dky dh ukfj;ksa ds nq%[k nnZ dh dgkuh izLrqr djrk

gSA eu eksgu ikBd ^xxu ?kVk xgjkuh* ¼1998½ ds ek/;e ls] ca/kqok etnwj] vkfnoklh tkfr mudk

lsokHkko rFkk tehankjksa vkSj Bsdsnkjksa ds ‘kks”k.k o vR;kpkjksa dh dgkuh mtkxj djrk gSA lqjsUnz oekZ

^nks enksZa ds fy, xqynLrk* ¼1998½ miU;kl esa egku eqEcÃ dh cktkjoknh vFkZ laLÑfr esa c<+rs gq,

vijk/k vkSj lSDl fd;k x;k gSA ys[kd dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh vo’; gh rh[kh ,oa izHkko’kkyh gSA ,d va’k

nsf[k,& eSa ykyp dks cgqr ifo= ekurk gw¡A ;gh gesa viuh igq¡p ls ckgj c<+us ds fy, iz sfjr djrk


98

gSA miU;kldkj ‘;key us *?kisy* ¼1982½] ds *f’koHkwfr] foHkwfr] ukjk;.k jk;] panzfd’kksj tk;loky ds

ek/;e ls miU;kl esa jktuhfr vkSj lkEiznkf;drk ds dqfVlr gksrs tkus dks yf{kr fd;k x;k gSA

nwljh izofr L=h ds vius&ijk;siu] L=h dh fu;fr] mlds la?k”kZ rFkk rsth ls cnyrh lkekftd]

Hkwfedkvksa esa L=h dks j[kdj ns[kus dh rRijrk feyrh gSA** Kku prqosZnh us *ckjkeklh* ¼1998½] miU;kl

esa & cqUnsy[k.M ds dLcs ds e/;oxhZ; ifjokj dh vkdka{kkvksa] liuksa] foMEcukvksa folaxfr;kas] ikfjokfjd

lEcU/kksa dh fonzwirkvksa vkfn dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA** bl miU;kl dh Hkwfedk esa ys[kd ,d LFkku ij

dgrk gS& ckjkeklh ,d ,slk Qwy gS tks gj ekSle esa mlh f’kn~nr ls f[ky ldrk gSA igyk Qwy gS

xqPpuA

Hkxokunkl xks[kky *dkyk igkM+* ¼1997½ izLrqr miU;kl ns’k esa c<+rh gqÃ lkEiznkf;Drk ij

xgjh laosnuk ls Hkjk gqvk foe’kZ gSA** ftl vapy dh dFkk ;g miU;kl dgrk gS og {ks= gS esokr tks

orZeku gfj;k.kk jkT; esa gSA *dkyk igkM+* miU;kl esa bl nf”V ls esokr dh fu’Nyrk vkSj l};rk

dks muesa vUrfufgZr lekurk dh Hkkouk dks i<+k tk ldrk gSA fgUnw eqfLye laLÑfr;ksa dk vn~Hkqr

feJ.k esoksa esa feyrk gSA lqHkk”k c<yk }kjk jfpr miU;kl *iq”dj rV ds ihiy* esa leySafxd vkd”kZ.k

ds izR;sd i{k dk fp=.k djrk gS lqHkk”k c<yk dk ;g miU;kl *eNyh ejh gqÃ* ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ

gSA

Hkxoku flag dk *mUekn* ¼1998½ **miU;kl dk eq[; mn~ns’; lkEiznkf;d mUEkkn ij foe’kZ gSA

;g foe’kZ oSpkfjd Lrj ij vf/kd gSA laosnuk ds :i esa de de lRRkk vkSj vkfFkZd LokFkZ dh yM+kÃ

eas lkEiznkf;drk Ãa/ku dk dke djrh gS vkSj mldk f’kdkj dsoy vke vkneh gksrk gSA** jfoUnz oekZ

dk *fuU;kUos* ¼1998½ miU;kl eas **fuU;kuosa dh Qyd Hkkjrh; vktknh ds ipkl o”kksZa esa ns’k ds

rkieku dks ekius dh lQy dksf’k’k gSA ftlesa ,d ifjokj dSls jk”Vªh; pfj= dks izR;{k djrk gS dSls

ewY;ksa dk fo?kVu gksrk gS dSls f’k{kk ds vkxs laca/k uhfr] e;kZnk vkSj euq”;rk lekIr gks tkrh gS ;g

miU;kl esa c[kwch fn[kk;k gSA *ghjk iMk cktkj esa* ¼1998½ miU;kl ds jpf;rk & lqcks/k Jh okLro us

,d vfHktkR; oxZ dh ukjh tks foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh viuh lq/k&cq/k ugha [kkssrh dk fp=.k cMh

ljyrk ls fd;k gSA izLrqr miU;kl ukjh dh nqnZ’kk dh dgkuh dgrk gSA Hkys gh ukjh fdlh Hkh oxZ

dh D;ksa u gksA var mldk nqnZ’kke; gh gksxkA

lqizfl) miU;kldkj lqjUnz oekZ dk êq>s pk¡n pkfg,* ¼1993½ esa ,d NksVs ‘kgj dh yMdh

;’kksnk ds ekufld :ikUrj.k dh dgkuh mldh ltZukRed vkdka{kkvksa dh i”BHkwfe ij vafdr djrs gSaA

;g miU;kl L=h dh Lok/khu egRokdka{kk ds pje foLQksV dh rjg lkeus vk;k gS ftleas o”kkZ of’k”B


99

ds vius uke ls ysdj viuk Hkfo”; rd r; djus dh yxHkx mPJa[kyrk fy, gesa ?kwrh utj vkrh

gSA

larks”k dk fo”k; gS fd fgUnh ds miU;kldkjksa us lkekftd laLÑfr ds vk/kqfud cks/k dks bl

:i dks igpkuus esa nsjh ugha dhA vk/kqfud miU;klksa esa fo”k; oSfo/; ds lkFk&lkFk ‘kSfy;ksa ds fofHkUu

:i fn[kkÃ iM+rs gSaA vkRedFkkRed ‘kSyh] Mk;jh ‘kSyh] i= ‘kSyh] o.kZukRed ‘kSyh latho ‘kSyh vkfn

fofo/k ‘kSfy;ksa eas miU;kl fy[ks tk jgs gSaA vkt miU;kl dk dF; thou ds vf/kd utnhd gS] mlesa

;FkkFkZ dk iqV vf/kd gS ekuoh; lEcU/kksa ds cnyrs :i dks mtkxj djus dh dksf’k’k dh x;h gS rFkk

egkuxjh; cks/k ls mRiUu ekufldrk dks vfHkO;fDr nh xÃ gSA eu ds Hkhrj dh ijrksa dks m/ksM+us dk

iz;kl bu miU;klksa esa gw¡A vdsysiu] vtuchiu] ;kSu folaxfr;ksa] fonzksg] dq”Bk ,oa ewY;ksa dk gkl vkt

ds miU;kl ds fo”k; gaSA u, ewY;ksa dks ryk’kus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj uSfrdrk ds izkphu

ekun.Mksa dh vogsyuk gks jgh gS lSDl ,oa jksekfu;r dks bu miU;klksa esa vf/kd LFkku fey jgk gS

rFkk cnyrs ifjos’k ds dkj.k ifjofrZr ekufldrk dks cMh xgjkÃ ls O;Dr fd;k tkus yxk gSA

u,&u, miU;kldkj u,&u, fo”k;ksa ds fy, miU;kl fy[k jgs gSaA

fu”d”kZr% ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd foxr ‘krh ds vfUre nks n’kdksa ds iq:”k miU;kl ys[ku

ds fofo/k vk;ke ds dkj.k fgUnh miU;kl ys[ku ds pjeksZRd”kZ dh >kadh izLrqr djrs gSaA

QyLo:i foxr ‘krksZa ds vfUre nks n’kdksa ds dky esa gh mu jktuhfrd vkfFkZd pyksa dks

igpkuk tkus yxk tks rFkkdfFkr lkaLÑfrd lR;ksa dh fufeZr dk nkok djrs jgs FksA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph&

1- ^^fgUnh miU;kl ys[ku ds pjeksZRd”kZ dh >kadh foxr ‘krh ds vfUre nks n’kdksa ds miU;klksa

esaA**

MkWŒ Jherh vfuy dqekjh }kjk izLrqr ‘kks/k izcU/k dk va’kA

2- MkWŒ ukeoj flag ¼ekfld gal tu 11 i”B la 147½A

3- ekfld gal] tqykÃ&1998A

4- izfrHkk ikBd] ledkyhu fgUnh miU;kl dh vk/kqfudA


100

‘


101


102


103


104


105


106


107

Lokeh foosdkuUn dk Hkkjrh; iquZtkxj.k eas ;ksxnku

foHkk flag

‘kks/k Nk=k

ts-ts-Vh- fo’ofo|ky;] >qU>quw jktLFkku

mUuhloha ‘krkCnh ds vfUre Hkkx esa] tc ge lq/kkj ds Hkaoj esa Qaldj ;s ugha le> ik jgs Fks]

fd ge fd/kj tk;sa] ik’pkR;rk ls gekjh vka[ks pqaf/k;k jgha Fkh] lkjk jk”Vª fnXHkzfer gks jgk Fkk] ge

,d nh?kZ ‘krkCnh ds lq/kkj ds ifj.kke dks lkspdj fujk’k gksdj cSB x;s Fks] ml le; lq/kkj ds

>a>kor ls vkUnksfyr rFkk ekfFkr caxkyh lekt ds xHkZ ls vfoHkwZr gq;s Fks **Lokeh foosdkuUn**A

Lokeh th ds fpUru esa ,d lkoZnsf’kdrk O;kIr FkhA osnkUr ds vk/kkj ij og ,d ,slk n’kZu

fodflr djuk pkgrs FksA tks leLre la?k”kksZa dks nwj djds ekuo tkfr dks cgqeq[kh lEiw.kZrk ds ml

Lrj rd mBk lds ftldk og vf/kdkjh gSA vkius osnkUr n’kZu dks O;ogkfjd :i nsus dk vFkd

iz;kl fd;k muesa **dwi e.Mwdrk** izofRr ugha FkhA vkius loZizFke vkfRed dk;ksZa dk c<+kok fn;k]

jkseu lkezkT; Hkh muds dk;ksZa ls izHkkfor FkkA osn ds izfr ftl O;fDr ds eu esa ‘kadk gksrh gS mu

lHkh ls Lokeh th ckjh&ckjh cgl djrs vkSj mudh ‘kadkyq leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djrs ,slk djrs

le; mudh vka[kksa esa ,d fo’ks”k izdkj dh ped gksrh FkhA

Hkkjr ds iqu:TTkhuou dh ;kstuk muds eu dks vksr&izksr fd;s Fkh] mudh vU; nks ;kstuk;sa

Fkh izFke dydRrs ds fudV ,d oSfnd dkWyst [kksyus dh rFkk xaxk?kkV ij Jh ek¡ jke Ñ”.k dh

fo/kok iRuh ds funsZ’ku esa ,d ,d eB fL=;ks a ds fy;s LFkkfir djus dhA og ohj Fks ftUgksaus vkykspdksa

ds ns’k esa tkdj vkis{k djus okyksa dk lkeuk fd;k rFkk muls iz’kalk o vknj izkIr fd;k rFkk

Hkkkjrh; /keZ o laLÑfr dh egkurk dks ftrus Li”V o rkfdZd :i esa muds le{k j[kk] oSlk muls iwoZ

fdlh us ugha fd;k vkSj uk muds ckn dksÃ dj ldkA vkius lexz fo’o dh leL;kvksa ij fopkj

fd;k rFkk mlds lek/kku izLrqr fd;s] Lokeh fuosZnkuUn us rks Lokeh foosdkuUn dks **fgUnw /keZ dh

xaxk** dgk gSA vki bl xaxk ds HkkxhjFk Fks vkius nso lfjrk dks jke Ñ”.k nso ds dekaMy q ls

fudkydj lkjs fo’o esa QSyk fn;kA Lokeh th us fgUnw /keZ rFkk laLÑfr dh tk lsok dh gSA mldk

ewY; ugha pqdk;k tk ldrk gSA gekjh orZeku ih<+h mudh dtZnkj gS rFkk Hkkoh ih<+h Hkh mudh _.kh

jgsxhA vkius xqejkg Hkkjrh;ksa dks tks if’pe ds u’ks es /kqr Fks] ;g crkdj rFkk fl) djds gekjh


108

laLÑfr] lH;rk rFkk /keZ mPpdksfV dk gS] dgdj muds eu esa lksÃ gq;h LorU=rkRed Hkkouk dks

tkxzr dj fn;kA Lokeh th us fgUnqvksa dks fo’okl fnyk;k f dog vius v/;kRe rFkk n’kZu ds cy ij

lalkj is fot; izkIr dj ldrs gSaA9

Lokeh th dk nsgkUr 39 o”kZ dh vYivk;q eas gh gks x;k Fkk fdUrq viuh NksVh lh vk;q esa

mUgksaus oks lHkh dk;Z lEiUu dj fy;s Fks] ftlds fy;s mudh egku vkRek us bl /kjrh ij tUe fy;k

FkkA vfHkuo Hkkjr dks ftl vksj og ys tkuk pkgrs Fks mlds Li”V ladsr Lokeh th us fn;s x; s FksA

Lokeh th og lsrq gSA ftl ij izkphu rFkk uohu Hkkjr ijLij vkfyaxu djrs gSaA johUnz ukFk us dgk

Fkk **;fn dksÃ Hkkjr dks le>uk pkgrk gSA rks og foosdkuUn dks i<+sA fons’k ls fonk ysrs le; Lokeh

th us vius f’k”;ksa ls dgk Fkk** bl ‘kjhj dks th.kZ oLr dh Hkkafr mrkj Qssaduk dnkfpr Js;Ldkj gks

ldrk gSA ijUrq euq”; dh lsok og eSa ugha NksM+ ldrk gw¡A**10

Lokeh th IysVks] ekDlZ] vjLrq xzhu ;k xka/kh ds leku dksÃ jktuhfrd fpUrd ugha Fks] ijUrq

;nk&dnk vius Hkk”k.kksa ,oa jpukvksa esa mUgksaus tks Hkh fopkj O;Dr fd;s] mlls irk pyrk gS fd og

Hkkjrh; jk”Vªokn ds ,d /kkfeZd fl)kUr dh uhao dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrs Fks] mUgksaus ns’kokfl;ksa dh

‘kfDr rFkk n<+rk dk tks lUns’k fn;k] og mudh y{; izkfIr fl) gqvkA** if’peh txr eas foosdkuUn

dks tks lQyrk feyh oks bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd Hkkjr dsoy eR;q ls cpus ds fy;s gh ugha tkxk gS]

cfYd ;g fo’ofot; djds ne ysxkA

Lokeh foosdkuUn tks ,d lekt lq/kkjd Fks mUgksaus Hkh Hkkjr dks lq/kkjus ds fy;s bl

vko’;drk ij cy fn;k fd ge tc rd lp dk iz;ksx ugha djsaxs rc rd ge /keZ rFkk jktuhfr esa

ifjorZu ugha yk ldrs gSaA geas bl izdkj ds dk;Z djus gksaxs ftuls gekjs lekt] /keZ rFkk jktfufr

dh j{kk gks ldsA11 vius /keZ dk O;kidre vFkZ ysrs gq;s lkoZHkkSe /keZ dk izfriknu fd;k lkoZHkkSe /keZ

dks izkIr djus dk ekxZ ;g ugha gS fd fdlh ,d /keZ dks viukus ds fy;s nwljs /keZ fuank dh tk;sA12

/keZfo/okalkRed ugha fu.kkZRed gSA izR;sd /keZ dk viuk ,d vkn’kZ] deZdk.M rFkk iqjk.k gSA lcdk

viuk ,d egRo y{; gSA** vkRek dh izkfIr **leLr /keZ Ã’oj dh mUur ‘kfDr dk dsoy izdk’k gS

le; ds izHkko ls os mUufr rFkk voufr dh vksj vxzlj gksrs gSa /keZ dk tks ije vkn’kZ gSA os dHkh

u”V gksrk gSA**13


109

lUnHkZ

1- rkjk pUnz&Hkkjrh; LorU=rk vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] Hkkx f}rh;] iŒ 366

2- jsfeus’ksUl vkWQ Lokeh foosdkuUn ckÃ fgl ÃLVuZ ,.M osLVuZ ,MfejlZ 161] iŒ 302-

3- rkjkpUn ogh iŒ 365-

4- ohŒ,lŒ ujoMs & vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fpUru] iŒ 92

5- Lokeh foosdkuUn n lkbUl ,.M fQykWlQh vkWQ fjfy’ku] iŒ 03

6- jksek jksyk & Lokeh foosdkuUn] iŒ 147

7- ohŒ,lŒ ujo.ks & vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fparu] iŒ 589

8- jke/kkjh flag fnudj laLÑfr d s pkj v/;k;] iŒ 589

9- izksŒ Jh us= ik.Ms; & Hkkjr o”kZ dk lEiw.kZ bfrgkl] iŒ 504

10- jksek jksyk & foosdkuUn] iŒ 105

11- Lokeh foosdkuUn & lysD’ku ÝkWe foosdkuUn] vyeksM+k 1944] iŒ 198&199

12- MkWŒ iq:”kksRre ukxj& vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lkekftd ,oa jktfufrd fparu] iŒ 59

13- Lokeh foosdkuUn & /keZ jgL;] iŒ 66


110

jktk jke eksgu jk; vkSj /kkfeZd & lkekftd iquZtkxj.k

foHkk flag

‘kks/k Nk=k

ts-ts-Vh- fo’ofo|ky;] >qU>quw jktLFkku

jktk jke eksgu jk; igys Hkkjrh; lekt lq/kkjd Fks ftUgksaus ;wjksi dh mnkjoknh ,oa ekuuh;

ijEijkvksa dk lekos’k fd;k vkSj fgUnqRo ds lgh fl)kURkksa dks iquZthfor djis dh dksf’k’k dhA1 jktk

jke eksgu jk; dk tUe 22 eÃ lu~ 1772 esa caxky esa gqxyh ftys esa jk/kkuxj xzke eas gqvk FkkA2

jke eksgu jk; dh vkRedFkk ls fofnr gksrk gS fd firk ls Li”V gksdj ?kj ls Hkkxus ds ckn

vkius lkjs Hkkjr dk Hkze.k fd;k] frCcr tkdj vkius ykekvksa ds lEidZ esa jgdj ckS) /keZ dk xgu

v/;u fd;kA jke eksgu jk; dh jktk dh mikf/k fnYyh ds eqxy lezkV }kjk iznku dh x;h FkhA

/keZ ds lkFk lekt rFkk jk”Vª dk xgjk lEcU/k jke eksgu jk; vPNh rjg le>rs FksA mUgsa

ekywe Fkk fd /kkfeZd rFkk lkekftd lq/kkj nksuksa jk”Vªh; izxfr ds lkFk tqM+s gSaA mUgksaus tc /kkfeZd

lq/kkj dk vkUnksyu NsM+k rks mlds lkFk mudk /;ku mu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dh vksj Hkh] tks eq[;r%

/kfeZfJr dqjhfr;ksa Fkh mUgsa tkuuk LoHkkfod FkkA

jke eksgu jk; dks vius jk”Vª eas cMh vuqjfDr FkhA3 mUgksus tu lsok rFkk lekt lq/kkj vius

;’kLoh thou dk lw=ikr fd;kA4 mUgksaus /keZ] lekt vkSj uhfr’kkL= dh cM+h leL;kvksa ds lEcU/k esa

vius fopkj cuk fy;s Fks vkSj blds QkSju ckn og eSnku esa mrj iM+s rFkk vU/kdkj o xw<+rk ds fo:)

yM+kÃ NsM+ nhA jke eksgu dk la?k”kZ jk”Vª fuekZ.k ds mn~ns’; ls Fkk] os v/;kfRed rFkk ckSf)d

iqu:Fkku ls Hkkjrh; turk dks uothou nsuk pkgrs FksA mUgsa ,d jk”Vªh; cU/kqRo ds lw= esa cka/kuk

pkgrs FksA5 mudk ewy mn~ns’; Hkkjr ds yksxksa dks osnkUr lr; ds n’kZu djkuk FkkA vius fl)kURkksa dks

mUgksaus ckbZfcy rFkk dqjku ls izkIr fd;kA6 vius /kkfeZd mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s vkius dqN lPps

lq/kkjokfn;ksa dks lkFk ysdj la;qDr iz;Ru dh ckr lksphA mUgksaus ?kks”k.kk dh fd **eSa vius ns’kokfl;ksa

ls Lusg ds dkj.k ck/; gw¡ fd mUgsa HkzkfUR LoIu ls tkxzr djus ds lHkh lEHko iz;Ru djsa vkSj mUgsa

‘kkL=ksa ls ifjfpr djkdj bruk leFkZ cukÅ¡ fd os lPph vkLFkk ds lkFk izÑfr ds v}Sr rFkk

loZO;kih Lo:i dk fpUru dj lds os lPps vFkZ esa ,d /keZ fujis{krkoknh FksA7 tks Hkfo”; ds mPp eap

ds Hkfo”; oDrk ds :i esa LFkkfir gq;sA6


111

jke eksgu jk; ds lekt lq/kkjd ds iz;klksa ls :f<+oknh fgUnqvksa ds chp rwQku lk [kM+k gks

x;k] ljdkj Hkh bl ekeys esa mruh gh :fp ys jgh Fkh ftruh fd turk] dsoy ckr bruh lh Fkh fd

og bl ekeys es lh/ks gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkgrs FkhA jke eksgu jk; us ,d LFkku ij vR;Ur nq%[k ds

lkFk dgk fd **nq[k% dh rks ckr ;g gS fd iwjh rjg ls v/khu o vusd nq%[kksa ls ihfMr L=h tkfr ds

fy;s fdlh ds eu esa n;k ughaA**

vr% jke eksgu jk; us ØkfUr dk lw=ikr fd;k mUgksaus pkgs jktuhfrd Lrj ij ge eqDr gks

tk;s ;fn lekt dk lq/kkj o fodkl ugha gksxk rFkk vU/kfo’okl vkSj ik[k.Mksa ls ge Åij ugha mBsaxs

rks gekjh jktuhfrd LorU=rk [kks[kyh gksrh tk;sxhA**9 os dgrs Fks fd **gs Hkkjrh; D;k rqe bl

‘keZukd dk;jrk ls og LorU=rk izkIr dj ldksxs] ftls ikus ds ;ksX; dsoy ohj rFkk cgknqj yksx gh

gksrs gSaA gs ohjoj lgklh cuks] bl ckr ij xoZ djks fd rqe Hkkjrh; gks] HkkjrHkwfe rqEgkjk lcls cM+k

LoxZ gSA Hkkjr dh HkykÃ gh rqEgkjh HkykÃ gSA10 blh nwjxkeh fo’okl ls izsfjr gksdj vkius lekt esa

O;kIr ,d&,d dqlaLdkj dks gVkus esa viuh iwjh ‘kfDr yxk nhA lcls vkius yksxksa ds uSfrd o

pfjf=d xBu rFkk /kkfeZd fodkl }kjk lkekftd mUufr djus dh dksf’k’k dhA

/keZ rFkk lekt esa v/kifrr tkfr ds ghurk ds nyny ls fudkyus dk ifjp; fn;k og fdlh

vkSj ds fy;s lEHko uk FkkA** mUgksaus D;k ugha fd;k] jktuhfr] caxyk Hkk”kk] caxky lkfgR;] lukru /keZ

tks dqN Hkh dfg;s og ekuks dsoy mUgha ds gLrk{kj gSaA tks u;s i”Bksa esa mRRkjksRrj vf/kdkf/kd ifjLQqV

gks jgs gSaA11

okLro esa jktk eksgu jk; vk/kqfudrk ds izoZrdksa esa izFke Fks] ftUgksaus uk dsoy ltukRed

lq/kkjokn dk >.Mk Qgjk;k] cfYd Hkkjrh; fpUru ds vk/kqfud izofRr rFkk izHkko dks xq.kkRed Lrj ij

iznku fd;kA12 vdZ.;rk ] HkkX;okn] fo?kVu vkfn ds fojks/k e sa izcy vkokt mBkÃ vkSj ns’k dh nfyr

rFkk fo?kfVr lkekftd O;oLFkk dks >d>ksj fn;k] mudh iz[kj izdk.M fo}rk ekuo lsok dh foosdiw.kZ

Hkkouk ,oa fo’oluh; nf”V] ;s lHkh xq.k iquZtkxj.k rFkk /kkfeZd lq/kkj ,d lkFk ykus esa lgk;d fl)

gq;s] vkidks /kkfeZd lq/kkjksa dk izHkko ,slk Fkk tSls fd ;wjksi esa ekfVZu ywFkj dk FkkA ;|fi lHkk eksgu

jk; ds cgqr ls lkekftd lq/kkj ds dk;ksZa esa lQyrk ugha feyh] ysfdu blls muds ;ksxnku ij dksÃ

izHkko ugha iM+k] D;ksafd mi vkikxzLr vU/kfo’okl vkSj vU/kdkje; ;qx esa jke eksgu jk; dh egku

lQyrk dsoy blh ckr es gSa fd mUgksaus ns’k esa fpUru ekxksZa dks lkQdj ds ,slk ekxZ cuk;k ftl ij


112

vkus okys /keZ] fopkjd rFkk lekt lq/kkjd vkxs c<+ ldsA13 os pkgrs Fks fd uk rks Hkkjr ds Hkwrdky

ij vka[k ewan dj fo’okl fd;k tk;s vkSj uk if’pe dk vU/kkuqdj.k fd;k tk;s] mudk fopkj Fkk fd

foosd rFkk cqf) dk lgkjk ysdj u;s Hkkjr esa loksZRre izkPp vkSj ik’pkR; fopkjksa ds lefUor fd;k

tk;sA og pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjrh; ik’pkR; lH;rk ls lh[ks] vkSj ;s dk;Z Hkkjr ij ik’pkR; laLÑfr dks

Fkksidj ugha gks ldrk gSA

jktk jke eksgu jk; vkfFkZd {ks= esa vk/kqfud m|ksx] vkfFkZd fodkl] lEiUurk dh Hkkoukvksa dh

vksj vkdf”kZr gq;s]14 mUgsa vk’kk Fkh fd fczVsu] tks fd vkfFkZd nf”V ls ml le; dk lokZf/kd lEequr

ns’k Fkk] vius mifuos’kksa esa vk/kqfud foKku rduhdh Hkk”kk rFkk vkfFkZd laxBu dk lw=ikr djsxkA

jktuhfrd {ks= esa mudk vkd”kZ.k vk/kqfud fopkjksa rFkk turk dh izHkqlRrk ds fl)kUr dh vksj Fkk]

ftldh ifj.kfr tura= vfHkO;fDr vkSj v[kckj dh Lora=rk laxBu cukus rFkk ‘kkldksa dh [kqys vke

vkykspuk ds vf/kdkj dh miyfC/k esa gksrh gSA vius fo’oklksa ds fo:) os vk/kqfud ;qfDrokn dh ‘kfDr

dh vksj f[kaps] mUgksaus ;g eglwl fd;k fd lkfgR; vkSj dyk tks dqN fof’k”V oxZ txg turk dh

vkdka{kkvksa dks iwfrZ dk ek/;e cukuk pkfg;sA bl mn~ns’; dh izkfIr ds fy;s mUgksaus ,d rjQ

vk/kqfud f’k{kk ds izlkj dh iSjoh dh rFkk nwljh rjQ og O;fDr dh bl ekuorkoknh /kkj.kk ls

vkdf”kZr gq;s fd O;fDr dks mlds vius fy;s gh iqjLÑr djuk pkfg;sA lkjs thou O;fDrxr

dfBukb;ksa dks lgdj Hkh vkius lkekftd vU;k; ;qx ds Å”kkdky eas izdV gq;s tc Hkkjrh; vkSj

fonsf’k;ksa ds chp Hksn dh psruk cgqr de FkhA mUgksaus Kku dh pqukSrh ls vkyksfdr vius fo’kky ân;

esa ;g vkfo”dkj fd;k fd mlesa lc /keksZa ds fy;s ;Fks”V LFkku gSA15

lUnHkZ%&

1- ‘kadj ?kks”k&n jSuslUl Vw fefyVu us’kufyTe bu bf.M;k 1969] iŒ79-

2- izksQslj Jh us= ik.Ms; & Hkkjr o”kZ dk lEiw.kZ bfrgkl Hkkx izFke iŒ 56-

3- rkjkpan Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl Hkkx f}rh;] iŒ 219-

4- pkSiM+k] iwjh] nkl & Hkkjr dk lkekftd o vkfFkZd bfrgkl iŒ 105-

5- chŒ,yŒ ‘kekZ& Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk bfrgkl] iŒ 368-

6- lSfQ;k Mksclu dksysV&ykbQ ,.M ySVlZ vkWQ jktk jke eksgu jk;] iŒ 155-

7- ,uŒlhŒ pUn[kdj&Lihpst , jkbfVaXl] iŒ 47-


113

8- MkŒ vkjŒlhŒ etwetkj & vkWu jke eksgu jk; iŒ 39-

9- ,lŒ,uŒ eq[kthZ & n ,tqds’kuy ikWfylh] n dkWfEizgsaflo fgLVªh vkWQ bf.M;k] Hkkx&11

10- dkyhfdadjnRr & juslk us’kufyTe ,.M lks’ky psUtsl bu bf.M;k] iŒ 08

11- MkWŒ lR;sUnz ukFk etwenkj & foosdkuUn pfjr] iŒ 43-

12- fo’oukFk izlkn oekZ & vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktfufrd fpUru] iŒ 17

13- ,lŒ VSxksj & jke eksgu jk;] fgt jksy] bu bf.M;u jSuslUl] iŒ 15


114

;qokvksa ds 'kSf{kd ,oa lkekftd fodkl gsrq

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk;ZØe esa izfrHkkfxrk dh vko';drk

'kks/kkFkhZ

;'kiky flag

Ldwy vkWQ ,twds'ku

t;iqj us'kuy ;wuhof'kZVh] t;iqj

la{ksi.k %&

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lkekftd izxfr esa f’k{kk dk LFkku vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA vkt ds

oSKkfud ,oa izkfof/kd dky esa bldk egRo vkSj Hkh vf/kd c<+rk tk jgk gSA f’k{kk fdlh Hkh ns’k ds

fodkl ds Lrj ij ,d egRoiw.kZ fu/kkZjd rRo gS D;ksafd ,d ns’k fo’ks"k ds 'kSf{kd Lrj ls gh mlds

fodkl ds Lrj dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA 1956 dh ,T;wds’ku fjiksVZ esa fy[kk gS ^f’k{kk dk vk/kqfud

le; esa egRo gSA foKku vkSj izkfof/kd ij vkfJr fo’o esa f’k{kk gh ,d ,slk rRo gS tks yksxksa dh

le`f) dY;k.k rFkk lqj{kk ds Lrj dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA

vkt ds ;qx esa f’k{kk ds nkf;Ro vkSj {ks= dk vf/kd foLrkj gqvk gSA f’k{kk lekt ds uSfrd]

lkekftd ,oa lkaLdfrd egRoksa dks laizsf"kr djrh gSA okLro esa f’k{kk ekuo ds mRFkku ,oa izxfr nksuksa

ds fy;s vko’;d gSA bl izdkj f’k{kk O;fDr ds lokZxh.k fodkl] lkekftd rFkk jk"Vªh; izxfr ,oa

lH;rk] laLdfr ds mRFkku ds fy;s vfuok;Z gh ugha oju~ vifjgk;Z Hkh gSA

f’k{kk laLFkkuksa esa vkt Nk=ksa dh O;kogkfjd f’k{kk ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gS ftlesa lekt lsok

dh vksj izoRr djus ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fodkl ds mn~ns’; ls 'kklu }kjk foxr rhu n’kdksa ls vf/kd

ls jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk;Zdze lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk lekt dk ewy n’kZu

gSAorZeku f’k{kk iz.kkyh esa lekt lsok ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª ds ;qodksa dks f’kf{kr djus vkSj thou dh

;FkkFkZrk ds chp ds vUrj dks tksMusa dk iz;kl jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk us fd;k gSA bl iz;kl dh

lQyrk dk vFkZ gS& ns’k ds ;qodksa ds O;fDrRo dk fodklA

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ds mn~ns’;

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk ewy izdfYir mn~ns’; Fkk ^^'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa f’k{kk xzg.k djrs gq,

lekt dh lsok djukA^^ ;kstuk dk izkFkfed mn~ns’; ;g gS fd Nk= lekt lsok ds ek/;e ls vius

O;fDrRo dk fodkl djsa vkSj viuk vuqHko c<+k;saA bldk vfUre y{; O;fDrRo esa lq/kkj djuk gS]

tcfd lekt lsok og ek/;e gS tks O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA blfy; ;kstuk dk y{; tSls


115

fd nksgjk;k x;k gS] ^lekt lsok ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo dk fodklÂ blesa ;g /;s;

fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS fd Nk=ksa dh lkekftd psruk dks tkx`r fd;k tk, fd os 'kSf{kd ifjljksa ds

vkl&ikl ds yksxsa ds lkFk feydj ltukRed vkSj jpukRed dk;Z dj ldsa rFkk tks f’k{kk xzg.k

djrs gS mls lektksUeq[k djds Bksl lkekftd mi;ksx esa yk ldsA bl y{; dh izkfIr esa Nk= rHkh

lQy gks ldrs gS tcfd os &

ftl lekt esa os dke djrs gS mls le> ldsaA

vius vkidks lEcfU/kr lekt ds lUnHkZ esa le>us esa leFkZ gks ldsaA

lekt dh vko’;drkvksa dk mUgsa Kku gks] mudh dfBukb;ka os le> lds] ftlds lek/kku esa

os lfdz; gks ldrs gksA

vius vki esa lkekftd vkSj ukxfjd nkf;Ro cks/k dh Hkkouk dk fodkl dj ldsaA

viuh f’k{kk dk mi;ksx os O;fDr rFkk lekt dh dfBukb;ksa ds O;kogkfjd gy <w<+us esa dj

ldsaA

lewg esa jgus ds fy;s vkSj nkf;Roksa esa lg;ksxh cuus ds fy;s ftl {kerk dh vko’;drk gS

mldk vius esa fodkl dj ldsaA

lekt dh lgHkkfxrk dks xfreku djus esa fuiq.krk izkIr dj ldsaA

usrRo ds xq.kksa dks /kkj.k dj lds vkSj iztkrkfU=d vfHkofRr okys cu ldsA

vkikr~ dky vkSj nSoh vkinkvksa dk lkeuk djus dh {kerk dk fodkl dj ldsaA

jk"Vªh; ,drk dks fdz;kred :i ns ldsaA

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk fl)kUr okD;

jk"Vªh; lsok dk fl)kUr okD; gS& ^ûkg oS Hkoku~ ^ vFkkZr eSa ugha vki^Â ;g fl)kUr okD;

yksdrkfU=d <ax ls bafxr djrk gS fd ge ,d nwljs ds fopkjksa dk leknj djsa rFkk lekt ds izR;sd

O;fDr ds fy, lgkuqHkwfr j[ksaA O;fDr dk dY;k.k rHkh lEHko gS tc lEiw.kZ lekt dk dY;k.k gksA

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk izrhd fpUg

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk izrhd fpUg mM+hlk ds dks.kkdZ lwpZ efUnj ds jFk&pdz ls xzghr gSA

;g fo’kky pdz ltu] laj{k.k] fueqZfDr ds vkorZu dh vfHkO;fDr rFkk LFkku ,oa dky ls ijs thou

dh fujUrj xfr dk egRo izdV djrk gSA izrhd dk vfHkdYi lwp&j{k ds pdz dk ljyhdr :i

izeq[kr% xfr dks izdV djrk gSA thou dh izxfr’khyrk dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA ;g ,d vksj

fujUrjrk rks nwljh vksj ifjorZudk izrhd Hkh gSA


116

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk cSt

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ds Lo;a lsodksa ds fy, fdlh Hkh dk;Zdze esa lgHkkfxrk djrs le; jk"Vªh;

lsok ;kstuk dk cSt yxkuk vfr vko’;d gSA bl cSt ij ;kstuk dk izrhd fpUg dks.kkdZ efUnj dk

jFk &pdz cuk gqvk gSA bl pdz esa dqy vkB rhfy;kWa gSa tks ,d fnu ds 8 izgj vFkkZr~ 24 ?k.Vs dk

izfrfuf/kRo djrh gaSA ;g cSt Lo;a lsodksa dks lnSo lpsr j[krk gS fd og jk"Vª dh lsok ds fy,

fnu&jkr vFkkZr~ 24 ?k.Vs rRij jgsaA cSt esa tks yky jax gS og mRlkg] thoZrrk] lfdz;rk ,oa LQwfrZ

dk ladsr djrk gS ftldk ,d NksVk&lk va’k jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk gS vkSj tks ekuo ek= dk dY;k.k

djus gsrq viuk va’knku djus dks rS;kj gSA

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ds dk;Zdze

dk;Zdze dh izfdz;k esa rhu iz/kku vax gS& Nk=] v/;kid vkSj dk;Zdze dh fo"k;oLrqA dk;Zdze

dh fo"k; lwph bl izdkj rS;kj dh tkrh gS fd mlls Nk=kas dh vko’;drkvksa vkSj fgrksa dh iwfrZ gks

tk;s rFkk lekt ds tks ekun.M vkSj ekU;rk,sa gS mUgsa ifjorZu djus dh vko’;drk iM+s rks cnyk tk

ldsA bu rhuksa ds ,dhdj.k ij cy fn;k tkuk vko’;d gS ftlls fd ifj.kke lUrqfyr vkSj

lUrks"ktud fudy ldsaA

dk;Zdze ds izdkj

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ds dk;Zdze

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ds fu;fer dk;Zdze fo’ks"k f’kfoj dk;Zdze

¼d½ jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ds fu;fer dk;Zdze

bu dk;Zdzeksa ds vUrxZr Nk= lIrkgkUr vFkok fo|ky;@egkfo|ky; ds ?k.Vksa ds ckn

vfHkxghrk xzkeksa o fo|ky;@egkfo|ky;ksa ifjljksa vkSj 'kgj dh xUnh cfLr;ksa esa fofHkUUk xfrfof/k;ka

esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA

¼[k½ fo’ks"k f’kfoj dk;Zdze

bl dk;Zdze ds vUrxZr fdlh fo’ks"k ifj;kstuk dks gkFk esa ysdj LFkkuh; leqnk; ds lg;ksx

ls 10 fnu dh vof/k ds f’kfoj yxk;s tkrs gSA

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vkus okyh xfrfof/k;k¡


117

fodklkRedjk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk;Zdzeksa ds vUrxZr lkekftd fodkl ds lUnHkZ esa ftu

xfrfof/k;ksa dks dk;kZfUor fd;k tk ldrk gS os fuEukuqlkj gS%&

1- i;kZoj.k dks le`) djuk vkSj mldk laj{k.k %

o{kkjksi.k] mudk cpko vkfn dk vuqj{k.k ,oa o{kksa ds izfr lerk dh psruk tkx`r djuk]

okrkoj.k dks lkQ j[kus ds fy, lM+dksa] xzkeh.k xfy;ksa] ukfy;ksa ,oa 'kkSpky;ksa] ew=ky;ksa vkfn dk

fuekZ.k djuk] xzke ds rkykcksa] dqvksa dh lQkbZ djuk] xkScj xSl la;U=ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk vkSj

yksdfiz; cukuk] i;kZoj.k dks LoP{k cukuk vkSj dwM+k [kkn dk fuiVkuk] Hkwfe dVko dks jksduk vkSj

Hkwlaj{k.k ds fy;s dk;Z djuk] iqjkrRo&vo’ks"kksa dk ifjj{k.k vkSj mudh ejEer rFkk lekt esa

lkaLdfrd nkf;Ro ds izfr psruk tkxzr djuk vkfnA

2- LokLF;] ifjokj dY;k.k vkSj iks"k.k dk;Zdze

tu izfrj{kk dk;Zdze esa jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ds Lo;a lsodksa }kjk LosPNk ds jDrnku vkSj

laHkkfor jDrnku djus okyksa ds jDr lewgksa dh lwph rS;kj djuk] xg foKku vkSj esMhdy dkWyst ds

Nk=ksa }kjk yksxksa ds lkFk feydj iks"k.k dk;Zdzeksa esa dke djuk] ihus ds lqjf{kr vkSj lkQ ikuh dh

vkiwfrZ O;oLFkk djuk] turk dks f’kf{kr djuk vkfnA

3- efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus dh psruk tkx`r djus ds fy;s dk;Zdze

efgykvksa dks f’kf{kr djus ds O;kid dk; Zdze vkSj mUgsa vius laoS/kkfud vkSj dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa

ds izfr lpsr djuk] efgykvksa esa ;g psruk tkxzr djuk fd os Hkh lekt dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd

mUufr esa viuk ;ksxnku dj ldrh gS] efgykvksa dh flykbZ] d<+kbZ] cqukbZ vkSj tgkW tks Hkh vU;

nLrdkfj;kW djuk lEHko gks muesa izf’k{k.k nsukA

4- lekt lsok ds dk;Zdze

vLirkyksa esa dke djuk mnkgj.k ds fy;s jksfx;ksa ds vykok okMksZ esa vkus okys vkxUrqdksa vkSj

jksfx;ksa dh lgk;rk djuk] f’k’kq dY;k.k la?kBuksa ds lkFk feydj dk;Z djuk] 'kkjhfjd :i ls

fodykax ,oa ekufld :i ls eUn yksxksa ds fy; pykbZ tkus okyh laLFkkvksa esa dk;Z djuk]o)ksa vkfn

ds fy;s cslgkjk x`gksa ,oa vukFky;ksa esa dke djuk]efgykvksa ds dY;k.k laxBuksa esa dke djukA

5- mRiknu vfHkfoU;kl dk;Zdze

yksxksa ds lkFk dke djuk vkSj mUgsa [ksrh ds rkSj rjhdksa ls voxr djkuk vkSj f’kf{kr djuk]

drUd fu;a=.k vkSj uk’kd dhV izcU/k] Hkwfe ijh{k.k }kjk Hkwfe ds mitkÅiu dh ns[kHkky djuk]

[kjirokj fu;a=.ka ,oadf"k ds dke vkus okys vkStkjksa dh ejEer esa lgk;rk djuk] xzkeksa dh lgdkjh


118

lfefr;ksa dh mUufr vkSj mUgsa lqn<+ djus ds fy;s dk;Z] vUu cpkvksa vfHk;ku vkSj vYi cpr ;kstuk

dks yksdfiz; cukukA

6- vkikrdkyhu dk;Zdze

bu dk;Zdzeksa ls Nk=ksa dks izkdfrd vkinkvksa tSls rwQku] ck<+] Hkwpky vkfn ls ihfM+r yksxksa dh

ihM+k dks le>us rFkk muesa Hkkxhnkjh gksus esa lgk;rk feysxh] eq[; mn~ns’; dk;Zdzeksa esa Hkkx ysus vkSj

yksxksa dks dfBukb;ksa ls jkgr ds fy;s muds lkFk feydj dk;Z djus rFkk LFkkuh; izkf/kdkfj;ksa dks

izkdfrd vkinkvksa ds ckn yksxksa dks jkgr igqapkus vkSj muds iquokZl ds dk;Z esa lgk;rk djukA

7- f’k{kk vkSj euksjatu dk;Zdze

izkS<+ f’k{kk ¼vYidkfyd dk;Zdze½] Ldwy ds iwoZ dk f’k{kk dk;Zdze] Ldwy NksM+ nsus okyksa ds

fy;s vuqorhZ f’k{k.k dk;Zdze] vkfFkZd nf"V ls detksj oxksZa ds Nk=ksa dks ijh{kk ds fy;s rS;kj djuk]

f’k’kq lnuksa ds dk;Z djuk] ;qok Dycksa dk laxBu] usg: ;qok dsUnzksa ds lg;ksx ls xzkeh.k vkSj ns’kh

[ksyksa dk vk;kstu] xzkeh.k ;qokvksa ds fy;s vukSipkfjd f’k{kk vkfnA

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls ;qokvksa dh izfrHkvksa dk fodkl ,oa

lektksUeq[kh dk;Zdzeksa ds }kjk lekt vkSj jk"Vª dh lsok dk Hkko tkxzr fd;k tk jgk gSA bl ;kstuk

esa Hkkx ysdj fo|kFkhZ viuh lokZxh.k mUufr djus dk volj fofHkUu dk;Zdzeksa ds vUrxZr ikrk gSA

;qok fo|kFkhZ Lo;a esa vlhe mRlkg gksus ds ckn Hkh mfpr ekxZn’kZu vkSj lg;ksx ds vHkko esa viuh

'kfDr dk jpukRed mi;ksx ugha ij ikrs gSA jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk fo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky; Lrj ds

;qok Nk=ksa dk fodkl djrh gS ,oa mUgsa vius fofHkUu dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls mudh 'kkjhfjd vkSj

ekufld 'kfDRk dk mfpr y{; dh vksj izoRr dj lkekftd fodkl djus esa jpukRed fn’kkcks/k iznku

djrh gSA lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks xzkeh.k tuthou dks utnhd ls ns[kus] le>us dk volj iznku dj

xzkeh.k lekt dh leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k esa lgHkkxh cuus dk volj iznku djrh gSA bl izdkj

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk ,d 'kSf{kd dk;Zdze ds :i esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk lkjs lekt ds fy, mi;ksxh dgh

tk ldrh gSA

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk tgka ,d vksj lkekftd fodkl ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds vusdksa dk;Z tSls&

Jenku djds lM+d fuekZ.k] dqvksa dh lQkbZ] ukfy;ksa dh lQkbZ] o{kkjksi.k] xzke LoPNrk ,oa LokLF;

bR;kfn ;kstukvksa dks ewrZ:i iznku djrh gSA ogha nwljh vksj fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lg;ksx] Je dk egRo]

lkekftd ln~Hkko] /keZfujis{krk] vkReh;rk] fu"Bk vkSj leiZ.k tSls Hkkoksa dks Hkh mRiu djrh gSA blls

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lokZxha.k fodkl gksrk gSA


119

bl izdkj jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk esa gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ka ;qokvksa ds 'kSf{kd ,oa lkekftd fodkl

esa iw.kZ ;ksxnku iznku djrh gSA vko’;drk bl ckr dh gS fd lekt ds izR;sd ;qok oxZ ds fy,

jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk esa izfrHkkfxrk vfuok;Z dh tk,] ftlls ;qokvksa esa lkekftdrk ,oa jk"Vª izse dh

Hkkouk fodflr gks lds tks fd orZeku dh egRoiw.kZ vko’;drk gSA jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dh vfuok;Zrk

}kjk fu’p; gh ;qokvksa esa ^êSa ugh vkidh Hkkouk dks fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA^^ ftlls lEIkw.kZ

lekt dk mRFkku gks ldsA

lUnHkZ

1- lqeu Jh dq".k dqekj ,oa xqIrk Jh fot; dqekj] izos’k] HkkX;nh; LdkmV@xkbM lsok ;kstuk]

eFkqjk] m0iz0A

2- nkHkkM+s MkW0 pUnz’ks[kj] jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk lekt 'kkL=h; ewY;kadu ¼’kks/k izca/k½] fodze

fo’ofo|ky; mTtSuA

3- ykgksVh MkW0 lq/kk] jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dk lekt 'kkL=h; ewY;kad¼’kks/k izcU/k½] cjdrqYyk

fo’ofo|ky;] HkksikyA

4- vxzoky] eerk ¼2013&14½] ^^,u-lh-lh- o ,u-,l-,l- esa Hkkx ysus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa usrRo {kerk

dk v/;;u^^] ¼'kks/k izcU/k½] MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj fo’ofo|ky;] vkxjkA

5- 'kekZ] y{eh ¼2013&14½] ^^ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds 'kSf{kd ,oa lkekftd fodkl esa jk"Vªh; lsok ;kstuk dh

Hkwfedk^^] ¼'kks/k izcU/k½] MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj fo’ofo|ky;] vkxjkA


120

vykmn~nhu f[kYkth ds i’pkr~ njckjh jktuhfr ¼1316 bZ0 ls 1320 bZ0 rd½

& ‘kkjnk jktiwr

laf{kfIrdk %

lYrurdkyhu f[kyth jktoa’k dh lRrk gfFk;kus ds ckn vykmn~nhu us ‘kkafr O;oLFkk] cktkj

fu;U=.k Ñf”k vkSj lsuk esa lq/kkj bR;kfn fd,A mlds ‘kklu dky esa njckjh jktuhfr ij dqN o”kksaZ

rd fu;U=.k jgkA njckj ds vehj vkSj lkear ;fn fonzksg dh dksf’k’k djrs Fks rks mlls iwoZ gh

vykmn~nhu mUgsa nf.Mr dj nsrk FkkA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd vykmn ~nhu vius fo’kky lSU; vfHk;kuksa esa

Hkh lQy jgkA vykmn~nhu us vikj laifRr ,df=r dh FkhA ftlls mlus fnYyh ds fudV lhjh esa

vusd HkO; bekjrsa cuok;h FkhaA

vykmn~nhu dk fo’oklik= lkeUr efyd dkQwj Fkk ftlus nf{k.k jkT;ksa dks thrk vkSj vFkkg

/ku lEifRr ywV dj vykmn~nhu dks HkasV fd;kA og lcls fiz; vkSjk l’kDr lsukifr FkkA efyd

dkQwj ds nks izeq[k izfr)Unh Fks] f[ktz [kka dh ek¡ efydk&,&tgkW vkSj mldk HkkbZ xqtjkr dk xoZuj

vYi [kkaA1 vykmn~nhu ds lcls cM+s iq= f[ktz [kka vkSj vYi [kka dh iq=h ds e/; fookg ls budk

vkilh fj’rk vkSj etcwr gks x;kA ;g fookg 1312 esa gqvk vkSj blh o”kZ vykmn~nhu }kjk f[ktz [kka

dks viuk mRrjkf/kdkjh ?kksf”kr djus ds njckj esa budk izHkko vkSj c<+ x;kA jkt/kkuh esa vius

fojksf/k;ksa dk c<+rk izHkko efyd uk;c efyd dkQwj dks vlguh; gks x;kA mlus nf{k.k tkdj

okajxy ds jktk fla?kkuk dks lcd fl[kkus dh vuqefr lqYrku ls izkIr dj yhA yxHkx rhu o”kkZsa rd

nf{k.k esa okajxy vkSj }kjleqnz ls izkIr laifRr ,oa migkj og jkt/kkuh Hkstrk jgkA2 1315 esa

vykmn~nhu us viuh vLoLFkrk ds dkj.k mls okfil cqyk fy;kA blfy, og iqu% njckjh jktuhfr esa

lfØ; gks x;kA

efydk&,&tgkW us vius nwljs iq= lknh [kka dk fookg vius HkkbZ dh nwljh iq=h ls dj fn;kA

vykmn~nhu dk LokLF; rsth ls fxjrk tk jgk FkkA vkSj mls bl ckr dk nq[k Fkk fd f[ktz [kka vkSj

mldh ek¡ vykmn~nhu ds vkjafEHkd fnuksa dh fiz; iRuh mldh mis{kk dj jgs FksA o”kZ 1315 esa tc

efyd dkQwj vk;k rc vykmn~nhu f[kyth us mls viuh ijs’kkuh crkbZA vykmn~nhu us vius iq=ksa

dh f’k{kk dh dksbZ ijokg ugha dh FkhA vkSj bl dkj.k ls mlds iq= ‘kjkc ihus vkSj v¸;k’kh ds vknh


121

gks x;s FksA efyd uk;c us fnYyh vkdj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ykHk mBkuk ‘kq: dj fn;kA3 vYi [kka xqV

dks fdukjs djus gsrq mlus f[ktz [kka mldh ek¡ rFkk vYi [kka ds fo:) lqYrku ds dku Hkj fn;sA

mlus lq>ko fn;k fd viuh lqj{kk gsrq vYi [kka dk o/k t:jh FkkA lqYrku lger ugha gqvkA efyd

dkQwj vkSj mlds leFkZd dekyqn~nhu xqxZ us vYi [kka dh gR;k dj nhA blls f[ktz [kka dk xqV VwV

x;k vkSj vc ifjfLFkfr;k¡ efyd dkQwj ds i{k esa FkhA f[ktz [kka dks canh cukdj igys vejksgk vkSj

fQj Xokfy;j Hkst fn;k x;kA mldh eka dks fnYyh esa gh dSn dj fn;k x;kA jkt/kkuh esa ?kV jgs bl

?kVukpØ dk iwjs jkT; ij izHkko iM+kA vYi [kka dh gR;k ds ckn xqtjkr esa fonzksg gks x;kA

dqekyqn~nhu xqxZ dks fonzksg nckus Hkstk x;k ijUrq fonzksfg;ksa us mlh dh gR;k dj nhA4 bUgha eqf’dyksa

ds chp fnYyh ds ‘kfDr’kkyh lqYrku vykmn~nhu f[kyth dh 1316 esa e`R;q gks xbZA efyd uk;c

dkQwj dh njckjh jktuhfr ,oa xqVcanh ds dkj.k gh vykmn~nhu vafre fnuksa esa rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa

ij fu;a=.k ugha j[k ik;kA

efyd uk;c dkQwj us vc vykmn~nhu dh olh;r njckfj;ksa ds lkeus j[kh ftlds vuqlkj

f[ktz [kka dks mRrjkf/kdkjksa ds in ls oafpr dj ‘kkfgcqn~nhu mej dks ukfer fd;k x;k FkkA5

‘kkfgcqn~nhu mej ml le; ikap ;k Ng o”kZ dk cPpk FkkA bl ckyd dks jktxn~nh ij cSBk;k x;k

vkSj efyd dkQwj mldk drkZ /krkZ cu x;kA cky lqYrku dh ek¡ ls fookg Hkh dj fy;k tks nsofxfj

ds jkepanz dh iq=h FkhA bfrgkldkj blkeh ds vuqlkj ,d fnu dkQwj us ofj”B lSfud vkSj ukxfjd

vf/kdkfj;ksa dh lHkk dh vkSj ;g fu’p; fd;k fd jkepUnz dh iq=h ds xHkZ ls mRiUu vykmn~nhu ds

iq= f’kgkcqn~nhu mej tks Ng o”kZ vkSj d qN ekl dk Fkk] lqYrku dk mRrjkf/kdkjh gks vkSj dkQwj

mldk uk;c vFkkZr~ jhtsaV gksaA6 ftl le; fopkj foe’kZ gks jgk Fkk mlh le; lqYrku ewfNZr gks x;k

vkSj chekjh ls mldh thHk yky gks x;hA detksjh vkSj ewNkZ ds dkj.k og lHkk esa ,d ‘kCn Hkh ugha

dg ldk fQj Hkh lHkh mifLFkr O;fDr;ksa us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd mlds ekSu dk vFkZ vuqefr gSA

efyd dkQwj vkSj f’kgkcqn~nhu us f[ktz [kka vkSj ‘kknh [kka dks va/kk djok fn;kA vykmn~nhu

ds ‘ks”k iq=ksa dks canh cuk fy;kA mldh bPNk vykmn~nhu ds leLr ifjokj dks u”V dj Lo;a lqYrku

cuus dh Fkh fd mlds HkkX; us iyVk [kk;kA mlus dqN lSfudksa dks vykmn~nhu ds rhljs iq= eqckjd

[kku dks va/kk djus HkstkA tc lSfud eqckjd [kku ds ikl igqaps rks mlus viuk jRutfM+r lksus dk

gkj mUgsa crkSj fj’or fn;k vkSj er lqYrku ds izfr QtZ dh ;kn fnykbZA lksus vkSj Hkkoukvksa ls


122

izHkkfor lSfud ykSV vk;s vkSj muesa ls pkj us vykmn~nhu dh e`R;q ds ek= iSarhl fnu ckn efyd

dkQwj dh gR;k dj nhA7

njckjh ljnkjksa us eqckjd dks dSn ls vktkn djk;k vkSj mls cky lqYrku dk drkZ /krkZ

¼jhtsaV½ fu;qDr dj fn;kA nks eghus rd mlus jhtsaV ds rkSj ij dk;Z fd;k ijUrq tc mlus vius

fLFkfr lqn<+ dj yh rks 19 vizSy 1316 dks mlus ‘kkfgcqn~nhu mej dks va/kk djk fn;k vkSj dqrqcqnnhu

eqckjd ‘kkg ds uke ls og Lo;a xn~nh ij cSBkA

vykmn~nhu dh eR;q ds i’pkr~ njckjh jktuhfr vkSj dqpØksa dh la[;k c<+ x;hA mYys[kuh;

gS fd efyd uk;c dkQwj dh gR;k djus vkSj eqckjd dks xn~nh ij cSBkus okys lSfudksa dh egRokdka{kk

cgqr c<+ xbZ FkhA eqckjd’kkg us budks vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij Hkstdj ltk nhA bl ?kVuk ds

vfrfjDr eqckjd dk ‘kklu vR;f/kd mnkjrk vkSj yphysiu ds lkFk vkjaHk gqvkA vykmn~nhu f[kyth

ds dBksj ‘kklu ds ckn bl mnkjrk dk Lokxr fd;k x;kA iztk dk pgsrk gksus ij Hkh og ‘kjkc[kksjh

vkSj v¸;k’kh esa Mwc x;kA mldk vuqlj.k djrs gq;s jkt/kkuh esa Hkh ‘kjkc vkSj foyklrk dh Hkjxkj gks

xbZA cjuh fy[krk gS fd izR;sd ?kj ‘kjkc [kkuk cu x;k Fkk fj’or [kksjh] Hkz”Vkpkj vkSj xyrc;kuh us

iz’kklu dks v{ke cuk fn;kA8 eqckfjd dk nkfguk gkFk Fkk glu tks xqtjkr dk ,d vutku xqyke

FkkA mls [kqljksa [kku uke fn;k x;k vkSj othj ds in ij cSBk;k x;kA9

1318 esa nsofxfj vkSj vU; nf{k.k jkT;ksa ls /ku ,d= djus gsrq eqckjd us ,d cM+h lsuk lfgr

nf{k.k jkT;ksa ls /ku ,d= djus gsrq eqckjd us ,d cM+h lsuk lfgr nf{k.k dk :[k dj fn;kA fnYyhA

dks efyd ‘kkghu ds gokys NksM+ fn;k x;k ftls mlus oQk efyd dh mikf/k nh FkhA vykmn~nhu ds

pkpk ;xj’k [kka ds iq= vln&mn~nhu us eqckjd dh jkLrs esa gh gR;k dk “kM+;a= jpkA “kM+;a= vlQy

jgk vkSj “kM+;a=dkfj;ksa dks dBksj naM fn;k x;k vius firk dh uhfr ij pyrs gq, eqckjd us ;xj’k

[kkW ds ifjokj ds lHkh 29 lnL;ksa dh gR;k djk nh tcfd blesa dbZ cPps Fks vkSj mudk “kM+;a= ls

dksbZ ysuk nsuk ugha FkkA10

1318&19 esa fnYyh ls ‘kelqn~nhu eqgEen ‘kkg ds uke ls flDds tkjh gq;sA ;g Li”V ugha gS

fd mikf/k vln&mn~nhu ;k oQk efyd esa ls fdlus /kkj.k dh FkhA cjuh ds vuqlkj bl “kM+;a= dk

fu’kkuk f[ktz [kka dk nl o”khZ; iq= Fkk bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd eqckjd izR;sd njckjh dks lansg

dh nf”V ls ns[kus yxkA mlus vykmn~nhu ds rhuksa iq=ksa dh gR;k dk vkns’k fn;kA tc eqckjd fnYyh


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ykSVk rks vR;f/kd Øwj gks x;k FkkA efyd ‘kkghu dks ek= lansg ds dkj.k e`R;qnaM fn;k x;kA lqYrku

eqckjd blds ckn foykflrk esa Mwc x;k vkSj njckj eas L=h os’k Hkw”kk vkSj vyadkjksa rFkk dHkh&dHkh

uXu voLFkk esa mifLFkr gksus yxkA egy fL=;ksa vkSj fonw”kdksa ls Hkj x;kA mPp inLFk yksxksa dk

xfy;ksa ,oa Hkko Hkafxekvksa ds }kjk vieku fd;k tkus yxkA11 [kqljksa [kku bl le; ¼1319½ nf{k.k ds

vfHk;ku ij Fkk vkSj okjxay ds izrki:) dks ijkftr djus ds ckn og ekykckj dh vksj c<+kA tc

og ekykckj igqapk rks ogka ds jktdqekj vkSj iztk ls ;q) ls cpus vkSj viuk cgqewY; lkeku ysdj

vU;= pys tkus dh ;qfDr viukbZA ekykckj esa og vlQy jgkA cjuh ds vuqlkj og blh le;

vius y{; vFkkZr~ fnYyh dh lRrk ij dCts dh ;kstuk dks iw.kZ djus dk iz;kl dj jgk FkkA12 efyd

rcyx vkSj efyd rej tSls jkT; ds izfr fu”Bkoku vf/kdkfj;ksa us mls psrkouh nh vkSj eqckjd ‘kkg

dks Hkh mlds dqfopkjksa ds fo”k; esa voxr djk;kA

tc [kqljksa fnYyh vk;k rks mlls fdlh izdkj dk Li”Vhdj.k ugha ekaxk x;kA blds foijhr

lqYrku us jkT;fu”B vf/kdkfj;ksa dks n.M fn;k ftUgsa [kqljksa us ekykckj esa vlQyrk dk nks”kh Bgjk;k

FkkA rcyx dks va/kk dj tsy esa Mky fn;k x;k rej vkSj rcyx nksuksa dh tkxhjsa Nhu yh xbZA

[kqljksa vc ‘kfDr’kkyh gks x;k] D;ksafd mlds fo:) cksyus okyk dksbZ u FkkA dqN njckjh LokFkZo’k

mlds lkFk vk x;sA13 vius izHkko ds pyrs [kqljksa us eqckjd ls ,d lsuk fuekZ.k dh vuqefr ys yhA

[kqljksa us 40]000 ?kqM+lokjksa dh lsuk cukbZ mlesa dsoy mlds dchys tkfr ds yksx gh xqtjkr

ls HkrhZ fd;s x;s FksA [kqljksa dh tkfr ds lSfud gksus ds dkj.k ;g lsuk ek= mlds izfr fu”Bkoku FkhA

iwjh rjg ls la’kDr gksdj mlus egy esa gh lqYrku dh gR;k dh ;kstuk cukbZA eqckjd us mlls vius

lSfudksa dks jkf= ds le; egy esa vkus nsus dh vuqefr Hkh izkIr dj yhA bu lSfudksa esa ls ,d us

lqYrku ds lqj{kk lSfudksa dks ekj Mkyk vkSj lqYrku dh vksj c<+kA eqckjd egy esa gje dh vksj Hkkxk

ijUrq [kqljksa us mls ckyksa ls idM+dj jksd fy;kA blh le; tgj;k us mldk flj dkVdj njckj ds

vkxs Qsad fn;kA eqckjd dh gR;k 15 vizSy 1320 dks dh xbZA14

eqckjd dh gR;k djus ds ckn v/kZjkf= eas gh [kqljksa us izfrf”Br njckfjj;ksa tSls ,su my eqDy]

oghnqn~nhu dqjS’kh] Q[k:n~nhu tkSuk rFkk cgknqn~nhu Mkfcj dks cqyk;kA vxyh lqcg rd tc og

lqYrku dh xn~nh ij cSBk] mUgsa egy esa dSn j[kkA og ukfljmn~nhu [kqljks ‘kkg ds uke ls xn~nh ij

cSBkA15 mlds leFkZdksa }kjk vykmn~nhu ds iq=h dh gR;k dj nh xbZA vkSj gje esa Hkh ?kf.kr vijk/k


124

fd;k x;kA bl izdkj f[kyth oa’k dk var gks x;kA xn~nh ij cSBus ds ckn [kqljks eqckjd dh ,d

iRuh ls fookg fd;k vkSj ftu yksxksa us mldh lgk;rk dh Fkh] mudks mikf/k;k¡ forfjr dhA16 “kM+;a=

esa mlds eq[; lg;ksx nsus okys l<ksy dks jk;&,&jk;ku dh mikf/k iznku dh xbZA vius HkkbZ

fglkeqn~nhu dks [kku&, [kkuk dh mikf/k nh x;h vkSj vykmn~nhu dh ,d iq=h ls mldk fookg dj

fn;k x;kA ,su my&eqYd dks vkye [kka dh mikf/k nh xbZA vkSj efyd Q[k:n~nhu tkSuk ftldk

njckfj;ksa esa fo’ks”k izHkko Fkk] dks ?kksM+ksa dh ns[kjs[k dk vf/kdkjh cuk;k x;kA

oghnmn~nhu dqjS’kh dks othj rSukr fd;k x;kA17 mlus iqjkus vf/kdkfj;ksa dks gh inksa ij

rSukr j[kkA vehj [kqljks vkSj bCucrwrk nksuksa dk gh ekuuk gS fd og njckfj;ksa dk leFkZu izkIr djuk

pkgrk FkkA

njckjh lkearksa dk ,d NksVk lk oxZ Fkk tks [kqljksa dk fojks/k djrk FkkA HkwriwoZ lqYrku dh

gR;k vkSj mlds ckn gq;s jDrikr dk vPNk izHkko ugha iM+kA fojksf/k;ksa dk oxZ cgqr NksVk Fkk] D;ksafd

lRrk ls gVs f[kyft;ksa ds fy, mUgsa dksbZ fo’ks”k lgkuqHkwfr ugha dhA18 nhikyiqj dk xoZuj xkth

rqxyd fojksf/k;ksa esa lcls eq[kj FkkA xkth rqxyd dk iq= efyd tkSuk njckj eas FkkA prqj efyd

xkth us bLyke [krjs esa gS dk ukjk yxk;kA mlus vius iq= efyd tkSuk dks vius ikl nhikyiqj

cqyk;k vkSj ;kstuk rS;kj dhA [kqljks [kku }kjk efyd tkSuk dh ns[kjs[k gsrq tks lsuk Hksth xbZ FkhA

mlls Hkkxdj og fljlk igqapkA fljlk esa mlds firk }kjk miyC/k lqj{kk ekStwn FkhA xkth efyd us

blds ckn mPN eqYrku] lsgoku lkekuk vkSj tkykSj ds xoZujksa dks lans’k HkstsaA ,su&my&eqYd dks Hkh

tks fnYyh esa FkkA lans’k Hkstk x;kA buesa ls dsoy mPN ds xoZuj cgjke vbZok us lans’k dk izR;qRrj

fn;kA eqYrku ds xoZuj efyd eqxyrkbZ }kjk buls feyus ls badkj dj fn;k bl ij xkth efyd

}kjk eqYrku ds yksxksa dks xoZuj ds fo:) mdlk;k x;k vkSj dqN yksxksa us efyd eqxyrkbZ dh gR;k

dj nhA19

lekuk dk xoZuj efyd ;dy[kh [kqljks ds izfr fu”Bkoku FkkA mlus xkth rqxyd ds fo:)

ekspkZ [kksyk ijUrq vius gh vknfe;ksa }kjk ekj Mkyk x;kA tc lgk;rk gsrq lans’k igqapk rc lsgoku

dk xoZuj eqgEen ‘kkg dks vius gh lSfudksa }kjk canh cuk;k tk pqdk FkkA lans’k vkus ij mls eqDr

rks dj fn;k x;k ijUrq mlus vk/ks v/kwjs eu ls gh izR;qRrj HkstkA tkykSj ds xoZuj eqgEen gq’kkax dh

izfrfØ;k Hkh vk/kh v/kwjh FkhA ,su&my&eqYd us viuh fu”i{krk cuk;s j[khA xkth efyd dks mlus


125

xqipqi lgk;rk dk vk’oklu fn;kA20 xkth efyd dh vihy eq[; :i ls if’peh lhekar ds xoZujksa

ds fy;s FkhaA vkSj ogkW mls fo’ks”k izfrfØ;k ugha feyhA mls egku lar futkeqn~nhu vkSfy;k dk uSfrd

leFkZu Hkh ugha feykA [kqljks [kku ds fo:) rqxyd Økafr dk okLrfod Lo:i Hkh [kyth ØkfUr dh

rjg FkkA [kqljks [kku us vius HkkbZ [kku&,&[kkuk ds usrRo esa 40]000 etcwr lSfudksa dh lsuk xkth

efyd dks jksdus ds fy, HkstkA [kku&,&[kkuk ljlqrh igaqpk] ijUrq xkth efyd dks fxj¶rkj djus esa

vleFkZ jgk vkSj lsuk ysdj nhikyyqj dh vksj pykA jkLrs esa ‘kkgh lsuk dk eqdkcyk xkth efyd ls

gqvk vkSj og ijkLr gqbZA21 [kku&,&[kkuk Hkkx x;k vkSj lsuk ds gkFkh vkSj [ktkuk fotsrk dks izkIr

gq;sA xkth efyd ‘kfDr ds lkFk fnYyh ds lehi vk x;kA [kqljks [kku us blls fuiVus gsrq

fujk’kkiw.kZ ,oa euekuh rS;kjh dhA mlus lSfudksa dks <kbZ eghus dk osru vfxze ns fn;k [ktkuk mlus

vius leFkZdksaa dks [kq’kh djus gsrq yqVk fn;k FkkA22

fo’kky lsuk ds ckotwn ;q) ds Bhd igys ,su&,y&eqYd [kqljks dk lkFk NksM+dj ekyok pyk

x;kA23 1320 dks bUnzizLFk ds fudV fnYyh ds Hkkoh lqYrku ds p;u dk ;q) yM+k x;kA ‘kke rd

[kqljks [kku cgknqjh ls yM+k ijUrq mlh le; xkth efyd ds vpkud geys ls ‘kkgh lsuk frrj&fcrj

gks x;h [kqljks [kku eSnku NksM+dj Hkkx x;k vkSj fryir esa ‘kknh [kku ds ckx esa tkdj lks x;kA

vxys fnu mls canh cukdj mldk flj dkV fn;kA xkth efyd FkksM+h fgpd ds lkFk vkSj njckjh

ljnkjksa ls ;g tku ysus ds i’pkr~ fd ‘kkgh ifjokj dk dksbZ jktdqekj vc thfor ugha Fkk] fnukad 8

flrEcj 1320 dks X;klqn~nhu rqxyd ‘kkg ds uke ls fnYyh dh xn~nh ij cSBkA24

okLro esa [kythdkyhu jktuhfr dsoy lRrk dh jktuhfr FkhA lRrk ds fy, }Un vkSj

jDrikr] ;su&dsu&izdkjs.k lRrk esa cus jgus ds fy, migkj vkSj vDrk ckWVuk rFkk lxs&lEcfU/k;ksa dh

gR;k djus esa Hkh ladksp ugha fd;k x;kA ;g lR; gS fd vykmn~nhu ds lqYrku cuus ls mldh eR;q

rd njckjh jktuhfr ds dqpØ ncs jgsA lqYrku ls vlarq”V Hkh dqN u dj ldsA lHkh oQknkj cus

jgsA lcls ;g vfHku; fd;k fd os lezkV esa fgrS”kh FksA lqYrku vykmn~nhu [kyth ds chekj gksrs gh

njckjh jktuhfr us fQj viuk ?kf.kr psgjk lkeus j[k fn;k vuojr~ gR;kvksa ddk flyflyk jksdk u

tk ldkA lqYrku vykmn~nhu [kyth ds }kjk cuk, x, fu;eksa dh /kfTt;k¡ mM+k nh x;hA vehj vkSj

lkear lRrk yksHkh gks x;s FksA vykmn~nhu ds jktoa’k dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k ,d u, jktoa’k dk

mn; gqvk] ftldk izFke lqYrku X;klqn~~nhu rqxyd FkkA jktoa’k dk ;g ifjorZu ‘kkafriw.kZ ugha Fkk


126

oju~ ;q)ksa] gR;kvksa vkSj ccZjrkiw.kZ dkjukeksa ds ckn gqvk FkkA [kyth jktdqekjksa dh ,d ds ckn ,d

gR;k dj nh x;hA vehj vkSj lkear futh LokFkZ vkSj Hkz”Vkpkj esa vkda< gksdj Mwcs gq, FksA lsuk dks

o’k esa djus ds fy, /ku yqVk fn;k tkrk FkkA /ku nsdj njckj esa izHkko’kkyh O;fDr;ksa dh gR;k djok

nh tkrh FkhA /ku nsdj vlUrq”Vksa dks lUrq”V fd;k tkrk FkkA [kyth njckjh jktuhfr dk fuÑ”Vre

Lo:i mtkxj gks x;k FkkA lqYrku vykmn~nhu [kyth lk/kkj.k turk ds fy, dqN ldkjkRed dk;Z

djuk pkgrk FkkA mldh eR;q ds ckn lHkh dk;ZØe rk’k ds iRrksa ds egy dh rjg yM+[kM+k dj

lekIr gks x,A vykmn~nhu [kkeks’k viuh vlhe ‘kfDr dk Hkfo”; LoIu VwVrk gqvk ns[krk jgkA

fdruk vlgk; og gks x;k Fkk bldh dYiuk mlds ckn gksus okys “kM+;a=ksa gR;kvksa vkSj dqpØksa ds

lUnHkZ esa dh tk ldrh gSA

lUnHkZ%&

1- gchc vkSj futkeh] fnYyh lYrur] i”B la[;k&350&353

2- ogh] i”B la[;k& 351&352

3- ogh] i”B la[;k& 355

4- ogh] i”B la[;k& 351&352

5- blkeh QqrgLlykrhu] vuqokn esagnh gqlSu] i”B la[;k&355&356

6- ekSgEen gchc vkSj futkeh&iwokZsDr] i”B la[;k&354&355

7- vehj [kqljks] uwg fligj] i”B la[;k&51

8- cuhZ] i”B la[;k&382&383

9- ekS0 gchc vkSj futkeh] iwokZsDr] i”B la[;k&358

10- ogh] i”B la[;k&60&62

11- ogh] i”B la[;k&63&64

12- ogh] i”B la[;k&364

13- ogh] i”B la[;k&368

14- ogh] i”B la[;k&369

15- vehj [kqljks rqxydukek] i”B la[;k&356

16- ekS- gchc vkSj futkeh] iwokZsDr] i”B la[;k&369


127

17- ekS- gchc vkSj futkeh] iwokZsDr] i”B la[;k&369

18- ogh] i”B la[;k&376

19- ogh] i”B la[;k&377

20- ogh] i”B la[;k&377

21- ogh] i”B la[;k&377

22- ogh] i”B la[;k&378

23- ogh] i”B la[;k&378

24- ogh] i”B la[;k&402


128

eqxydkyhu xzkE; O;oLFkk % ,d iqujh{k.k

Mk0 fot; izrki flag

eqxydkyhu xzke Lok;Rr’kklh fudk; ds :i esa ,d vyx bdkbZ ds :i esa fo|eku FksA

bu bdkbZ;ksa dks vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj U;kf;d vf/kdkj izkIr Fks] ftudh Lohdk;Zrk dks

ledkyhu ‘kkldksa us Hkh ykxw fd;kA vf/kdka’kr% ‘kkldksa us xzkE; O;oLFkk dks mlh fLFkfr esa

cuk;sa j[kus dh dksf’k’k dh tks iwoZ le; esa FkhaA iUnzgoha ‘krh rd xzkE; laxBu esa dksbZ

vkewy&pwy ifjorZu nf”Vxksfpr ugha gksrk] ogh /keZ vk/kkjh; ifjfu;e] Ñf”k dh ijEijkxr

rduhd] mRiknu&vf/k’ks”k dk foØ;] NksVs&2 lkIrkfgd cktkj vkfn ,sls rRo Fks tks vkjEHk ls

gh fo|eku FksA

xzkeh.k {ks= esa fuokl djus okys yksxksa esa /keZ dk vf/kd egRo FkkA /keZ ds fu;e brus

vf/kd dM+s Fks fd yksx budh vogsyuk ugha dj ikrs FksA xzke lekt dk eqf[k;k jktuSfrd

nkf;Roksa ds lkFk&lkFk /kkfeZd nkf;Ro Hkh fuHkkrk FkkA ijEijkxr lekt dk lajpukRed <kWpk

tkfr vk/kkjh; foU;kl esa fufgr FkkA eq[;r% fgUnw lekt esa iqjksfgr oxZ }kjk /keZ dh lhek js[kk

ikj djus okys lnL; dks izrkfM+r] nf.Mr djus ds nkf;Ro dk ,d ekSu LohÑfr gh FkkA xzke

vFkok ekStk esa jgus okys lnL;ksa dks vius mRiknu dk fu/kkZfjr fgLlk /keZ ds dk;kZsa esa nsuk

iM+rk Fkk vkSj ;g LoSfPNd u gksdj vko’;d FkkA bldks Ñf”k esa brj lnL; bls ^lsok* ds :i

esa pqdkrs Fks ftldk nq:i;ksx gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh FkhA

jktLo dk vf/kdre Hkkx nsus okys vf/kdka’k lnL; lekukUrj :i ls LFkkuh; fu;eksa dk

ikyu djus gsrq ck/; FksA xzke lekt ds dqN lnL; tSls [kwr] eqdn~ne] pkS/kjh] ekSyoh] if.Mr]

f’k{kd egktu gh vfHktkR; oxZ ds lnL; gksrs Fks ‘ks”k yksxksa dk thou vR;f/kd fo”ke FkkA

blds ik’oZ esa ‘kks”k.kdkjh izfØ;k dh Hkwfedk FkhA cnyrs gq;s ^lRRkk ifjorZu** ‘kkld oxZ dh


129

ubZ&2 Hkw&jktLo uhfr;k¡ fons’kh ijEijkvksa dk vuqlj.k ,oa lekt esa blds vuqiz;ksx ,sls rRo

Fks ftudk cks> lekt ds izR;sd lnL; ij iM+uk LokHkkfod FkkA ^;q)* gks vFkok ^laf/k* lcdk

ewY; turk dks gh pqdkuk iM+rk FkkA

ckcj vkSj gqek;w¡ dks iz’kklu dh okLrfodrk le>us dk i;kZIr le; ugha feykA ijUrq

vdcj }kjk xzkE; iz’kklu dks vkSj vf/kd Lok;Rrrk vkSj lqn<+rk iznku dh xbZ tks blls iwoZ

fo|eku FkhA lk/kkj.k :i ls eqxy dky ls iwoZ yksnh vkSj lwj lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk eq[; :i

ls Ñf”k vk/kkfjr gh FkhA o`gn Lrj ij lexz iz’kklfud <kapk Ñ”kdksa ls izkIr gksus okys mRiknu

^vf/k’ks”k* ij gh fuHkZj FkkA vius okLrfod :i esa lYrur dkyhu iz’kklfud O;oLFkk Hkw&jktLo

ij gh voyfEcr FkhaA ,d xkS.k iz’u Fkk fd jkT; }kjk Hkwfe dk ^vf/kxzg.k* ,oa forj.k vke

Ñ”kd dks Hkw&LokfeRo dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA

xzkE; lekt esa lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksx fuokl djrs FksA os Ñf”k dk;Z djrs ;k fQj Ñf”k

vk/kkjh; xfrfof/k;ksa esa yxs gq;s FksA iqjksfgr] Bkdqj] oS’;] rsyh] reksyh peZdkj] tqykgs] ukbZ] /kksch

vkfn tkfr;k¡ vfuok;Z :i ls xzke lekt dk fgLlk FkhA buesa ls ,d cM+k oxZ Ñ”kdksa dk gksrk]

vU; lsokdk;Z esa layXu tkfr;k¡ izR;{k :i ls Ñ”kdksa }kjk mRiknu esa viuk Hkkx izkIr djus FksA

;|fi ;g LoSfPNd gh FkkA ijUrq lkekftd ijEijkvksa ds vUrxZr budk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z

FkkA fdlku vius&vius Hkw[k.M ij D;k mRiknu djsa] ;g ftruk mldh vkthfodk dh t:jrksa

ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk Fkk mruk gh ykHk Hkksfx;ksa dh dj dh ekax lsA ;gk¡ ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;wjksi

rFkk Hkkjr nksuksa txg ges’kk fo|eku ykHk&Hkksxh fdlkuksa dh lHkh rjg ds djksa dh ekax djrs

FksA ,slk os mUgsa tkjh fd;s x;s jktdh; vf/kdkj i=ksa ds cy ij djrs FksA fdUrq tehu] cSy

vkSj Ñf”k midj.k pwafd Ñ”kdksa ds okLrfod vf/kdkj esa Fks vr% uoksfnr tehnkjksa vkSj LFkkfir

fdlkuksa ds chp la?k”kZ gksrk jgrk FkkA fdUrq dqy feykdj /kkfeZd rFkk oSpkfjd izpkj ds }kjk

Ñ”kd vlarks”k dks fu;fU=r dj fy;k tkrk FkkA blds mijkUr ;fn fdlku ;g eglwl djrs Fks


130

fd fLFkfr vlguh; gks xbZ rks og fdlh ijrh Hkwfe okys {ks= esa tk ldrs Fks vkSj u;s xk¡oksa dh

LFkkiuk djds mRiknu dh ekStwnk bdkb;ksa esa ò`f) dj ldrs FksA1

mit ds fuf’pr Hkkx jkT; dks fu;fer djds :i esa nsus ds vykok fdlkuksa ij fofo/k

izdkj ds vU; dj Hkh yxk;s tkrs FksA blls brj jktdh; lsok vkSj vf/kdkjh tc fdlh {ks= ls

xqtjrs Fks rks lEc) xk¡oksa ds yksxksa dks mUgsa u dsoy Hkkafr&Hkkafr izdkj ds dj nsus iM+rs Fks vkSj

lSU; iz;kstuksa gsrq csxkj Hkh djuh iM+rh FkhA LoHkkfod :i ls blh dkj.k Ñf”k dk;Z izHkkfor

gksrs jgrs FksA2

eqxydkyhu xzke lekt esa ,d vU; izfØ;k izpyu esa FkhA ftlds dkj.k Ñ”kdksa dk

vkfFkZd ‘kks”k.k cgqr lhek rd gksrk FkkA ;g izfØ;k ^lwn[kksjh* ds uke ls izpfyr FkhA ;|fi bl

O;oLFkk ds izek.k izkphu lk{;ksa esa izkIr gksrs gSa] ijUrq dky[k.M ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk blds

Lo:i vkSj vk;keksa] ‘kks”k.k djus ds rRoksa esa o`f) gksrh xbZA vkjEHk esa bls dqlhn] ck)qZi o`f)

vkSj C;kt ‘kCnksa }kjk O;Dr fd;k x;kA bl O;oLFkk ds lQy lEiknu gsrq Lefrdkjksa ,oa uhfr

fuekZrkvksa us i;kZIr O;oLFkk nhA ;g O;oLFkk ^vkiwfrZ* vkSj ^volj* ¼Supply and Opportunity½

ij vk/kkfjr FkhA vr% bl ckr ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ysunkj dks t:jr iM+us ij

nsunkj viuh ‘krZsa ,oa vuqcU/k j[krk FkkA ;g O;oLFkk fgUnw lekt esa gh izpyu eas FkhA

vkjfEHkd e/;dky esa C;kt dk ,d egRoiw.kZ :i dkf;dk FkkA ‘kkjhfjd C;kt tks

lwn[kksjh dk foÑr :i gh dgk tk;sxkA ;|fi ;g iwoZ esa Hkh izpfyr Fkk ijUrq ijorhZ dky esa

;g cgqr vf/kd fDy”V gksrk x;kA bl O;oLFkk esa C;kt dk Hkqxrku lsok ds :i esa fd;s tkus

dk izko/kku fd;k x;k FkkA pkgs ;g lsok dtZnkj Lo;a djs ;k mlds xk;] cSy ;k nkl djsaA

nwljk fodYi lk/ku] lEiUu yksxksa ij gh ykxw gks ldrk FkkA lkekU; Js.kh ds dtZnkj tks

vkerkSj ij Ñ”kd oxZ ds gksrs Fks og v)Znkl dh fLFkfr rd igq¡p tkrs FksA bl izdkj ‘kkjhfjd

Je ds :i esa C;kt dh vnk;xh dsoy ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk esa gh lEHko Fkh tgk¡ O;kikj vkSj

‘kgjhdj.k dh deh ds dkj.k eqnzk dk izpyu lhfer ek=k esa gh gksrk FkkA3


131

e/;dkyhu C;kt i)fr dks vyx igpku cukus okyk rRo gSA bldh dk;Zfof/k esa Hkwfe

dk izos’kA ,d vksj _.knkrk ewy/ku ij C;kt ds ,ot esa Hkwfe dks ca/kd j[k ysrk Fkk ;k fQj

mldh mit dks C;kt vnk;xh ds fy;s fufnZ”V dj nsrk Fkk] nwljh vksj dtZnkjksa dks Hkwfe m/kkj

nh tkrh Fkh tks mUgsa Qly dh vkB xquh ¼vf/kdre lhek½ ykSVkuh gksrh FkhA nksuksa gh mnkgj.k

Ñ”kd dtZnkjksa ds gSa] tgk¡ igyk mnkgj.k ;wjksi dh vlkeh i)fr ¼desaMs’ku½ ls lkE;rk j[krk

gS] ogk¡ nwljk tkxhjnkjksa ds vuqnku ;k milkeUrhdj.k tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA nwljh izFkk ds

vk/kkj ij lgt gh vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ,sls ifjokj vo’; FksA ftuds

ikl dkQh cM+h&cM+h Hkwfe ds iz{ks= FksA ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ,slh Hkwfe ij [ksrh djkus dh

i)fr ds vUrxZr t:jreUr Ñ”kdksa dks tehusa iV~Vs ij nh tkrh Fkh vkSj eky ds :i esa muls

euekus nj ij C;kt olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj dh izfØ;k ds y{k.k vkt Hkh cnys gq,

xzkeh.k lekt esa fo|eku gSaA

vr% Li”V gks tkrk gS fd xzke lekt ,d izdkj ls vleku izdkj dh O;oLFkk Fkh ftlesa

fuc) izR;sd lnL; dks mu ifjfu;eksa dks ekuuk ck/;dkjh Fkk lYrur dky rd vkrs&vkrs

udn ysu&nsu dh of) us vlekurkvksa dks vkSj vf/kd c<+k fn;k] tgk¡ lqYrkuksa dh Hkwfe vFkok

Ñf”k lEcU/kh uhfr;k¡ jkt dk iz’kklu lapkfyr djus okys ‘kkld ,oa vf/kdkfj;ksa gsrq fu;fer

,oa lrr vk; lqfuf’pr djus ds fy, gksrh FkhaA ogha mudh uhfr;ksa dks xzkeh.k lekt ,oa

vFkZO;oLFkk ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk Fkk ;g ,d ,slk lR; gS ftlds lEcU/k esa fo’ys”k.k izkIr ugha gq,

gSA

izks0 flMuh osc ds vuqlkj ^^LFkkuh; iz’kklu** ,d izdkj ls ioZr ds leku izkphu gSA4

;g fo’o ds Louke /kU; ns’kksa esa ls Hkkjr ds ckjs esa vf/kd lVhd gSA ;gk¡ ij xzkeh.k iz’kklu

ds fl)kUr ,oa mPp fu;eksa dk fooj.k izkphu dky ls feyrs gSaA ysfdu iz’kklfud rU= esa

bldh fo’ks”krk,¡ vkSj dk;Z i)fr ekSfyd :i ls xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa esa fo|eku Fkha] O;ogkfjd :i

ls ;g rU= xzke o lekt ds leLr lnL;ksa ,oa i{kksa dks ldkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrk Fkk]


132

ftldk eq[; dk;Z xzke ds vkfFkZd i{k dks lqn<+rk iznku djus ls lEcfU/kr Fkk ysfdu ;g

leku :i ls gh thou vkSj lEifRr dh lqj{kk] f’k{kk dk izpkj] fpfdRlh; lqfo/kk,¡] vijk/k

fu;a=.k ,oa yksxksa ds ljy ,oa lqxe thou ls lkE;rk j[krk FkkA5

izkphu Hkkjr esa xzke leqnk; vius vki esa Lok;Rr izdkj ds FksA ftlds fo”k; esa xzkeh.kksa

}kjk fu;fU=r fd, tkrs FksA6 ysfdu ;s mPp iz’kklu ds fy, mRrjnk;h Fks] ;g ,d izdkj ls

jkT; dh lqn<+ bdkbZ ds :i esa fo|eku Fks] ftuds vf/kdkj vkSj nkf;Ro ,oa fo’ks”kkf/kdkj

loksZPp ‘kfDr dh fo’oluh;rk ds vk/kkj ij FksA7 gekjs ikl bl lUnHkZ esa i;kZIr lk{; gSa fd

eqfLye ‘kklu dky ls iwoZ jktk ds vf/kdkjksa eas xzkE; ifj”kn dk i;Zo{ks.k ,oa buds izfr

dk;Zokgh] pkgs og dk;Zikfydk ls lEcfU/kr gks vFkok U;k;ikfydk ls og vfUre :i ls iw.kZ

ugha gksrh Fkh tc rd fd ‘kkld vFkok jktk dh eqgj ml ij u yxsA

lkekU; rkSj ij Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS fd xzke tu thou dHkh Hkh rRdkyhu

ys[kdksa dh vfHk:fp esa ‘kkfey u FkkA8 ;g Lohdkjk tk ldrk gS fd xzke leqnk;ksa ,oa tu

thou ij eqxy ljdkj dk dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha FkkA ;g lUnsg ls ijs gS fd xzke leqnk; ds

izfrfuf/k vizR;{k ,oa izR;{k :i ls vijk/k ,oa vU; izdkj ds nq”ÑR;ksa ds {ks= ds dHkh i`Fkd ugha

FksA ‘ksj’kkg vkSj vdcj ttSls ‘kkldksa dk Li”V funsZ’k Fkk fd Ñ”kdksaa ds izfrosnu] vU;k; vkSj

vR;k[kj ds lUnHkZ esa rRofjr dk;Zokgh gksA lEHkor% blh dkj.k fo’ks”k fnolksa esa [kqys U;k;ky;

vk;ksftr fd, tkrs Fks] tgk¡ ij detksj ls detksj O;fDr Hkh viuh leL;k dk funku ik

ldrk FkkA9

19oha ‘knh ds ,d bfrgkldkj dk vfHker gS fd ^^vuqNw, Hkkjr ds vo’ks”kksa esa ‘kklu]

tulewg dh vYiLora=rk] y?kq laoS/kkfud lEizHkqrk] muds {ks= js[kk esa vfHkfLFkfr Lofu/kkZj.k ,oa

Lo’kklu] yksxksa ds eR;q tks dsoy LosPNk ls Lo;a dks vf/kdkj esa izLrqr djrs Fks ,d fo’kn

fudk; LorU=rk dk |ksrd gSA10


133

fofo/k izdkj dh O;oLFkkvksa dk leqPp; Hkkjr ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa ik;k tkrk FkkA

;g fofof/kdj.k vius lajpukRed y{k.kksa ds lkFk lHkh ds fy, furkUr vko’;d izfØ;k Fkh]

ftldks fd dBksj vkSj yphysiu dk ,d leUo; ekuk tk ldrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa Jh eFkkbZ

dk vfHker & ^^dk;Z ikfydk ds deZpkjh] dkfeZd vkSj O;kikjh** dk vk’k; xzke leqnk; ds

vkUrfjd ljdkj dks pykus okys ?kVd FksA blds vykok xzke leqnk; ds laoS/kkfud mipkjksa dh

iwfrZ gsrq ;ksX;rkuqlkj nkf;Ro iznku fd, tkrs vFkok mudks lfefr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ds :i esa pquk

tkrkA ;g ,d izdkj ls vk/kqfud O;oLFkk ds leku gh Fkk ftlesa ‘kklu esa tuekul dh

lgHkkfxrk lqfuf’pr gksrh gSA ;g ,d izdkj ls izfrfuf/k ‘kklu dk gh iwoZxkeh :i FkkA

vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa Hkh Lora=rk izkfIr ds mijkUr ,sls LFkkuh; Lok;Rr ‘kklu dh O;oLFkkk dh

x;h] lkFk gh bldks laoS/kkfud lajpuk esa izeq[krk ls LFkku fn;k x;k] tSlk fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku

ds vuq- 40 ds :i eas ,d funs’k lekfo”V fd;k x;k ^^jkT; xzke iapk;rksa dk laxBu djus ds

fy, dne mBk;sxk vkSj mudks ,slh ‘kfDr;k¡ vkSj izkf/kdkj iznku djsxk tks mUgsa Lok;Rr ‘kklu

dh bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djus ;ksX; cukus ds fy, vko’;d gksaA11

xk¡o dh iapk;rksa ds fuokZpu dk rkjhdk cgqer ij vk/kkfjr Fkk tks fd Hkkjr ds

vfodflr leqnk;ksa esa igys ls izpfyr FkkA12 lj gjoVZ fjlys bl lUnHkZ esa dqN fcUnqvksa ij

viuk er O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd iapk;rksa ds fuokZpu dh i)fr dks ;wjksih; jktuSfrd

O;oLFkk ds Lo:i ugha j[kk tk ldrkA yksxksa dk ,d= gksuk oSpkfjd vknku iznku la;ksxkRed

:i ls dqN fcUnqvksa dk mHk; gksuk] cgqer dk u gksuk] vYila[;drk dh fLFkfr esa tkrh; rRoksa

dk cgqer esas gksukA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk esa p;u dk fu/kkZj.k Lo;aHkw O;fDr gks ldrk gS fd

tks fd izkphu ;wukuh vkSj teZu fudk;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gS ,oa ;g izkphure fuokZpu dk izdkj

ekuk tk ldrk gSA

eqdn~ne vkSj tehankj leku izdkj ds in gh FksA tehankj in dk izFker% iz;ksx

bfrgkldkj cjuh ds bfroRrksa esa fQjkst’kkg ds dky esa feyrk gSA blesa ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd


134

xzkeksa esa ;g in ;k rks vkuqokaf’kd :i ls Fkk vFkok fojklr esa izkIr gksrk FkkA os eq[;r% ,d ;k

nks xzkeksa dk iz’kklu lapkfyr djrs FksA13

tcfd tehankj ;k eqdn~ne jkT; }kjk vkjksfir Ñ”kdksa ij dj laxzzg djrs ftlesa ls

mudk ,d Hkkx jgrk FkkA vQxkuksa ds ‘kklu dky esa Hkh og vius inksa dk fuokZg djrs jgsA14

;|fi ;g O;oLFkk iwoZ eas izpfyr Fkha] ijUrq ,sfrgkfld nf”Vdks.k ls Qkjlh lanHkZ xzUFkksa eas ;g

uke xzke O;oLFkk ds fu;ked ds :i esa fofgr fd;k x;k gSA ^^pkS/kjh** in ds lanHkZ esa og

^îjxuk** esa xzke ds eqf[k;k ds :i esa mifLFkr jgrkA ledkyhu lzksrksa esa pkS/kjh vkSj eqdn~ne

ds inksa ds vUrj dks vfHkfgr ugha fd;k x;k gSA blds ckjs esa dsoy bCucrwrk gh lwpuk nsrs gq,

dgrk gS fd Hkkjr esa ^lknh* ,d lkS xzkeksa dk laxBu Fkk ftldh lhek,sa ‘kgj rd gks ldrh Fkha

ftlesa ls ^lnh’k* pkS/kjh ds i;Zos{k.k eas jgus okyk fgLlk FkkA LFkkuh; :i ls êqrlfjZQ* djksa

dks ,d= djus okyk jktuSfrd :i ls inklhu vf/kdkjh FkkA15 blls izklafxd lk{;

rokjh[k&,&fQjkst’kkgh esa feyrk gSA ftlesa ^dLck* uked bdkbZ dks xzkeksa ds lewg ds :i esa

vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gS tks fd Û;kf;d* O;oLFkk ds lapkyu gsrq xzkeksa ds ekeys gy gksrs FksA

izR;sd dLck yxHkx lkS xzkeksa ,oa vusdksa pkS/kfj;ksa dk iz’kklfud laxBu FkkA16

tehankj vFkok vuqokaf’kd eqf[k;k dks eq[;r% rhu o`gn Jsf.k;ksa eas ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA

¼v½ Lok;Rr /kuk<~; ¼jbZl½ ¼c½ pkS/kjh cM+s tehankj tks fdlh Hkh lhek rd xzkeksa dks ,dkf/kdkj

esa j[krs FksA ¼l½ [kwr vkSj eqdn~ne ¼isVh tehankj½ ysfdu ;gk¡ ij ;g Hkh dguk mfpr gS fd

,sls xk¡oksa dks ‘kkflr djus okys tehankj ^[kqyklk* vkSj ^jkT;kf/kdkfj;ksa* ls Lora= ugha FksA izR;sd

xk¡o esa ;k rks eqdnn~e ;k pkS/kjh gksrk Fkk] tks êdrk* vFkok ^[kkylk* vkfey ds e/; la;kstd

dk dk;Z fuoZgu djrk FkkA17

êdrk* ,oa ^[kkylk* vf/kdkjh xk¡oksa esa iz’kklfud ncko cuk;s j[krs tcfd vlarq”V

eqdn~ne vkSj pkS/kjh lYrur vkSj jkT;kf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, leL;kvksa mRiUu djrs jgrs FksA18

tcfd mudk jktuhfrd ,oa iz’kklfud :i ls ,d izdkj dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh FkhaA ‘kkgh


135

iz’kklu ls ,dhdj.k dh lEHkkouk ls lYrur dh jkT; laLÑfr dks viuk;s tkus dh fn’kk esa

dk;Z djrk FkkA19

eqxy iwoZ ^tehankjh* dk Lo:i dqN lhek rd vLi”V gh ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA ;g Hkwfe ds

^vkcknh* ,oa Ñf”k iz{ks=ksa esa fufgr FkkA tehankj O;fDrxr :i ls ,slh Hkwfe ds vf/kdkjksa dks

fdjk;s ds :i esa Hkh ck¡Vrs FksA ,slh ,dkf/kdkjh izo`fRr dks og viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj ifjofrZr dj

ldrs FksA20 blds izfri{k esa ^rokjh[k&,&’ksj’kkgh* esa ,sls vf/kdkjksa dks tehankjksa dh jkT; ds

izfr uhfr vogsyuk ds dkj.k cnyk Hkh tk ldrk FkkA ftlls iwoZ tehankjh u”V dj uohu in

vkSj vf/kdkfjdrk r; dh tkrh FkhaA21 eq’rkdh ds vfHker esa ;g rF; vko’;d xzke iz’kklu ds

fgr esa fd;k tkrk FkkA mlds vuqlkj jsokM+h ds ‘kkld gsew ^foØekfnR;* us jsokM+h esa vusdksa

ijxuksa ds êqdn~neksa* dks in ls gVk fn;k vkSj viuh tkfr ds yksxksa dks mu inksa ij fu;qDr

fd;kA22 bPNkuqlkj dksbZ Hkh O;fDr taxy Hkwfe dks lkQ dj mitkÅ cukdj tehankjh izkIr dj

ldrk FkkA yksnh oa’k ds iru ds le; vCckl [kk¡ ‘ksjokuh lwpuk nsrk gSa fd ^dksy* ljdkj ds

vUrxZr mlus u;s xk¡o dh LFkkiuk dh D;ksafd mldks inP;qr dj fn;k x;k Fkk og vius thou

gsrq bl ubZ o`fRr dks viuk jgk gSA23

ipkl] lkS vFkok ‘krkf/kd xzkeksa dh O;oLFkk ds lewg dks lapkyu dsUnz ds :i esa

îjxuk* dh LFkkiuk gqbZ tgk¡ ij iz’kkldh;] jktuSfrd ,oa U;kf;d lqfo/kkvksa dk ifjpkyu

fd;k tkrk FkkA îjxuk* bdkbZ dks izFke ckj ,d iz’kklfud dsUnz ds :i esa vQhd us

rokjh[k&,&fQjkst’kkgh eas bafxr fd;k gSA24 eqdnn~e] tehankj vkSj pkS/kjh ijxuk vf/kdkjh ds

fu;=a.k esa dk;Z djrs Fks tks vyx&vyx ukeksa ls vfofgr FksA ;Fkk eqDrk] otgnkj] f’kdnkj

vkfn tks in dh izÑfr ds vuqlkj gksrk Fkk ijxuk Lrj ij og jkT; dh rjQ ls eq[;

dk;Zdkjh gksrk FkkA tks iz’kkldh; dk;kZsa ds fu”iknu ds lkFk&lkFk lSU; vf/kdkjh Hkh gksrk

ftlds v/khu flfoy vkSj jktLo dk;kZsa dh ns[kjs[k Hkh gksrh FkhaA loksZPp ijxuk vf/kdkjh dks

lqYrku Lo;a fu;qDr djrk tks [kkylk ijxuk dk iz’kklfud eqf[k;k o izHkkjh gksrkA flfoy ,oa


136

lSU; nkf;Roksa dh ns[kjs[k djus okyk f’kdnkj lkekU;r% êfyd* dh mikf/k izkIr O;fDr gh gks

ldrk FkkA tks blls mPp mikf/k izkIr gksrs lqYrku dh vksj ls udn osru izkIr djrs mudks

ifjokj ,oa lSU; xfrfof/k;ksa ds lapkyu gsrq vuqnku Hkh izkIr djrs FksA

bu inksa dk lh/kk rknkE; xzkE; O;oLFkk ,oa izcU/ku ds fy;s mRrjnk;h FkkA ,sls inksa ij

ink:<+ jgus okys O;fDr;ksa us vius dk;Z dkS’ky ls ,d vksj rks jkT; dks lef) iznku dh ogh

nwljh vksj euxkus <ax ls djksa dh olwyh Hkh djrsA Hkkjrh; Ñf”k eq[;r;k ekulwu ij fuHkZj

jgrh gS ,slh n’kk eas Ñf”k mRIkknu ds lUnHkZ esa iwokZuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq dj

fu/kkZj.k vkSj mldh vf/kdre olwyh gsrq Ñ”kdks a dks ck/; fd;k tkrk jgkA rRdkyhu bfro`Rrksa

eas djksa dh nj ,oa {ks=okj lwfp;k¡ rks cM+s gh djhus ls cukbZ xbZ gSa ijUrq Ñ”kdksa }kjk yxku

vnk;xh ds i’pkr~ mRiknu dk vR;Yi Hkkx ‘ks”k jgrkA

eqxy lkezkT; ds vUrxZr Ñf”k mPp jktLo okyk m|e FkkA iatkc esa Ñ”kd vkSj Jfedksa

dks xq: xksfoUn flag }kjk blh vk/kkj ij lkezkT; ds fo:) vfHkizsfjr fd;k ogha gfj;k.kk esa

tkV vkSj ;kno us ¼ftuesa cgqla[;d yksx Ñ”kd Fks½ Lo;a dks LorU= ?kksf”kr dj fn;kA

ejkBokM+k {ks= esa lefUor tkfr;ksa ds le; czkã.k] {kf=; Lo;alsod tks fd Ñ”kd ,oa Jfed

tkfr;ksa ls Fks us vlUrq”V eqlfyeksa ds lkFk ejkBk fonzksg esa lkFk fn;kA vo/k] caxky] d’ehj

tSls {ks=h; ‘kkldksa us Lo;a dks Lora= ?kksf”kr dj fn;kA igkM+h jktiwr] cqUnsy[k.M] tcyiqj

iV~Vh ds vkfnoklh ‘kkldksa us lkezkT; dks dksbZ Hkh dj nsus ls euk dj fn;kA

;g Li”V gks tkrk gS fd mPp djkikr lk/kkj.k :i ls Ñf”k dks gh izHkkfor djrk Fkk

ftlds dkj.k lkezkT; dh fLFkfr vkSj vf/kd xEHkhj gksrh pyh x;hA bjQku goho tSls fopkjd

vius ‘kks/ko`Rr&n ,xzhfj;u flLVe vkWQ eqxy bf.M;k 1556&1707 esa ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd

QkStnkj vkSj eUlonkj o tehankj ds ikl vlhe vf/kdkj gksrs Fks ftlds fojks/k esa xzkeh.k

lekt vfHktuksa dk fojks/kh gks tk;k djrs FksA Ñf”k Hkwfe ij vfrfjDr [ksrh djuk ,d n.MkRed

vijk/k Fkk ftldk i;Zos{k.k LFkkuh; tehankj dk nkf;Ro FkkA og ;g Hkh Lohdkjrs gSa fd


137

lkezkT; vkSj LFkkuh; tehankj ds e/; la?k”kZ dk eq[; dkj.k Ñ”kd gh Fks tks fd ljdkjh uhfr;ksa

ls ihfM+r FksA ,sls esa tehankj u, Ñ”kdksa dh HkrhZdj jktdh; iz’kklu dks pqukSrh nsrk izrhr

gksrk gSA ogha psru flag us vius ‘kks/k ¼Conformity and conflict : Tribes and the Agrarian

system½ esa iatkc eas oxZ vkSj LFkkuh; yksxksa ds chp fo”kerk dks lkezkT; dh vfLFkjrk dk eq[;

dkjd ekuk gks tks fd jkT; dh jktuhfr dks izHkkfor djrk FkkA bjQku gchc dk Ñ”kd nh?kZ

dky rd Ñ”kd gh jgk vkSj tkfroxZ ,oa lEiznk; eas foHkDr gks x;kA vUr;t tkfr;k¡

‘kSu%&’kSu% xzkE; O;oLFkk ds LFkkf;Ro esa izeq[k gksus yxhA ;s jktLo dh iwfrZ vkSj mRiknu ds

lkFk&lkFk tu vkcknh dks lajpukRed :i esa O;ofLFkr djrs jgs LFkkuh; tehankj bl izdkj

dh tkfr;ksa dks vuqnku ,oa Hkw&vuqxzg iznku djrs jgs tcfd bl izfØ;k esa LFkkuh; {ks=h; yksxksa

,oa izokfl;ksa esa ,d ruko mRiUu gksrk FkkA

lUnHkZ

¼1½ jke ‘kj.k ‘kekZ % izkjfEHkd Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd bfrgkl i`0&172

¼2½ ogh % i`0&172

¼3½ dkelw= % V.5.5 ogha i0&172

¼4½ ogh % II.48 ogh i0&223

¼5½ euqLefr % VIII, 142 fo”.kq Lefr] VI-2 ;kKoyD; Lefr

II-37 ukjn Lefr 1-1

¼6½ ogh % II-37

¼7½ vkj0,l0 ‘kekZ % le bdukWfed vkLisDV vkon dkLV flLVe bu

,fU’kesUV bf.M;k] iVuk 1952 i`0&16&21

¼8½ ogh % i`0&247

¼9½ lrh’k pUnzk % e/; dkyhu Hkkjr] lYrur dky ls eqxy dky rd i0&247


138

¼10½ Kku eFkkbZ ds izkDdFku esa mn~/kr i0&24] vkj0lh0 nRrk] bdukWfed fgLVªh vkWQ fczfV’k

bf.M;k [k.M&1 i`0&152

¼11½ n izksfcUl;y ,MfefuLVªs’ku vkWQ n eqxyl i`0&238

¼12½ dkiksZjsV ykbQ bu ,fU’kesUV bf.M;k u0&58 ogh i`0&238

¼13½ ogh % i`0&58] 238

¼14½ foyst xouZeesUV bu fczfV’k bf.M;k i0&32] Kku eFkkbZ ogh i`0&239

¼15½ ogh % i`0&240

¼16½ yqCMyksa fczfV’k bf.M;k bV jsfll ,.M bV~l fgLVªh [k.M&1 ogh i`0&64&65 ogh

i`0&241

¼17½ vkpk;Z nqxkZnkl clq % Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ,d ifjp; ubZ fnYyh 2002 i`0&275

¼18½ Jh eFkkbZ % i`0&27&28 ogh i`0&246

¼19½ cuhZ % i0&239 vQhQ i0&112] fln~nhdh bDrnkj glu] le vLisDV vkWQ bQxku

fMLiksfVTe bu bf.M;k i0&137

¼20½ okD;kr&,&eqLrkdh % i`0&268] 279 ogh i`0&13

¼21½ bCucrwrk % vaxzzsth vuqokn esagnh glu i`0&137

¼22½ ogh % i`0&137

¼23½ ogh % i`0&137

¼24½ okD;kr&,&eqLrkdh % i`0&689] rokjh[k&,&[kku&,&tgk¡uh]

ogh i`0&138


139

eqxy dky esa ckxokuh ,oa m|ku dyk

Mk0 lqfer xkSre

1526 bZ0 esa eqxy lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk ds ckn Hkkjr esa cM+s&cM+s m|ku yxokus dh ijEijk

vkjEHk gqbZA lezkV ckcj ¼1526&1630 bZ0½ igyk ,slk ‘kkld Fkk ftlus e/; ,f’k;k ds ns’kksa dh

ijEijk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa ckxokuh dyk dks laj{k.k iznku fd;k vkSj cM+s&cM+s m|ku yxok;sA1 og

viuh vkRedFkk esa fy[krk gS fd ^^tc og viuh lkalkfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tw>rk gqvk bczkfge yksnh

dks gjkdj Hkkjr dk lezkV cuk] rc mls mRrj Hkkjr dh Hkh”k.k xehZ dk vuqHko gqvkA mldk ân;

Hkkjr esa gfj;kyh LFkkfir djus ds fy, O;xz gks mBk] ftls NksM+dj mls Hkkjr vkuk iM+k FkkA**2 mlus

‘kh?kz gh viuh jkt/kkuh vkxjk vkSj vklikl ds xk¡oksa esa ckx&cxhpksa dh O;oLFkk dhA lezkV ckcj

Qyksa dk Hkh cgqr ‘kkSdhu FkkA u;s&u;s Qyksa ds cht lejdn ls eaxokdj mlus Hkkjr esa ,sls ikS/ks jksis

ftuls lqUnj vkSj mi;ksxh o{kksa dks yxokus dh ijEijk vkjEHk gqbZA ckcj ds fo”k; esa ;g tkudkjh

jkspd gksxh fd mlus tgk¡ Hkh m|ku yxok;s ogk¡ Hkwfexr ty O;oLFkk dk igys Kku izkIr fd;k FkkA3

ckcj vkSj gq¡ek;w ds dky esa tks cM+s&cM+s m|ku yxk;s x;s Fks os ewyr% Qkjlh ‘kSyh ds FksA ckxksa dks

lhapus ds fy, ugjksa] >juksa] tyk’k;ksa o daqvksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA ikuh dh rg iwjs cxhps dks

‘khryrk iznku djrh FkhA ;g ugj ckxksa ds pkjksa vksj gksrh FkhA ckcj }kjk cuok;s ckxksa esa dqN

bekjrsa Hkh cuok;h xbZ ftlesa ckxokuh Hkh djk;h xbZ] ftlesa vkjkeckx izeq[k gSA ckcj us fo’ks”k :i

ls vaxwj ds ckx yxok;s ckx yxokdj ckcj us Hkkjr dh xehZ] mel vkSj /kwy ls jkgr izkIr dhA

;equk ds fdukjs mlus Hkkjr esa vkjkeckx yxok;k tks pkj ryksa dk cuk gqvk gSA4 ogk¡ mlus dw¡,

cuok;s ftuls o{kks a dks ikuh feyrk jgsA blds vfrfjr mlus Ñf=e ugjsa] tyk’k; vkSj QCckjs Hkh

cuok;sA vkjkeckx dh lajpuk T;kferh; vkdkj ds vuq:i dh x;hA ckcj }kjk yxok;s m|kuksa esa

ckx&,&cuiD’kk] ckx&,&ckn’kkgh] ckx&,&fpgkj] ckx&,&gLrcfg’r] ckx&,&oQk]

ckx&,&fuyksQj o vkjkeckx izeq[k gSA

gq¡ek;w ¼1530&1556 bZ0½ us yxkrkj ;q) djus ds ckotwn fnYyh esa nhu&,&iukg fdys ds

vUnj Qynkj isM+ksa dk m|ku yxok;kA


140

vdcj us fdys vf/kd cuok;s ysfdu mlus fldUnjk esa ,d lqUnj m|ku yxok;kA5 d’ehj

ds Jhuxj essa mlus ulhe&,&ckx yxok;k vkSj My >hy ds fdukjs xqykc ds Qwyksa dh HkO; ckxokuh

dhA buds vykok vdcj us gjhioZr dk’ehj esa yxok;kA

tgk¡xhj ¼1605&1627 bZ0½ us ‘kkyhekj ckx ¼dk’ehj½] vpcy ¼dk’ehj½] csjukx ¼dk’ehj½]

fu’kkr ckx ¼dk’ehj½] ,Rekn&mn&nkSyk ¼vkxjk½ ckg] ckx] glu vCny ¼jkoyfiaMh½] [kqljks ckx

¼bykgkckn½] >hyegy ¼mn;iqj½] ‘kgknjk ¼ykgkSj½ vkfn LFkkuksa ij ckx yxok;sA6 tgk¡xhj }kjk

yxok;k x;k ‘kkyhekj ckx ¼dk’ehj½ vR;Ur lqUnj Fkk ftlds nks izeq[k Hkkx Fks 7 nhoku&,&vke vkSj

tukukckxA vpcy ckx] tgk¡xhj us uwjtgk¡ dh lgk;rk ls yxok;k FkkA fpukj vkSj lkbizl ds o{k

mlus ;gk¡ yxok;s FksA bl m|ku esa xqykc ds ikS/ks Hkkjh la[;k eas yxok;s x;sA uwjtgk¡ us xqykc ls

b= dk vkfo”dkj Hkh fd;k FkkA fu’kkrckx uwjtgk¡ ds HkkbZ vklQ[kk¡ us dk’ehj esa yxok;kA

‘kkgtgk¡ ¼1628&1658 bZ0½ izFke lezkV Fkk ftlus Hkkjrh; ekSle ds vuqdwy o{k yxokdj

m|ku dyk ds {ks= esa dhfrZeku cuk;kA7 vkxjk ds rktegy eas yxok;k x;k m|ku mldk izek.k gSA

;|fi vkSjaxtsc cgqr vf/kd m|ku izseh ugha Fkk] mlds lEcfU/k;ksa us vusd cM+s m|ku yxok;sA mldh

iq=h tsoqfUu;k us ykgkSj ds ikl ,d HkO; m|ku yxok;k vkSj mldk uke pkgcqthZ j[kkA8 vkSjaxtsc ds

cM+s HkkbZ nkjkf’kdksg us Hkh m|ku dyk esa :fp fn[kkbZ vkSj m|ku yxok;sA eqxyksa dh bl ijEijk dk

ikyu lezkVksa ds lEcfU/k;ksa vkSj muds lkeUrksa us fd;kA

eqxy csxesa Hkh m|ku vkSj ckxokuh eas :fp iznf’kZr djrh FkhA eqxy e/; ,f’k;k ls vk, FksA

tgk¡ izÑfr dk lkSUn;Z cM+h ek=k esa mUgsa izHkkfor djrk FkkA Hkkjr vkus ds ckn csxeksa vkSj

jktdqekfj;ksa us ckxokuh vkSj m|ku yxkus esa lkFkZd Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA m|kuksa esa ikuh dh O;oLFkk ds

fy, ugjksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA9 ckcj ds ifjokj dh efgyk;sa Hkkjr dh tyok;q ls nq%[kh jgrh Fkh]

blfy, mUgksaus Hkh ckxokuh vkSj ugjksa ds fodkl ds fy, lq>ko fn;s vkSj mUgsa fØ;kfUor Hkh djok;kA

‘kkgh gje dh efgyk,sa o{kkjksi.k dks cgqr usd dke ekurh Fkh vkSj Qynkj o{kksa ds jksi.k dk vuqjks/k

djrh FkhaA10 muds vuqdj.k esa lkeUrksa dh ifRu;k¡ Hkh ckxokuh ds fy, :fp iznf’kZr djrh FkhaA

u;s&u;s o{kksa vkSj iq”iksa ds cht Hkh os fons’kksa ls eaxk;k djrh Fkha] ftls vkxzg iwoZd vius lkeUr ifr

ls yxokus dk vuqjks/k djrh FkhaA xzkeh.k turk us Hkh izÑfr ds ewy :i dks cuk;s j[kus dk iz;kl

fd;kA iqjkus m|kuksa dh ns[kHkky esa csxesa viuk dqN le; yxkrh FkhA11


141

dk’ehj] iatkc] fnYyh vkSj vkxjk ds izfr m|kuksa ds fuekZ.k esa eqxy ckn’kkgksa dh csxeksa dh

izeq[k Hkwfedk FkhA ckcj dh csxe ekgwqe us ckx&,&oQk vkSj ckx&,&dyk vkSj vkxjk esa ;equk ds rV

ij vkjkeckx rS;kj djokus dh izsj.kk nh FkhA ckcj us viuh thouh eas ckx&,&oQk dk mYys[k fd;k

gSA tgk¡xhj dks csxe uwjtgk¡ us ‘kkgnjk ¼ykgkSj½ vkSj glu vCny esa m|ku yxkus dh izsj.kk nhA

m|ku ,oa ckxokuh ds rkSj rjhds ‘kkldksa dh O;fDrxr :fp ds dkj.k le;≤ ij cnyrs

jgsA mis{kk gksus ds dkj.k vusd miou u”V Hkh gks tkrs FksA ;g ml ;qx dh lkekftd mnklhurk ds

dkj.k gksrk Fkk fdUrq tc :fpoku lezkV gksrs Fks] rc u;s fljs ls ckxokuh dh tkrh Fkh vkSj iwjk

ifjn’; izÑfr dh ‘kksHkk esa cny tkrk FkkA

Qwyksa dk cxhpk yxkuk fo’o ds lHkh ns’kksa ls igys bZjku dh lw> ekuh tkrh gSA vkt Hkh

bZjku okyksa dks Qwyksa ls cgqr izse gSA bl lR; dks fQj Hkh vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd Qwyksa

dk lao/kZu fgUnqLrku esa cgqr izkphu gSA Hkkjrh; ikS/ks vius vkd”kZ.k] lqxU/k vkSj fofHkUurk ds fy,

izfl) FksA muesa ls dbZ tSls rqylh vkSj xsank vusd /kkfeZd ÑR;ksa vkSj iwtk ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k

ifo= ekus tkrs FksA12 fgUnqvksa esa Qwyksa dh HksaV nsuk ,d lkekU; f’k”Vkpkj Hkh FkkA egRoiw.kZ lkekftd

voljksa vkSj ?kjsyw mRloksa esa lnSo Qwyksa vkSj iq”igkjksa dh HksaV nh tkrh FkhA mnkgj.kkFkZ fcuk iq”ikgkj

ds fdlh uo&fookfgr nEifRr ;k mudh lst dh dYiuk djuk dfBu FkkA vehj [kqljksa vkSj ekfyd

eqgEen tk;lh us viuh iqLrdks a ds i”B esa Hkkjr ds ,sls Qwyksa ds o.kZu ls Hkj fn;s gSaA13 bl lEcU/k esa

;g Lej.k j[kus ;ksX; gS fd vkxjk fLFkr vius m|ku esa Xokfy;j ls yk, x, xqykc yxkus ds flok;

ckcj us vius jkT; eaas Hkkjrh; Qwyksa dh mRÑ”Vrk ;k izdkjksa esa dksbZ lq/kkj ugha fd;kA blfy, ;g

dguk xyr gS fd Qwyksa ds izfr izse eqxy ;qx dh fof’k”Vrk dh vFkok Qwy&izse bZjku dh nsu gSA

eqxy m|ku izk;% oxkZdkj ;k vk;rkdkj gksrk FkkA m|ku fuekZ.k dyk ij ns’k dh tyok;q

vkSj mlds jktuhfrd] lkefjd vkSj lkekftd okrkoj.k dk cgqr izHkko iM+rk gSA ,d fo’kq) eqxy

m|ku ds pkjksa vksj >jks[ksnkj daxwjksa dh Å¡ph pkgjnhokjh vkSj Å¡pk QkVd gksrk FkkA QkVd ds

fdokM+ ydM+h ds cus gksrs Fks vkSj mu ij cM+h&cM+h dhysa vkSj rh[kh uksdnkj [kwafV;k tM+h jgrh FkhaA

m|ku Hkh nks vFkok rhu ikSf<+;ksa esa caVk gksrk FkkA14 muesa iDdh bZaVksa ls cuh ,d NksVh lh ugj gksrh

Fkh] ftlls ikuh Qwgkjs yxs gq, gkStksa esa gksdj cgrk FkkA


142

,slh pknjksa ij tks iRFkj ;k laxejej dh cuh gksrh Fkh mu ij os csy cwVs Hkh cuk;s tkrs FksA

csy cwVksa dks dkVdj dq’kyrk ls bl izdkj cuk;k tkrk Fkk fd ikuh Åij dh vksj mNys vkSj vusd

ckSNkjksa esa caV tk;sA bZjkfu;ksa dh rjg eqxyksa us Hkh mFkyh ty/kkjkvksa esa pednkj uhys jax ds Vkby

tM+ok;s ftlls os xgjh izrhr gksrh Fkh vkSj uhys vkdk’k dk izfrfcEc mls vkSj xgjk djrk FkkA ty

dks ,d ikS<+h ls nwljh ikS<+h esa mrjkus ds fy, tks lqUnj <ky cuk;s x;s Fks mUgsa pknj dgrs FksA16

ty&pknjsa eqxy m|ku dyk dh fof’k”Vrk FkhaA eqxyksa ds Hkouksa ,oa m|kuksa dk fuekZ.k ledkyhu

;wjksi esa cuok;s Hkouksa o m|kuksa ls dgha vf/kd lqUnj FkkA

eqxy ioZrh; ns’k ls vk;s Fks blhfy, ikSf<+;ksa ds :i esa m|ku cuokus dk fopkj muds eu esa

LoHkkor% gh iSnk gqvkA os ikSf<+;ksankj m|ku ij brus vf/kd eksfgr Fks fd os mls iatkc ds lery

eSnkuksa esa ys vk;sA17 izk;% os m|ku vkB ikSf<+;ksa esa cuokrs Fks tks tUur ds vkB Hkkxksa dk izrhd FkkA18

eqxy m|kuksa dh ,d vU; fo’ks”krk ckjkgnjh gSA ckjkgnjh eaMi ds vkdkj dk ,d Hkou gksrk gS]

ftlesa pkjksa vksj ckjg ;k dHkh&dHkh blls Hkh vf/kd [kqys gq, }kj gksrs gSaA ckjgnjh fgUnw

Hkou&fuekZ.k dyk dk ,d fo’ks”k uewuk gSA o”kkZ _r q ds mi;ksx ds ftu oLrqvksa dh t:jr gksrh gS]

mlesa vf/kdka’k vko’;drk,sa ckjgnjh ds fuekZ.k ls iwjh gks tkrh gSA yksx bu ckjgnfj;ksa esa cSBdj

‘kq) ok;q dk vkuUn ysrs FksA fo’ks”k voljksa ij ckjknfj;ksa dks dkyhuksa vkSj xfn~n;ksa ls ltk;k tkrk

FkkA

eqxy ckn’kkgksa dh vkRedFkk ds v/;;u ls irk yxrk gS fd mUgksaus ljksa vkSj lQsn dpukdj

ds lkFk ukjaxh o uhacw tSls isM+ yxok;sA dk’ehj esa vkyw cq[kkjk o lsc ds isM+ yxok;s ftuds lkFk

vukj o ukjaxh ds isM+ Hkh gksrs FksA m|ku dyk esa esos vkSj Qyksa ds isM+ Hkh izk;% yxk;s tkrs FksaA uhacw

vkSj pdksrjk ds Qy ds lkFk gh pesyh] cuQ’kka] xqykc vkSj ujfxl tSls Qwyksa okys isM+ Hkh m|kuksa esa

yxk;s tkrs FksA19

eqxyksa us vius cxhpksa esa vf/kdka’kr% clar esa Qwyus okys o{k] >kM+ vkSj ikS/ks yxok;sA mUgksasus

d’ehj ds m|kuksa esa cdkbu dh >kfM+;ksa ds ikl lQsn] cSaxuh vkSj uhys vkbfjl] lsc vkSj fcgh ds

isM+ksa ds uhps MSQksfMy] ujfxl] uk’kikrh vkSj vkyw&cq[kkjk ds isM+ksa ds uhps xqyukj ds ikS/ks mxk;sA

xzh”e _rq esa os xqykc] dkusZ’ku] pesyh] gkSyhgkSd] I;ksuh vkSj MsYQh bR;kfn ikS/ks mxkrs FksA dHkh&dHkh


143

cxhps esa lqUnj jax izHkko mRiUu djus ds fy, ,d gh fdLe ds cgqr ls Qwy ,d lkFk mxk;s tkrs

FksA

bl izdkj tgk¡ rd ouLifr foKku dk iz’u gS eqxy ‘kkldksa us ns’kt ouLifr;ksa dks vPNh

rjg le>k vkSj muds fodkl ds fy, vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;kstuk ds lkFk iz;ksx/kehZ cuk;kA Hkkjr esa gksus

okyh gj Qly dk mUgsa vPNk Kku FkkA xsagw] tkS] cktjk vkSj /kku ds vfrfjDr nygu vkSj frygu

oSKkfud fof/k ls mRiUu djus dh fn’kk esa eqxy vf/kdkfj;ksa us ‘kkldksa ds funsZ’kkuqlkj iwjk izR;u

fd;kA lfCt;ksa dh ubZ&ubZ fdLesa Hkh muds le; esa u;s vUos”k.k ds }kjk mxk;h xbZA mUgksaus cht]

[kkn vkSj flapkbZ rhuksa dh miyfC/k ljyrk ls djokus dh ftEesnkjh fuHkkbZA blds vfrfjDr mUgksaus

e/; ,f’k;k ls rjg dh lCth vkSj vuks[ks Lokn okys Qyksa dk jksi.k djok;kA dk’ehj dh ?kkVh esa

dslj mxkus dk mRre izcU/k fd;k x;kA jktdqekj [kqljks us bykgkckn esa csgrj Lokn okys ve:nksa

dk ckx yxok;kA ,sls dk;kZsa esa ‘kkgh gje dh efgyk;sa Hkh :fp ysrha FkhaA ns’kh vkSj fons’kh ikS/kksa ds

fopj.k ls eqxy ouLifr’kkfL=;ks a us u;s Qyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dks mxk;kA

bleas lUnsg ugha fd eqxy ckxokuh vkSj m|ku dyk vius le; ds loksZRÑ”V mnkgj.k gS vkSj

orZeku ;qx dh i;kZoj.k leL;k ls eqDr gksus dk lUns’k ns jgs gSaA vko’;drk gS fd iz’kklu i;kZoj.k

dh fodV leL;k esa lPph fnypLih ys vkSj dsoy >wBs vkadM+ksa ls turk dks /kks[kk nsus dk iki u

djsaA ;fn lHkh eqxyksa m|kuksa dks iquZthfor dj fn;k tk, rks ;g ,d Js;Ldj dk;Z gksxkA

lUnHkZ xzUFk

1- MkW0 vk’khZoknh yky] iwokZsDr] i0 506A

2- ckcj] rqtqd&,&ckcjh ¼csofjt½] [k.M&f}rh;] ubZ fnYyh] i0 531A

3- ckcj] rqtqd&,&ckcjh ¼csofjt½] [k.M&f}rh;] ubZ fnYyh] i0 532A

4- rksjk fVVys vkSj ÝkfUll oqM] vksfj,UVy xkMZUl] i0 54A

5- fofy;e LVqvVZ ¼1979½] xkMZu vkWQ fn xzsV eqxYl] bykgkckn] i0 45A

6- flyfo;k Øks;] nh xkMZUl vkWQ eqxy bf.M;k] izdk’ku&ckWEcs] i0 74A





144



12- vkt Hkh fgUnw blh ijEijk dks ekurs gSaA

13- v[kjkoV vkSj in~ekor rFkk vU; xzUFkksa esa vusd iq”iksa dk mYys[k gSA

14- bZ-ch- eksfugku îSjkMkbt ,st , xkMZu bu iflZ;k ,.M eqxy bf.M;k*] i0 172A

15- bZ-ch- eksfugku îSjkMkbt ,st , xkMZu bu iflZ;k ,.M eqxy bf.M;k*] i0 173A

16- ,e-,l- jU/kkok] lqgkous m|ku] Hkkjrh; Ñf”k vuqla/kku ifj”kn] ubZ fnYyh] i0 83A



19- ckcj rqtqd&,&ckcjh] i0 357A


145


146


147


148


149


150


151


152


153


154

fczfV’k Hkkjr esa Ñf”k dk okf.kT;hdj.k

¼1858 ls 1900 bZ- rd½

MkW- lat; deBkfu;k

vaxzst vkØkUrkvksa us vius LokFkZ esa Ñf”k dk okf.kT;hdj.k dj fn;k Fkk] ftlls Hkkjr ds

vkfFkZd ‘kks”k.k dh izfØ;k rhoz ls rhozrj gks xbZ vkSj ns’k esa vkfFkZd foiUurk O;kIr gks xbZ FkhA caxky

esa twV] iatkc esa xsgw¡] cukjl] fcgkj] caxky rFkk e/; Hkkjr o ekyok esa vQhe ds O;kikj gsrq iksLr

dh [ksrh] cekZ esa pkoy] vkfn okf.kT;hdj.k Qlysa dEiuh ds ‘kkludky esa cks;h tkrh FkhaA okf.kfT;d

Qlyksa ls O;kikjh oxZ rFkk dEiuh dks vusd izdkj ds ykHk izkIr gq, vkSj Ñ”kdksa dh fLFkfr nfjnzkoLFkk

dks izkIr gksrh xbZA uxn fcdus okyh Qlyksa dks [ksr esa gh de dher ij O;kikjh Ø; djrs FksA

fdlku Hkh rkRdkfyd vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djus gsrq viuh Qly [ksr esa gh csp nsrk FkkA Ñ”kd u

rks mldk Hk.Mkj.k dj ikrs Fks vkSj u e.Mh ys tkdj csp ikrs FksA vkS|ksfxd vko’;drkvksa dks /;ku

esa j[kdj tc Qlysa cks;h tkrh Fkha rc [kk|kUuksa dh Hkkjh deh gksus yxhA vdky iM+us yxs rFkk ns’k

esa O;kid rckgh gqbZA dEiuh ds ‘kkludky ls igys Hkkjr esa iM+us okys vdky dk izeq[k dkj.k

^;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa dk vHkko* Fkk ijUrq fczfV’k vkSifuosf’kd dky esa iM+us okys vdky ds fy, fczfV’k

vkS|ksfxd ,oa Ñf”k uhfr mRrjnk;ha FkhA1 [kk|kUuksa dh deh ds dkj.k 1866&67 bZ- esa mM+hlk esa iM+s

Hk;adj vdky dks mUuhloha ‘krkCnh ds vdkyksa esa ^vkink dk egklkxj* dgk x;kA Ñf”k ds

okf.kT;hdj.k ls Hkkjr esa xjhch c<+h] vdky iM+s rFkk dqN gn rd vFkZO;oLFkk dk ekSnzhdj.k gqvkA

xkaoksa dk uxjksa ls lEidZ c<+kA u;s ‘kks”k.k Je&lEcU/kksa dk lw=ikr Hkh gks x;kA

Mh- vkj- xkMfxy ds vuqlkj Ñf”k dk O;olk;hdj.k rc ‘kq: gqvk tc xkaoksa esa iwathoknh

vFkZO;oLFkk dk izos’k gqvkA rc jktLo oLrqvksa dh vis{kk udn esa ysus dk izpyu gqvkA2

Hkkjrh; xkao ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa Fks tgk¡ dh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ Lo;a xzkeksa esa mRiUu

fofHkUu oLrqvksa ls dh tkrh FkhA 19oha ‘krkCnh esa /khjs&/khjs blesa ifjorZu gqvk rFkk Ñf”k us O;kolkf;d

:i /kkj.k djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA bl O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr Ñ”kd fu;kZr djus okyh oLrqvksa dh [ksrh

vf/kd djus yxsA3 blds vusd dkj.k Fks % 1861 bZ- esa vesfjdk esa x`g&;q) izkjEHk gks x;k FkkA


155

vesfjdk izeq[k dikl mRiknd FkkA x`g&;q) ds dkj.k vesfjdk dikl dk fu;kZr u dj ldkA bl

fLFkfr esa Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dks dikl dh [ksrh djds fu;kZr djus ds fy;s ck/; fd;k x;kA

tc 1869 bZ- esa Lost ugj cuh] rc Hkkjr o baXyS.M dh nwjh yxHkx 4]000 ehy de gks xbZ

ftlls fofHkUu fu;kZr esa of) gqbZA 19oha lnh esa Hkkjr esa ifjogu ds lk/kuksa dh rhoz xfr ls fodkl

gqvkA blls oLrqvksa dk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tkuk lqfo/kktud gks x;kA ifjogu ds lk/kuksa

ds fodkl us Ñf”k ds O;olk;hdj.k dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA baXyS.M esa gqbZ vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dk izHkko

;wjksi ds leLr ns’kksa ij iM+k] leLr ;wjksi esa NksVs&cM+s dkj[kkuksa dh la[;k c<+hA bu dkj[kkuksa dks

dPps eky dh vko’;drk FkhA Hkkjrh; Ñ”kd Hkh dPps eky dh iwfrZ djus yxsA bl izdkj Lor% gh

Ñf”k dk O;olk;hdj.k gks x;kA

Hkkjr esa vusd ;wjksih; O;kikfjd dEifu;k¡ dk;Zjr Fkha tks fofHkUu oLrqvksa] mnkgj.kkFkZ & uhy]

pk;] vQhe] bR;kfn dh [ksrh djkrh FkhaA vr% dEifu;ksa ds izHkko us Ñf”k ds Lo:i dks O;kolkf;d

:i iznku dj fn;kA

Hkkjr esa Ñf”k ds O;olk;hdj.k gksus ds egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke gq,( fdlkuksa us [kkus dh oLrqvksa ds

LFkku ij vf/kd ykHk nsus okyh oLrqvksa dh [ksrh djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA4 blls ns’k dh turk ij

izfrdwy izHkko iM+kA Ñf”k ds O;olk;hdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i xkaoksa dk ‘ks”k fo’o ds lkFk lEidZ gqvkA

Ñf”k ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu mitsa rks ckgj tkus yxha rFkk e’khuksa ls cuk gqvk vU; lkeku xkaoksa esa vkus

yxk ftlls dqVhj m|ksxksa dk iru gksus yxkA Ñf”k ds O;olk;hdj.k ds dkj.k [kk|kUuksa dk vHkko

gksus yxkA turk us [kk|kUuksa dk Hk.Mkj djuk izkjEHk dj fn;k] ftlls [kk|kUuksa dh vkSj Hkh deh gksus

yxhA turk dks vikj d”Vksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

Ñf”k dk O;olk;hdj.k gksus ds dkj.k Ñ”kdksa dks vf/kd mit djus ds fy, /ku dh

vko’;drk gksrh Fkh] ftls lkgwdkj _.k nsdj iw.kZ djrs FksA lkgwdkj euekuk C;kt Ñ”kdksa ls olwy

djrs FksA lkgwdkj /khjs&/khjs /kuh gksrs pys x, o Ñ”kd muds paxqy esa Qal x, vkSj Ñ”kd xjhc gks

x,A

vaxzsth ‘kklu ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa m|ksx O;oLFkk vkSj Ñf”k nksuksa esa lUrqyu FkkA 18oha ‘krkCnh esa

Hkkjr Ñf”k iz/kku ns’k dh rjg lEiUu FkkA tc vaxzst iz’kkldksa us ,slh uhfr viuk;h fd flapkbZ dh


156

vkfFkZd lqfo/kkvksa ds ckotwn Ñf”k thou vLr&O;Lr gks x;kA bl ifjofrZr fLFkfr ds fy, vaxzstksa dh

Ñf”k lEcU/kh uhfr gh mRrjnk;h FkhA rRdkyhu Hkw&jktLo i)fr;ksa ds cM+s fouk’kdkjh ifj.kke gq,A5

izR;sd O;oLFkk esa yxku dh ek=k bruh vf/kd Fkh fd fdlku mls pqdkus esa vleFkZ FkkA QyLo:i

fdlkuksa dks lkgwdkjksa ls _.k nsdj yxku nsuk iM+rk FkkA lkgwdkjksa us _.k dh olwyh ds fy, tehu

ij viuk vf/kdkj djuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA bl izdkj LokfeRo izkIr fdlku Hkwfeghu etnwjksa dh Js.kh

esa vk x;kA tehankjh izFkk esa Hkh fdlkuksa dk ‘kks”k.k c<+rk jgk vkSj fdlku _.kh gksrs x;sA6 dqVhj

m|ksxksa ds fouk’k rFkk vkS|ksfxdj.k ds vHkko essa yksx vius thfodksiktZu gsrq Ñf”k dh vksj >qdsA Hkwfe

dh ekax c<+us yxhA c<+rh gqbZ tul a[;k ds dkj.k Hkh Ñf”k ij vf/kdkf/kd Hkkj c<+rk x;kA fdUrq Ñf”k

lk/kuksa esa uohu midj.kksa dks ugha viukus ls Ñf”k dh mUufr ugha gks ldsA baXyS.M dh Ñf”k mRiknu

dh vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vaxzstksa us fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ubZ Qlysa yxkus ds vkns’k fn;s]

ftlls dqN {ks= rks fo’ks”k Qlyksa ds fy, izfl) gks x;s] tSls iatkc xsgw¡ vkSj :bZ ds fy,] cEcbZ :bZ

ds fy,] caxky iVlu vkSj uhy ds fy,] fcgkj vQhe ds fy, rFkk vklke pk; ds fy,A7 Hkkjr ls

[kk|kUu dk fu;kZr Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA 1876&78 eas nf{k.k Hkkjr esa Hk;adj vdky iM+k] fQj Hkh bl

le; 69 yk[k ikS.M ewY; dk vukt fu;kZr fd;k x;k D;ksafd Hkkjr xqyke Fkk ftlls O;kikjh LorU=

fu.kZ; ugha ys ldrs FksA fdlkuksa dks vk/ks isV jgdj xqtkjk djuk iM+rk FkkA

1880 esa vdky vk;ksx dh flQkfj’kksa ij fofHkUu izkUrksa esa Ñf”k foHkkx LFkkfir fd;s x;sA

fdUrq dqN gh o”kkZsa ckn mUgsa lekIr dj fn;k x;kA dbZ ckj izk;ksfxd QkeZ LFkkfir djds ogk¡

vk/kqfud midj.kksa ls [ksrh djus dk izpkj fd;k x;k] fdUrq bu QkekZsa ds lapkyd ,sls yksx gksrs Fks]

tks Hkkjr dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls loZFkk vufHkK gksrs FksA ,sls QkekZsa dks vlQyrk feyhA 1883 esa Hkwfe

lq/kkj fo/ks;d rFkk 1884 esa Ñ”kd _.k fo/ks;d ikfjr fd;s x;sA ysfdu bu fo/ks;dksa dks dk;kZfUor

djus dk nkf;Ro dysDVjksa ij NksM+ fn;k x;k] ftUgsa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa ds izfr dksbZ :fp ugha FkhA Ñ”kd

_.k fo/ks;d }kjk fdlkuksa dks de C;kt ij _.k nsus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ ftlls mls lkgwdkj ;k

egktu ls vf/kd C;kt ij _.k u ysuk iM+sA fdlkuksa dks ljdkj ls le; ij _.k feyus dh

fuf’pr vk’kk ugha gksrh Fkh vkSj ;fn _.k fey Hkh tkrk Fkk rks _.k dh ol wyh dBksjrk ls gksrh FkhA

blfy, fdlku egktu ls _.k ysuk vf/kd mi;ksxh le>rk FkkA 1889&1901 esa Hk;adj vdky iM+kA


157

vr% 1901 esa dsUnzh; o izkUrh; ljdkjksa dks Ñf”k lEcU/kh ijke’kZ nsus ds fy, bUlisDVj tujy vkWQ

,xzhdYpj uke dk vf/kdkjh fu;qDr fd;k x;k rFkk ,d bEihfj;y Ñf”k foHkkx LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

iwuk esa ¼1903½ ,d dsUnzh; Ñf”k vuqla/kku laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

bl nkSjku fu;kZr gksus okys Ñf”k mRiknu ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k x;k vFkkZr~ :bZ o iVlu dh

[ksrh vf/kd dh xbZA fdlkuksa ds fy, _.k dh dksbZ vU; lqfo/kk u gksus ls lkgwdkj _.k nsrs Fks vkSj

vnk;xh ds cnys Hkwfe Nhu ysrs FksA fdlku fu/kZu vkSj Hkwfeghu gks x;sA fdlkuksa ls yxku bruk

vf/kd fy;k tkrk Fkk fd os foifRr ds le; ds fy, dqN cpkdj ugha j[k ikrs FksA vdky dh foifRr

ls j{kk djus dk dksbZ LFkk;h izcU/k ugha fd;k x;kA dEiuh vius jkT; foLrkj esa O;Lr FkhA vr%

jk”Vªh; Lrj ij fdlh uhfr dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldh vkSj u djuk pkgrh FkhA

1857 ds foIyo ds ckn vdky dh Hkh”k.k leL;k dh vksj /;ku fn;k x;kA 1857 ds ckn

vusd vdky vk;ksxksa dh fu;qfDr gqbZ] ftUgksaus le;≤ ij vdky ds dkj.kksa dks Kkr djds

lgk;rk ds fy, flQkfj’ksa dhA ijUrq bl leL;k dk dksbZ LFkk;h gy ugha <w¡<+k tk ldk] D;ksafd

vaxzstksa dh Hkkjrh; turk ds izfr dksbZ ln~Hkkouk ugha FkhA

1860 esa fQj Hka;dj vdky iM+kA mRrjh&if’peh izkUr ds nf{k.k&iwohZ ftyksa esa FkksM+h cgqr o”kkZ

gks tkus ls vdky dh Hk;adjrk esa deh vk xbZA Hkkjr ljdkj us izFke ckj duZy cs;MZ fLeFk dh

v/;{krk esa ,d vdky vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dhA fdUrq vdky vk;ksx dh flQkfj’ksa dk;kZfUor ugha gks

ldhA 1866&77 esa mM+hlk vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ leqnz rV Hkh ij Hk;adj vdky iM+kA O;kikfj;ksa us vukt

dk Hk.Mkj dj fy;k ftlls ladV c<+ x;kA ljdkj us le; ij viuk mRrjnkf;Ro ugha lEHkkykA

ljdkj us [kk|kUuksa ds fu;kZr esa dksbZ deh ugha dhA QyLo:i FkksM+h&lh izkÑfrd vkifRr ds le;

Hka;dj vdky dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh FkhA 1868&69 esa mRrj&if’pe izkUr] iatkc vkSj jktiwrkuk

ds dqN Hkkxksa esa Hkh vdky iM+kA

Ekkulwu vlQy gks tkus ls fcgkj esa 1873 esa Hk;adj vdky iM+kA ykMZ ukFkZcqzd us cekZ ls

Hkkjh ek=k esa pkoy [kjhnk rFkk bl {ks= esa forfjr fd;k] ftlls dqN jkgr gqbZA ;g izFke volj Fkk

tcfd euq”;ksa dks Hkw[k ls cpk;k x;k rFkk vdky dk lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk fd;k x;k ysfdu leL;k

LFkk;h :i ls lekIr ugha gks ldhA QyLo:i tc 1876&77 esa iqu% ekulwu vlQy gks x;k rc fQj


158

Hkh”k.k vdky iM+kA 1876 esa bldk izdksi enzkl] cEcbZ] gSnjkckn vkSj eSlwj rd jgk] fdUrq vxys o”kZ

iqu% ekulwu dh vlQyrk ds dkj.k blus e/; Hkkjr ,oa iatkc ds dqN {ks=ksa dks viuh pisV esa ys

fd;kA

1883 esa vdky dksM dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k] ysfdu tc 1899&1901 esa bl vdky dksM ds

vkSfpR; dh tk¡p dk volj vk;k] ml le; ;g Li”V gks x;k fd vaxzstksa dk nf”Vdks.k ekuoh; u

gksdj iz’kklfud vFkok foRrh; vf/kd FkkA 1895 esa o”kkZ dqN de gqbZ rFkk 1896 esa fcYdqy ugha gqbZA

QyLo:i la;qDr ,oa e/; izkUrksa cjkj] caxky] cEcbZ vkSj enzkl esa dqN ftyksa vkSj jktiwrkuk esa Hk;adj

vdky iM+kA bl vdky dh Hk;adjrk ds fy, vdky dksM vi;kZIr fl) gq,A ykMZ ,fYxu us lj

tsEl yk;y dh v/;{krk esa ,d vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;kA bl vk;ksx us 1880 ds vk;ksx ds lq>ko ds

vk/kkj ij gh viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr dhA bl vdky ds le; Hkh Hkw&yxku dh deh djus dh fn’kk esa

dksbZ fo’ks”k iz;kl ugha fd;s x;sA

1896 ds vdky ds fpUg vHkh feV Hkh ugha ik;s Fks fd 1899 esa Hk;adj lw[kk iM+ x;kA iatkc]

jktiwrkuk] cM+kSnk] cEcbZ] e/; izkUr] cjkj] gSnjkckn vkSj xqtjkr blls izHkkfor FksA dsoy fczfV’k {ks=

esa 10 yk[k O;fDr vdky dh HksaV p<+ x;s rFkk 50 yk[k ikSaM dh Qly u”V gks xbZA ns’kh fj;klrksa esa

30 yk[k ikSaM dh {kfr gqbZA 1880 esa jkgr dk;kZsa ij fuHkZj jgus okys yksxksa dh la[;k 15 izfr’kr Fkh]

tcfd 1899&1900 esa dqN {ks=ksa esa ;g la[;k 44 izfr’kr c<+ xbZA O;kikfj;ksa d s ikl [kk|kUu dk

i;kZIr Hk.Mkj Fkk] ysfdu yksxkssa ds ikl mls [kjhnus ds fy, /ku miyC/k ugha FkkA okLro esa dEiuh us

Ñf”k ds fodkl ds fy, dksbZ dk;Z ugha fd;k ftlds QyLo:i vdky esa dky&dofyr gksus okyksa dh

la[;k vf/kd jghA7 fczfV’k mifuos’kokn dk lcls nqHkkZX;’kkyh ifj.kke ;g Fkk fd bl nkSjku Ñf”k ds

fodkl rFkk vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, dksbZ dk;Z ugha fd;k x;kA8

lp rks ;g gS fd lkezkT;okfn;ksa dh Ñf”k&uhfr us dsoy mu u, lkekftd&vkfFkZd oxkZsa dks

gh tUe ugha fn;k cfYd mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks vius vkSifuosf’kd fgrksa ds vuq:i cuk;kA mudh

lkezkT;oknh uhfr dk Ñf”k mRiknu ij Hkh xgjk izHkko iM+kA9 vaxzstksa ds vkus ls igys Hkkjr esa tgk¡

Ñf”k mRiknu esa vkRefuHkZjrk Fkh ogk¡ vaxzstkas ds vkus ds ckn Ñf”k mRiknu esa dkQh fxjkoV vkbZ vkSj

xkao /khjs&/khjs fczfV’k mifuos’kokn ij fuHkZj gks x,A10 bl fxjkoV ds fy, mudh Ñf”k&uhfr o


159

vkS|ksfxd uhfr nksuksa gh mRrjnk;h FkhA lkezkT;oknh vaxzstksa us [ksrh dh fxjkoV ds fy, Hkkjrh;

Ñf”k&Hkwfe vkSj Ñ”kd dks mRrjnk;h Bgjk;kA

Hkkjr ds Ñf”k mRiknu esa fxjkoV dk dkj.k Ñf”k&lk/kuksa dk vHkko rFkk [ksrh ij vR;f/kd

ncko rks Fkk] ijUrq mRiknu dh deh dk izeq[k dkj.k fdlku ds ikl iw¡th ;k /ku dk vHkko FkkA ;g

vkfFkZd lkezkT;okn o Ñf”k ds okf.kT;hdj.k dk gh ifj.kke FkkA11

yxku dh nj Hkh cgqr Å¡ph j[kh xbZ FkhA ;gka rd fd vaxzst iz’kkldksa us fdlku dh

_.kxzLrrk dk dkj.k bl yxku dks ugha ekukA og dgrs Fks fd bu gkykr ds fy, mUgksaus mldh

fQtwy[kphZ o lkekftd mRloksa ¼’kknh rFkk nwljs mRloksa½ esa /ku Q¡wdus dh vknr FkhA lp ;gh Fkk fd

Hkkjh yxku o lkgwdkj dh euekuh ds dkj.k fdlku _.kxzLrrk esa /k¡lrk gh pyk x;k vkSj mlds

nq%[kksa dk cks> c<+rk gh x;k D;ksafd ;g _.kxzLrrk gh Fkh ftlds dkj.k mldh tehu mlds gkFkksa ls

f[kldrh xbZA ljdkj dh rjQ ls fdlku dks lkgwdkj dh fn’kk esa bl gLrkUrj.k dks jksdus ds fy,

dqN dkuwuksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k x;k] tSls caxky dk’rdkjh vf/kfu;e 1859] enzkl dk’rdkjh

vf/kfu;e 1889] nDdr Ñf”k&lgk;rk vf/kfu;e tks vkxs pydj cEcbZ izslhMsalh ij Hkh ykxw fd;k

x;kA e/; izns’k dk’rdkjh vf/kfu;e] 1898 vkfnA ysfdu ;s vf/kfu;e vf/kd lQy ugha gq, vkSj

fdlku dh fLFkfr esa fdlh izdkj dk lq/kkj ykus esa vleFkZ jgsA12

1813 ds ckn ls Hkkjr esa O;kikfjd ,dkf/kdkj lekIr dj fn;k x;k vkSj eqDr O;kikj dh uhfr

viukbZ xbZA vc Hkkjr dsoy fczfV’k iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dks lqn<+ djus okyk ns’k gh ugha oju~ fczfV’k

iw¡thifr;ksa ds fy, ,d e.Mh Hkh cu x;k Fkk ftlds dkj.k ;gk¡ dk dqVhj m|ksx u”V gks x;kA ;g

^Ñf”k dk okf.kT;hdj.k* vaxzstksa us gh ykxw fd;k FkkA izkd~&fczfV’k Hkkjr eas mRiknu mu oLrqvksa dk

gksrk Fkk tks ekuo ds fy, vko’;d Fkha rFkk ftudk iz;ksx fofu;e ds fy;s gksrk Fkk] cktkj ds fy,

ughaA ysfdu vc fdlku dsoy os oLrq,¡ mxkus yxk ftudk ns’kh vkSj fons’kh ds nf”Vdks.k ls vf/kd

ewY; FkkA bl rjg Ñf”k ds Lo:i esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu gqvkA fczfV’k Ñf”k&uhfr ds Hkkjrh; xkao dks

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh ,d bdkbZ cuk fn;kA c<+rh gqbZ vkfFkZd ijs’kkfu;ksa o ;krk;kr esa lq/kkj ds

dkj.k xkao&xkao vkSj xkao ‘kgj ijLij lehi vk,A muesa vkilh lg;ksx dh LFkkiuk gqbZA bl lg;ksx

ls jktuhfrd psruk dk izknqHkkZo gqvk ftlus fdlku dks ‘kks”k.kdkfj;ksa ds fo:) fonzksg ds fy,


160

mdlk;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tSls&tSls iawthoknh O;oLFkk etcwr gqbZ] oSls gh oSls fdlku fonzksg Hkh

gq,A

tc Ñf”k dk okf.kT;hdj.k gks x;k vkSj fdlku vukt ds cnys :bZ] twV vkfn iSnk djus ds

fy, ck/; bl dkj.k gks x, D;ksafd dtZ pqdkus] lwn nsus rFkk yxku vnk djus ds fy, mUgsa eqnzk dh

vko’;drk Fkh( mudh Qly Hkh O;kikfj;ksa] lwn[kksjksa rFkk fcpkSfy;ksa }kjk de nkeksa esa [kjhn yh tkrh

Fkh] tks fdlkuksa dh esgur dh [kqyh ywV FkhA

fczfV’k jkt eas fdlkuksa ij c<+rh eqlhcr us mUgsa jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu dk leFkZd cuk;kA 1850 ls

igys xkao esa lwn[kksjksa ds tqYe ls ijs’kku fdlku ;nk&dnk mudk dRy dj fn;k djrs Fks] fdUrq

blds ckn laxfBr fdlku vkUnksyu gq,A /khjs&/khjs lHkh fdlkuksa us jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu esa lfØ;

;ksxnku fn;k D;ksafd os vaxzstksa dks ‘kks”k.k djus okyksa] lwn[kksj] O;kikjh] tehankj vkfn dk leFkZd

ekurs FksA13

fczfV’k ‘kklu ds nkSjku Ñf”k dks okf.kT;hdj.k dk ifj.kke Fkk fd Hkkjrh; lwn[kksj mHkjsA

vaxzstksa }kjk Hkkjr esa yxk, x, m|ksxksa vkSj fQj Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk yxk, x, m|ksxksa ds }kjk u;s Hkkjrh;

m|ksxifr;ksa dk tUe gqvk vkSj mifuos’kokn ds vU; izHkkoksa dh otg ls Hkkjrh; iwathifr oxZ mHkjkA

bl oxZ esa eq[;r% Ng fdLe ds yksx ‘kkfey gq, & O;kikjh] lwn[kksj] m|ksxifr] foRrh; iawthifr] Ñf”k

esa yxs xSj&dk’rdkj tehankj tks O;kikj ,oa m|ksxksa esa Hkh :fp j[krs Fks rFkk dqN Å¡ps is’ksoj yksxA

Hkkjr esa fons’kh iwathoknh ‘kkldksa ds izHkko dh otg ls gh fons’kh iwath dh ns[kjs[k esa Hkkjrh; iwathifr

oxZ mn~Hko gqvk FkkA14

blds vfrfjDr ,d vU; okLrfodrk ;g Fkh fd baXyS.M dh vksj Hkkjrh; Ñf”k&mit dk

fu;kZr c<+kus dh fn’kk esa fczfV’k Hkkjr dh ljdkj i;kZIr lfØ; FkhA jsyiFkksa dk fuekZ.k bl rjg

fd;k x;k Fkk fd ns’k ds Ñf”k le`) vapyksa ls cUnjxkgksa rd tks ‘kgj gS muls gksrs gq, og xqtjsA

jsy&HkkM+k bl rjg fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k ftlls dPpk eky lLrs esa mu lc ‘kgjksa esa igqap tk,A ¼,d

gh jkLrs ij vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ds Åij Ñf”k&mRikn dh rqyuk esa HkkM+k vf/kd j[kk x;kA½ lcls cM+h

ckr ;g gS fd ljdkjh dj&uhfr Ñf”k mit ds fu;kZr ds i{k esa FkhA


161

bl izdkj 19oha ‘krkCnh eas Hkkjr ds Ñf”k&mRikn dk cktkj vR;kf/kd izHkkfor gqvk FkkA ewy

ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr iw¡thoknh vFkZuhfr ds fo’oO;kih ;a= ds ,d iqtsZ ds :i esa ifjf.kr gks x;k Fkk]

ftldk ifj.kke Hkkjr ds fdlkuksa dks Hkksxuk iM+kA

1860&1864 esa :bZ dh [ksrh ds izlkj] vesfjdk ls baXyS.M vkSj Hkkjr rd [kjhn&fcØh dh

Hkaoj us bl rjg Hkkjr ds fdlku dks d”V fn;k fd Ñf”k dk okf.kT;hdj.k c<+rk x;kA

egkjk”Vª ds :bZ ds cktkj us 1860 ls bl rjg Ñf”k&vFkZuhfr dks izHkkfor fd;k] fd cktjk

vFkok xsgw¡ ds cnys esa :bZ dh [ksrh djus ls cktkj ds lkFk Ñf”k&vFkZuhfr tqM+ xbZA cktkj esa]

fo’ks”kdj cEcbZ esa eSupsLVj ds cktkj esa] :bZ dh tks ekax gS og igys tks ns’kh :bZ iSnk dh tkrh Fkh]

mlds vfrfjDr FkhA cktkj ds fy, :bZ dh [ksrh djus esa dqN T;knk fofu;ksx dh t:jr FkhA

ftldk eryc ;g fd fdlku dks dbZ ckj m/kkj ysuk gksrk Fkk] ftlds fy, xkao dk cfu;k ;k

egktu ges’kk rS;kj jgrs FksA egkjk”Vª esa bUgsa ^cuh* dgk tkrk FkkA15 ;s yksx ukxiqj vFkok cEcbZ ds

nykyksa dh vksj ls :bZ dk ^pkyku* djus ds dke esa cM+k mRlkg fn[kkrs FksA QyLo:i mUur cht

izkIr djds :bZ dh [ksrh djus ds fy, fdlku dks is’kxh iSls fey tkrs FksA vxj _.k dh jde cM+h

gks rks fy[kk&i<+h dj yh tkrh Fkh ftlls vkxkeh Qly ij cfu;k vius iSls olwy dj ldsA

vkSifuosf’kd Ñf”k&mRiknksa ds okf.kT; dh izfØ;k esa fdlkuksa dh ijk/khurk c<+ xbZA mRiknu

ds fofu;ksx ds fy,] vfxze ekyxqtkjh tek djus ;k isV ikyus ds fy, dtZ ysuk] viuk lkeku cspus

ds fy, fcpkSfy, O;kikjh oxZ ds Åij fuHkZj gksuk bR;kfnA ;g ijk/khurk NksVs xjhc fdlkuksa ds ekeys

esa cgqr gkfudkjd gqbZA fodkleku vkSj xjhc fdlku ds chp c<+rh gqbZ nwjh dks cuk, j[kus ds fy,

bl izfØ;k eas vkSj vusd LFkkuksa ij fodkleku fdlku egktu cu x;kA vusd yksxksa ds erkuqlkj

Ñ”kdksa ds fupys Lrjksa ij Ñf”k okf.kT; dk izlkj ,d izdkj dk cykr~ okf.kT;hdj.k Fkk ftls LoSfPNd

vkSj LokHkkfod izfØ;k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA

fQj Hkh Ñf”k&mRiknu ds okf.kT; dk fodkl blfy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ Fkk fd iqjkuh vFkZuhfr eas

;g /kkj.kk gS fd lk/kkj.k Hkkjrh; fdlku] fo’ks”kdj vfodflr vf’kf{kr fdlku] iqjkuh ewY;&O;oLFkk

ls bruk tdM+k gqvk Fkk fd og vFkZuhfr ds rdkZsa dks Lohdkj djds ugha pyrkA blds lkFk ;g

vFkZuSfrd lq;ksx vkSj lqfo/kkvksa ds izfr izfrfØ;kfoghu jgrk FkkA og :f<+;ksa dk nkl Hkh gksrk FkkA


162

19oha ‘krkCnh ds vUr esa Ñf”k esa vkSj mlds okf.kT; esa tks ØkfUr gqbZ mlus bl vuqeku dks lEiw.kZ :i

ls xyr lkfcr dj fn;kA16 ;g fuf’pr gS fd fofHkUu Qlyksa ds nkeksa ds mBus vkSj fxjus ds

lkFk&lkFk vkckn tehu ds mi;ksx dk ?kfu”B lEcU/k gSA vFkkZr~ fdlh Qly dh cktkj nj c<+us ds

ckn vf/kdka’k fdlku ml vksj >qds rFkk bldh foijhr ifjfLFkfr esa mDr Qly dh [ksrh de gks

xbZA Ñf”k ikjLifjd jkLrs ij ugha py jgh Fkh] cfYd cktkj dh xfr }kjk ifjpkfyr gks jgh FkhA

fu’p; gh cfu;k] egktu vkSj nyky [kjhnnkj blds fy, ftEesnkj FksA ;g fdlkuksa ds [kqn ds

fu.kZ; dk dksbZ iz’u gh ugha FkkA Ñf”k ds okf.kT;hdj.k }kjk fczfV’k lkezkT;oknh fgrksa dk laj{k.k gqvk

vkSj Hkkjr dh fu/kZurk vkSj Ñ”kd oxZ dh ykpkjh viuh pje&lhek ij igqap xbZA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- Hkkjr ljdkj xg dk;Zokgh la- 144] 1864

2- xkMfxy] Mh-vkj- % n b.MfLVª;y fjoksY;w’ku bu jhls.V VkbEl] ckWEcs] 1971 i- 159A

3- nRr] vkj-lh- % bdksuksfed fgLVªh vkWQ bf.M;k] bf.M;k bu foDVksfj;u ,t yUnu] 1956] i- 525A

4- xkMfxy] Mh-vkj- % iwokZsDr i- 159

5- flag] oh-ch- % n bdksuksfed Msoyies.V vkWQ bf.M;k 1857&1947] ubZ fnYyh ,ykbM ifCy’klZ izk-

fy- i- 124

6- flag] oh-ch- % iwokZsDr i- 124

7- Msfu;y Vh- ,oa ,fyl % yS.M yscj bu bf.M;k( ,f’k;k ifCyf’kax gkml] 1962 i- 107

8- ogha] i- 111

9- HkV~Vkpk;Z] ,l- % vkLisDV~l vkWQ fn bf.M;u bdksuksfed fgLVªh] izksxzsflo ifCy’klZ] dydRrk

1980] i- 266A

10- vxzoky] ,-,u- % bf.M;u ,xzhdYpj] fodkl ifCyf’kax dEiuh] 1980 i- 85


163

11- MkW- lR;k ,e- jk; % Hkkjr esa mifuos’kokn vkSj jk”Vªokn fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs’kky;] fnYyh

1990 i- 50

12- ogh] i- 51

13- ogh] i- 109

14- ogh] i- 110

15- HkV~Vkpk;Z] lC;lkph % vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl] jktdey izdk’ku] 2002 i- 64

16- ogh] i- 67


164

LorU=rk lsukuh rFkk eq[;ea=h ds :i esa pUnzHkku xqIr dk ;ksxnku

Mk0 jktho xqIrk

bfrgkl dh lokZf/kd }a)e;h chloha ‘krkCnh esa ,d ,slk jktuSfrd O;fDrRo gqvk]

ftlesa ijLij fojks/kh xq.kksa dk vk’p;Ztud leUo; FkkA og ,d vkSj vR;f/kd fouez rFkk

fou;’khy Fks rks nwljh vksj vko’;drk iM+us ij ije iz[kj vkSj dBksj gksus dh lhek rd

n<+ Hkh FksA ;g Fks mRrj izns’k ds iwoZ eq[;ea=h Jh pUnzHkkuq xqIrA

mudh izkjfEHkd f’k{kk y[kheiqj esa gqbZ FkhA fo|kFkhZ thou esa tc mudh voLFkk ek=

14 o”kZ dh Fkh rc mUgsa y[kuÅ] dkaxzsl vf/kos’ku esa ‘kkfey gksus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr gqvkA os

fnu izFke egklej ds fnu FksA egklej esa Hkkjr ds izfr vaxzstksa us tks uhfr xzg.k dh Fkh]

mls ysdj ns’k ds dksus&dksus esa fojks/k vkSj tu tkxj.k dh ,d vk¡/kh lh mBrh gqbZ

nf”Vxkspj gks jgh FkhA y[kuÅ dkaxzsl us ml vk¡/kh dks] ‘kfDr dks] ml rwQku dks vkSj Hkh

vf/kd xfr iznku dhA ns’k ds yk[kksa&djksM+ksa uo;qod vaxzsth ‘kklu ds fojks/k ds fy,]

vius ns’k dh Lora=rk ds fy,] vius&vius ?kjksa ls fudy iM+sA Jh pUnzHkkuq xqIr ds ân;

ij Hkh mldk izHkko iM+kA ns’k HkfDr dh v[kf.Mr ygjsa muds ân; ls QwV iM+h] vkSj os

mRlkg rFkk yxu ds lkFk lfØ; :i esa ns’k dh lsok esa tqV tk;sA ik¡p o”kkZsa dh vYikof/k

esa gh mudh lsok;sa bruh ewY;oku cu x;h] fd 1921 esa tc vgenkckn esa dkaxzsl dk

vf/kos'ku gqvk] rks os mlesa Hkkx ysus ds fy, dkaxzsl ds izfrfuf/k fuokZfpr gq;sA Jh pUnzHkkuq

xqIr us 1924 bZ0 dks y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; ls ,e0,0 jktuhfr ‘kkL= rFkk ,y-,y- ch-

izFke Js.kh esa ikl fd;kA xqIrth ckY;dky ls gh vuq’kkflr] esgurh rFkk deZ esa fo’okl


165

djus okys O;fDr FksA vk;Z dqekj lHkk rFkk dkaxzsl ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus vius dks ns’k lsok

esa yxk fn;kA mudk izf’k{k.k jk”Vªh; la?k”kZ ds dky esa gqvk FkkA vkjfEHkd thou ls gh

ns’kHkfDr dh Hkkouk muesa dwV&dwV ds Hkj x;h FkhA vkxs pydj pUnzHkkuq xqIr us ns’k lsok]

ekuo lsok rFkk Lora=rk la?k”kZ esa tks ;ksxnku fn;k og vrqyuh; gSA

pUnzHkkuq xqIr lPpfj= ,oa fu”Bkoku vkSj nwjn’khZ jktusrk gksus ds lkFk xaHkhj fpard

Hkh FksA jktusrk ds :i esa pUnzHkkuq xqIr us le;≤ ij xgu varnf”V vkSj O;ogkfjdrk

dk ifjp; fn;kA pUnzHkkuq xqIr lektoknh fopkjk/kkjk ls izsfjr FksA dkaxzsl esa lektoknh

ikVhZ ds xBu dh vk/kkjf’kyk pUnzHkkuq xqIr us j[kh FkhA pUnzHkkuq xqIr dk fopkj Fkk fd

iz’kklura= dks jktuhfrd dqpØksa rFkk i{kikr ds jksx ls nwj j[kuk pkfg;sA eq[;ea=h dk

in laHkkyus ds ckn mUgksaus iz’kklura= dks fu”i{k rFkk bZekunkjh ls dk;Z djus ds funsZ’k

fn;s FksA pUnzHkkuq xqIr dk ekuuk Fkk fd [kqnkbZ f[knerxkjksa ds usrk [kku vCnqy x¶Qj

[kka us vxj lfØ; :i ls pquko esa Hkkx fy;k gksrk rks eqfLye yhx dks eaf=e.My cukus

yk;d cgqer ugha feyrkA jk”Vªh; ,drk dk iz’u xqIrth dh izkFkfedrkvksa esa loksZifj FkkA

mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lkEiznkf;drk dk fo”k ns’k dh ,dtqVrk rFkk izxfr ds fy;s ?kkrd

gSA pUnzHkkuq xqIr bl lkEiznkf;drk ds fo”k dks lewy u”V djuk pkgrs FksA

pUnzHkkuq xqIr dk fopkj Fkk fd vyhx<+ vkSj cukjl fo’ofo|ky;ksa ds uke ds vkxs

ls eqfLye o fgUnq ‘kCn gVk fn;s tkus pkfg;s D;ksafd buls lkEiznkf;drk dh cw vkrh gSA

pUnzHkkuq xqIr jk”Vªh; ,drk dks v{kq..k cuk;s j[kus ds fy, lcls izHkko’kkyh ek/;e Hkk”kk

dks ekurs FksA jk”Vªh; ,drk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, os lqfodflr jk”VªHkk”kk dk gksuk ije

vko’;d ekurs FksA os jk”Vª dh HkkokRed ,drk dk vk/kkj izkFkfed f’k{kk dks ekurs FksA


166

pUnzHkkuq xqIr cPpksa ds fy, ,slh f’k{kk ds leFkZd Fks tks mUgsa pfj=oku rFkk ekuoh;

laosnuk ls iw.kZ ukxfjd cuk;sA os vaxzsth f’k{kk ds Kku dks Hkh vko’;d ekurs Fks mudk

dguk Fkk fd vaxzsth ,d varjkZ”Vªh; Hkk”kk gS ftls lh[kdj ge le; ds lkFk dne

feykdj vkxs c<+ ldrs g SaA os izkjfEHkd f’k{kk ds lkFk mPp f’k{kk dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ ekurs Fks

mudk dguk Fkk fd mPp f’k{kk mu lHkh dks lqyHk gksuh pkfg, tks mlds ;ksX; gSaA

pUnzHkkuq xqIr L=h f’k{kk ds Hkh izcy leFkZd FksA

pUnzHkkuq dk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjr dh 80 izfr’kr vkcknh xkaoksa esa jgrh gS tks Ñf”k

vkSj mlls tqM+s O;olk;ksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd vxj ns’k dks [kq’kgky

cukuk pkgrs gks rks igys fdlkuksa dh [kq’kgkyh dh fpark djuh gksxhA og lqn<+ cSfdax

iz.kkyh ds i{k/kj FksA pUnzHkkuq xqIr 1937 esa izFke ckj fo/kku lHkk ds lnL; fuokZfpr gq,A

1946 esa nwljh ckj iqu% FksA os lnL; ds :i esa fuokZfpr gq;s vkSj ia0 xksfoUn cYyHk iUr

ds lalnh;&lfpo fu;qDr fd;s x;sA xqIrth dh dk;Z&dq’kyrk vkSj dk;Z{kerk us dqN gh

fnuksa esa bUgsa jln vkSj [kk|&ea=h ds in ij izfrf”Br fd;kA ,d o”kZ mijkUr LokLF;

foHkkx dk Hkkj Hkh muds da/kksa ij Mky fn;k x;kA

Qjojh 1952 esa ns’k esa izFke vke pquko gq;sA blesa xqIr th y[kuÅ uxj dh iwohZ

{ks= ls Hkkjh cgqer ls fuokZfpr gq;sA ;g fot; bruh ‘kkunkj Fkh fd muds 11 izfr}fUn;ksa

esa ls 10 dh tekursa tCr gks x;hA 1952 esa mUgksaus [kk|&jln] LokLF; vkSj fpfdRlk

eU=h cuk;k x;kA bldks ns[krs gq, 1954 dks mUgsa fu;kstu vkSj m|ksx foHkkx Hkh fey

x;kA fo/kk;d ds :i esa pUnzHkkuq xqIr us ogh fd;k tks mRrj izns’k dh turk ds fy,

fgrdkjh FkkA mudh izR;sd uhfr turk ds dY;k.k ds fy;s FkhA mUgksaus tks fu.kZ; vius


167

fo/kk;d ;k ea=h ds :i esa fy;s oks ges’kk ns’k&fgr o tufgr esa gksrs FksA mudh vius

fo/kk;d dky esa dh x;h lsok;sa vfr egRoiw.kZ vkSj tu&dY;k.k dh FkhA

1 fnlEcj 1960 dks pUnzHkkuq xqIr cgqla[;d ny ds usrk ds :i esa fufoZjks/k

eq[;ea=h pqus x;sA blh le; phu us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;k FkkA xqIrth viuh iwjh

iz’kklfud {kerk ds lkFk bl ladV dh ?kM+h esa dwn iM+sA mUgksaus iwjs izns’k esa xg j{kd]

flfoy fMQsUl vkfn dh O;oLFkk;sa ykxw dj nh rFkk lhekorhZ izns’kksa dh ns[kHkky esa xqIrpj

foHkkx dks eqLrSn dj fn;kA ftlls ns’knzksfg;ksa dh nky u xy ldhA xqIrth us djksM+ksa

:i;s dk lksuk vkSj /ku ,d= dj jk”Vªh; lqj{kk dks”k eas HkstkA LokLF; ,oa fpfdRlk] f’k{kk]

ØhM+k] Je ,oa tu&dY;k.k rFkk m|ksx vkfn vusd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk muds dk;Zdky

esa gqbZA xqIrth ds O;fDrxr iz;Ru ls vusd vLirkyksa dk fuekZ.k] foLrkj rFkk uohuhdj.k

gqvk FkkA jktdh; pqdZ lhes.V QSDVªh dk foLrkj xqIrth ds iz;kl gh ls gqvk FkkA

izns'k ds vkfFkZd Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, mUgksaus vkS|ksfxdj.k dks c<+k;kA

fgUnqLrku vYeksfu;e QSDVªh] jcj QSDVªh ¼cjsyh½] lksMk ,s’k ¼cukjl½] fjvku QSDVªh

¼dkuiqj½] VSDlVkby bathfu;fjax ¼dkuiqj½] f=os.kh bathfu;fjax bykgkckn dh LFkkiuk Jh

xqIr us gh djkbZ FkhA pUnzHkkuq xqIr us vius eq[;ea=h dky esa lSdM+ksa vLirkyksa dk fuekZ.k

djk;k rFkk izR;sd esMhdy dkWyst esa dSalj fpfdRlk dh e’khusa LFkkfir djk;hA la{ksi esa

eq[;ea=h ds :i esa mRrj&izns’k dh turk ds izfr lsok;sa u dsoy vueksy Fkh oju~ og

;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij mRrj izns’k dk lokZaxh.k fodkl djus esa lQy gq;sA


168

ltu’khy vkSj f’kf{kr O;fDr gksus ds dkj.k mudh f’k{kk {ks= esa xgjh :fp FkhA

muds eq[;ea=h dky esa vusd izkfof/kd fo’ofo|ky;ksa ,oa izkUr ds cM+s uxjksa esa

fo’ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gqbZA pUnzHkkuq xqIr ds eq[;ea=h dky eas vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso tSls

mPp dksfV ds fo}kuksa us fo’ofo|ky; ds dqyifr ds inksa dh ‘kksHkk dks c<+k;kA izkfof/kd

f’k{kk ds foLrkj dk xqIrth us lnSo /;ku j[kkA eksrhyky usg: bathfu;fjax dkWyst

bykgkckn] enu eksgu ekyoh; dkWyst] xksj[kiqj dh LFkkiuk pUnzHkkuq xqIr us djk;h FkhA

:M+dh bUthfu;fjax fo’ofo|ky; :nziqj Ñf”k fo’ofo|ky; rFkk vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- dkuiqj ds

fodkl esa Hkh Jh xqIr us egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA

lHkh ds f’k{kk dh mUufr ds volj miyC/k mUgksaus vius eq[;ea=h dky esa miyC/k

djk;s FksA blds lkFk og ;g Hkh pkgrs Fks fd mRÑ”V f’k{kk iz.kkyh }kjk izf’kf{kr gksdj

ns’k ds uo;qod ,sls dke djsa] ftlls ns’k o izkUr dh [kq’kgkyh esa of) gks vkSj ns’k dk

xkSjo fujUrj c<+krk jgsA

pUnzHkkuq xqIr dk lkekftd fparu dsoy vkn’kZ ugha Fkk oju~ lkekftdrk ls ifjiw.kZ

FkkA gksyh] nhikoyh ;k uojkst dksbZ Hkh volj gks ;k izns’kokfl;ksa dks ‘kqHkdkeuk;sa nsuk

ugha Hkwyrs FksA mudh lkekftdrk lg&vfLrRo dh Hkkouk ls vuqizkf.kr FkhA pUnzHkkuq xqIr

dk lkekftd fpUru vR;Ur iq”V FkkA og leL;kvksa dh xgjkbZ rd igq¡p tkrs FksA

1969 esa pUnzHkkuq xqIr dk eq[;ea=h in ij vk:<+ gksuk ,d foLe;dkjh ?kVuk FkhA

mudh ekuo&lsok] lenf’kZrk] mnkjrk o laxBu&dyk&n{krk us gh ml ?kVuk dks tUe

fn;k FkkA eq[;ea=h in ij jgrs gq;s Hkh xqIrh ,d lk/kkj.k dkaxzsl tu dh Hkk¡fr viuk


169

thou O;rhr djrs jgsA vkeksn&izeksn vkSj lq[k foykl dh Hkkouk ls nwj os ,d egku

R;kxh dh Hkk¡fr gh tu&lsok esa fujUrj layXu jgsA mUgksaus lnk lknk thou o mPp fopkj

esa fo’okl fd;kA mudk eq[;ea=h in dk dky mu yksxksa ds fy, n”VkUr gS tks inksa ij gSa

vFkok inksa ds fy;s lekdqy gSaA

pUnzHkkuq xqIr esa vn~Hkqr usrRo ‘kfDr Fkh muesa tgka ekuo ek= ds fy;s fu”diV

Lusg] mnkjrk vkSj lân;rk Fkh ogk¡ fc[kjs gq, yksxksa dks ,d lw= esa fijksus dh {kerk FkhA

mUgksaus lnSo fl)kUrksa dh jktuhfr dh mudh laxBu dyk n{krk o ‘kwjrk us gh muds

fojksf/k;ksa dks ckj&ckj ijkftr fd;kA ftlds dkj.k mUgsa yksx ykSg&iq:”k dgrs gSaA Jh

xqIr esa tgk¡ laxBu&dyk dh n{krk Fkh ogha oks ,d dq’ky vkSj dBksj iz’kkld FkhA drZO;

ds izfr mnklhurk mUgsa dHkh eatwj u FkhA og ekse dh rjg eqyk;e o yksgs dh rjg l[r

FksA

mRrj izns’k dh jktuhfr esa dbZ n’kdksa rd viuk opZLo cuk;s j[kus okys Jh

pUnzHkkuq xqIr ,d lPpfj= ,oa fu”Bkoku O;fDr] dq’ky iz’kkld o nwjn’khZ jktusrk gksus ds

lkFk&lkFk xaHkhj fpard Hkh FksA mudh laosnu’khy vaxfy;k vius le; dh uCt ij jgrh

vkSj iSuh nf”V ns’k ds Hkfo”; ijA tu lkekU; dh NksVh ls Nk sVh leL;k ls ysdj cM+s&cM+s

jk”Vªh; o vUrjkZ”Vªh; iz’u rd muds xgu fpUru dk vax FksA og dsoy fl)kUr x<+us

okys fpard gh ugha Fks] vius fl)kUrksa dks O;ogkfjd :i nsus okys lfØ; jktusrk Hkh FksA

muds fparu rFkk deZ ds ltho Lekjdksa ds :i esa vusd O;fDr rFkk laLFkk;sa vkt Hkh

fo|eku gSA


170

vkt] tcfd jktuhfr rFkk iz’kklu lfgr lkekftd thou dk dksbZ Hkh {ks= ,slk

ugha jg x;k gS tks vkdB Hkz”Vkpkj ds xrZ esa u Mwck gksA pUnzHkkuq xqIr tSls lPpfj=]

fl)kUrfiz;] deZB rFkk lkglh tuuk;d dk Lej.k rhFkZ ;k=k dk larks”k rFkk lq[k nsrk gSA

Lora=rk la?k”kZ esa mudk lfØ; ;ksxnku ,oa fuLokFkZ Hkko ls fd;s x;s tu dY;k.k ds dk;Z

fu’p; gh vkt dh ihf<+;ksa ds fy;s izsj.kknk;d o vuqdj.kh; gSaA

lUnHkZ

1- MkW0 nhu n;ky xqIrk] ^^pUnzHkkuq xqIr vfHkuUnu xzUFk**] ,l0pUn izdk’ku ] U;w nsgyh]

1966-

2- lqeu lkIrkfgd if=dk & Lora= Hkkjr izdk’ku] y[kuÅ] 1979-

3- MkW0 fou; xqIrk] esjk lQj :dk ugha eSa dHkh >qdk ugha] lkjka’k izdk’ku ] U;w nsgyhA

4- pUnzHkkuq xqIr ^^, dysD’ku vkWQ Lihpht m0iz0 fgUnh fØ;kUo;u funs’kky;] y[kuÅ]

1963-

5- ,y0,u0 ljhu ¼vkbZ-lh-,l-½] pUnzHkkuq xqIr ^^, izksQkby bu djSt**] ,l0 pUn

izdk’ku] U;w nsgyh] 1970-

6- bUVjus’kuy ^^gw bt gw**] ;wjksik izdk’ku] baXyS.M] 1975&76-

7- pUnzHkkuq xqIr ^Ô;fDr vkSj fopkj** ,l0 pUn izdk’ku] U;w nsgyh] 1972-

8- gfjeksgu flag dksfB;k] vfHkuUnuh; O;fDrRo Jh jke th nkl xqIr] Jh jkethnkl xqIr

vfHkuUnu lfefr] vkxjk] 1999-

9- /keZiky fo|kFkhZ] izHkq dh ‘kfDr esa gh egku ‘kfDr] izkP; lkfgR; ifj”kn] vkxjk] 1998A

10- Jh f’ko izlkn xqIr] vfHkuUnu xzUFk] lkfgR; daqt] vkxjk] 1992-


171

11- izks0 czts’k pUnzk] MkW0 jke pUnz xqIr] Lefr xzUFk] lkfgR; daqt] vkxjk] 1992-

12- MkW0 jkepUnz xqIr ,oa Jh f’ko izlkn xqIr Lekfjdk lfefr] lkfgR; daqt] vkxjk] 1992-

13- ia0 jkenqykjs f=osnh] dkdksjh dk.M ds fnytys&lEiknd ineJh opus’k f=ikBh yksd

fgr izdk’ku] y[kuÅ] 1970-

14- vferkHk eq[kthZ ^^tSusfll vkQ bf.M;u us’kuy dkaxzsl**] lhrkjke flag ^êksMjsVM ,.M

,DlVªhfeLV bu , lsusVjh fgLVªhA


172

20oha ‘krkCnh fQjkstkckn esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u

Mk0 uhrw flag

**Hkkjrh; lH;rk vkSj fgUnw lekt esa pwfM+;ksa dk egRiw.kZ LFkku gSA blfy, fgUnw lekt esa

pwfM+;k¡ iguus dh ijEijk de gh gS ;k fcYdqy gS gh ughaA vktdy fgUnw lekt esa gh ugha oju~

eqfLye] flD[k] ÃlkÃ rFkk vU; /keksZa dks ekuus okyh efgyk;sa Hkh lksus pkanh ds tsojkr ;k pwfM+;k¡ igus

;k u igusa fdUrq dk¡p dh jax&fcjaxh pwfM+;k vo’; gh igurh gSA

izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr o”kZ esa gh Hkkjr o”kZ esa efgykvksa }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh pwfM+;k¡ /kkj.k

djus dh izFkk jgh gSA feV~Vh iRFkj rkcsa rFkk dkals dh pwM+h iguus dk tks izpyu ‘kq: gqvk Fkk] og

vkt rd vusd izdkj dh pwfM+;ksa ds :i esa foLrr izpfyr gSA fofHkUu izkUrksa esa pwfM+;k¡] fofHkUu

oLrqvksa dh cukdj igukrs gSaA Hkkjro”kZ esa dgha gkFkh nkar dh] dgh yk[k dh] dgha ukfj;y ds fNyds

dh] vkSj gha ihry rFkk vktdy rks lksus&pk¡nh ls ysdj IykfLVd jcM+ rFkk ,Y;wfefu;e rd dh

pwfM+;ksa dk izpyu gSA

mijksDr lHkh izdkj dh pwfM+;ksa esa dk¡p dh pwfM+;ksa us viuh uÃ&uÃ fMtkbuksa ls u;s

vkd”kZd jaxksa ls] ned&ned ,oe~ QS’ku ls lHkh /keksZa ,oa leqnk;ksa esa viuk izHkqRo LFkkfir dj fy;k

gSA vU; lkekuksa ls cuh pwfM+;k¡ dk¡p dh pwfM+;ksa dks rfud Hkh gkfu ugha igq¡pk ldh gSA dk¡p dh

pwfM+;k¡ gh ugha oju~ dk¡p ds vU; lkeku tSls& Xykl Msdksjs’kku] iksVjht] Xykl V~;wCTk] Xykl chM~l]

CykWd Xykl] Xykl] Xykl isij] bySfDVªd ySEil fo|qr cYo ‘kSy] eawaxk eksrh vkfn Hkh orZeku letk

ds fy;s vfr vko’;d vax cus gq, gSaA dk¡p ds cus gq, gjsd lkeku dh ekax cktkj esa fnuksa fnu

c<+rh tk jgh gSA

*;g fuf’pr :i ls ugha dgk tk ldrk gS fd dk¡p dk dke fQjkstkckn esa dc izkjEHk gqvkA

fdUrq vuqeku ,slk gS fd tuin dk fudVorhZ xzke pUnokj pkSgku jktkvksa dh jkt/kkuh gksus ls 250

ls 300 o”kZ igys ;gk¡ dk¡p ds dk;Z dh ‘kq:vkr gqÃ gksxhA dk¡p ds lkeku rFk pwfM+;ksa dh [kir bu

nksuksa jkt/kkfu;ksa ds dkj.k vPNh jgh gksxhA dgk tkrk gS fd csxe eqerkt egy pwfM+;ksa dh uÃ&uÃ

fMtk;usa ‘kh’kxjksa dks crkrh jgrh FkhA


173

‘kh”kukj uke ls izfl) dk¡p ds fuiq.k dkjhxj ftudk iq’rSuh is’kk pwM+h dk fuekZ.k izkphu

i)fr ls djuk Fkk] fnYyh ls vkdj fQjkstkckn es cl x;sA

‘kh’kukj dk ewy fuokl LFkku bVkok tuin FkkA ‘kh”kuxj ;k”kpsr dk ‘kfCnd vFkZ dk¡p cukus

okys FkkA ;s ‘kh’kuxj ‘krkfCn;ksa ls ;gh is’kk djrs vk jgs gSa vkSj mUgksaus bl <ax dks viukus esa

egRoiw.kZ lQyrk izkIr dh gSA ;s yksx cM+s fuiq.k rFkk ifjJeh gksrs gSsaA dk¡p vFkok ‘kh’ks ls dke djus

okys dks ‘kh’kuxj dgrs gSsaA dk¡p ds fuekZ.k ds dk;Z esa bUgha nks oxksZa dh iz/kkurk gSA

fQjkstkckn esa dk¡p cukus ls lEcfU/kr dksÃ Hkh dPpk eky ;gk¡ miyC/k ugha gSA fQj Hkh dk¡p

dh pwfM+;k¡ cukus dk dk;Z dsoy ;gha fodflr gqvk gSA blfy;s ;g egRoiw.kZ iz’u gS fd dk¡p dk

dke fQjkstkckn esa gh D;ksa izkjaHk gqvk\ fQjkstkckn esa ,slh dkSu lh fo’ks”krk Fkh fd ftlds dkj.k ;g

m|ksx ;gk¡ ij tUe ysdj ;gk¡ ij mUufr djrk x;kA ;gk¡ ij ;g y?kq m|ksx ds :i esa fodflr

gqvk Fkk ij vktdy ;g ,d cM+s iSekus ij laxfBr m|ksx ds :i easa fo|eku gSA

,slh ekU;rk gS fd fQjkstkckn ds fudV gh dqN xk¡o ,sls gSa] tgk¡ dk¡p cukus dk elkyk ik;k

tkrk gSA mjeqjk vkSj jiVh xk¡o es ,d izdkj jsr ik;k tkrk gS] ftls *jsg* dgrs gSaA bl jsg esa dk¡p

ds vko’;d inkFkZ ckyw o lksfM;e rFkk iksVsf’k;e dkQh ek=k esa fo|eku gSA ;gh ns[kdj ;gk¡ ds

vkjafEHkd dk¡p cukus okyksa us [kqyh HkV~V;ksa esa bl jsg dks fi?kykdj dk¡p cukuk ‘kq: dj fn;kA ;g

dk¡p cgqr gh Hkn~nk rFkk jax foghu FkkA laHkor% ;gk¡ ls ‘kh’kxjksa dk ;g dk;Z izkjaHk gksrk gSA bl ckr

dks yksx 200 ls 250 o”kZ iqjkuh ekurs gSaA fQjkstkckn ds yksx Hkj bl dk¡p dk ysus yxs rFkk blh ls

tSlh eksVh&Hkn~nh yky&ihyh pwfM+;k¡ cukus yxsA yksx vius edku ds lehi NksVh HkV~Vh rS;kj djds

mlh esa ?kj ds lHkh lnL; feydj pwfM+;k¡ cukus yxsA bl izdkj dh pwM+h fuekZ.k dk dk;Z cgqr NksVs

Lrj ij ?kjksa esa vkjaHk gqvkA

mijksDr i)fr ls cuh pwfM+;ksa dks fVdyh o LysV vEcj dgk tkrk FkkA cgqr fnuksa rd ,slh

gh eksVh o Hkn~nh pwfM+;k¡ curh jghasA vkSj bl uxj ls nwljs jkT;ksa dks Hksth tkrh jghaA QSUlh cf<+;k

pwfM+;k¡ psdksLykokfd;k] vkLVªfy;k ls vk;kr djuh iM+rh FkhA yky] ihyh] pednkj js’keh pwfM+;ksa dk

gekjk ns’k tkiku ls vk;kr djrk FkkA bu lqUnj fons’kh pwfM+;ksa dks ns[kdj gekjs ;gk¡ ds tkudkj

pwM+h ds mRiknksa ds ân; esa oSlh pwfM+;k¡ cukus dh bPNk tkx`r gqÃ vkSj fQjkstkckn esa ;g dk;Z mLrkn

:Lre us dj fn[kk;kA


174

:Lre mLrkn dk tUe lu~ 1892 ÃŒ eas rRdkyhu ftyk eSuiqjh ds dLck xk¡o tljkuk esa

gqvk FkkA mlds tUe dk uke :Lre cDl FkkA :Lre mLrkn o”kZ 1916 esa 24 o”kZ dh vk;q esa tljkuk

ls fQjkstkckn vk x;s FksA mlh le; mus efLr”d esa dqN [kkl dj fn[kkus dh reUuk FkhA mldk

fnekx dk¡p dh pwfM+;ksa ds fuekZ.k ij fVd x;k vkSj blds fy;s iz;klksa es tqV x;kA mUgksaus bl dk;Z

esa vHkwriwoZ lQyrk izkIr gqÃA mUgkasus pwM+h gh ugha dk¡p dh pwfM+;ksa ds fuekZ.k ij fVd x;k vkSj blds

fy;s iz;klksa esa tqV x;kA mUgksaus bl dk;Z esa vHkwriwoZ lQyrk izkIr gqÃA mUgksaus pwM+h gh ugha dk¡p ds

vU;] lkeku ds fuekZ.k dks fcuk fdlh izf’k{k.k rFkk rduhdh tkudkjh ds lSdM+ksa jax&:iksa esa

ifjofrZr dj fn[kk;kA

vkd"kZd pwfM+;ksa ds fuekZ.k dh tkudkjh gsrq :Lre mLrkn dks lu~ 1917 esa djdksVki cwanh

tkuk iM+kA o”kZ 1918 esa iqu% fQjkstkckn ykSVdj mlus vius gh }kjk Ãtk fd;s u;s csyu ij js’ke

uke dh ckjhd pwM+h dk fuekZ.k fd;kA o”kZ 1929 esa dqN vkSj tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy;s mUgksaus

fnYyh dks viuk iz;ksxkRed dsUnz cuk;kA mUgkasus ogk¡ ,d HkV~Vh dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ftlds }kjk mUgkasus

vkd”kZd jaxksa o fMtk;uksa dh pwfM+;k¡ rS;kj dhA o”kZ 1933 esa os eqEcÃ ds fy;s jokuk gq,A ogk¡ Hkh blh

dk;Z esa tqV jgsA ,d o”kZ O;rhr djus ds ckn os fQjkstkckn okfil ykSV vk,A thou ds vafre {k.kksa

rd blh dk;Z esa yxs jgsA :Lre mLrkn dj bl ‘kksgjr ds dkj.k mudh eR;q ds i'pkr ftys ds

e’kgwj gtjr lwQh ‘kkg dh njxkg ds lehi mudh dcz cukÃ x;h gSA

:Lre mLrkn }kjk loZizFke dk¡p dh ykse dks yisV dj pwM+h cukus ds <ax dk vfo”dkj

fd;k x;k FkA vkSj fQj fnu&izfrfnu mlesa lq/kkj gksrs x;s] le; ds lkFk&lkFk jax fcjaxh QSalh]

pednkj o lqUnj pwfM+;k¡ curh xÃaA cktkj esa bu pwfM+;ksa dh [kir vf/kd gkssus yxh] ftlds dkj.k

dkj[kkuksa ls mRiknu vf/kd c<+ x;kA cktkj esa fcdus gssrq pwfM+;k¡ iSd dh tkus yxhA iSfdax eas ,d

rksM+s esa yxHkx 312 pwfM+;k¡ rFkk ,d ntZu esa 24 pwfM+;k¡ j[kh tkrh FkhaA pwfM+;k¡ ds ckck&vkne dgs

tkus okys :Lre mLrkn ds vfrfjDr dqN vU; yksxksa us Hkh fQjkstkckn esa pwM+h fuekZ.k dh izkjafEHkd

uhao etcwr djus esa viuh vge Hkwfedk fuHkkÃ FkhA ftuesa mLrkn Hkjs [kka] gkth dYyw] mLrkn ,oa

mLrkn dkfn c[‘k izeq[k FksA ;s lHkh i<+s&fy[ks ugha Fks] ijUrq os dSehdy ds dke esa rFkk jax cukus esa

izoh.k FksA bUgha yksxksa us izkjaHk esa ydM+h dk csyu cukdj pwfM+;k¡ cuk;hA tks budh dq’kyrk vkSj


175

vfo”dkj djus okyh cqf) dk ifjpk;d gSA vkt Hkh csyu ds lgkjs gh pwfM+;k¡ cukÃ tkrh gSaA ij

ydM+h ds csyu dh txg yksgs dk csyu dk iz;ksx gksus yxk gSA

mijksDr O;fDr;ksa ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ds ckctwn Hkh ‘kh’kxjksa ds dke dh i)fr easa cgqr o”kksZa

rd dksÃ ifjorZu ugha gqvk vkSj ugha mudh rduhdh esa dksÃ [kkl lq/kkj vk;kA m/kkj le; ds

lkFk&lkFk turk eas pwfM+;ksa dh ekax c<rh tk jgh FkhA pwfM+;ksa dh ekax vf/kd c<+h] ijUrq dk¡p cgqr

de ik;k tkrk FkkA dk¡p dh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy;s LFkuh; ‘kh’kxjksa us fons’kh VwVs gq, dk¡p ds

VqdM+ksa dks [kjhnuk pkyw dj fn;kA ;s dk¡p ds VqdM+s tkiku] vkLVªfy;k] LohtjyS.M vkfn ns’kksa ls

vkrs FksA budh ‘kdy v”V igyw vFkok yxHkx xksy tSlh gksrh Fkh] vkSj ;g out es ikS.M&vk/kk

ikS.m ds gksrs FksA

;gk¡ yksx blh dks fued nkuh dgrs FksA@ bueas ls jax&fcjaxh ped fn[kk;h nsrh FkhA vaxzsth

esa bUgsa czksdu dks xykdj bUgh fued nkfu;ksa dks xykdj bUgha ls dk¡p cukus yxsA

dqN czksdu dk¡p ;gk¡ dydRrk ¼dksydkrk½ rFkk eqEcÃ ds cUnjxkgksa ls vkrk FkkA vr% ;g

dqN egaxk Hkh iM+rk Fkk] vkSj ykus esa Hkh dfBukÃ gksrh FkhA fQj Hkh dqN CykWd Xykl nsgjknwu ls vkus

yxkA dqN m|eh O;fDr ;gk¡ ls nsgjknwu x;s vkSj ogk¡ dh Xykl QSDVªht dk v/;;u fd;kA dqN

fnuksa rd nsgjknwu ls dk¡p vk;kA fdUrq dkykUrj esa og Hkh dkj[kkuk cUn gks x;kA vr% ogk¡ ds

dkjhxj b/kj&m/kj pys x;sA dqN fQjkstkckn Hkh vk x;sA ftuesa ,d tekZuh dk ,d fo’ks”kK

egRoiw.kZ gSA tks uUnjke th ds iz;Ru ls vk;k FkkA Jh uUnjke th m|ksx ds izfr cM+s gh mRlkgh

O;fDr FksA

lu~ 1881 esa ljdkjh izfrosnu ds vuqlkj fQjkstkckn esa 2 dk¡p fo’ks”k CyksolZ rFkk dqN dk¡p

O;kikfj;ksa dk mYys[k gSA lu~ 1908 esa Hkkjr esa dqN gh dkj[kkus FksA muesa ls ,d dkj[kkuk pkS/kjh

uUnjke th dk FkkA bl dkj[kkus esa vkLVªsfy;k] vkLVªh;k ¼;wjksi½ ds feLVj dkjrwl dh ns[kHkky esa

Mk;jsDVj Qk;j QusZl dh fof/k ls dk;Z gksrk FkkA lu~ 1910 esa ;g Mk;jsDVj Qk;j QusZl teZuh ds

dk¡p fo’ks”kK ,e- eksfjuh] ftUgsa mRrj izns’k ljdkj us fu;qDr fd;k Fkk us jhtusfVo xSl QusZ’k esa

ifjf.kr dj nhA ;g QusZ’k vk/kqfud oSKkfud vkSj vkfFkZd nf”V ls loZFkk mfpr FkhA bldk mi;ksx

vkt Hkh gks jgk gSA lu~ 1910 ls 1922 rd og bafM;k Xykl oDlZ esa lsokjr~ jgs vkSj muds lsokdky


176

esa bl ‘kgj ds dk¡p m|ksx us mUufr dhA lksus dk ikuh pwM+h m|ksx dk egRoiw.kZ vax gSA igyh ckj

blh O;fDr }kjk blds mi;ksx dh tkudkjh gqbZA

izFke egk;q) ds nkSjku Jh uUnjke th ds dkj[kkus esa lsokjr~ nks vkLVªsfy;Ul ds pys tkus ds

i’pkr~ ,d teZu Xykl ,DliksVZ ,e- eksthuk ds lg;ksx ls yky&ihys jax dks NksM+dj izR;sd jax dk

dk¡p e; nwf/k;k jax dk cuk;k x;kA blh le; csyu ij pwM+h cukus dk lQy iz;ksx fd;s x;sA 1920

rd bl dkj[kkus esa pwM+h dh dVkbZ] tqM+kbZ] ,oa fgYydj dj rS;kj gkyr esa cspus dks nh tkrh FkhA

Lons’k u tkus ds dkj.k lu~ 1920 eas eksthuk us vkRe gR;k dj yhA

mijksDr dkj[kkuksa }kjk ,d vaxzst Ýkalhlh Jh dslj rFkk tkiku ds Jh vksdk dh lsok,a yh

xbZA lu~ 1920 ds dkj[kkus dk izcU/k dk;Z uUnjke th ds iq= ‘;ke Lo:ik flag th pkS/kjh ds gkFk esa

vk x;kA xq.koRrk ,oa mfpr mRiknu esa vlQy gksus ds dkj.k dSlj lkgc dh lsok,sa lekIr dj nh

xbZA pkS/kjh lkgc us loZizFke yky&ihyk jax cuk;k vkSj js’keh pwM+h dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

izFke fo’o ;q) ds ckn vc fons’kksa ls dk¡p ds lkeku vFkkZr~ pwfM+;ksa dk vkuk cUn gks x;kA

ml le; dk¡p o pwM+h fuekZ.k ds m|ksx] dksbZ eqdkcyk u gksus ds dkj.k] ;gk¡ [kqy x;s FksA ysfdu

lu~ 1924 esa ;wjksfi;u ns’kksa us vius [kks;s gq, cktkj dks izkIr djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa fQj ls pwfM+;ksa

dks Hkstuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA

fQjkstkckn ds dk¡p m|ksx ij lu~ 1924 esa ,d fjiksVZ izdkf’kr gqbZA rFkkfi vkxjk tuin dh

vkS|ksfxd tk¡p lfefr xfBr dh xbZ FkhA mlus fQjkstkckn ds dk¡p m|ksx ij Hkh v/;;u fd;k vkSj

blds lanHkZ esa fjiksVZ izLrqr dh FkhA

bu fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd fQjkstkckn tuin esa dk¡p dk m|ksx vR;f/kd fodflr :i esa

ik;k tkrk gS] tks 2445 iq:”k rFkk 427 fL=;k¡ vkSj 3047 cPpksa dks fu;fer jkstxkj iznku djrk gSA

bl m|ksx esa yxs gq, yksxksa dh la[;k 12000 gSA fQjkstkckn dh pwfM+;ksa dk dqy fu;kZr lu~ 1924 esa

59350 eu Fkk] ftlesa CykWd Xykl 25654 eu FkkA fons’kh pwfM+;ksa dk vk;kr 10878 eu FkkA

fjiksVZ esa vkxs dgk x;k gS] vk/kqfud <ax ds dkj[kkus [kqy tkus ls fQjkstkckn us dqVhj m|ksx

/kU/kksa dh vk/kkjHkwr i)fr u”V gks xbZA ftl izdkj ls LFkkuh; etnwjksa us dk¡p cukus dk dke NksVs

iSekus ij izkjaHk fd;k FkkA mldks cgqr {kfr mBkuh iM+hA bl le; ;gk¡ dsoy 07 dkj[kkus gSaA ftuesa

ls 06 pkyw n’kk esa gSaA ;g dkj[kkus Hkh cgqr NksVs Lrj ds Fks] ftuesa 11 HkfV~V;k Fkha vkSj 217


177

vknfe;ksa dks dke feyk FkkA etnwjksa dks ekfld osru ij j[kk tkrk FkkA dkjhxj tks cgqr dq’ky Fks]

mudks 80 :i;s rFkk vizf’kf{kr dkjhxjksa dks 15&25 :i;s ekfld osru feyrk FkkA

dk¡p fuekZ.k esa tks dPpk eky feyrk Fkk] mlesa lksM+k baXyS.M ds dydRrs gksdj vkrk FkkA

buj eksYM dEiuh esa ,d xksnke [kksy j[kk FkkA tgk¡ lksM+k ,df=r gksdj dkj[kkuksa dks vkiwfrZ dh

tkrh FkhA bldh okf”kZd [kir 2]000 Vu FkhA

lUnHkZ %

1- ,p-vkj- usfoy & fMfLVªDV xtfV;lZ vkWQ n ;wukbVsM izkWfoUlst vkWQ vkxjk ,.M vo/k] Hkkx&10

¼vkxjk fMfDVªDV½ bykgkckn] 1921

2- MkW- /keZHkkuq & fgLVªh ,.M ,MfefuLVªs’ku vkWQ ukWFkZ oSLV izkWfoUlst ¼1803&1958½] vkxjk 1957


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” XXIX

XXVI-II

” II


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186

MkŒ vEcsMdj vkSj /keZ dh vo/kkj.kk

MkŒ r:.k dqekj

MkŒ vEcsMdj dk ekuuk Fkk fd /keZ lnkpkj gSA ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS thou ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa

euq”;&euq”; ds chp vPNs lEcU/kksa dk gksukA /keZ&n’kZu dh nf”V ds ckjs esa mudk n’kZu niZ.k dh

rjg lkQ gSA /keZ ds fo”k; esa mudh /kkj.kk,sa vkSj vo/kkj.kk,sa fufoZokn gSA vPNs lEcU/kksa ls mudk

rkRi;Z mu lEcU/kksa ls gS] tks thou ds lkekftd fl)kUrksa&LorU=rk] lekurk rFkk HkzkrRo Hkkouk ij

vk/kkfjr gksA ;fn dksÃ O;fDr futZu ou eas vdsyk jgrk gS rks mls /keZ dh dksÃ vko’;drk ugha gS]

ysfdu tc O;fDr ,d lkFk jgrs gSa rks mUgsa /keZ dks ekU;rk nsuh pkfg,A dksÃ Hkh O;fDr mlls vyx

ugha jg ldrk gSA MkŒ vEcsMdj ds /keZ dk lkj uSfrdrk esa feyrk gSA **uSfrdrk ds fy, fdlh

Ã’ojh; izek.k dh vko’;drk ugha gksrhA uSfrdrk dh lh/kh tg:jr euq”; ds izfr euq”; ds izse ls

iM+rh gSA euq”; dks uSfrd blfy, ugha gksuk gS fd blls Ã’oj izlUu gksrk gS] cfYd blfy, uSfrd

gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g euq”; ds fy, ‘kqHkdkjh gSA

**/keZ ,d ,slk izHkko ;k ‘kfDr gS tks thou esa /kwy feVkdj O;fDr ds pfj= dk fuekZ.k djrk

gS O;fDr dh fØ;kvksa] izfrfØ;kvksa] ilnUn ;k ukilUn dks fu’fpr djus eas /keZ lgk;d gksrk gSA**1

vNwr D;k gksrk gS] mldk mRihM+u D;k gS] mldh rdyhQ D;k gS] og efUnjksa esa D;ksa ugha tk ldrk

gS] og dqvksa vkSj rkykcksa ls ikuh D;ksa ugha Hkj ldrk gS] mldk lkekftd o vkfFkZd Lrj D;ksa ugha gS]

og fgUnw gksrs gq, Hkh] fgUnw /keZ ds ‘kks”k.k dk D;ksa f’kdkj gSa\ fgUnw /keZ eas va/k fo’okl vkSj bruh

:f<+oknh D;kas gSa] D;k fdlh Hkh /keZ eas ,slk vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj gks ldrk gS\ D;k dksÃ Hkh O;fDr

,sls /keZ dks Lohdkj djsxk] tks mu dk;ksZa dks c<+kok nsrk gS] ftlls dqN yksxksa ds fy, ykHk] dqN yksxkssas

ds fy, nq%[k feysA D;k dksÃ /keZ euq”;&euq”; eas o.kZHksn] fo”kerk iSnk dj ldrk gS D;k /keZ dqN

O;fDr;ksa dks cM+k vkSj dqN dsk NksVk] dqN dks ‘ks”kd vkSj dqN dks ‘kksf”kr cuk ldrk gSA**2

MkŒ vEcsMdj euqLefr vkSj mleas of.kZr o.kZ O;oLFkk ds fojks/kh FksA mudk ;g fu”d”kZ Fkk fd

fcuk tkfr o /keZ O;oLFkk dks [kRe fd;s fgUnw lekt NqvkNwr] HksnHkko vkfn nqxqZ.kksa ls eqDr ugha gks

ldrk gSA /keZ dks mUgksaus thou dh /kqjh ekuk gSA mUgksaus lekt vkSj /keZ dh ?kfu”Bre lEcU/kksa dks

ekuk gS vkSj /keZ dks thou dk izeq[k vax Lohdkj fd;k gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd /keZ ekuo cqf) dk


187

lkj gS] blfy, /keZ dks thou dk izeq[k vax Lohdkj fd;k gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd /keZ ekuo cqf) dk

lkj gS] blfy, /keZ dks lekt rFkk euq”; ls iFkd ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd] **euq”;

dsoy jksfV;ksa ls gh thfor ugha jg ldrk gS] mleas ,d ,sl eu gS] tks fopkj :ih [kqjkd pkgrk gSA

/keZ euq”; eas vk’kk dk lapkj djrk gS] vkSj mudks ‘kqHk deZ ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA**3 mudk eq[;

fpUru ;gh Fkk fd ekuo] ekuo ls ?k.kk ugha djas] ‘kks”k.k ugha djsa ftlls LoLFk lekt dh LFkkiuk gks

ldsA /kkfeZd Lok/khurk nsus] /kkfeZd jhfr&fjoktksa dk Lor% fu;eu djus dh NwV nsus rFkk mleas [kyy

Mkyus okys dks ltk nsus ds fy, dkuwu cukus dk izLrko j[krs gq, MkŒ vEcsMdj us tksj fn;k Fkk fd

jkT; dk dksÃ /keZ ugha gksxkA4 bl izdkj mUgksaus /keZ fujis{krk ds fl)kUr dk izfriknu fd;k FkkA

;|fi os vR;Ur /kkfeZd O;fDr FksA

mudk dguk Fkk] fd dsoy ik[k.M feF;k vfHkeku gh /keZ dk ‘k=q ugha gS cfYd nklrk Hkh

/kkfeZd lekt dk ,d fojks/kh rRo gSA5 og D;k gS tks vius nks vuq;kf;;ksa eas erHksn] HksnHkko mRiUu

gksrk gS] vius vuq;k;h ds lkFk i’kqor O;ogkj djrk gS] vR;kpkj djrk gS] NqvkNwr djrkA blds fy,

iwjh rjg ls czkã.k ftEesnkjh gSA og /keZ tks i'kqvksa dks iwtus dh vkKk nsrk gS] mUgs Nwus dks oftZr

ugha ekurk vkSj dqN bUlkuksa dks Nwus ek= dks iki le>rk gSA og D;k dHkh /keZ dgyk ldrk gSA

vEcsMdj /keZ vo’; pkgrs Fks] ysfdu /keZ ds uke ij ik[k.M] vU;k;] ‘kks”k.k ;k HksnHkko ugha tks fd

czkã.kksa dh nsu FkkA fgUnw /keZ ds izfr fopkj] muds vuqHko ,oa O;ogkfjd cqf)erk dk Qy gSA os

,drk rFkk ‘kfDr esa fo’okl djrs FksA dk’kh fo’ofo|ky; ds Nk=ksa dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq, mUgksaus

‘kadjkpk;Z ds osnkUr n’kZu dh O;k[;k Hkh mudk fopkj Fkk fd ;fn czã lcls O;kIr gS rks ,d vNwr

vkSj ,d czkã.k nksukas gh leku gSa] ysfdu fgUnw yksx bl fl)kUr dks lkekftd thou esa ykxw ugha

djrs gSaA os dsoy fl)kUr ds :i eas gh osnkUr dks ekurs gSaA ;fn mldk O;ogkfjd txr eas iz;ksx

rFkk lekurk dk izpkj fd;k gksrk] rks vkt osnkUr dk lUns’k cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ cu x;k gksrkA

mudk ekuuk Fkk] fd tc rd lekt ls tkfrokn ugha gVrk gS] vkfFkZd lekurk ugha vkrh

vkSj rc rd lekt ls NqvkNwr gVus dk iz’u gh ugha mBrk gSA /keZ dks os ‘kfDr ds :i esa ns[krs Fks

vkSj mu yksxksa dks vPNk ugha ekurs Fks] tks /keZ ds uke ij vius vuq;kf;;ksa ls i'kqor O;ogkj djrs

FksA muds muds fopkj ls /keZ esa ?k.kk dk dksÃ LFkku ugha gSA /keZ O;fDr dks O;fDr ds djhc ykrk gSA

mueas izse c<+krk gS] vlekurk vkSj vU;k; dks c<+kok ugha nsrk cfYd thou eas ,d:irk ykrk gS]


188

lekt dsk laxfBr djrk gSA6 mudh n<+ ekU;rk jgh gS fd tks O;fDr tkfr dks egRo nsrs gSa os tkfr

ls detksj gksrs tkrs gSaA mlds dkj.k U;k; feyuk eqf’dy gks tkrk gS] vkSj O;fDr ds lkspus dk

nk;jk Hkh ladh.kZ gks tkrk gSA vr% vPNk gS] ;fn O;fDr ,sls /keZ dks NksM+ nsa] tks tkrh; vk/kkj ij

[kM+k gksA /keZ tks vius gh vuq;kf;vksa esa ikjLifjd HksnHkko mRiUu djrk gS] i{kikriw.kZ gS] og okLro

esa /keZ ugha gSA /keZ vkSj xqykeh ijLij fojks/kh rRo gSA

czkã.k oxZ ds O;fDr;ksa ds fy, vkus&tkus ds jkLrs vyx Fks] ‘kwnzksa ds pyus vkSj Fkwdus ij

izfrcU/k Fkk] mudh cfLr;k¡ vyx FkhA muds efUnj rFkk iwtkLFky vyx Fks] rkykcksa ij tgka tkuoj

dks ikuh ihus dh iwjh LorU=rk gks vkSj ogh ‘kwnzksa dks ikuh ihus dh eukgh gks] ihus ij ltk gks] ;kruk

nh tkrh gksA ,d oxZ ru&eu ls fuLokFkZ lsok djrk jgs vkSj nwljk i{k lsok dks bl oxZ dh detksjh

le>sA lekt esa ;g fo”kerk ;g folaxfr tkr&ikr vkSj o.kZ O;oLFkk ds dkj.k gh gqÃA D;ksafd

tkr&ikr dk fu/kkZj.k deZ ls u gksus ds ctk;] tUe] ifjokj vkSj dqy ls gksus yxkA dksÃ fdruk gh

fo}ku vkSj ‘kkL=ksa dk iafMr D;kas u gks ‘kqnz ds ?kj ij tUe ysus ds dkj.k og ugha cu ldrk\ MkŒ

lkgc dk fonzksg dapy cqjkÃ ds izfr FkkA og cqjkÃ tks lkekftd ,drk rFkk izxfr ds fy, ?kkrd

FkhA

;g dguk fcYdqy xyr gS] fd os czkã.kksa ds f[kykQ FksA os czkã.k tkfr ds ugha cfYd

czkã.kokn ds f[kykQ FksA czkã.kokn ds fo”k; eas mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd **czkã.kokn dk izHkko] lkekftd

vf/kdkjksa tSls vUrtkZrh; fookg vkSj [kku&iku rd gh lhfer ugha Fks cfYd mlus yksxksa dks ukxfjd

vf/kdkjksa ls Hkh oafpr j[kkA**7

czkã.kokn ls mudk rkRi;Z czkãe.k tkfr ls u gksdj Lora=rk] lekurk] HkzkrRookn dh Hkkouk

ds fu”ks/k ls gS bl vFkZ esa czkãe.kokn lHkh oxksZa eas O;kIr gS vkSj ek= czkãe.kksa rd gh lhfer ugha gSA

;|fi czkãe.k gh blds tUenkrk jgs gSaA

ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds fu”Bkiu fgek;rh] Hkkjr jRu MkŒ ckck lkgsc Hkhejko vEcsMdj dh ns’k dh

vkfFkZd leL;kvkas ds lek/kku esa fo’ks”k :fp FkhA og pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr ds ihfM+r nfyr oxksZa rFkk

vYi la[;dksa ds nq%[kksa dk vUr gksA oLrqr% mudh nf”V eas ,slh fdlh Hkh vkfFkZd uhfr dks viukuk

[krjukd Fkk tks Hkkjrh; lekt eas jg jgs fu/kZu ,oa detksj oxksZa dh ewyHkwr vko’;drkvkas ls mn~Hkwr

u gks vkSj mudh lEiwfrZ ls esy u [kkrh gksA os Bksl ;FkkFkZoknh vkfFkZd uhfr ds leFkZd FksA


189

;g ckr fufoZokn gS fd ekDlZokn lkekftd fLFkfr ds xgu v/;;u ij cy nsrk gS vkSj ;g

fu”d”kZ fudyrk gS fd ftl ekuo lekt esa fu/kZurk] fuj{kjrk] Hkq[kejh] nfjnzrk vkSj ‘kks”k.k dk

okrkoj.k ik;k tkrk gS] ogk¡ ds vkfFkZd lEcU/k foÑr gksrs gSaA vFkkZr~ futh lEifRr ds vf/kdkj ls

‘kks”kd oxZ] etnwj oxZ dk vkfFkZd ‘kks”k.k vkSj lkekftd neu djrk gSA futh lEifRr dk vf/kdkj

leLr vkfFkZd nq%[kksa dk ewy dkj.k gSA ekDlZokn ds lEifRr

lUnHkZ

1- MkŒ vEcsMdj % ykbQ ,.M fe’ku] /kuUt; dhj] ikiwyj izdk’ku eqEcÃ] iŒ& 508A

2- OgkÃ vkÃ ,e fgUnw 7 bySLVªsVsM ohdyh] MkŒ Hkhejko vEcsMdj fnukad 21-11-1975 i”B&22A

3- dE;qfuVh esfuQsLVks] ¼QkWjsu ysaXosftt ifCyf’kax gkml] ekLdks] 1957½A

4- cq)] ekDlZ ,.M xkWM] Vªsoj fyax] VSEiy fLeFk] yUnu] 1968] iŒ&168A

5- dkyZ ekDlZ ¼ckW;xzkQh½] Ãf’k;k cfyZu] 1958] iŒ&268A

6- cqf)Te vkSj dE;qfuTe] vusZLV csUt] 1965] iŒ&109A

7- MkŒ vEcsMdj vkSj ekDlZokn] MhŒvkjŒ tkVo] lerk lkfgR; lnu] t;iqj] 1993] v/;k;&3A


190

1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu esa eqfLye oxZ dk ;ksxnku

Mk0 dqynhi flag rksej

7&8 vxLr lu~ 1942 dks cEcbZ esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh dk vf/kos’ku gqvk blesa

ofdZx desVh ds Hkkjr NksM+ksa ladYi dks iqf”V fd;k x;kA1 xka/kh th us dgk fd ^^fgUnqLrku fu%lansg

bl ns’k esa jgus okys lc eqlyekuksa dk gkse yS.M gSA blfy, izR;sd eqlyekuksa dks Hkkjr dh

LorU=rk ds fy, yM+uk pkkfg,A mUgksusa vkxs dgk fd dkaxzsl dk ;g la?k”kZ fdlh tkfr ;k lEiznk;

ds fy, cfYd Hkkjr dh lkjh turk ds fy, gS dkaxzsl ,d jk”Vªh; laLFkk gS mlus vkjEHk ls gh vius

dks lkEiznkf;d nks”kksa ls vyx j[kk mlus lnk lkjs jk”Vª ds fgr esa lkspk vkSj O;ogkj fd;k gS vkSj

eqlyekuksa dks mlls vyx jgus dk dksbZ fo’ks”k dkj.k ugha gSA2 ikap vxLr 1942 dks eqrh fdQk;r

mYykg] ekSykuk vgen lbZn] ekSykuk gQhtqjZuk lkgc ukftes vkyk tehvrqy mysek;s fgUn ekSykuk

vCnqy gyhy fln~ndh ukfte tehvrqy mysek;s fgUn dh rjQ ls ,d ys[k lekpkj i=ksa esa izdkf’kr

djk;k ftlesa fy[kk Fkk fgUnqLrku dh vktknh lHkh fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dh ,d laxfBr vkSj ,d fopkjk/kkjk

dh ekax gS ljdkj us bl ekax dks ekuus esa vkSj ljdkjh vf/kdkj fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dks nsus esa ftl

ulyokn vkSj ‘kag’kkfgr dk gB/kehZ ls dke fy;k gS fd og izR;sd fgUnqrkuh ij izdk’keku gSA bu

dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tc fd gj rjQ ls dfBukbZ;ksa ds rwQku meM+ jgs gSa gqdwer ‘kklu ds u’ks esa

pwj gS ftl rjg og 1939 ls iwoZ FkhA lacf/kr jk”Vª ftudksa bl vkQrs ukxgkuh us ijs’kku dj j[kk gS

viuh lqj{kk ds fy, la?k”kZ dj jgk gSA vHkkxk fgUnqLrku mlh esa lfEEkfyr gSA bl cckZnh dh tax ls

fudyus dk ekxZ [kkst jgk gSA cfYd mlds lkeus [krjksa ds ckny eaM jgk jgs gS D;ksafd og viuh

lqj{kk vkSj fudyus dk lkeuk djus ds fy, vktkn ugha gSA mlds vla[; ‘kL= vkSj ekxZ nSoh dik

ls vtufc;ksa ds dke dj jgs gSA og viuh tku cpkus ds fy, Hkh mUgsa vius bPNk vkSj vius

vf/kdkj ls dke ugha ys ldrkA blfy, dqnjrh rkSj ij izR;sd fgUnqLrkuh viuh ftUnxh dh [kkfrj

vktknh gkfly djus ds fy, cspSu gS blesa fdlh ‘kadk dks LFkku ughsa gS fd bl d;ker vkSj gykdr

ds nkSj esa iw.kZ LorU=rk ds vfrfjDr dksbZ jkLrk ugha gSA dkaxzsl bl lgh ekxZ dks izkIr djus ds fy,]


191

vktknh ds edln dks izkIr djus ds fy, ,d QSlykdqu tax vyke fgUnqLrku vkSj ml ij ‘kfDr ds

cy ls dCtk j[kus okys xksjs ‘kkldksa ds chp gksxhA exj ml ,sfrgkfld tax dks fot; }kj rd

igqapkus ds fy, cqf)thoh ;qok oxZ dk leFkZu vko’;d gSA gekjk fo’okl gS bl taxs vktknh esa

fot; izkIr djus ds fy, izR;sd fgUnqLrkuh dks laxfBr gksdj ,d ekspsZ ij vkuk vko’;d gSA exj

lHkh fgUnqLrkuh ,d ekspsZ ij [kMs+ gks tk;s rks fot; Jh mudss pj.kksa esa ljdkj ds iSj m[kM+us esa nsj

ugh yxsxh le; vk x;k gS fd vaxzstksa ls dg fn;k tk;s fd ljdkjh vf/kdkj fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dks nsdj

Loa; vyx gks tk;saA fgUnqLrku dh iw.kZ LorU=rk ds fy, dkaxzsl tehvrqy mysek;s fgUn] etfyls

vgjk:y bLyke vkSj lHkh ikfVZ;ksa laxfBr gksa rks dksbZ dkj.k ugha fd vktknh dh tax ls vyx jguk

vkSj dsoy rek’kkbZ cudj nwj ls rek’kk ns[krs jguk ilUn djsaA vxj jguk vkSj dsoy rek’kkbZ

cudj nwj ls rek’kk ns[krs jguk ilUn djsaA vxj fgUnqLrkfu;ksa esa dksbZ ‘kadk mHkj jgh gks rks vkil

esa cSBdj ‘kh/kz vfr le>kSrk dj ysuk le; dh iqdkj gSA vk’kk gS fd eqfLye yhx vkSj mlds v/;{k

feLVj ekSgEen vyh ftUuk le; dh iqdkj dks iwjk le>Sxsa vkSj bl ,sfrgkfld volj dks gkFk ls

ugha tkus nsxsa vkSj eqfLye dkSe dks nq’euksa us vktknh ds dSEi esa lfEEkfyr gksus vkSj ns’k HkDrksa ds

eqdkcys ij vkus dh :lokbZ vkSj ftYyr ls cpkus dh dksf’k’k djsaxsaA

eqgEen fdQk;r mYykg] Qdhj vgen lÃn

eqgEen gQhtqjZ:geku] vCnqy gyhe fln~ndh nsgyoh

5 vxLr 1942

7] 8 vxLr dh dk;Zokgh ds ckn 9 vxLr dks dkaxzsl dk vf/kos’ku Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds

izLrko dks vfUre :i nsus okyk FkkA ijUrq okbljk; rks ,sls Hkkjrh;ksa ls :”B cSBk FkkA mlus

vkUnksyu dks iw.kZ :i ls dqpyus dk fu’p; dj fy;k FkkA xk¡/kh th ds cM+s O;kid :i esa O;fDrxr

lR;kxzg vkSj lfou; voKk dh ifjHkk”kk crk;h Fkh ijUrq fdlh dk;Zokgh ds gksus ls iwoZ gh ljdkj us

dkaxzsl ds cM+s&cM+s usrkvksa dks ftleas ekSykuk vcqy dye] vktkn] iafMr usg:] ljnkj iVsy] dkaxzsl

desVh ds vU; lnL;kas dks iqfyl ds gkFk yxus ds dkj.k tsyksa eas Hkj fn;kA ekSykuk gQhtqjZgeku

cECkÃ ls Loksgkjk igq¡p x;s mUgksus nks LVs’ku igys gh xkM+h dks NksM+ fn;k Fkk D;kasfd iqfyl mudh

[kkst esa FkhA bu usrkvksa dks fxj¶rkj gksuk Fkk fd iwjs ns’k esa gkgkdkj ep x;k ljdkjh laifRr dks


192

u”V fd;k x;k Mkd?kjksa eas vkx yxkÃ x;h iqfyl dh xksfy;ksa dks lhus ij lgk] dksytksa dk cfg”dkj

fd;k x;k] fo|kFkhZ oxZ us viuk vkjke thou R;kx fn;k rjg&rjg dh vQokgksa dk cktkj xeZ FkkA

ekSykuk gQhtqjZ:geku Nqirs&Nqikrs nsgyh igq¡psA nsgyh esa vki fxj¶rkj ugha gks ldrs Fks

D;ksafd vkidk okjaV ;wŒihŒ ljdkj us tkjh fd;k Fkk vki lqjf{kr Fks vkius le; dk ykHk mBk;k

‘kh?kz gh tehvrqy myek;s fgUn dk vf/kos’ku 27&28 vxLr dks cqyk;kA v/;{k tehvrqy mysek;s

fgUn ‘kS[kqy bLyke lS;n gqlSy vgen enuh igys gh fxj¶rkj gks pqds Fks v/;{krk] mik/;{k lÃn

lkgc us dh vf/kos’ku us dkaxzsl dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj ,d izLrko ikfjr fd;k vkSj r; fd;k x;k fd

bldks Niok dj ns’k ds dksus rd igq¡pk fn;k tk;s ftlds fy, ;g rhuksa yksxksa dks uketn fd;k

x;k eqjknkckn eas ml le; rkjh[ks tehvrqy myaek;s fgUn ds ys[kd gtjr ekSykuk lS;n eqgEen

lkgc tkfe;ka dkfLe;ka ‘kkgh eqjknkckn ds fo|kFkhZ Fks muds xq: tuko ekSykuk lÃn eksgEen fe;ka

lkgc Fks ftudks izLrko dh izfr ck¡Vus dk dke nsgyh esa lkSaik x;k Fkk ekSykuk lÃn eksgEen fe;ka

eqjknkckn vk;s vkSj lHkh f’k”;ksa dks lfou; voKk e sa Hkkjr NksM+ksA lfEefyr gksus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA

xq: dk dguk Fkk fd f’k”; lM+dkas ij iwjs eqjknkckn eas badykc ftUnkckn ds ukjs yxus yxs iqfyl

dh xksyh ls yxHkx 18 yksxksa dh e`R;q gks x;h tcfd v[kckj eas 9 yksxksa dks fn[kk;k x;kA nwljs fnu

Hkh ;gh dk; Zokgh jgh ijUrq vkt iqfyl dk ukeksfu’kku ugha FkkA gQhrqjZ:geku dh fxj¶rkjh gsk pqdh

Fkh] ekSykuk vgen lÃn] ekSykuk lS;n] ekSgEen fe;ka ekSykuk vuojn~nhu fcgkjh] ekSykuk vCnqy ogko

cLroh] ekSykuk vCnqt ekftn nsgyuh] ekSykuk nkÅn xtuoh] ekSykuk ÃLekÃy lEHkyh] ekSykuk dkfnj

vCnqYykg eqjknkcknh] ekSykuk vCnqyogkc cLroh] ekSykuk ekSgEen ‘kkfgn fe;ka Qk[kjh bykgkcknh]

ekSykuk dkfnj vCnqYykg eqjknkcknh] ekSykuk vCnqyogkc cLroh] ekSykuk ekSgEen ‘kkfgn fe;ka Qk[kjh]

bykgkcknh ekSykuk equh:Tteka bLykekcknh] ekSykuk vCnqy okjh vCcklh] ekSykuk eqtQj unoh

lgkuiqjh vkfn dks dky dksBjh ds vUnj dSn dj fy;k x;kA tehvrqymysek vklkeh viuh fojks/kh

xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k xSj dkuwuh ?kksf”kr dj nh xÃA vkSj mlds lHkh lnL;ksa dks tsy Hkst fn;k x;kA

;|fi ;g vkUnksyu ns’kO;kih Fkk ij egkjk”Vª] mRrjizns’k] fcgkj] e/; izns’k vkSj caxky eas bldk fo’ks”k

izHkko FkkA bl vkUnksyu eas lHkh oxksZa ds fy, yksx lfEefyr FksA ljdkj ds gkse fMikVZesUVA

1- eqlyekuksa dk jks’ku eqLrdfcy % rqQSy vgen eaxykSjh] ist uaŒ535A


193

2- fgLVªh vkWQ nh bafM;u us’kuy dkaxzsl iV~Vk Hkh lhrk jeS;k] Hkkx&2 ist uaŒ 341&42A

3- Hkkjr dk jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu % izks- eqdqV fcgkjh yky] ist uaŒ 634A

4- egkRek th % Mh-th- rsUnqydj] Hkkx& 6 ist uaŒ 148&51

5- tehvrqy myek, fgUn ds izeq[k lnL;ksa ds }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k b’rgkj Hkkjr okfl;ksa ds uke

,d ekfeZd vihyA

6- Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] izks- eqdqV fcgkjh yky ist uaŒ 642

7- rkjh[ks tehvrqy myek;s fgUn gtjr eksgEen fe;k¡] ist ua- 116&123

8- LVksjh vkWQ vkÃ-,u-,- % ,l-,- v;~;j ist ua- 112


194

1971 ds Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) esa lksfo;r la?k]

vesfjdk rFkk phu dh Hkwfedk,a

MkWŒ t;Hkxoku

foHkkxk/;{k bfrgkl] miizkpk;Z

mejkoflag vk;Z ih-th- dkWyst

ipsjh cMh] cqgkuk ¼>qU>quw½ jktLFkku

1971 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds e/; ;q) tks iwohZ ikfdLrku dh leL;k dks ysdj gqvk Fkk D;ks afd

iwohZ ikfdLrku ls Hkkjrh; {ks= ia- caxky esa ‘kj.kfFkZ;ks dh leL;k mRiUu gks xbZ Fkh ftlds dkj.k

1971 esa Hkkjr & ikfdLrku ds e/; gq, ;q) esa lksfo;r la?k] vesfjdk rFkk iwohZ ;wjksi ds ns’kksa us Hkkjr

dk lkFk fn;k Fkk tcfd nwljh vkSj vesfjdk] phu rFkk dqN eqfLye jk”Vªks us ikfdLrku dk lkFk

fn;kA baXyS.M] Ýkal rFkk ;wjksi ds vU; ns’kksa dk :[k rVLFk gh jgkA ;q) izkjEHk gksus ls iwoZ gh ;g

Li”V gks x;k Fkk fd lksfo;r la?k Hkkjr dk lkFk nsxk rFkk vesfjdk o phu ikfdLrku dk lkFk nsxs A

ftl le; ;q) izkjEHk gqvk Fkk ml le; lksfo;r iz/kkuea=h dkslhfxu* MsuekdZ dh ;k=k ij

FksA mUgksus ogka izsl dkUQzsal esa dgk fd lksfo;r la?k Hkkjr ds i{k esa gS rFkk tYn gh iwOkhZ ikfdLrku

esa py jgk loS/kkfud valrks”k lekIr gks tk,xkA

lksfo;r izsl oDrO; esa bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k fd ;fn vU; ns’k bl xfrjks/k dks c<+kus

dk iz;kl djrs gS rks Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa lkefjd rFkk jktuhfrd fLFkfr dks [krjk iSnk gksxkA

lksfo;r la?k dk Li”V eUrO; phu dh vksj Fkk D;ks afd phu }kjk ikfdLrku dks cM+h la[;k esa

lSfud vkiwfrZ dh tk jgh FkhA Hkkjr&lksfo;r la?k ds e/; Hkh j{kk le>kSrs ij ppkZ gqbZA lksfo;r la?k

dk ,d izfrfuf/k eaMy mi fons’k ea=h ds lkFk iz/kkuea=h bfUnjk xk¡/kh ls 12 fnlEcj 1971 bZ- dks HksaV

dh rFkk ckaXykns’k dh Hkkjr dh ekU;rk nsus lEc/kh fcUnqvksa ij ppkZ dhA

14 fnlEcj 1971 bZ- dks Hkkjr ds nwr Mh-ih- /kj us ekLdks esa lksfo;r iz/kkuea=h ls HksaV djds

miegk}hi esa mRiu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij ppkZ dhA lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr dks vk’oklu fn;k fd ladV dh

bl ?kM+h esa og Hkkjr ds lkFk gSA lksfo;r la?k us vesfjdk rFkk phu dh [kqydj fuUnk dhA bl ;q)

esa lksfo;r la?k ds ldkjkRed lg;ksx ds dkj.k Hkkjr dks cgqr fuf’pUrrk feyhA 17 fnlEcj 1971


195

bZ- dks bfUnjk xk¡/kh us lkso;r iz/kkuea=h dks ,d i= esa fy[kk fd bl ;q) esa lksfo;r la?k us ftl

izdkj dk lg;ksx fn;k blds fy, Hkkjr lnSo drK jgsxkA

lksfo;r la?k ds leFkZu ds izfr Hkkjr esa rRdkyhu ikfVZ;ks tSls tula?k us Hkh mldh iz’kalk

dhA lksfo;r la?k us vesfjdk&phu rFkk ikfdLrku dh /kqjh ds fo:) Hkkjr dks leFkZu nsdj bfrgkl

esa Hkkjr&lksfo;r la?k eS=h dks ,d vk;ke fn;kA

bl ;q) esa vesfjdk us [kqydj ikfdLrku dk lkFk fn;kA ;q) ds nkSjku vesfjdk us ikfdLrku

dks gfFk;kjksa dh vkiwfrZ rhljs ns’kkas ds ek/;e ls dhA bfUnjk xk¡/kh us jkeyhyk eSnku fnYyh esa ,d

tulHkk esa vesfjdh uhfr dh [kqydj fuUnk dhA mUgksusa iwohZ ikfdLrku esa tula?kkj dks u jksdus ds

fy, vesfjdk dh vkykspuk dhA

rRdkyhu vesfjdk jk”Vªifr fuDlu dk ikfdLrku dks leFkZu dbZ dkj.kksa ls FkkA izFke phu ds

vkxkeh vesfjdk jk”Vªifr ds nkSjs dks lQy cukuk] f}rh;] lksfo;r la?k ds Hkkjr dkss uSfrd ,o

lkefjd lg;ksx dks detksj cukuk] rhljk ikfdLrku }kjk vesfjdk & phu lEcU/kks dks e/kqj cukus esa

e/;LFk dk dke djuk] pkSFkk Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa vfLFkj fLFkfr dks jksduk] iape] vesfjdh uhfr

ftlesa Hkkjr dks ,d mHkjrh {ks=h; ‘kfDr u cuus nsuk lfEefyr FksA

vr% 9 fnlEcj 1971 bZ- dks rRdkyhu vesfjdk jk”Vªifr fuDlu us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd caxky

dh [kkM+h esa vesfjdh ukSlsuk dks Hkkjr ij nCkko cukus ds fy, HksTkk tk,A caxky dh [kkM+h esa vesfjdk

ukSlsuk dh mifLFkfr dks ckaXykns’k ds ukxfjdksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, ,d iz;kl crk;kA nwljh vksj

lksfo;r la?k us vesfjdk dh bldh vkykspuk dhA mlus bls Hkkjr ij ncko cukus dk iz;kl ekurs

gq, vius ukSlSfud csMs+ dks Hkh caxky dh [kkM+h dh vksj HkstkA

QyLo:i] vesfjdk ukSlSfud csM+k caxky dh [kkM+h ls YkkSV x;kA Hkkjrh; laln esa vesfjdk ds

bl izdkj ds O;ogkj dh dM+h vkykspuk dh xbZA lh-ih-,e- usrk T;ksfr cklq us fuDlu ds O;ogkj dks

‘kjkjriw.kZ dgk ftlls Hkkjr dh lqj{kk dks [krjk mRiUu gks x;k gSA

1971 bZ- dk ;q) rFkk phu dh Hkwfedk %&bl ;q) esa phu us ikfdLrku dk [kqyk leFkZu fd;k

D;ksfd phu bl {ks= esa ikfdLrku tSls fe= dks [kksuk ugh pkgrk FkkA phu us Li”V dgk fd iwohZ

ikfdLrku esa py jgk ladV ikfdLrku dk vkUrfjd ekeyk gSA rRdkyhu ikd fons’k ea=h HkqV~Vks dks

phu ;k=k ds ckn] rRdkyhu ikd jk”Vªifr ;kgxa [kku vk’oLr gks x;s fd bl iwjs ;q) ds nkSjku phu


196

us ikfdLrku dk [kqydj leFkZu fd;k rFkk Hkkjr&:l lfU/k dks ikfdLrku ds fo:) lSfud “kM;a=

djkj fn;kA phu dh Li”V Hkwfedk ls ikfdLrku dks uSfrd cy feykA 16 fnlEcj 1971 bZ- dks phu us

Li”V :Ik ls ikfdLrku dk leFkZu djrs gq, dgk fd lksfo;r ljdkj us bl ;q) esa ‘keZukd iw.kZ

O;ogkj djrs gq, Hkkjr dk voS/k lkFk fn;k gSA iwjk fo’Ok vuqHko dj jgk gS fd bl ;q) ds ihNs

Hkkjr dh foLrkj oknh uhfr fNih gSA

;q) fd lekfIr ds ckn rRdkyhu ikd jk”Vªifr HkqV~Vks us ch-ch-lh- dks fn, lk{kkRdkj esa dgk

Fkk fd phu dk ;q) ds nkSjku ikd dks leFkZu lhfer Fkk] D;ks afd rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa phu blls

vf/kd dqN ugh dj ldrk FkkA tks Hkh leFkZu phu us fn;k Fkk og phu dks nksLrh dks etcwfr iznku

djrk gSA phu dh Hkwfedk Li”Vr% ikfdLrku dks csodwQ cukus okyh gh jgh D;ks afd og dHkh Hkh Hkkjr

:l ls [kqydj la?k”kZ ugh pkgrk Fkk D;kasfd ;q) dh fLFkfr esa :l phu dks cMh gkfu igq¡pkus dh

fLFkfr esa FkkA

1971 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) esa la;qDr jk”Vª la?k dh Hkwfedk%&;q) izkjEHk gksrss gh Hkkjr rFkk

ikfdLrku us vius Lrj ls la;qDr jk”Vª la?k dks lwfpr fd;k fd vesfjdk us la;qDr jk”Vª la?k esa ;q)

fojke dk izLrko j[kkA ftldks lksfo;r la?k }kjk ohVks fd;k x;kA lqj{kk ifj”kn esa lksfo;r la?k }kjk

vesfjdh izLRkko dks ohVks djuk ,d izdkj ls ,sfrgkfld dne gh FkkA vesfjdh izLrko dk eUrO; iwOkhZ

ikfdLrku esa py jgs tu la?k”kZ dks rqjUr lekIr dj ikfdLrku ljdkj dks ,d izdkj ls jkgr

igq¡pkuk gh FkkA LVsVleSu us vius lEikndh; esa lksfo;r la?k }kjk vesfjdh izLrko dks ohVks djus ds

fy, /kU;okn fn;kA

lqj{kk ifj”kn ds lnL;ks us bl izLrko dk leFkZu fd;k Qzkal rFkk fczVsu vuqifLFkfr gh jgsA

phu us lksfo;r la?k rFkk Hkkjr dh vkykspu djrs gq, dgk fd Hkkjr us ikfdLrku ij vkØe.k fd;k

gSA phuh izfrfuf/k us iwohZ ikfdLrku esa py jgs ladV dks vkUrfjd leL;k dh laKk nsrs gq, Hkkjr dh

dk;Zokgh dh dM+h vkykspuk dh A

lqj{kk ifj”kn vUrr% fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; ij ugha igq¡p ldhA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g Fkk fd

lqj{kk ifj”kn us Hkkjr ds gLr{ksi dh foo’krk ds ewy dkj.kkas dh HkRlZuk ugha dhA iwohZ ikfdLrku esa

py jgs jktuhfrd xfrjks/k rFkk ujla?kkj dh [kqyh vkykspuk ls Hkh la;qDr jk”Vª la?k cprk jgkA


197

QyLo:Ik fnlEcj 1971 bZ- esa nksuks ns’kks ds e/; rhljk cM+k ;q) yM+kA eksgEen v¸;wc ds

vuqlkj 1971 bZ- dk Hkkjr &ikd ;q) rFkk ckaXykns’k dh eqfDr bl miegk}hi ds bfrgkl dh

egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gSA

ikfdLrku dh lSfud ijkt; rFkk ckaXykns’k ds ,d jk”Vª ds :i esa vfLrRo esa vkus ds ckn

;g ckr Li”V gks xbZ fd if’peh jk”Vªks a fo’ks”k :Ik ls vesfjdk dh ;g lksp fd ikfdLrku dks lSfud

lgk;rk nsus ls gh bl {ks= lksfo;r la?k ds izHkko dks de djds vesfjdh opZLo dks dk;e j[kk tk

ldrk gS xyr fl) gqvk Hkkjr dk ,d {ks=h; ‘kfDr ds :Ik esa LFkkfir gksuk ;g fl) dj jgk Fkk fd

bl miegk}hi esa vesfjdk dks viuh ijEijkxr uhfr esa ifjoZru djuk gksxkA lkFk gh Hkkjr dk ncko

phu ij Hkh iM+sxk ftlls bl {ks= esa lksfo;r la?k dh fLFkfr vkSj etcwr gksxhA

vr% bl ;q) ds ckn nksuksa ns’kksa us fdlh rhljs ns’k dh e/;LFkrk ds fcuk okrkZ vk;ksftr

djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k ftlds vUrxZr nksuksa ns’kksa ds e/; ‘kkfUr LFkkfir djus ds fy, viz Sy 1992 esa

f’keyk le>kSrk vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- fgUnqLrku VkbEl] 14 fnlEcj 1971

2- fn MkWu] 6 fnlEcj 1971

3- eksgEen v;qc] bafM;k ikfdLrku ,.M&ckaXykns’k] i&1&2

4- yksd lHkk fMcsVl] ok xx II,u-&1]31 tqykbZ 1972 dkye 251&252

5- lUMs LVSUMMZ] 16 tqykbZ 1972 bZ-


198

rk’kdan lEesyu esas lksfo;r la?k dh dwVuhfrd Hkwfedk

MkWŒ t;Hkxoku

foHkkxk/;{k bfrgkl] miizkpk;Z

mejkoflag vk;Z ih-th- dkWyst

ipsjh cMh] cqgkuk ¼>qU>quw½ jktLFkku

1965 ds Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) esa lksfo;r la?k dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj rk’kdan lEesyu ls lksfo;r

la?k dh nf{k.k ,f’k;k uhfr esa ,d mYys[kuh; cnyko vk;k] tks yxHkx lkr o”kkZsa ¼1964 ls 1971½ rd

jgkA

rRdkyhu dwVuhfrd ifjn’; esa lksfo;r la?k e/; ,f’k;k ds nf{k.kh o nf{k.k&iwoZ e sa ,d

jktuhfrd okrkoj.k cukus ds izfr bPNqd FkkA blls lksfo;r la?k ds e/; ,f’k;k ds x.kra=ksa dh

lqj{kk lqfuf’pr gks ldrh Fkh vkSj bl {ks= esa fodsUnzh vkosxksa dh mRifRr ls cpko gks ldrk FkkA

[kkM+h ds xje ty lzksrksa vkSj mlds ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa rd igq¡p LFkkfir djus dh Hkh mldh bPNk FkhA

1965 ds Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) us lksfo;r la?k dks ,slk dne mBkus ds fy, ,d volj iznku fd;kA

vesfjdk] tks fo;ruke ds lkFk ;q) esa O;Lr Fkk vkSj ijek.kq {kerk o ‘k=qrkiw.kZ nf”Vdks.k okys phu

dks ysdj fpafrr Fkk tks lksfo;r la?k ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dk ln~Hkko LFkkfir djus dk bPNqd FkkA

vius lg;ksxh ikfdLrku ls nwjh u c<+kus ds bPNqd vesfjdk us 1965 ds ;q) ds nkSjku

lksfo;r la?k dks nf{k.kh ,f’k;k esa egRoiw.kZ jktuhfrd Hkwfedk fuHkkus nsus ds izfr bPNk trkbZA

lksfo;r la?k us 1964&65 ds chp ikfdLrku dks ;g ladsr fn;k fd og mlds lkFk f}i{kh; vkfFkZd

vkSj rduhdh laca/kksa dk foLrkj pkgrk gSA bUgha dkjdksa us lksfo;r la?k dks Hkkjr&ikfdLrku cSBd dh

estckuh djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA

lksfo;r iz/kkuea=h ,tsDlh dkslhfxu us 20 vxLr] 4 flrEcj] 7 flrEcj] 8 flrEcj vkSj fQj

21 uoEcj 1965 dks ikfdLrku jk”Vªifr v¸;wc [kku o Hkkjrh; iz/kkuea=h ykycgknqj ‘kkL=h dks lans’k

Hkstdj Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp fooknksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, viuk lg;ksx nsus dk izLrko j[kkA

rk’kdUn le>kSrs ls iwoZ nksuksa ns’kksa ds e/; la’k; dk okrkoj.k cuk gqvk FkkA ubZ fnYyh dks fjiksVZ

fey jgh Fkh fd 14]000 xqfjYyk lSfud d’ehj esa ?kqliSB ds fy, rS;kj fd, tk jgs gSA rRdkyhu


199

ikd fons’k ea=h HkqV~Vks us lkoZtfud :i ls dgk fd ;fn la;qDr jk”Vª la?k Hkkjr ij d’ehj dks

ikfdLrku dks nsus dk ncko ugha Mkyrk gS rks ikfdLrku iqu% ;q) NsM+ nsxkA ikfdLrku us 23 flrEcj

ls 22 uoEcj 1965 bZ0 ds chp 56 ckj ;q) fojke dks Hkax fd;k FkkA bl izdkj ds okrkoj.k esa ;q)

fojke dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha FkkA 25 uoEcj] 1965 dks ekLdksa esa HkqV~Vks us izsl okrkZ esa dgk fd jk”Vªifr

v¸;wc [kku iz/kkuea=h ‘kkL=h ds lkFk Hkkjr&ikd lEcU/kksa ij okrkZ djsxsaA nwljh vksj iz/kkuea=h ‘kkL=h

us ubZ fnYyh esa 2 tuojh 1966 dks dgk fd izLrkfor rk’kdUn le>kSrk rHkh lQy gks ldrk gS

tcfd ikfdLrku rFkk Hkkjr ls fooknksa dks fuiVkus ds fy, gfFk;kj dk iz;ksx u djus dk le>kSrk

dj ysaA ‘kkL=hth us ;g Hkh dgk fd d’ehj ds leys ij rk’kdUn esa dksbZ okrkZ ugha gksxhA d’ehj

Hkkjr dk vfHkUu vax gS rFkk bldh lqj{kk dks v{kq..k j[kk tk;sxkA

ikd ds jk”Vªifr v¸;wc [kku us dgk fd ^^rk’kdUn esa ‘kkL=h ds lkFk okrkZ bl mi egk}hi esa

,d fu.kkZ;d okrkZ gksxhaA og rk’kdUn esa [kqys fnekx ls tk jgs gSaA** mUgksaus vkxs dgk fd :l us bl

ckr dk ladsr fn;k gS fd og d’ehj leL;k ds gy dk iz;kl djsxkA

bl izdkj nksuksa ns’kksa ds vyx&vyx oDrO; ls yx jgk Fkk fd rk’kdUn okrkZ foQy gks

tk;sxhA ‘kkL=h vksj v¸;wc [kku dkslhfxu dh mifLFkfr esa mTcsfdLrku x.kra= fLFkr rk’kdUn okrkZ

ds fy, lger gks x,A rk’kdUn lEesyu 4 ls 10 tuojh 1966 rd ,d rukoiw.kZ okrkoj.k esa lEiUu

gqvkA fons’k ea=h ljnkj Lo.kZ flag o j{kk ea=h okbZ- ch- pkSgku Hkh ogka x;s FksA tcfd v¸;wc [kku ds

lkFk okf.kT; ea=h xqyke Qk:[k] lwpuk ea=h [oktk ‘kkcqn~nhu vkSj fons’k ea=h tqfYQdkj vyh HkqV~Vks

rk’kdUn igq¡psA lHkh izfrfuf/ke.Myksa ds lkFk ofj”B vf/kdkjh Hkh FksA

rk’kdUn cSBd ds egRo dk vkdayu djrs le; nks ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk vko’;d gSA

igyk&nksuksa i{k vUrjkZ”Vªh; dwVuhfrd ncko ds dkj.k cSBd ds fy, rS;kj gq,A nwljk&Hkkjr vkSj

ikfdLrku ds Li”V] fojks/kkeklh mn~ns’; FksA Hkkjr ;q)&fojke js[kk dh cgkyh ds lkFk d’ehj dh

fLFkfr ij lEesyu esa dksbZ fopkj foe’kZ ugha pkgrk Fkk] tcfd ikfdLrku d’ehj dks ,d vUrjkZ”Vªh;

eqn~ns ds :i esa la;qDr jk”Vª esa ppkZ eas ykuk pkgrk FkkA mldk y{; mu mn~ns’;ksa dks jktuhfrd :i

ls izkIr djuk Fkk] ftUgsa og lSU; iz;ksx }kjk izkIr ugha dj ik;k FkkA

3 tuojh] 1966 dks v¸;wc [kku vkSj ‘kkL=h th rk’kdUn igq¡psA blds rqjUr ckn dkslhfxu

dh muds lkFk vyx&vyx cSBd gqbZA f=i{kh; lEesyu rk’kdUn E;qfufliy gkWy esa 4 tuojh 1966


200

bZ0 dh nksigj dks dkslhfxu ds Hkk”k.k ds lkFk ‘kq: gqvkA dkslhfxu ds vius Hkk”k.k esa dgk fd

^^Hkkjr&ikfdLrku laca/k nksuksa ns’kksa ds ln~Hkkouk o vkilh le>nkjh fn[kkus o ldkjkRed ifj.kke

izkIr djus dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrs gSA**

5 tuojh 1966 dks ‘kkL=h o v¸;wc vkSj muds dSfcusV eaf=;ksa ds chp okrkZ esa nf”Vdks.k dk

xgu varj utj vk;kA D;ksafd ljnkj Lo.kZ flag vkSj HkqV~Vks ds chp fopkj&foe’kZ cgqr :[kk FkkA 6

tuojh 1966 ds iwoZ rd ;g Li”V gks x;k fd okrkZ esa xfrjks/k mRiUu gks pqdk gSA mlds ckn

dkslhfxu us ,d lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA mUgksaus 6 vkSj 7 tuojh 1966 dks izfrfnu

nksuksa ls vkB ls nl ?k.Vs ckrphr esa fcrk,A bl cSBd esa Hkh ;g Li”V gqvk fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku

ds chp le>kSrk ugha gks ldrkA dkslhfxu varr% xfrjks/k lekIr djus esa lQy jgsA mUgksaus 8 vkSj 9

tuojh 1966 dks v¸;wc [kku vkSj ‘kkL=h th ds lkFk yach ckrphr dhA er dh fofHkUurk cgqr xaHkhj

Fkh ysfdu rhuksa i{k bl ckjs esa ,d er Fks fd ;g lEesyu foQy ugha gksuk pkfg,A

erHksn ds nks egRoiw.kZ fcUnq Fks&lEesyu ds urhtksa dk la{ksi.k djus okys vafre dkxtkr esa

d’ehj eqn~ns ij dksbZ fuf’pr :[k viukuk vkSj Hkkjr }kjk egRoiw.kZ lhek&njksaZ dks [kkyh djukA

dkslhfxu ds vkxzg ij nksuksa i{k igys fcUnq ij lger gks x,A gkthihj] dkjfxy o mjh&iqaN {ks= esa

ekxksZa dks [kkyh djus ds laca/k esa erHksn dk nwljk fcanw ,d xaHkhj eqnk FkkA vUrr% dkslhfxu us ‘kkL=h

th dks nks rdkZsa ds vk/kkj ij bu {ks=ksa ls Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dh okilh ds fy, rS;kj dj fy;kA mlus

dgk fd nksuksa i{k viuh lsukvksa dks ml fLFkfr esa okil ys vk,¡xsa] tgka os 5 vxLr ls igys FksA

rk’kdUn le>kSrk 10 tuojh 1966 dks lk<+s pkj cts rk’kdUn E;qfufliy gkWy esa gLrk{kfjr

fd;k x;kA fons’k ea=h Lo.kZ flag us dgk fd & ^^dksflfxu us u dsoy lEesyu ds fopkj dks

izk;ksftr fd;k cfYd lHkh pj.kksa esa] [kkldj eqf’dy le; esa] ‘kkafrnwr ds :i esa dke fd;k vkSj

vojks/kksa dks nwj djus esa enn dhA mUgksaus fdlh lek/kku dk dksbZ izLrko ugha j[kk vkSj u gh dksbZ

lek/kku Fkksius dk iz;kl fd;kA blds ckotwn muds O;fDrxr izHkko ds fcuk rk’kdUn ?kks”k.kk dks

Lo:i ugha fey ikrkA** tcfd HkqV~Vks rk’kdUn le>kSrs ds bl izfrca/k ls fcYdqy [kq’k ugha FksA

vrar% rk’kdUn le>kSrs esa] ukS fcUnqvksa ij Hkkjr&ikfdLrku esa bl ij lgefr cu xbZA Hkkjr

ds iz/kkuea=h vkSj ikfdLrku us jk”Vªifr] lksfo;r la?k ds usrkvksa] lksfo;r ljdkj vkSj O;fDrxr :i


201

ls lksfo;r la?k ds dkmafly vkWQ fefuLVlZ ds izfr xgjk vkHkkj izdV fd;kA D;ksafd mUgksaus bl

cSBd dks vk;ksftr djds larks”kizn ifj.kkeksa dks izkIr djus esa nksLrkuk rFkk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

lUnHkZ%&

1- Hkkjr&ikd lEcU/k% & ts- ,u- nhf{kr i”B 158&159

2- bafM;k ikfdLrku okj] 1965] ,p-vkj- xqIrk] okWY;we 11] i”B 220&221

3- fgUnqLrku VkbEl] 23 flrEcj 1964 bZ0

4- fn MkWQu] 17 vizSy 1965 bZ0

5- VkbEl vkWQ bafM;k] 6 vxLr] 1965


202

izk.kk;ke dk Lo:i ,oa rRoKku

/khjt

vflLVsUV izksQslj

‘kkjhfjd f’k{kk foHkkx

vghj dkWyst] jsokM+hA

la{ksi.k %&

izk.kk;ke ‘kCn ds nks [kaM gSaA ,d îzk.k* nwljk ^vk;ke* gSA izk.k dk eksVk vFkZ gS thou rRo

vkSj vk;ke dk vFkZ gS&foLrkjA izk.k ‘kCn ds lkFk izk;% ok;q tksM+k gksrk gSA rc mldk vFkZ ukd }kjk

lkal ysdj QsQM+ksa esa QSykuk rFkk mlds vkWDlhtu va’k dks jDr ds ek/;e ls leLr ‘kjhj esa igqapuk

Hkh gksrk gSA ;g izfØ;k ‘kjhj dks thfor j[krh gSA vUu&ty ds fcuk dqN le; xqtkjk gks ldrk gS]

ij lkal ds fcuk rks ne ?kqVus ls dqN {k.kksa esa gh thou dk vUr gks tkrk gSA izk.k&rRo dh efgek

thou /kkj.k ds fy, Hkh de ugha gSA

lw{e nf”V ls izk.k dk vFkZ czãk.M Hkj esa laO;kIr ,slh ÅtkZ gS] tks tM+ vkSj psru nksuksa dk

lefUor :i gSA tho/kkfj;ksa dh nks gypysa gSa ,d Kkuijd nwljh fØ;kijdA nksuksa dks gh xfr’khy

j[kus ds fy, laO;kIr izk.k&ÅtkZ ls iks”k.k feyrk gSA blh vk/kkj ij tho/kkfj;ksa dk vfLrRo gSA

izk.k&’kfDr dh xfjek loksZifj gksus vkSj mlh ds vk/kkj ij fuokZg djus ds dkj.k tho/kkfj;ksa dks izk.kh

dgrs gSaA izÑfr vuqnku ds :i esa gj izk.kh dks ek= mruh gh izk.k&ÅtkZ feyrh gS] ftlls og vius

thfor jgus ds vko’;d lk/ku izkIr dj ldsaA

dqath ‘kCn %& izk.k] vuUr] lw{e ‘kjhj] v.kq] fØ;k KkuA

izLrkouk %&

lf”V esa tks psrurk fn[kkbZ iM+ jgh gS] mldk ewy dkj.k izk.k gS vuUr lf”V&izokg esa

izk.krRo gh fgyksjsa ys jgk gSA ;gh lalkj dh mRifRr dk dkj.k gSA leLr lf”V dYi ds vkfn vkSj

var esa vkdk’k :i esa ifj.kr gks tkrh gSA ubZ lf”V esa izk.krRo dh vfHkO;Dr gksdj fofHkUu lajpukvksa

ds :i esa nf”Vxkspj gksrk gSA iFoh ds xq#Rokd”kZ.k ,oa v.kqvksa dh pqEcdh; ‘kfDr esa izk.k&’kfDr gh

ØhM+k&dYyksy dj jgh gSA psru thoksa dh gypyksa esa ogh izsj.kk Hkj jgh gSA mRiknu] vfHko/kZu dk

ewy dkj.k izk.k&Lianu gh gSA


203

;gh thoksa dks uohu lf”V ds fy, ijLij vkc) djrk] izsj.kk Hkjrk rFkk lUrfr dk mRiknu

dk vfrfjDr nkf;Ro ogu djus dks ck/; djrk gSA dke dh izp.M ‘kfDr izk.k dk gh ,d Hkkx gSA

bldk fuEu Lrjh; i{k gS&dke okluk ls lUrfr&mRiknu rFkk mPpLrjh; Lo:i gS&fopkjksa dh

mRÑ”Vrk] Hkkoukvksa dh mnkRrrk] bZ’ojh;&izse] vkn’kZ&fl)kUrksa ds izfr vlhe izseA

LFkwy ,oa lw{e txr dh leLr ‘kfDr;k¡ izk.k dh gh vfHkO;fDr gSaA izk.kk;ke lk/kuk dk y{;

bl rRo dks tkuuk rFkk ml ij fu;fU=r izk.k bruh cM+h laink gS] ftlds le{k lalkj dh lHkh

HkkSfrd laink,¡ NksM+h tk ldrh gSaA ml egk’kfDr ls izÑfr dks Hkh o’khHkwr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

og czãk.M&O;kih lw{e izk.k&’kfDr gh gS tks vk¡[kksa ls fn[kkbZ u nsus ij Hkh v/;kRe lk/kukvksa

ds ek/;e ls xzg.k&vkRelkr~ djus ij izk.k&iz;ksx cu tkrh gSA bls gh [khapdj vius fodflr lw{e

‘kjhj esa /kkj.k dj ;ksxhtu fnO; {kerk laiUu curs gSaA v/;kRe foKku dh ;g fo|k vkfRed

dk;kdYi eas o ekufld {kerkvksa ds vfHko/kZu esa cM+h lQyrkiwoZd iz;qDr dh tk ldrh gS] bls

vius&thou esa ijhf{kr dj _f”k;ksa us xzaFkksa esa Hkh mn~/kr fd;k gSA

izk.krRo leLr HkkSfrd vkSj vkfRed lainkvksa dk mn~xe dsUnz gSA og loZ= laO;kIr gSA mlesa

ls tks ftruh vatfy Hkjus vkSj mls ihus esa leFkZ gksrk gS] og mlh Lrj dk egkekuo curk pyk

tkrk gSA izk.k ‘kfDr dk i;kZ;okph gSA mldh ifjf/k esa HkkSfrd laink,¡ vkSj vkfRed foHkwfr;k¡ nksuksa gh

vkrh gSaA

izk.k dks rRonf’kZ;ksa us nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS & 1- v.kq 2- foHkqA v.kq og tks inkFkZ txr

esa lfØ;rk cudj ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA foHkq og tks psru txr esa thou cudj ygygk jgk gSA bu nks

foHkkxksa dks vkf/knSfod] dkfLed vkSj vk/;kfRed ekbØksdkfLed vFkok fgj.;xHkZ dgk tkrk gSA

bl v.kq ‘kfDr dks ysdj gh inkFkZ foKku dk lkjk <k¡pk [kM+k fd;k x;k gSA fo|qr] rki]

izdk’k] fofdj.k vkfn dh vusdkusd ‘kfDr;k¡ mlh lzksr ls xfr’khy jgrh gSA v.kq ds Hkhrj tks

lfØ;rk gS] og lw;Z dh gSA ;fn lw;Z dk izdk’k iFoh rd u igq¡ps rks ;gk¡ loZFkk uhjork&LrC/krk

ifjyf{kr gksxhA dgha dqN Hkh gypy fn[kkbZ u iM+sxhA v.kqvksa dh tks lfØ;rk] inkFkkZsa dk vkfoHkkZo]

vfHko/kZu ,oa ifjorZu djrh gS] mldk dksbZ vfLrRo fn[kkbZ u iM+sxkA HkkSfrd foKku us bl lw;Z }kjk

iFOkh dks iznRr v.kq ‘kfDr ds :i esa igpkuk gS vkSj mls fofHkUu izdkj ds vkfo”dkj djds

lq[k&lk/kuksa dk vkfoHkkZo fd;k gSA ‘kfDr ds fdrus gh izpaM lzksr djryxr fd;s gSaA ij ;g ugha


204

eku cSBuk pkfg, fd fo’o&O;kih ‘kfDr HkaMkj ek= v.kq’kfDr dh HkkSfrd lkeF;Z rd gh lhekc) gSA

oLrqr% ;g foiqy laink blls Hkh dbZ xquk vf/kd gS] tM+&psru lHkh esa leku :i ls laO;kIr gSA

tM+ txr esa ‘kfDr rjaxksa ds :i esa] laO;kIr lfØ;rk ds :i esa izk.k dk ifjp; fn;k tk

ldrk gS vkSj psru txr esa mls laosnuk dgk tk ldrk gSA bPNk] Kku vkSj fØ;k blh laosnuk ds

rhu :i gSaA thoar izk.kh blh ds vk/kkj ij thfor jgrs gSaA mlh ds lgkjs pkgrs] lksprs vkSj

iz;Ru’khy gksrs gSaA bl thouh ‘kfDr dh ftruh ek=k ftls fey tkrh gS] og mruk gh vf/kd izk.koku

dgk tkrk gS] vkRek dks egkRek] nsokRek vkSj ijekRek cuus dk volj bl izk.k’kfDr dh vf/kd ek=k

miyC/k djus ij gh laHko gksrh gSA psruk dh foHkq lRrk tks leLr fo’o&czãk.M esa laO;kIr gS&psru

izk.k dgykrh gSA mlh dk veqd va’k iz;RuiwoZd vius ess a /kkj.k djus okyk izk.kh&izk.koku ,ia egkizk.k

curk gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- Jhjke ‘kekZ vkpk;Z] vklu izk.kk;ke ls vkf/k&O;kf/k fuokj.k i0 132&133

2- Lokeh jkenso% izk.kk;ke jgL;A

3- gkfde flag fcluhd] ;ksxklu rFkk ;ksfxd “kV~deZA


205

Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd jk”V ªokn dk mn~Hko % ¼1870 ls 1905½

jfo ;kno

vflLVsUV izksQslj ¼bfrgkl½

iksLV xzstq,V xoZuesaV dkWyst] p.Mhx<+

la{ksi.k %

nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth }kjk izLrqr /ku fudklh fl)kUr us Hkkjr esa fczfV’k jkt dh izofRr]

pfj= vkSj mn~ns’; ds lEcU/k esa fu/kkZfjr /kkj.kk dks ifjofrZr dj jk”Vªokfn;ksaa dks

jktuhfrd ;q) ds ekxZ ij vxzlj gksus dks ck/; dj fn;kA turk ds e/; LFkk;h :i ls

jktuhfrd }U} dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks x;hA1 jk”Vªokfn;ksa }kjk mifuos’kokn dh mudh

vkykspuk dk ,d gh dsUnz fcUnq Fkk ^/ku dh fudklh*A mifuos’kokn ds izfr bl oSpkfjd

nf”Vdks.k dks jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu ds fupys ls fupys rcds ds dk;ZdrkZvksa us Hkh vkRelkr

fd;kA xka/kh ;qx dh tu&jktuhfr ds le; bUgksaus bl nf”Vdks.k dks xkao&xkao] ‘kgj&’kgj

QSyk;kA Hkk”k.kksa] ijpksa] ukVdksa] xhrksa] i=&if=dkvksa ds ys[kksa ds ek/;e ls bl ckr ij

cgqr tksj fn;k x;kA bl izdkj ds vfHk;ku us Hkkjrh; turk ds fnekx esa vkSifuosf’kd

‘kklu dh cqfu;kn detksj djus eas cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA bl fl)kUr us ,d lqn<+

rFkk yxkrkj pyus okys lkezkT;okn fojks/kh vkUnksyu ds fy, jkLrk [kksykA ^lEifRr ds

nksgu* ds fl)kUr us ,d vewy ifjorZudkjh ‘kfDr dk dk;Z fd;kA2 bl fl)kUr us

vkjfEHkd ujenyh; dkaxzsl dh ekaxksa ,oa xfrfof/k;ksa dks ,d lS)kfUrd vk/kkj iznku

fd;kA3 vUrr% nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth dks fczfV’k laln lnL; gksus ds ukrs ljdkjh [kp Z dh

1

fcfiupUnz] jkbt ,.M xzksFk vkWQ bduksfed us’kufyTe bu bf.M;k] i`- 231 2 ljdkj] lqfer] ekWMZu bf.M;k] i`- 110 3 ogh] i`- 105


206

tkap&iM+rky ds fy, ebZ] 1895 esa ‘kkgh deh’ku ¼foyoh deh’ku½ dks fu;qDr djkus esa

lQyrk fey x;hA1

daqth ‘kCn % nksgu] ‘kkgh] deh’ku] lks’kfyLV

izLrkouk %

;g lR; gS fd ^fudklh fl)kUr* us jktuhfrd fuf”Ø;rk dks lfØ;rk esa cnydj

jktuhfrd vf/kdkj ds iz’u dks jktuhfr dk dsUnz fcUnq cuk fn;kA lkFk gh ns’kt vk/kkj

ij vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh egRrk dks js[kkafdr fd;kA

jk"Vªokfn;ksa us ns’k esa vkS|ksfxd psruk ds izlkj gsrq Hkkjrh; f’kf{kr oxZ] tehankjksas

vkSj fj;klrksa ds ‘kkldksa dks rduhdh Ldwy vkSj dkWyst [kksyus ds fy,] fons’k v/;;u gsrq

Nk=ofRr nsus gsrq izsfjr fd;kA 1876 esa bf.M;k yhx us ,d rduhdh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk essa

lg;ksx fn;kA 1899 esa ts-,u- VkVk us ns’k esas mPp oSKkfud f’k{kk vkSj vuqla/kku gsrq 30

yk[k :i;s dk nku fn;kA blds fy, Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dkaxzsl us /kU;okn izLrko ikfjr

fd;kA2 1904 esa dydRrk esa ds-lh- cuthZ] lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ] ,-,e- cksl vkfn usrkvksa ds

usrRo esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh f’k{kk dh izxfr ds fy, ,d laLFkk dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh

,d lsUVªy ykbczsjh dks lEiUu cukus vkSj O;fLFkr <ax ls pykus ds fy, ,d yk[k :i;k

izfro”kZ mxkgus dk fu’p; fd;kA laLFkk dk okf”kZd U;wur lnL;rk ‘kqYd pkj vkuk

fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA3 1890 esa jkukMs us cEcbZ essa ,d vkS|ksfxd la?k dh LFkkiuk dhA iwuk

esa ,d vkS|ksfxd lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;kA 1891 eas dydRrk es a Hkh ,d vkS|ksfxd

lEesyu gqvkA4 dydRrk ds dkaxzzsl vf/kos’ku ¼1890½ esa ,d vkS|ksfxd izn’kZuh yxk;h xbZA

ykgkSj vf/kos’ku ¼1900½ esas vkS|ksfxd leL;kvksa ij fopkj gsrq vk/kk fnu ukVd ûhyniZ.k*

1 xkaxqyh] ch-,u-] nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth ,.M fn Mªsu F;ksjh] i`- 142 2 lhrkjeS;k] ch- iV~VkfHk] fn fgLVªh vkWQ n bf.M;u us’kuy dkaxzsl 1885&1935] i`- 175 3 fcfiupUnz] iwoksZDr] i`- 49 4 xkMfxy] Mh- vkj-] fn baMfLVª;y boksY;w’ku vkWQ bf.M;k bu jhlsUV VkbEl] i`- 142


207

ls ysdj n’kdksa dk vusd ,sls ukVd eafpr fd;s ftlds dkj.k fyVu dks ^MªesfVd

ijQkesZlst ,DV* ykuk iM+kA1

nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us vUrjkZ”Vªh; lks’kfyLV dkaxszl ¼1904½ esa Hkk”k.k djrs gq, Hkkjr

dks Lo’kklu vkSj nwljs fczfV’k mifuos’kksa dh rjg dk njtk fn;s tkus dh ekax j[khA2

1905 esa Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dkaxzsl ds cukjl vf/kos’ku esa Hksts vius lUns’k esa dgk fd ^Hkkjr

dh leL;kvksa dk ,dek= lek/kku Lo’kklu gSA* 1906 ds dydRrk vf/kos’ku ds v/;{kh.k

Hkk”k.k esa vU; fczfV’k mifuos’kksa dh rjg ds Lo’kklu ;k ^LojkT;* dks gkfly djus dks

jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu dk y{; r; fd;kA3 bl izdkj jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu dk y{; r; djus vkSj

ml y{; izkfIr ds fy, la?k”kZ djus gsrq ekufld :i ls rS;kj djus dk Js; nknkHkkbZ vkSj

nRr tSls fo}kuksa dks gS] bls Lohdkj djuk gh gksxkA

fczfV’k ‘kkldksa us Hkkjrh;ksa esa bl /kkj.kk dks iq”V fd;k fd muesa jktuhfrd ‘kfDr

dk iz;ksx djus dh {kerk ugha gSA4 lqfu;ksftr <ax ls izpkfjr dj Hkkjrh;ksa ds eu esa bl

Hkkouk dks cSBk fn;k FkkA ukSjksth tSls O;fDr us fczfV’k laln vFkok okbljk; ifj”kn esa

Hkkjrh;ksa dk i{k tc etcwrh ls j[kk rks Hkkjrh;ksa esa tks’k vkuk LokHkkfod FkkA5 laoS/kkfud

laLFkkvksa ds izfr jk”Vªokfn;ksa dh bl jk”Vªh; j.kuhfr dk lQy gksuk vk’p;Z ugha FkkA

xka/kh;qx esa blh ijEijk dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, jk”Vªokfn;ksa us vla[; ‘kgjksa] dLcksa vkSj

ftyksa esa LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ij dCtk dj fy;kA ftu Hkkjrh;ksa us fo/kkf;dkvksa vkSj

uxjikfydkvksa ds ek/;e ls dk;Z fd;k] mUgksaus vkSifuosf’kd lRrk dk vax cuus ls Li”V

bUdkj dj fn;kA jk”Vªokfn;ksa us laoS/kkfud laLFkkvksa dk iz;ksx vkSifuosf’kd <kaps esa Øfed

1 ckyQksj] ysMh] ch-] fn fgLVªh vkWQ ykMZ fyaVl bf.M;u ,MfefuLVªs’ku] 1876&80] i`- 44 2 ukSjksth nknkHkkbZ] bf.M;k] 2 flrEcj] 1904 3 fcfiu pUnz ¼l-½] Hkkjr dk LorU=rk la?k”kZ] i`- 63 4 LVªsph] iwoksZDr] i`- 86 5 fcfiupUnz] iwoksZDr] i`- 86


208

lq/kkj ds fy, ugha] cfYd vkSifuosf’kd jkT; ds fo#) la?k”kZ djus vk Sj mls m[kkM+ Qsadus

ds fy, fd;kA

;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd bl ns’k esa /keZ fujis{krk vkfFkZd jk”Vªokfn;ksa dh fopkj/kkjk

dk cqfu;knh rRo FkkA ;|fi ;g lR; gS fd ftUuk lkEiznkf;drk dk izrhd vkSj Hkkjr

foHkktu ds lw=/kkj FksA ftUuk us vius jktuhfrd thou dh ‘k q#vkr nknkHkkbZ ds O;fDrxr

lfpo ds :i esa dh FkhA1 nknkHkkbZ ds thfor jgus rd ftUuk ds fopkj jk”Vªoknh Hkkouk ls

izsfjr FksA ,uh cslsUV us ftUuk dks fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dk jktnwr dgkA LorU= ikfdLrku

dh izFke cSBd esa ftUuk us ikfdLrku dks /keZ fujis{k cukus dh ifjdYiuk Hkh izLrqr dhA2

[ksn dk fo”k; gS fd ftl mxzoknh bLykeh ?kksM+s ij lokj gksdj ftUuk us ikfdLrku dk

fuekZ.k fd;k mlus gh ftUuk dh ifjdYiuk dks rkj&rkj dj fn;kA

nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth rFkk vkj-lh- nRr tSls vkfFkZd fpUrdksa dk jk”Vªokn ds fodkl esa

izHkko dk ekiu rkRdkfyd lQyrk ds ek/;e ls ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vlQyrkvksa ds

ckotwn mUgksasus jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu dh l’kDr vk/kkjf’kyk j[kh FkhA xks[kys ds ‘kCnksa esa]

^^gekjh bu lQyrkvksa ls Hkkoh ih<+h dks og ‘kfDr feysxh ftlls og egku y{;ksa dks izkIr

dj ldsxhA**3 oLrqr% Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu esa vkfFkZd jk”Vªokfn;ksa ds dk;kZsa us uhao ds

iRFkj dk dk;Z fd;k FkkA

1 elkuh] vkj-ih-] nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth] fn xzkWM vksYMeSu vkWQ bf.M;k] i`- 89 2 fgLVªh vkWQ ÝhMe ewoesaV vkWQ ikfdLrku] i`- 221 3 xks[kys th-ds-] xks[kys ds dysDVsM oDlZ] i`- 113


209

vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa efgyk l’kDrhdj.k vkSj Mk0 vEcsMdj ds iz;kl %

,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u

jfo ;kno

vflLVsUV izksQslj ¼bfrgkl½

iksLV xzstq,V xoZuesaV dkWyst] p.Mhx<+

la{ksi.k %

MkW- vEcsMdj us Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=;ksa fuÑ”V lkekftd n’kk ds fy, êuqLefr*

dks gh nks”kh Bgjk;k gSA fgUnw /keZ lw=ksa ds fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij fL=;ksa dks ekuo&ek= ds

tUe fl) vf/kdkj KkuktZu ls oafpr dj nsuk vkSj Fkksih x;h v;ksX;rk ds dkj.k gh

efgykvksa dks vifo= crkdj czã Kku rd igqapus ds ekxZ lU;kl xzg.k djus dk

vukf/kdkjh ?kksf”kr djds mldk vieku Hkh fd;k vkSj eku fy;k x;k fd muesa vkReKku

izkIr djus dh {kerk gh ugha gSA cq) us fL=;ksa dks KkuktZu dk vf/kdkj fn;k rFkk iq#”kksa

ds leku vkReKku izkIr djus dh {kerk okyk vaxhdkj fd;kA cq) us bl izdkj ,d

Økafrdkjh gh ugha n’kZu fn;kA izks- eSDlewyj ds ‘kCnksa esa & ^^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl bl ckr dk

lk{kh gS fd czkã.kh fo/kku ds nq%[knk;h cU/ku vUrr% VwV dj gh jgs vkSj gesa ;g Lohdkj

gh djuk iM+sxk fd cq) /keZ us O;fDrxr Lora=rk rFkk lkekftd :f<+;ksa ls Åij mBus ds

vf/kdkj dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk izR;sd dks viuh bPNkuqlkj iw.kZ:i ls eqDr thou O;rhr

djus dk volj iznku fd;kA**

daqth ‘kCn %& :f<+;k¡] tkxzr] fgUnw dksM fcy] uhfr funs’kd rRo] lekurk

izLrkouk %

MkW- vEcsMdj us 19 tqykbZ] 1942 dks ukxiqj esa lqykspukckbZ Mksxjs dh v/;{krk esa

gqbZ nfyr oxZ dh efgykvksa dh ifj”kn~ esa vius Hkk”k.k esa dgk] êsjk er gS fd efgykvksa dks

laxBu cukuk pkfg,A vius drZO; dh egRrk le>dj os lekt lq/kkj dj ldsaxhA vkidh


210

mUufr ds ckjs esa eq>s Hkjkslk yxrk gSA vki lkQ&lqFkjk jguk lh[ksaA nqxqZ.kksa ls nwj jgsaA

cPpksa dks f’k{kk nsaA muds eu esa egRokdka{kk tkxr djsaA muds eu ij ;g izfrfcfEcr djsa

fd os fo’o esa cM+Iiu izkIr dj ldsasxsA cPpksa ds eu ls U; wuRo dh Hkkouk dks gVk nsaaA

fookg djus esa tYnckth u djsaA fookg ,d ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA vkidh larkuksa dh ml

ftEesnkjh dks vkfFkZd nf”V ls lgu djus esa leFkZ gq;s fcuk og ftEesnkjh mu ij u yk

nsaA fookg ds ckn cPps T;knk iSnk djuk iki gSA [kqn dh vis{kk thou esa mPp Lrj ij

viuh izR;sd larku dk vkjEHk djk nsuk] ek¡ cki dk QtZ gSA izR;sd yM+dh dks vius ifr

ds lkFk ,dfu”B jguk pkfg;s] blds lkFk fe=rk vkSj lekurk ds fj’rs ls crkZo djsaxh rks

vkidks lEeku vkSj oSHko izkIr gq;s fcuk jgsxkA**

LorU= Hkkjr ds fof/k eU=h ds :i esa mUgksaus fgUnw dksMfcy yksdlHkk esa j[kkA

ftldk rRdkyhu :f<+oknh lekt us fojks/k fd;kA MkW- vEcsMdj us fgUnw dksM fcy ds ckjs

esa le>k;k fd dkuwu rks dSfeLV dh nqdku dh rjg gS vxj fdlh O;fDr dks dksbZ jksx

gksus ij og ogk¡ ls nsok ys ldrk gS vkSj ;fn chekjh ugha gS rks mls dSfeLV dh nqdku ij

tkus dh t:jr gh ugha gSA bl izdkj ;fn ifr&iRuh esa ugha curh vkSj nksuksa dk thou

nq%[k gks jgk gS rks D;ksa u bl foifRr ls NqVdkjk fnykus ds fy;s dkuwuh mik; gksuk

pkfg;sA ;fn ifr&iRuh dk ijLij izse gS rks dksbZ Hkh dkuwu rykd ;k fookg foPNsn djus

ds fy, etcwj ugha djrkA tc dksbZ fgUnw ifr viuh igyh iRuh dks R;kxdj nwljk]

rhljk ;k pkSFkk fookg dj ysrk gS] rc ,slh igyh iRuh dks vius ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&Hkrhtksa

ds ?kj ij vkJ; ysuk iM+rk gS og cspkjh rykd ugha ys ldrh] nwljk fookg ugha dj

ldrhA vnkyr esa ifr ij Hkj.k&iks”k.k dh ekax djus ij ifr viuh xjhch fl) djds

FkksM+k [kpZ nsus ij jkth gksrk gSA ;fn ifr fo/kehZ cudj fdlh bZlkbZ ;k eqlyeku L=h ls

fookg dj ysrk gS] rks mldh fookfgrk iRuh fgUnw jgrs gq, dkuwuh rkSj ij mlh fo/kehZ dh

gh iRuh jgrh gS vkSj mls rykd dk vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gSA ;fn fdlh ifr dks dksM+ ;k


211

vlk/; chekjh gS tks mls ml iRuh ls ugha yxh gS] cfYd ;g jksx mlds dqdekZsa ls yxk

gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa mldh iRuh vius HkkX; ij jksrh jgs vkSj mlls foPNsn Hkh ugha dj

ldrhA ;fn ifr uiqald gS rks mls /kks[kk nsdj fookgh x;h iRuh mlls lEcU/k foPNsn

ugha dj ldrhA ,slh vusd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fgUnw jhfr&fjokt ;k /keZ’kkL= mls ifr ls

iFkd jgus dk vf/kdkj ugha nsrsA**

fgUnw dksM fcy esa ,d iRuh vkSj ,d ifr gh ,d le; esa fookg dj ldrs FksA

vxj dksbZ viuh igyh iRuh ds jgrs gq;s fookg djsxk rks mls dkuwuh n.M feysxkA blls

igys fgUnw ‘kkL=ksa esa ,d gh le; esa vusd ifRu;k¡ j[kus dh NwV FkhA lo.kkZsa esa igyh ckj

fgUnw dksM esa fookg&foPNsn ;k rykd nsus dk] ifr&iRuh dks leku vf/kdkj fn;kA ifr

ds ej tkus ij fgUnw L=h dks ifr dh lEifRr esa mldh larku ds cjkcj fgLlk nsus dk

fu;e cuk;kA igys fgUnw /keZ esa fo/kok ds fy;s u rks nwljs ‘kknh dk fo/kku Fkk vkSj u

tk;nkn esa fgLlk ysus fn;k tkrk FkkA blh rjg iq=h dks Hkh er firk dh lEifRr esa

HkkbZ;ksa ds cjkcj tk;nkn dk okfjl cuk fn;k x;kA

fgUnw dksM fcy dk lh/kk lEcU/k bl ns’k dh yxHkx vk/kh tula[;k ds pgqeqa[kh

fodkl ls FkkA Mk- vEcsMdj us bl ns’k dh efgyk oxZ dks viuh okLrfod n’kk dk Kku

djkus esa tgk¡ egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] ogha mUgsa vius vf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr gsrq lpsr djus

dks izsfjr fd;kA fgUnw dksM fcy ds leFkZu esa iafMr tokgjyky usg: rFkk vf[ky Hkkjrh;

efgyk dkaxzsl Fkh rFkk fojks/k esa rRdkyhu jk”Vªifr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn ,oa ljnkj iVsy FksA

MkW- vEcsMdj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds eq[; fuekZrk FksA lafo/kku esa U;k;] Lora=rk]

lekurk rFkk HkzkrRo ds vkn’kZ] vius jk”Vª ds izfr viuh opu c)rk dh Hkkoiw.kZ

Hkfo”;ok.kh ds |ksrd FksA lafo/kku ^,d lekt O;oLFkk* dks ifjyf{kr djrk gS ftlesa

lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k; vkSj jk”Vªh; thou dh lHkh laLFkkvksa dks


212

vuqizekf.kr djsxkA jkT;&funsZ’kd rRoksa esa dgk x;k gS fd jkT; viuh uhfr dk bl izdkj

lqfuf’pr :i ls lapkyu djsxk fd &

1- iq#”k vkSj fL=;ksa ds fy, leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru gksA

2- iq#”k vkSj fL=;ksa ds fy, leku :i ls thfodk ds lk/ku izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj

gksA

3- iq#”k vkSj L=h deZpkfj;ksa ds LokLF; vkSj ‘kfDr dk nq#i;ksx u gksA

lafo/kku esa fufgr lekurk dk fl)kUr ekSu :i ls tkfr&O;oLFkk dk fu”ks/k djrk

gS D;ksafd ^lekt dk tkfrxr vk/kkj okLro esa vlekurk dk gh ,d vk/kkj gS ftls tUe

ds fuf’pr cukoVh egRo vkSj ekuo ‘kadkvksa ds {ks= dks LosPNk ls cuk;s cU/kuksa }kjk

lhfer djus ds nf”Vdks.k us iSnk fd;k gSA MkW- vEcsMdj us lafo/kku esa lHkh L=h&iq#”kksa dks

leku vf/kdkj iznku fd;s gSaA og pkgrs Fks fd L=h oxZ lkekftd rFkk jktuSfrd {ks=ksa ds

lq/kkj esa ihNs u jgsA L=h oxZ dh izxfr esa mudk vVwV fo’okl FkkA mudk fopkj Fkk fd

ukjh oxZ Hkh viuk laxBu cuk;s] vius vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djsaA ukjh oxZ ,df=r gksdj ns’k

dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus aesa ;ksxnku nsaA lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djus esa Hkh L=h oxZ

vf/kd lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA fdlh lekt dh izxfr ukjh oxZ dh mUufr ls ukih tk

ldrh gSA

MkW- vEcsMdj ds iz;klksa ls gh lafo/kku }kjk efgykvksa dks iq#”kksa ds leku vf/kdkj]

lekurk ,oa Lora=rk iznku dh gSA Mk0 vEcsMdj us vk’kk O;Dr dh Fkh efgyk,sa lkglh

,oa fuHkZ; cusA vius lekt vkSj jk”Vª dh izxfr esa ;ksxnku nsaA lekt rFkk jk”Vª dh izxfr

;k voufr esa fL=;ksa dh leku ftEesnkjh gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- MkŒ ;ksxek;k] egkRek tksrhjko Qqys n’kZu ,oa fpUru jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh]

t;iqj] 2004A


213

2- eqjyh/kj txrki] ;qx iq:”k egkRek Qqys] egkRek Qqys pfj= lk/kus izdk’ku lfefr]

egkjk”Vª ‘kklu eqEcÃ] ‘kklu eqEcÃ] 1993A

3- MkŒ ljkst vkxykos] tksrhjko Qqys dk lkekftd n’kZu] vuqoknd ehuk dkEcys] lE;d

izdk’ku uÃ fnYyh] 2005A

4- MkŒ vEcsMdj] fgUnw ukjh dk mRFkku vkSj iru] Hkhe if=dk ifCyds’ku] tkyU/kj]

2001A

5- /kuat; dhj] MkŒ ckck lkgc vEcsMdj thou pfj= vuqoknd xtkuu lqosZ] iksI;wyj

izdk’ku uÃ fnYyh] 2006A

6- MkŒ MhŒvkjŒ tkVo] Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa lafo/kku] lerk lkfgR; lnu t;iqj] 1989A

7- MkŒ MhŒvkjŒ tkVo] MkŒchŒvkjŒ vEcsMdj dk jktuhfr n’kZu lerk lkfgR; lnu

t;iqj] 1990A


214

eujsxk % xzkeh.k vkfFkZd thou esa ifjorZu dk u;k lksiku

dqekj foey

‘kks/kkFkhZ ¼Hkwxksy½

la{ksi.k %

xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us le;≤ ij dbZ fodkl rFkk jkstxkjijd ;kstuk,¡

pykbZA bu dk;ZØeksa dk ewy mn~ns’; vkfFkZd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd U;k; lqfuf’pr djuk FkkA fodkl dh

;kstuk esa ûjsxk* Hkh blh Øe esaa ,d iz;kl jgk gSA vdq’ky Jfedksa ds fy, jkstxkj ikfjr fd;k x;kA vkjEHk esa bls

ns’k ds 200 ftyksa esa ykxw fd;k x;kA o”kZ 2007&2008 esa bldk 130 vkSj ftyksa esa foLrkj fd;k x;k vkSj 5 o”kZ ds

ewy y{; ls igys 3 o”kZ ds Hkhrj 1 vizSy 2008 ls ns’k ds lHkh ftyksa esa bls ykxw dj fn;k x;kA 2 vDVwcj] 2009

dks egkRek xka/kh dh 140 oha t;arh ij rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=h MkW0 eueksgu flag us bls u;k uke fn;kA ûjsxk* dks

egkRek xka/kh jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkajVh vf/kfu;e êujsxk* ls tkuk x;k gSA

bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr ;fn fdlh xzkeh.k ifjokj dk dksbZ o;Ld lnL; vdq’ky Je djus dks rS;kj gks

rks ,d foRr o”kZ esa ml ifjokj dks de ls de 100 fnu dk jkstxkj miyC/k djk;k tk,xkA

êujsxk* dbZ vFkkZsa esa nwljh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ls vyx gSA blus csjkstxkj xzkeh.kksa dks foxr o”kkZsa esa lh/kk

vkfFkZd ykHk igq¡pk;k gSA eujsxk us djksM+ksa vdq’ky ,oa csjkstxkj ifjokjksa dks jkstxkj fn;k gSA

êujsxk* ls tgk¡ xzkeh.k csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkj feyk gS] ogha iSlk lh/ks [kkrs esa vkus ls xkaoksa ds yksxksa dh

Ø;’kfDr Hkh c<+h gS ftlls xzkeh.k thou esa fofHkUu mRiknksa dh [kir dks c<+kok fn;k gSA eujsxk ds vUrxZr xkaoksa esa

,slh ifj;kstuk,¡ pykbZ tk jgh gSa ftlls xzkeh.kksa dks ?kj ds ikl gh jkstxkj rks fey gh jgk gS] lkFk gh xkaoksa dk

fodkl Hkh gks jgk gSA eujsxk us xzkeh.k thou esa lkekftd vkfFkZd lqj{kk dop Hkh iznku fd;k gSA

dqath ‘kCn % vdq’ky csjkstxkj] ifj;kstuk,sa] vkfFkZd lef)] egkRek xka/kh] xzke iapk;rsa] xkjaVh dk;Z fnol] etnwjhA

v/;;u dk mn~ns’; %&

1- eujsxk ;kstuk dk ifjp; nsukA

2- eujsxk ;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u dh iz.kkyh dk v/;;u djukA

3- eujsxk dh izxfr dk fooj.k nsukA

4- eujsxk dk;ZØe esa folaxfr;ksa rFkk mUgsa nwj djus ds lq>ko izLrqr djukA


215

lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu %

‘kks/kkFkhZ us vius ‘kks/k i= esa fuEu xzUFkksa ,oa if=dkvksa dk v/;;u djds ‘kks/k dks oSKkfud

rFkk iwokZxzg ls eDr j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

flag] dqekj lqjs’k ¼2009½1] ^ûjsxk ls fcgkj esa xkaoksa dh cnyrh rLohj** ‘kks/k v/;;u esa fcgkj

ds fofHkUu xkaoksa esa py jgh ujsxk dk;ZØe ij ‘kks/k fd;k vkSj ;g fu”d”kZ fudkyk fd ujsxk ds ek/;e

ls gh xjhc etnwjksa dks vc vius xkao esa gh dke fey jgk gS ,oa ;kstuk esa xzkeh.k yksxksa dk xkao ls

‘kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u :dk gSA ujsxk ls lkekftd U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk dks cy feyk gS ftlds ek/;e

ls xjhch feVkus] Hkkstu djus dk vf/kdkj nsus] f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj nsus tSlh ;kstukvksa dks lQy cukus

esa enn feyh gSA

clq] ,-ds- ¼2011½ us vius ‘kks/k ys[k] ^^bEiSDV vkWQ :jy bEIyk;esaV xkjaVh LdhEl vkWu

lhtuy yscj ekdsZV~l vkOVhel daiuls’ku ,aM oDlZ osyQs;j** esa ;g fu”d”kZ fudkyk fd Hkkjr esa

fØ;kfUor ujsxk dk;ZØe dks ,d ,slh uhfr ds :i eas tkuk tkus yxk gS tks xzkeh.kksa dh vk; c<+us

dh {kerk ds lkFk xjhcksa ds fy, lqj{kk dop iznku djrh gSA Ñf”k mRiknu c<+k gSA QyLo:i xkaoksa

ls ‘kgjksa dh lkjs iyk;u esa deh vkbZ gSA

csnh] vtqZu ,l- ,oa lqHkk’kh”k Ms ¼2010½ us vius ‘kks/k v/;;u] ^^n us’kuy :jy bEIyk;esaV

xkajVh Ldhe bu chjHkwe** esa chjHkwe ftys esa Qjojh] 2006 ls tqykbZ 2009 ds chp ujsxk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh

ij v/;;u fd;kA lkFk gh ;g lq>ko fn;k fd ,d izHkkoh vkSj vafre fu;ksDrk ds :i esa bl ;kstuk

esa [ksrh ds [kkyh ekSle ds nkSjku vkuqikfrd :i ls vf/kd jkstxkj fnol r; gksus pkfg, vkSj etnwjh

dk Hkqxrku Hkh le; ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

dqekj xkSjo ¼2013½ us vius ‘kk s/k ys[k ^^xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa jkstxkj ds volj ,oa pqukSfr;ka** esa

;g izdk’k Mkyk gS fd eujsxk ;kstuk esa izfro”kZ vkSlru ,d&pkSFkkbZ ifjokjksa us ;kstuk ls ykHk fy;k

1 dq:{ks=] fnlEcj 2009] o”kZ 56] vad 02] i0 46&48


216

gS ,oa ;g ;kstuk lkekftd lekos’ku dh fn’kk esa mi;ksxh fl) gqbZ gSA eujsxk us xzkeh.k etnwjh ij

O;kid :i ls izHkko Mkyk gSA

lsfr;k lqHkk”k ¼2013½ us vius izdkf’kr ys[k] ^^xzkeh.k fodkl dk vk/kkj jkstxkj** esa eujsxk

dk;ZØe ds laca/k esa ;g fu”d”kZ fudkyk fd bl ;kstuk ls csjkstxkjh vkSj xjhch nwj djus ds

lkFk&lkFk xkaoksa esa cqfu;knh lksp esa Hkh cnyko vk jgk gSA xzkeh.kksa esa u, rjg dk fo’okl o vkRecy

iSnk gks jgk gSA eujsxk us lekt ds xjhc vkSj detksj oxkZsa ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk dk ,d <kapk

fodflr fd;k gSA U;wure jkstxkj dk vk’oklu fey tkus ls xzkeh.k yksx cPpksa dh f’k{kk efgykvksa

vkSj f’k’kqvksa ds LokLF;] lkQ&lQkbZ tSls igyqvkas ij /;ku nsus yxs gSaA eujsxk ;kstuk Ñf”k vk/kkfjr

xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr cukus esa lgk;d fl) gks jgh gSA lkFk gh bls pykus esa iapk;rh jkt

laLFkkvksa dh lfØ; Hkwfedk ds pyrs xzkeh.k iz’kklu dk fodsUnzhdj.k gks jgk gSA Hkkjrh; yksdra= rFkk

ikjnf’kZrk dh tM+s l’kDr gks jgh gSA

‘kekZ vpZuk MkW0 ,oa tSu vydk izks0 ¼2013½ ^^xkaoksa esa jkstxkj dk lqyHk lk/ku eujsxk** ls

izdkf’kr vius ‘kks/k v/;;u esa e/;izns’k vkSj bankSj jkT; esa eujsxk dh izxfr ij ‘kks/k v/;;u fd;k

gSA mUgksaus fu”d”kZ fudkyk fd vn`’;] ekSleh ,oa xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh nwj djus] xjhch nwj djus] xzkeh.k

{ks= dk fodkl djus dh vius mn~ns’; eas eujsxk lQy jgh gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds fy,

dksbZ fu/kkZfjr izfr’kr ykHk O;oLFkk ugha gksus ds ckot wn mUgsa vPNk ykHk feyk gS vkSj efgykvksa ds

fy, ,d&frgkbZ fgLlk fu/kkZfjr gksus ds ckotwn mlls vf/kd efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh efgyk

l’kfDrdj.k dh fn’kk esa egRoiw.kZ dne gSA

izLrkouk %

jkstxkj fdlh Hkh ns’k vkSj lekt ds vkfFkZd fodkl dh daqth gSA ftl xfr ls jkstxkj ikus

okyksa dh la[;k vkSj mudh vkenuh esa c<+ksRrjh gksrh gS] mlh xfr ls ns’k fodkl ds iFk ij vxzlj

gksrk gSA bl lPpkbZ dks Lora=rk la?k”kZ ds nkSjku xka/kh us igpkuk FkkA mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd Hkkjr ds

vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq xzkE;k/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk dks viukuk gksxk D;ksafd Hkkjr dh vf/kdka’k tula[;k


217

xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh gSA vr% mUgksaus xzkeh.k Lojkt dk ukjk fn;k Fkk ftlesa xkao ds izR;sd O;fDr ds

ikl lkFkZd dke vkSj vius vki esa vkRefuHkZj bdkbZ ds :i esa xk¡o dh dYiuk dh xbZ FkhA LorU=

Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj ogka dh csjkstxkj tula[;k dks Ñf”k ds lkFk&lkFk jkstxkj ds nwljs

volj tqVkus ds mn~ns’; ls rjg&rjg dh ;kstuk,a pykbZ xbZA mnkgj.k ds fy, :jy eSu ikoj

¼vkj0,e0ih0½ ¼1960&61½] Øs’k Ldhe QkWj :jy ,EIyk;esaV ¼lhvkj,lbZ½ ¼1971&72½] uewuk l?ku

xzkeh.k jkstxkj dk;ZØe ¼ihvkbZvkjih½ ¼1972½] y?kq Ñ”kd fodkl ,tsUlh ¼,l,QMh,½] lhekUr Ñ”kd

,oa Ñf”k Jfed ;kstuk ¼,e,Q,,y½ vkfn dk;ZØe iwoZ esa pyk, tk pqds gSaA le; vkSj turk dh

vko’;drk ds vuqlkj ls ;kstukvksa dks ifjekftZr dj u, :i esa yksxksa ds lkeus izLrqr fd;k tkrk

jgk gSA

o"kZ 1977 esa dke ds cnys vukt ;kstuk ‘kq: dh xbZA vLlh ds n’kd esa jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k

jkstxkj dk;ZØe ¼,uvkjbZih½] xzkeh.k Hkwfeghu jkstxkj xkj.Vh dk;ZØe ‘kq: fd, x,A blh rjg

tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk ¼tsvkjokbZ½ ¼1993&94½] jkstxkj vk’oklu ;kstuk dks feykdj o”kZ 1999&2000

esa tokgj xzke le`f) ;kstuk ‘kq: dh xbZA 2000&01 esa bl dk;ZØe dks laiw.kZ xzkeh.k jkstxkj ;kstuk

¼,lthvkjokbZ½ rFkk 2005 esa jk”Vªh; dke ds cnys vukt ;kstuk dk;ZØe esa ‘kkfey dj fy;k x;kA

bu ;kstukvksa ds ckn Hkh iwjs ns’k ls gj O;fDr jkstxkj ls ugha tqM+ ik;kA

o”kZ 2005 esa ;wih, ljdkj us jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;kA bls 2

Qjojh] 2006 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e ds rgr gh jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk

¼,uvkjbZth,l½ dk lapkyu gks jgk gSA tcfd Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ds tfj, Lojkstxkj

iznku fd;k tk jgk gSA

,uvkjbZth, ;kuh ftls T;knkrj bykds esa ujsxk ds uke ls izfl) feyh gSa] bl dkuwu dks 7

flrEcj] 2005 dks vf/klwfpr fd;k x;kA blesa O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd jkstxkj ekaxus okyksa ds fy,

jkstxkj dh O;oLFkk djuk ljdkj dh dkuwuh ftEesnkjh gSA vxj ljdkj jkstxkj ugha eqgS;k djk

ldrh gS rks mls csjkstxkjh HkRrk nsuk gksxkA bl rjg ns[kk tk, rks bl vf/kfu;e ds ckn ns’k ds gj


218

ukxfjd dks jkstxkj dh xkj.Vh fey xbZA bl ;kstuk esa fdlh izdkj dh [kkfe;ka u jgus ik,] blfy,

bls pj.kokj ykxw fd;k x;kA

igys ns’k ds nks lkS ftyksa esa bls ykxw dj fLFkfr;ksa ,oa Hkfo”; esa lkeus vkus okyh vM+puksa

dks nwj fd;k x;kA ;kstuk vius mn~ns’; esa lQy gksrh fn[kh rks bls vyx&vyx pj.kksa esa iwjs ns’k

esa ykxw fd;k x;k gSA ;wih, ljdkj eujsxk esa le; ds vuqlkj fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dks ‘kkfey djrh tk

jgh gSA blls ;kstuk vius mn~ns’; esa iwjh gksrh utj vk jgh gSA

o”kZ 2006&07 esa 6204-09 djksM+ osru fn;kx;kA tcfd djhc 90-50 djksM+ ekuo fnol

jkstxkj miyC/k djk, x,A bl ;kstuk ds rgr djhc 8 yk[k ,sls dk;Z gkFk esa fy, x, ftudk y{;

fVdkÅ lEink dk fuekZ.k djuk Fkk vkSj buesa 54 Qhlnh dk;kZsa dk lEcU/k ty laj{k.k vkSj okVj

gkosZfLVax ls gSA bl ;kstuk esa lcls vf/kd ykHk ;g gqvk fd vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr] y?kq ,oa

lhekUr fdlkuksa dks ykHk feykA U;wure etnwjh Hkh fey ldhA

bUgha ;kstukvksa esa egkRek xka/kh jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dk;ZØe dks 2 vDVwcj

2009 dks izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA

egkRek xka/kh jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk fo’o esa vius izdkj dk ,d vuks[kk

dk;ZØe gSA blds vUrxZr xk¡oksa ds xjhcksa dks fuf’pr ikfjJfed nsdj o”kZ esa de ls de 100 fnuksa

ds jkstxkj dh xkjaVh nh xbZ gSA ;fn dke ugha feyk rks csjkstxkjh HkRrk nsus dh O;oLFkk Hkh gSA 25

vxLr] 2005 dks bl dk;ZØe dks jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e uke fn;k x;kA 2 vDVwcj]

2009 ls blds lkFk egkRek xka/kh dk uke tksM+dj egkRek xka/kh jk”Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh

vf/kfu;e dj fn;k x;k gSA

jkstxkj xkjaVh dkuwu us xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds izR;sd ifjokj dks 100 fnu dk jkstxkj izkIr djus

dk ,d dkuwuh vf/kdkj cuk fn;k gSA 15 fnu ds Hkhrj mlh xzke iapk;r esa 5 fdyksehVj dh ifjf/k esa

csjkstxkj xzkeh.k turk dks ljdkj }kjk pykbZ tk jgh fofHkUu LFkk;h xzkeh.k fodkl dh ;kstukvksa esa

dke dk volj ,d vkfFkZd xkajVh ds :i esa fn;k tk jgk gSA


219

eujsxk ds varxZr dsoy vdq’ky xzkeh.k csjkstxkjksa o;Ldksa dks Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa esa ‘kkfey

fd;k tk jgk gSA ftlesa Hkwfe dh moZjrk dks cuk, j[krs gq, Ñf”k dk;Z djuk gS ftlls i;kZoj.k

larqyu cuk;s j[kus esa Hkh enn feysxhA eujsxk ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; Mkd foHkkx dks Hkh ubZ lathouh

fey xbZ gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr foRr o”kZ 2008&09 esa Mkd?kjksa esa 3-12 djksM+ u, cpr [kkrs [kksys

x, gSaA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- vkuan izdk’k feJ & xzkeh.k fu/kZurk] lkfgR; Hkou] vkxjk] 1998

2- vuU;k pUnz & xjhch mUeqyu dk;ZØeksa ds dqN eqn~nsa] dSyk’k i qLrd lnu] Hkksiky] 2001

3- MkW- ch- ,y- ekFkqj & Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] lkfgR; Hkou] vkxjk] 1997

4- MkW- Mh-lh- iar & Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k fodkl] dSyk’k iqLrd lnu] Hkksiky] 1998

5- MkW- ekeksfj;k ,oa f}osnh & Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd leL;k,¡] ,l0ch0Mh0ih0 ifCyf’kax gkml] eFk qjk]

2005


220

Mk0 yksfg;k vkSj lektokn

Mk0 izosUnz dqekj ‘kekZ

lkjka'k %

^^Mk0 yksfg;k dk fo’okl Fkk fd bfrgkl esa tkfr;ksa rFkk oxkZas dk la?k”kZ ns[kus dks feyrk gSA tkfr;ksa dh

fo’ks”krk ;g gksrh gS fd mudk :i lqfuf’pr gksrk gSA blds foijhr oxkZs a dh vkUrfjd jpuk f’kfFky gqvk djrh gSA

oxZ rFkk tkfr ds chp ?kM+h ds nksyd dh lh vkUrfjd fØ;k gksrh jgrh gSA ;gh nksyu fØ;k bfrgkl dks xfr iznku

djrh gSA tkfr;k¡ xfrghurk] fuf”Ø;rk rFkk :f<+xr vf/kdkjksa dh iqjkruoknh ‘kfDr;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSaA ox Z

lkekftd xfr’khyrk dh izp.M ‘kfDr;ksa ds izfrfuf/k gksrs gSaA yksfg;k ds vuqlkj vc rd dk ekuo bfrgkl( tkfr;ksa

rFkk oxkZsa ds chp vkUrfjd xfr dk bfrgkl gSA tkfr;k¡ f’kfFky gksdj oxkZas esa ifj.kr gks tkrh gSa vkSj oxZ la?kfVr

gksdj tkfr;ksa dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrs gSaA1 bl izdkj yksfg;k dh tkfr;ksa rFkk oxkZsa ds chp la?k”kZ dh /kkj.kk isfjrksa ds

fl)kUr dk gh yksdfiz; :i gSA isfjrksa ds vuqlkj bfrgkl esa la?k”kZ yxku mithoh HkwLokfe;ksa ds LokFkkZsa rFkk /kfudksa

¼nzO; ds Lokfe;ksa½ ds fgrksa ds chp gqvk djrk gSA HkwLokeh ^vo;oh lewgksa dh fLFkjrk ds vo’ks”k gqvk djrs gSa vkSj

/kuh yksx lfEeyu ds vo’ks”kksa* ds izfrfuf/k gksrs gSaA**

dqaqth ‘kCn % laxfBr lekt] fodsUnzhÑr lekt] fdlku] turU=A

izLrko

Mk0 yksfg;k dk vkxzg jgk Fkk fd ,f’k;k ds lektokfn;ksa dks ekSfyd fpUru rFkk vfHkØe dk

vH;kl Mkyuk pkfg,A mUgsa viuh uhfr;k¡ ml lH;rk ds lUnHkZ esa fu:fir djuh gSa tks ‘krkfCn;ksa

iqjkus fujadq’k okn rFkk lkeUrokn ds dwM+s&djdV esa ls mHkjus dk iz;Ru dj jgh gSaA ,f’k;kbZ

jktuhfr dh nqnZ’kk dk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd mlesa dV~Vj /kkfeZd fo’oklksa vkSj jktuhfrd lksp

fopkj dk feJ.k ik;k tkrk gSA blls iaFkkfHkeku rFkk lkEiznkf;drk dk fo”k; QSyrk gSA pw¡fd

,f’k;kbZ ns’kksa esa yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr dh fuf’pr ijEijkvksa dk vHkko gS] blfy, izk;% vkrad rFkk

gR;k,¡ jktuhfrd dk;Ziz.kkyh dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gSaA ,f’k;kbZ jktuhfr rFkk lekt dh nwljh

nqcZyrk ;g gS fd ukSdj’kkgksa vkSj m|ksx izcU/kdksa dk u;k oxZ mRiUu gks x;k gSA bu fofHkUu

nqcZyrkvksa ds dkj.k ,sls usrkvksa dk mRFkku lEHko gks x;k gS tks ukVdh; rFkk tuksRrstd rjhdksa ls

1 ogh] uo fgUn izdk’ku] gSnjkckn] f}rh; laLdj.k] 1963] i0 51


221

vius dks ink:M+ j[kus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA blfy, yksfg;k us ,sls O;kid rFkk ekSfyd lkekftd

n’kZu dh vko’;drk ij cy fn;k gS tks ,f’k;k esa O;kIr chekfj;ksa dk mipkj dj ldsA1

Mk- yksfg;k us prqLrEHkh ¼pkj LrEHkksa okys½ jkT; dh dYiuk dh gSA2 bu prqLrEHkh jkT; esa

dsUnzh;dj.k rFkk fodsUnzhdj.k dh ijLij fojks/kh /kkj.kkvksa dks lefUor djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA

bl O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr xk¡o] e.My ¼ftyk½] izkUr rFkk dsUnzh; ljdkj dk egRo cuk jgsxk vkSj mUgsa

,d dk;Zewyd la?kokn dh O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ,dhÑr dj fn;k tk;sxkA dk;kZsa dk lEiknu mUgsa ,d

lw= esa ck¡/k dj j[ksxkA bl prqLrEHkh jkT; esa ftyk/kh’k dk in lekIr dj fn;k tk;sxk] D;ksafd og

jktuhfrd ‘kfDr ds dsUnzhdj.k dh cnuke laLFkk gSA blds vfrfjDr e.Myksa] xkaoksa rFkk uxjksaa dh

iapk;rsa dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;kZsa dk mRrjnkf;Ro vius Åij ys ysxhA3

Mk- yksfg;k] fodsUnzhÑr lektokn ds leFkZd FksA bldk vFkZ gS NksVh e’khusa] lgdkjh Je

rFkk xzke&’kkluA4 iw¡th ds lap; rFkk c<+rh gqbZ csdkjh dks jksdus ds fy, yksfg;k us NksVh e’khuksa ij

vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa dk leFkZu fd;kA

vius thou ds vfUre fnuksa esa yksfg;k dgus yxs Fks fd ijEijkoknh rFkk laxfBr lektokn

^,d ejk gqvk fl)kUr rFkk ej.k’khy O;oLFkk* gSA blfy, mUgksaus ûohu lektokn* dk ukjk yxk;kA5

bl uohu lektokn ds fy, mUgksaus Ng&lw=h ;kstuk dk fu:i.k fd;kA vk; rFkk O;; ds {ks= esa

vf/kdre lekurk ds Lrj dks miyC/k djuk vR;ko’;d gSA blds fy, jk”Vªh;dj.k ,d egRoiw.kZ

lk/ku gS] fdUrq og ,dek= lk/ku ugha gSA fo’o esa vkfFkZd vUrfuZHkZjrk c<+rh tk jgh gS] ftlds

dkj.k ;g vko’;d gks x;k gS fd lEiw.kZ fo’o esa thou Lrj dks Å¡tk djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tk;A

yksfg;k us o;Ld erkf/kdkj ij vk/kkfjr ^fo’o laln* dk leFkZu fd;kA ;g ,d tfVy rFkk

;wVksfi;kbZ lq>ko izrhr gksrk gSA yksfg;k yksdrkfU=d jktuhfrd Lora=rk ds iDds leFkZd FksA os

pkgrs Fks fd ok.kh dh LorU=rk] leqnk; cukus dh Lora=rk rFkk futh thou dh Lora=rk ds {ks=

lqjf{kr gksus pkfg,] vkSj fdlh Hkh ljdkj dks cyiwoZd mleas gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg,A mUgksaus

1 yksfg;k] Aspects of Socialist Policy, lks’kfyLV ikVhZ ifCyds’ku] ckWEcs] 1952] i0 10 2 yksfg;k dk dguk Fkk fd îkapok LrEHk* fo’o ljdkj gksxhA 3 jke euksgj yksfg;k] Will to Power and Other Writings, i”B 132 ¼gSnjkckn] uofgUn ifCyds’ku] 1956½ 4 yksfg;k] Aspects of Socialist Policy, iwoksZDr] 1952] i0 17 5 13 vDVwcj dk yksfg;k dk oDrO;] izsl VªLV vkWQ bf.M;k }kjk izfrosfnrA


222

lkekU; tuksa ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk izfr”Bk dh j{kk ds fy, oS;fDrd rFkk lkewfgd lfou; voKk dh

xka/khoknh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk leFkZu fd;kA bldk euksoSKkfud egRo Hkh gSA

lektoknh ny ds usrkvksa esa vkpk;Z ujsUnznso rFkk t;izdk’k ukjk;.k ij ekDlZokn dk lcls

vf/kd izHkko FkkA mudh rqyuk esa Mk0 jke euksgj yksfg;k ij xka/khoknh fopkj/kkjk dk izHkko vf/kd

FkkA ,d lektoknh cqf)thoh ds :i esa Mk0 jke euksgj yksfg;k us vR;Ur xgu] lw{e fpUru rFkk

O;ogkfjd /kjkry ij euu fd;k FkkA mUgksaus lektoknh fpUru dh leL;kvksa dks ,f’k;kbZ nf”Vdks.k

ls ns[kus dk iz;Ru fd;kA os dksjs iaFkoknh ugha FksA mUgksaus deZ rFkk fpUru ds }kjk euq”; ds O;fDrRo

ds fodkl dh leL;k dks lnSo /;ku esa j[kkA os pkgrs Fks euq”; ds lEiw.kZ thou rFkk LoHkko dh

vfHkO;fDr gksA os bl i{k esa ugha Fks fd O;fDrRo ds fdlh ,d fof’k”V igyw dh ,dkaxh rFkk lhfer

of) gksA1

vkius Hkkjr ds [ksfrgj] tkfrc) rFkk vfodflr vFkZra=( vkSj jkT; O;oLFkk ds lUnHkZ esa

ekSfyd lektoknh fpUru dh vko’;drk ij cy fn;k gSA ekDlZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, teZuh ds

ekDlZokfn;ksa us fdlkuksa dks izfrfØ;koknh rRo ekuk FkkA ysfuu us bl nf”Vdks.k esa la’kks/ku fd;kA

Hkkjr esa ewy ‘kksf”kr rRo( etnwjh Hkksxh Jfed ox Z ugha gS] xk¡o ds Hkwfeghu etnwj rFkk NksVs vkSj

lhekorhZ fdlku bl ns’k ds lokZf/kd ‘kksf”kr oxZ gSaA vr% xzkeokfl;ksa dh lektkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd

leL;kvksa dk fo’ys”k.k djuk vko’;d gSA Hkkjrh; lektoknh izpfyr tkfr la?k”kZ rFkk oxZ la?k”kZ dk

vUr djuk pkgrs gSaA os fu;kstu dks Lohdkj djrs gSa] fdUrq os lexz vkSj fujis{k fu;kstu ds LFkku ij

[k.M’k% fu;kstu ds i{kikrh gSaA Hkkjr esa iw¡th ds fuekZ.k dh leL;k cM+h fodV gSA cpr ds vfrfjDr

fons’kh _.k Hkh iw¡th ds fuekZ.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gS fdUrq fons’kh _.k jktuhfrd ‘krkZsa ls eqDr

gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; lektokfn;ksa us bu rhu izeq[k leL;kvksa ij xEHkhj fpUru fd;k gS & 1-

vfodflr vFkZrU= esa fdlkuksa dh Hkwfedk] 2- oxZ la?k”kZ rFkk 3- fujis{k fu;kstuA

teZu lektoknh yksdrU=okfn;ksa dh Hkkafr Hkkjrh; lektoknh Hkh jktuhfrd LorU=rk rFkk

vkfFkZd iqufuekZ.k dk leUo; djuk pkgrs gSaA mUgsa lalnh; rjhdksa esa fo’okl gSA xka/khokn rFkk

Hkkjrh; ‘kklu dh yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds izHkko ds QyLo:i mUgksaus fgalk esa fo’okl dk iw.kZr%

ifjR;kx dj fn;k gSA fdUrq ik’pkR; lektokfn;ksa ds foijhr os fodsUnzhdj.k dh /kkj.kk ds vf/kd mxz

1 Mk0 jke euksgj yksfg;k] Wheel of History, uo fgUn izdk’ku] gSnjkckn] 1963] i0 111


223

leFkZd gSaA dnkfpr~ fodsUnzhdj.k ij ;g tksj Hkkjrh; lektokn dks xka/khokn ls fojklr ds :i esa

feyk gSA nEHkifjiw.kZ o.kZO;oLFkk ds nwf”kr okrkoj.k esa] dchj] foosdkuUn] vEcsndj vkfn dh Hkkafr] Mk0

jke euksgj yksfg;k dk tkfr ij fueZe ,oa izcy izgkj] mRrj izns’k vkSj fcgkj dh jktuhfr esa vkt

egRoiw.kZ fl) gks jgk gSA

Lora=rk ds ckn lektoknh vkUnksyu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk %

MkW- yksfg;k ds fy;s Lora=rk dk vFkZ( lekt ds detksj oxZ ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lrr~ la?k”kZ

djuk FkkA ns’k dh jktuhfrd Lorar=rk ds mijkUr tc lektoknh dkaÝsal dh mi;ksfxrk ds fy,

vkSj vkSfpR; ij fopkj foe’kZ gqvk rc blds dkaxzsl ‘kCn dks gVkdj dsoy ^lektoknh ny* ds :i esa

Lohdkj fd;k x;kA MkW- yksfg;k ny dh izsjd ‘kfDr ds :i esa lektoknh fpUru dks u;h fn’kk nsus

yxsA lu~ 1946 esa bl ny dk vf/kos’ku m0iz0 ds egkuxj dkuiqj esa vk;ksftr gqvkA bl lEesyu esa

lektoknh ny ds mn~ns’;ksa dh iqu% leh{kk dh x;hA mUgksaus bl lEesyu esa ‘kkfUriw.kZ turU=kRed

mik;ksa }kjk lkekftd o vkfFkZd U;k; dh O;oLFkk djus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;kA Mk- yksfg;k dsoy

Hkkjr esa lektoknh vkUnksyu dks laxfBr ugha djuk pkgrs Fks cfYd lEiw.kZ ,f’k;k esa lektoknh

vkUnksyu dks laxfBr ,oa xfr’khy cukuk pkgrs FksA vr% mUgksaus 11 ekpZ lu~ 1953 esa cekZ dh

jkt/kkuh jaxwu esa ^,f’k;kbZ lektoknh lEesyu* dk vk;kstu fd;kA Mk- yksfg;k dks fopkj Fkk fd

,f’k;k esa lektokn eq[; :i ls ,d gh izdkj ds izHkko dks ysdj py jgk gSA ,f’k;k ds ns’k

lkekftd /kkfeZd ijEijkvksa ds tdM+s gq, gSa] mUgsa laxfBr gksus esa fo’ks”k vlqfo/kk ugha gksxhA

lu~ 1952 ds ckn ^lektoknh ny* rFkk ^Ñ”kd etnwj iztk ikVhZ* nksuksa esa foy; gks x;k] vkSj

u;s ny dk uke îztk lektoknh ny* gqvkA Mk- yksfg;k lu~ 1954 esa bl ny ds egklfpo fu;qfDr

fd;s x;sA vaxzsth ekfld êSudkbUM* ds lEikndh; e.My esa izeq[k :i ls dk;Z djds mUgksaus

lektoknh fopkj/kkjk dks oSKkfud vk/kkj ij laxfBr fd;k FkkA mUgksaus vius xka/khoknh lk/kuksa ds

vf/kd fudV cqyk fy;k FkkA tc lu~ 1953 esa xzkeh.k lekt’kkL=h v’kksd esgrk us ^fiNM+s gq, vFkZra=

dh jktuhfrd ck/;rk,¡* uked iqLrd fy[kh mlesa vius fopkj ds izfriknu esa ;g dgk fd dkaxzsl

vkSj iztk lektoknh nyksa esa lg;ksx dh vf/kdkf/kd lEHkkouk;sa gSa D;ksafd dkaxzsl dh lektoknh vk/kkj

ij dk;ZØe cuk jgh gS rks Mk- yksfg;k dks v’kksd esgrk dk ;g fopkj ilUn ugha vk;kA mUgksaus

^bSDohfMLVsM F;ksjh* dk fuekZ.k fd;kA vius fopkjksa dks O;k[;k essa mUgksaus lkE;okfn;ksa vkSj dakxzsl ny


224

ls leku :i ls nwj jgus ij cy fn;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd dkaxzsl ds usrRo esa lektokn dh

O;oLFkk gks ldsxh oLrqr% blesa lUnsg gSA

fu%lUnsg( MkW0 jke euksgj yksfg;k ds vius dqN fuf’pr fl)kUr vkSj ekU;rk;sa FkhaA lu~ 1954

esa os iztk lektoknh ny ds egklfpo FksA ml le; =koudksj dksphu esa iztk lektoknh ny dh

ljdkj Fkh ftlds eq[;ea=h FkkuqfiYyhZ Fks] ogka Hkk”kk;h vk/kkj ij iFkd jkT; dh ekax djus okys

vkUnksyudkfj;ksa ij xksyh pyk nh x;h rks yksfg;k us xksyhdk.M dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj ekax dh fd

fiYykbZ efU=e.My dks R;kx i= ns nsuk pkfg;sA ny ds vU; usrkvksa ls izlax esa rhoz erHksn gks tkus

ij os vyx gks x;s vkSj fnlEcj 1955 esa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lektoknh ny dh LFkkiuk dh ftlds os

v/;{k cusA izkjEHk esa mUgksaus pqukoh jktuhfr vkSj laln lnL;rk esa dksbZ :fp ugha yhA ysfdu lu~

1960 ds ckn mUgksaus laln esa izos’k ikus dh vko’;drk dh t:jr le>hA lu~ 1962 esa mUgksaus ia-

tokgjyky usg: ds fo:) pquko yM+k vkSj vlQy jgsA lu~ 1963 esa os Q:Z[kkckn ls mipquko esa

yksdlHkk ds lnL; pqus x;sA laln lnL; ds :i esa mUgksaus ‘kklu dh dM+h vkykspuk dk ekxZ

viuk;kA mYys[kuh; gS fd mudh vkykspuk rF;ksa vkSj vakdM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh Fkh mUgksaus vius

laln ds dk;Zdky esa usg: th ds dq’ky vkSj yksdfiz; usrRo dh /kfTt;ka mM+kdj pqukSrh izLrqr dhA

Hkkjr dh turk dh vkSlr vk; 35 iSls crkdj mUgksaus leLr Hkkjrh; ‘kklu] Hkkjrh; turk vkSj

fo’o ds lektoknh fparu dks ,d :i esas lkspus ds fy, foo’k fd;kA vkadM+ksa ls viuh ckr dgus

okys bl lektoknh us leLr fojks/kh nyksa dks laxfBr gksdj ^dkaxzsl fojks/kh ekspkZ* tekus ds fy,

izsfjr fd;k] bl izsj.kk dk gh ;g ifj.kke fudyk fd jkT;ksa esaa dkaxzsl ds v[k.M ‘kklu dh uhao fgy

x;hA ftlls mRrj izns’k] iatkc] fcgkjh] gfj;k.kk] if’peh caxky vkSj e/; izns’k vkfn izkUrksa esa d akxzsl

‘kklu curs&curs fxjsA bl lkekU; xBcU/ku dk bruk foLrr izHkko vius esa ,d u;h la?k”kZ’khy

izÑfr dk |ksrd FkkA os bl xBcU/ku dks vius O;fDrRo ls vf/kd n<+ cuk ldrs Fks fdUrq mUgsa blds

fy, iw.kZ volj ugha feyk] 10 fnu dh yEch chekjh ds ckn 12 uoEcj 1967 dks fnYyh ds fofyaXVu

vLirky esa mudk la?k”kZ’khy thou nhi cq> x;kA ,d NksVs ls vkWijs’ku us mudk thou ys fy;kA

;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ HkkX; dh foMEcuk gh gS fd fons’kh fo’ks”kK Hkh muds thou dks ugha cpk ik;sA

Hkkjrh; laln us vius ‘khrdkyhu vf/kos’ku ds izFke fnu ¼13 uoEcj lu~ 1967½ dks bl

nq%[kn lekpkj ds izfr vikj nq%[k dh vfHkO;Dr dh v/;{k uhye latho jsM~Mh us mUgsa lkekftd vkSj


225

vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds izfr tkx:d O;fDr dgkA iz/kkuea=h Jherh bfUnjk xka/kh us mUgsa egku ;ks)k]

ØkfUrn’khZ in nfyrksa vkSj ‘kksf”krksa dk elhgk dgkA Lora= ikVhZ ds usrk izks- ,u-th- jaxkl us mUgsa

fonzksfg;ksa dk ljrkt dgkA tula?k ds usrk vkSj fuoZreku iz/kkuea=h Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us mUgsa

ekSfyd fopkjd] ØkfUrdkn’khZ vkSj lPps lektokn dk izsjd LrEHk dgkA mudh J)katfy dk Lo:i

bl izdkj Fkk&vaxzsth dk fojks/k djrs gq, ekrHkk”kk dk leFkZu djus okyh iqjkus jktkvksa ds lkFk u;s

jktkvksa dk fojks/k djus okys ,ojsLV dks ljxekFkk vkSj usQk dks moZ’kh;e~ dgus okys vkSj vius

lkfFk;ksa dks yrkM+us exj lkjh nqfu;k ds lkFk pyus okys Mk- jke euksgj yksfg;k gels :B x;sA

lks’kfyLV ikVhZ ds usrk e/kqfye;s us mUgsa egkRek xka/kh dk lPpk mRrjkf/kdkjh dgkA Hkkjrh; Hkk”kkvksa

ds fy, mUgksaus tks dk;Z fd;k og lnSo gh Lej.kh; jgsxk] vkt tks fgUnh Hkk”kk dk mRFkku gqvk gS1

mldk Js; egkRek xka/kh vkSj Mk- yksfg;k dks gh tkrk gSA

lUnHkZ %

1- HkVukxj] jktsUnz eksgu] lexz yksfg;k] fdrkc ?kj izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1982A

2- esgrk] v’kksd] ,f’k;kbZ lektokn ,d v/;;u] egkjk”Vª] 1959

3- fye;s e/kq] LorU=rk vkUnksyu dh fopkj/kkjk] ubZ fnYyh] 1983

4- flag] Hkxoku] Mk0 jke euksgj yksfg;k] cfy;k] 1972

1 yksfg;k ^Hkk”kk* uo fgUn izdk’ku] gSnjkckn] 1964] i”Bkadu&13


226

ukjh eqfDr esa Mk0 jke euksgj yksfg;k dk ;ksxnku

Mk0 izosUnz dqekj ‘kekZ

lkjka'k %

Mk0 jke euksgj yksfg;k us ukjh dks Hkh ,d tkfr ekuk gSA jk”Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ”Vªh; txr esa ukjh dh nqnZ’kk

dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ dkj.k mldk fiNM+kiu gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd iqjs fo’o esa lfn;ksa ls ukfj;ksa ds

izfr tks ,d mnklhu nf”Vdks.k j[kk x;k mlds dkj.k vkt ekuo tkfr dh fuLlgk; ,oa n;uh; fLFkfr nf”Vxkspj

gks jgh gSA1 ukjh ds izfr nqO;ZO;ogkj vf’k{kk] rFkk vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kus dh lfn;ksa iwoZ ls pyh vk jgh yEch

dgkuh us u dsoy ukfj;ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dks lftr fd;k gS oju~ ekuo lH;rk dks dyad ds /kCcs ls vkPNkfnr

dj fn;k gSA vyVsdj ,-,l- dk ;g dFku fd fdlh Hkh ns’k dh lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr dk ;FkkFkZ izfrfcEc ogk¡ dh

fL=;k sa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] iw.kZr% lR; gSA ukfj;ksa dh foo’krk vkSj mu ij gks jgs lfn;ksa ls vR;kpkjksa us yksfg;k

dks bl fn’kk eaas lkspus ,oa ukjh eqfDr vkUnksyu dks rst djus ds fy, ck/; fd;kA mudk n<+ fo’okl Fkk fd tc

rd ukfj;ksa dks iq:”kksa ds leku ntk Z ugha fnyk;k tkrk rc rd ekuo lekt dk mRFkku ,oa fodkl vlEHko gSA

mi;qZDr ifjizs{; esa Mk- yksfg;k us ukjh lEcU/kh tks fopkj izLrqr fd;s muds dbZ i{k gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ

uj&ukjh lerk] fookg] ngst] ifjokj fu;kstu] ukfj;ksa dh ‘kkjhfjd lajpuk ,oa izÑfr ds vuqdwy mUgsa fo’ks”k volj

lqyHk djkuk] ukjh LorU=rk vkfnA

daqth ‘kCn % xqykeh] ohHkRl] lekurk

izLrko

Mk0 yksfg;k us vius ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt dh ukfj;ksa dh fLFkfr dks fudV ls ns[kk ,oa

le>kA ukjh dh fLFkfr dk ,d okLrfod fp=.k mUgksaus bu ‘kCnksa esa fd;k gS] ûkjh dh jlksbZ dh

xqykeh] ohHkRl gS] vkSj pwYgksa dk /kqvk¡ rks Hk;adj gSA*2 fgUnqLrkuh vkSjr ds ijEijkxr laLdkj ,sls gSa

fd Hkw[k vkSj vHkko dh pksV lcls igys vkSj lcls T;knk mlh ij iM+rh gSA og lkjs ?kj dks f[kykus

ds ckn [kkrh gS vkSj blfy, vDlj Hkw[kh ;k vk/ks isV lksrh gSA*3 iq#”kksa dh vis{kk vkSjrksa dh cstku

fLFkfr ij fpUrk O;Dr djrs gq, yksfg;k us fy[kk gS] ^vkSjr! fgUnqLrku dh vkSjrA nqfu;k¡ ds nq%[kh

1 ukjh dh nqnZ’kk ,oa mlds nq”ifj.kke ds ,sfrgkfld] fp=.k ds fy, n”VC; % ,-,l- vyVsdj ^n iksft’ku vkWQ foesu

bu fgUnw flfoykbts’ku*] eksrh yky cukjlh nkl] iVuk] izFke laLdj.k] 1960 2 jke euksgj yksfg;k] tkfr&izFkk] uo fgUn izdk’ku] gSnjkckn] 1964] i0 4 3 turk] ubZ fnYyh] flrEcj 1966] i0 61


227

yksxksa esa lcls T;knk] nq%[kh Hkw[kh] eq>kZbZ vkSj chekj gSA fgUnqLrku dk enZ Hkh nq%[kh gS& ij fgUnqLrkuh

vkSjr] enZ ds eqdkcys dbZ xquk T;knk Hkw[kh vkSj chekj gSA*1

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa uj ukjh tUe esa Hkh vlekurk gSA uj dk tUe lq[kn vkSj ukjh dk nq%[kn

ekuk tkrk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkkjr esa O;kIr ngst izFkk gSA o/kw dh ;ksX;rk] f’k{kk] lqUnjrk vkfn

rks xkS.k gSaA o/kw&fookg esa oj&i{k ngst dh vf/kd ek=k ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA ftl izdkj xk; nw/k dh

ek=k ls ugha] mlds cNM+k uhps gksus ls Øsrk ds fy, ewY;oku gksrh gS] mlh izdkj o/kw ;ksX;rk ls ugha]

ngst ls gh vPNs ?kj esa fookfgr gksrh gSA yksfg;k us mfpr gh dgk gS] ^fcuk ngst ds yM+dh fdlh

eryc dh ugha gksrh] tSls fcuk cNM+s okyh xk;A*2 blds vykok fookg dh fuea=.k dh lqUnjrk] nh

tkus okyh oLrqvksa dk ewY;] df.B;ksa dh dher rFkk vU; rM+d&HkM+d oj&o/kw ds vkRe&feyu ls

vis{kkÑr vf/kd egRo dh le>h tkrh gSA yksfg;k Bhd gh dgrs gSa fd ^mudh ‘kkfn;ksa dk oSHko

vkRek ds feyu esa ugha gS] ftls izkIr djus dk uonEifRr iz;Ru djrs] cfYd chl yk[k dh df.B;ksa

vkSj ipkl gtkj ls Hkh T;knk dherh lkfM+;ksa esa gSA*3 ngst dh bl ?kf.kr izFkk dh HkRlZuk ds fy,

‘kfDr’kkyh yksder rS;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj tks ;qod bl {kqnz rjhds ls ngst ysrs gSa] mUgsa

lekt ls cfg”Ñr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

Mk0 yksfg;k cgq iRuh&izFkk ds ?kksj fojks/kh FksA mudk er Fkk fd ;fn iRuh ,d ifr j[k

ldrh gS rks ifr dks Hkh dsoy ,d gh iRuh j[kus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,A mUgksaus eqfLye /keZ dh

bl Lora=rk dh dVq vkykspuk dh gS ftlds vuqlkj ,d eqlyeku dks pkj iRuh rd j[kus dk

vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA mudk fo’okl Fkk fd tc loZxq.k lEiUu nzksinh vius ik¡p ifr;ksa lkFk

le&O;ogkj u dj ldh rks lk/kkj.k ekuo ds fy, ifRu;ksa ds lkFk le&O;ogkj dj lduk vlaHko

vkSj vLokHkkfod gSA mudk fopkj Fkk fd ^tks vkSjr dks Hkh pkj ifr djus dh btktr ugha nsrk gS]

og tc dgrk gS fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij /keZ gks] fd pkj vkSjrsa djus dk gd gksuk pkfg, rks cM+k xUnk

enZ gSaA*4 Mk0 yksfg;k uj&ukjh ds chp bl lEcU/k esa lerk pkgrs FksA ,d iRuh ,d ifr dk fl)kUr

1 mn~?kr] jtuhdkar oekZ] ^yksfg;k vkSj vkSjr*] yksfg;k oknh lkfgR; foHkkx Jh fo”.kq vkVZ izse] ¼m0iz0½ bykgkckn]

1969] i0 27 2 Mk0 yksfg;k % tkfr izFkk] iwoksZDr] 1964] i0 5 3 Mk0 yksfg;k % tkfr izFkk] iwoksZDr] 1964] i0 7 4 Mk0 yksfg;k % tkfr izFkk] iwoksZDr] 1964] i0 174


228

gh muds fy, vkn’kZ FkkA ?kj ds dk;kZsa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh os lerk dk izfriknu djrs gSaA mudk dguk

Fkk fd vxj vkSjr dh txg jlksbZ ?kj esa gks rks vkneh dh txg ikyus ds ikl gksuk pkfg,A1

ûkjh Lora=rk* dk izfriknu djrs gq, Mk- yksfg;k us dgk fd vk/kqfud iq#”k viuh L=h dks

,d vksj ltho] ØkfUriw.kZ ,oa Kkuh pkgrk gS] nwljh vkSj v/khuLFk HkhA iq#”k dh ;g ijLij fojks/kh

Hkkouk,a cgqr gh dkYifud] vokLrfod ,oa ;FkkFkZrk ls ijs gSa D;ksafd ijU=rk dh fLFkfr esa Kku]

lthork ,oa rst dk izknqHkkZo dSls gks ldrk gS\ Mk0 yksfg;k us uj ds bl izdkj ds Hkjs gq, efLr”d

dks txk;k vkSj dgk ^;k rks vkSjr dks cukvks ijrU=] rc eksg NksM+ nks vkSjr dks cf<+;k cukus dkA ;k

fQj] cukvks mldks Lora=A rc og cf<+;k gksxh] ftl rjg ls enZ cf<+;k gksxkA**2 Mk0 yksfg;k ds

mi;qZDr nf”Vdks.k ls Li”V gS fd uj&ukjh lerk ds izfriknu esa mudk izeq[k mn~ns’; Fkk ukjh dks

cqf)eku] foosdh] ØkfUriw.kZ vkSj Kkuh cukukA

Mk0 yksfg;k ukjh dks vkfFkZd&nf”V ls Hkh Lora= djuk pkgrs FksA os ukjh dks leku dk;Z ds

fy, leku osru gh ugha] volj vkSj fof/k dh lekurk gh ugha] vfirq ukjh dh izkÑfrd detksjh dh

{kfr iwfrZ ds fy, fo’ks”k volj ds i{kikrh FksA îzFke ;ksX;rk fQj volj* mudk fl)kUr u Fkk] cfYd

îzFke volj vkSj fQj ;ksX;rk* dks gh os mfpr le>rs FksA bl gsrq mudk rdZ Fkk fd ^’kjhj laxBu

ds ekeys esa enZ ds eqdkcys esa vkSjr detksj gS vkSj ekywe gksrk gS fd dqnjrh rkSj ij detksj gSA

blfy, mls dqN LokHkkfod rkSj ij T;knk LFkku nsuk gh iMs+xkA3

Mk0 yksfg;k ds vuqlkj ukjh ds lfØ; lg;ksx ds fcuk jktuhfr viw.kZ gSA vr% jktuhfr esa

ukjh dks uj ds leku fgLlk caVkuk pkfg,A os rykd ds fl)kUr dks fookg ds {ks= esa Lohdkj djrs gSa]

jktuhfr ds {ks= esa ugha vFkkZr~ jktuhfr esa ukjh dks uj ds leku lfØ; Hkkx ysuk pkfg,A mls

jktuhfr ls rykd ugha ysuk pkfg,A yksfg;k ukfj;ksa dks dsoy xqfM+;k ;k miHkksx dh futhZo oLrq ugha

ekursA os dgk djrs Fks fd ûkjh dks xBjh ds leku ugha cukuk gS] ijUrq ukjh bruh ‘kfDr’kkyh gksuh

pkfg, fd oDr ij iq#”k dks xBjh cukdj vius lkFk ys pysaA*4 bl izdkj mUgksaus L=h&iq#”k dh

lekurk ij vR;f/kd tksj fn;k gSA

1 Mk0 yksfg;k % tkfr izFkk] uo fgUn izdk’ku] gSnjkckn] 1964] i`0 137 2 1962 twu 22] uSuhrky] yksfg;k Hkk”k.k] lektoknh ;qotu lekt f’k{k.k f’kfojA 3 Mk0 yksfg;k % lkr ØkfUr;k¡] uo fgUn izdk’ku] gSnjkckn] 1966 ¼izFke laLdj.k½] i0 19 4 Mk0 yksfg;k % tkfr izFkk] uo fgUn izdk’ku] gSnjkckn] 1964] i`0 141


229

Mk0 yksfg;k us ukfj;ksa dh fLFkfr ds lEcU/k esa tks vuqHko fd;k mlds dkj.kksa dks fuEufyf[kr

fcUnqvksa ds vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk gS &

1- ukjh ij nksgjk vR;kpkj gksrk gS] izFke lekt dh jpuk ,oa ukjh fojks/kh laLÑfr us ukjh dks nqnZ’kk

dh Hk;kog voLFkk rd igq¡pk;k gSA

2- ifjokj esa ifr ,oa ifjokj ds vadq’k ,oa nqO;Zogkj us mls i'kqor~ cuk fn;k gSA

3- ukfj;ksa dks ?kj ds pkj nhokfj;ksa ds Hkhrj j[kus ,oa dk;Z djus dh izFkk ,oa vknr dks c<+kok fn;s

tkus ds dkj.k mudh Lora=rk lekIr gks xbZ gS vkSj bl izdkj og xqykeh dh tathj esa tdM+

x;h gSA

4- mi;qZDr dqizFkkvksa us ,d ,slh fo”kSyh gok vkSj okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks fujUrj ukfj;ksa dh

‘kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd fLFkfr dks fouk’k dh vksj ys tk

jgk gSA

la{ksi esa] Mk0 yksfg;k us uj&ukjh ds chp O;kIr cgq:ih vlekurkvksa dks lw{e nf”V ls voyksdu

fd;k] mu ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k vkSj Hkfo”; ds fy, iFk fuf’pr fd;kA vUr esa mudk dguk gS

fd ;fn okLro esa lektokn dh LFkkiuk djuh gS rks fgUnw uj ds i{kikrh ^fnekx dks Bksdj ekj&ekj

djds cnyuk gSA uj&ukjh ds chp esa cjkcjh dk;e djuk gSA1

lUnHkZ %

1- jke euksgj yksfg;k] Hkkjr esa lektokn] gSnjkckn] 1968

2- jke euksgj yksfg;k] lektoknh vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] gSnjkckn] 1969

1 Mk0 yksfg;k % tkfr izFkk] uo fgUn izdk’ku] gSnjkckn] 1964] i`0 165


230

czt izns’k esa tkV ‘kfDr dk foLrkj % egkjktk lwjtey ds fo’ks”k lUnHkZ esa

Mk0 vpZuk ‘kekZ

lkjka’k %

vBkjoha ‘krkCnh ds ikapos n’kd esa tc lwjtey ds gkFk esa tkV jkT; dh ckxMksj vkbZ rks mlds lkeus

lcls igyk iz’u mls viuh lsuk ds lkFk&lkFk viuh jktuSfrd fLFkfr dks Hkh c<+kuk FkkA lwjtey esa dq’ky

dwVuhfrd xq.k fo|eku Fks tks vius ‘kklu ds lEiknu esa cgqr gh ykHkdkjh fl) gq,A bl nkSj esa eqxyksa esa

varjdyg tSlh fLFkfr O;kIr Fkh D;ksafd eqxy ckn’kkg viuh foyklrk esa [kks, jgrs Fks vkSj njckjh “kM~+;a=ksa vkSj

xqVcafn;ksa esa Qals jgrs Fks] ftlds dkj.k eqxy lkezkT; dh uhao detksj iM+rh tk jgh FkhA QyLo:i tkV ljnkj

lwjtey us bldk ykHk mBk;k vkSj bl fonzksg esa tkVksa dks Hkjiwj lQyrk Hkh feyhA tkVksa dh bl dksf’k’k dk

urhtk Hkh vPNk fudyk D;kssafd vc eqxy ‘kkldksa esa tkVksa dk Mj O;kIr gks x;k FkkA pUnkSl ¼lu~ 1746 bZ0½ vkSj

cx# ¼lu~ 1748 bZ0½ ds ;q)ksa ls tkVksa us viuh lSU; ‘kfDr dks LFkkfir fd;kA QyLo:i] bu ;q)ksa ls tkVksa dh

izfr”Bk vkSj c<+h vkSj blds lkFk gh fofHkUu {ks=h; ‘kkld buds leFkZu esa vkxs vkus yxsA

tkVksa us esokr vkSj vkxjk dh rjQ viuk /;ku fn;k D;ksafd ;gk¡ ij eqxyksa dk vkf/kiR; vf/kd Fkk vkSj

tkVksa dks viuh ‘kfDr foLrkj ds fy, bl {ks= ls eqxyksa dks gVkdj /khjs&/khjs mudh tkxhj vkSj Hkwfe;ksa ij viuk

vf/kdkj djuk FkkA Øe’k% tkVksa us ‘kkgh jkt/kkuh fnYyh vkSj vkxjk esa viuh thr ds lkFk eqxy lRrk dks vius

vkxs ?kqVus Vsdus ij foo’k dj fn;kA bl fot; ds lkFk tkVksa us ‘kkgh tkxhjksa ij dCtk djds vius yksxksa dks

LFkkfir djds viuh ‘kfDr dks etcwr djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA bl Øe esa lwjtey us tkV ‘kfDr dks czt izns’k esa

lQyrkiwoZd LFkkfir djds lSU; lUrqyu dks ,d u;k Lo:i iznku fd;kA

dqath ‘kCn %& lwjtey] vgen’kkg] ehjcD’kh] lQnjxat] tokgjflag

izLrkouk %

1748 bZ0 ds ckn TkkVkas us eqxy lRrk dk fojks/k izkjEHk dj fn;k vkSj lkFk gh muds }kjk

cuk, x, dkuwuksa dk tedj mYya?ku Hkh fd;kA cyjke tks fd Qjhnkckn dk eky xqtkj Fkk us tkVksa

dks viuk Hkjiwj leFkZu nsdj muds fy, cYyHkx<+ nqxZ dk fuekZ.k djk;kA blds lkFk gh mlus

Qjhnkckn ds eqxy vf/kdkjh tdfj;k [kku ds iq= ehj ;kegk [kku dks ijkftr djds iyoy ,oa

Qjhnkckn ds ‘kkgh ijxuksa ij viuk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir dj fy;kA lezkV vgen’kkg ds flagklu jksg.k

vkSj twu lu~ 1748 bZ0 esa lQnjtax ds eqxy othj cuus ij Qjhnkckn dk ijxuk mls tkxhj esa

feykA u, othj cuus ds lkFk gh vgen’kkg us lwjtey vkSj cyjke dks ‘kkgh ijxuksa dks NksM+dj

tkus dk Qjeku tkjh dj fn;kA ysfdu tkVksa us ,slk ugha fd;kA blls Øksf/kr gksdj othj us uoEcj

lu~ 1749 bZ0 ds izkjEHk esa tkVksa ds fo:) dwp fd;k vkSj m/kj ehjcD’kh lykcr [kku viuh lsuk ds


231

lkFk ekjokM+ vfHk;ku ij fnYyh ls ckgh fudykA bu nksuksa othjksa us tkVksa ij nksuksa rjQ ls ;q)

djds mudks chp esa ykdj ekjus dh ;kstuk cukbZ FkhA fdUrq ;g ;kstuk lQy u gks ldhA

tuojh 1750 bZ0 esa lwjtey us eqxy lhek ij vf/kdkj djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA QyLo:i 30

fnlEcj 1750 bZ0 dks ehjcD’kh dh lsuk us tkVksa dks gjkdj uhejkuk ij viuk vkf/kiR; tek fy;kA

‘kkgh lsuk bl fot; dks ,d cgqr cM+h miyC/kh le>dj uhejkuk esa MVh jghA bl vk’k; ls fd os

tkVksa dks vius vkxs ?kqVus Vsdus ds fy, etcwj dj nsaxsA nwljs fnu 1 tuojh lu~ 1750 bZ0 dks

lwjtey] ftls lykor [kku ds mn~ns’; dk irk pyrs gh og ‘kkgh Msjs dh rjQ rsth ls c<+kA jkLrs

esa tkVksa us eqxyksa dh ,d VqdM+h tks fd vukt dh ryk’k esa dkQh nwj HkVdrs gq, fudy iM+h Fkh] ij

/kkok cksydj mldh cM+h nqnZ’kk dh vkSj bl eqBHksM+ esa ‘kkgh lsuk ds gdhe [kku ,oa #Lre [kku

lfgr vusd eqxy ekjs x;sA ?kk;y lSfudksa us Hkkxdj tc ;g lekpkj lykor [kku dks lquk;k rks

og Hkzfer vkSj Hk;Hkhr gks x;kA og dqN lksp lds blls igys tkVksa dh 5]000 lsuk us Msjs dks pkjksa

rjQ ls ?ksj fy;kA

tkV lsuk us eqxyksa dk izns’k NksM+us ds ,ot esa muls ,d yk[k #i;k ysdj mudk izns’k

NksM+kA twu 1750 bZ0 esa lwjtey us ehjcD’kh ij fot; izkIr dhA ftlds dkj.k lwjtey tkV dh

izfr”Bk esa Hkkjh of) gqbZA QyLo:i] eqxy othj tkVksa ds lkFk vius eS=h lEcU/k cukus ds izfr

bPNqd gks x,A tkVksa dks Hkh ejkBksa ds fo#) ,d ‘kfDr’kkyh fe= dh ryk’k FkhA bl le>kSrs ds

pyrs othj lQnjtax dks ejkBksa ds fo#) ,d ‘kfDr’kkyh ,oa fo’oluh; lg;ksxh feykA tks gj

dher ij vkSj gj ifjfLFkfr esa eqxyksa dk lkFk fuHkk,xk vkSj tkVksa dks ,d ‘kfDr’kkyh jktuSfrd

laj{kd feyk ftlds cy ij og fgUnqLrku dh ljteh ij viuh jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dks vkSj vf/kd

lqn<+ djds lkgfld dne mBk ldrk Fkk vkSj vius jkT; dks foLrr ,oa lqn<+ cuk ldrk FkkA

blh Øe esa lwjtey ds usrRo esa #Lre [kku iBku vkSj tkVksa ds chp vkeus&lkeus dk ;q)

izkjEHk gqvkA bl ;q) esa #Lre ds xksyh yxh vkSj oks ekjk x;kA bfrgkldkj lqnu us bl ;q) dk

foLrr o.kZu fd;k gS tks izR;{kn’khZ dk fooj.k izrhr gksrk gSA Qrsgx<+ ;q) ds ckn tkVksa dk vQxku

;q) esa mifLFkfr dk dksbZ lk{; ugha gSA

Qrsgx<+ dh fot; ij buke ds #i esa tkVksa vkSj ejkBksa ds chp f[kapko vk x;kA ejkBksa dh

nksgjh uhfr ds dkj.k lwjtey mudh jktuhfr dks le> x, FksA blds lkFk gh othj dk >qdko dh

ejkBksa ds i{k esa FkkA othj dh rjQ ls dksbZ larq”V tcko u feyus ds dkj.k lwjtey ebZ&twu lu~

1751 bZ0 esa vius izns’k dks okil ykSV vk;kA vQxku ;q) ls ykSVdj lwjtey ek/kks flag ds lkFk


232

feydj jkt/kkuh esa eqxy lezkV ds le{k vkxjk ij vius nkos dks lqn<+ cukus esa yxk gqvk FkkA

tkosn [kkus us lezkV dh vksj ls vQxkuksa ds fo#) Qrsgx<+ ds ;q) esa ‘kkgh lsuk dh lQyrk dk

Js; lwjtey o ckyw tkV dks crkdj mudh iz’kalk dhA 26 tuojh lu~ 1752 bZ0 dks eqxy lezkV

f[krkc iznku djds nksuksa dk lEeku fd;kA

eqxy othj lQnjxat bl le; ‘kfDr’kkyh Fkk vkSj lwjtey mldk ?kfu”B fe= FkkA 20

vDVwcj lu~ 1752 bZ0 dks lwjtey othj ds lkFk njckj eas x;k] tgk¡ eqxy lezkV us mls daqoj

cgknqj jktsUnz vkSj mlds firk cnu flag dks jktk egsUnz dh mikf/k iznku dhA bfrgkldkj oS.My ds

vuqlkj tkV eqf[k;k dks eqxy lezkV us t; flag dh Hkkafr jktk cuk fn;k FkkA lwjtey dks fQj

vius izns’k okil ykSVus dh LohÑfr fey xbZA

bl dky [k.M esa lwjtey ds usrRo essa tkVksa dh ‘kfDr c<+ xbZ FkhA D;ksafd buds ikl ,drk

dh ‘kfDr vf/kd FkhA tcfd eqxyksa esa vkilh erHksn O;kIr FkkA eqxyksa us ejkBksa vkSj iBkuksa ls ;q) ds

fy, lwjtey tkV vkSj ckyw tkV ls lgk;rk ekaxh] tcfd eqxyksa ds ikl viuh vyx lsuk FkhA

fdUrq eqxyksa dks viuh ‘kfDr vkSj lsuk ij iw.kZ fo’okl ugha Fkk] D;ksafd og tkurs Fks fd mudh lsuk

fdlh Hkh le; ihB fn[kkdj ;q) ls Hkkx ldrh FkhA lwjtey ds usrRo esa tkV ‘kfDr ,d cM+h

lSfud egku ‘kfDr ds :i esa mHkjdj lkeus vk;h] ftlus eqxyksa ds ‘kklu dks lh/kh pqukSrh nhA bl

dky [k.M esa czt izns’k ls ysdj fnYyh ds lehiorhZ {ks=ksa esa tkVksa dh ‘kfDr c<+ xbZA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph %

1- ih0lh0 pUnzkor] egkjktk lwjtey vkSj mudk ;qx] i0 67

2- rkjh[ks vgen’kkgh] i0 23

3- gjpjunkl] pgkjxqytkj&,&’kqtkbZ] ¼bfy;V }kjk m)r] ft0 VII] i0 158½] rkjh[ks vgen’kkgh]

i0 22

4- dkyhdkjatu dkuwuxks] tkV bfrgkl

5- eqgEen vyh [kku] rkjh[k&,&eqt¶Qjh

6- lqtku pfj=] i0 43&45

7- rkjh[ks vgen’kkgh] i0 22] fnYyh ØkfudYl] i0 28&29


233

izkphu Hkkjr esaa o.kZ O;oLFkk vkSj orZeku eas mldh izklafxdrk

Mk0 Hkkouk

lkjka'k%

lcls izFke /kkfeZd xzUFkksa esa gekjs osn vkrs gSaA rRi’pkr~ ‘kkL=] Jqfr;k¡] Lefr;k¡] egkHkkjr]

jkek;.k o xhrk dk ltu gqvkA gekjs _f”k&eqfu tks thou Hkj fo|k vftZr djrs jgrs FksA mUgksaus

fpUru euu djds lekt dks lqPkk: :i ls pykus o vuq’kkflr j[kus ds fy, o.kZ O;oLFkk dks

cuk;kA

lf”V ds vkjEHk esa czãk th us vius rst ls lw;Z o vfXu ds leku izdkf’kr gksus okys czkã.kksa

vkSj ekjhp iztkifr;ksa dks mRiUu fd;kA mnkgj.k ds :i esa &

czkã.kk% {kf=;k% oS’;% ‘kwnzk’p f}tlRreA

th us dgk & êqus! lquks igys o.kkZsa esa dksbZ vUrj ugha FkkA czãk th ls mRiUu gksus ls ;g

lkjk txr czkã.k gh FkkA ckn esa fofHkUu dekZsa ds dkj.k buesa foHksn gqvkA

iqjkuh ekU;rk ;g Hkh gS fd czkã.k czãk th ds eq[k ls iSnk gq,A blfy, os czkã.k gSA {kf=;

Hkqtkvksa ls iSnk gq, blfy, {kf=; dgyk;sA mnj ls iSnk gq, oS’; ¼cfu;k½ tks O;kikj dk dke djrs

gSaA cfu;k dgykrs gSa vkSj ‘kwnzksa dh lf”V iSj ls gqbZ blfy, os lcdh lsok djus okys ‘kwnz dgyk;sA

czkã.kksa dk jax xksjk] {kf=;ksa dk jax yky] oS’; ¼cfu;ksa½ dk ihyk vksj ‘kwnzksa dk dkyk gk srk gSA

,slk gekjs osnksa esa ‘kkL=ksa esa vafdr gSA

dqath ‘kCn %& o.kZ] czkã.k] {kf=;] oS’;] ‘kwnzA

izLrkouk %

lRo] jt vkSj re bu xq.kofRr;ksa ds vuqlkj gh czkã.k vkfn o.kkZsa esa euq”; mRiUu gksrs gsa] bl

dkj.k dk xq.kksa dh vis{kk ls gh ‘kkL= esa pkjksa o.kkZsa ds dekZsa dk foHkkx fd;k x;k gSA ftlds LoHkko esa

dsoy lRo xq.k vf/kd gksrk gS] og czkã.k gksrk gS] bl dkj.k mlds LokHkkfod deZ ‘ke&nekfn

cryk;s x;s gSaA ftlds LoHkko esa lRofefJr jtksxq.k vf/kd gksrk gS] og {kf=; gksrk gS] bl dkj.k

mlds LokHkkfod deZ ‘kwjohjrk] rst vkfn cryk;s x;s gSaA ftlds LoHkko esa reksfefJr jtksxq.k vf/kd

gksrk gS] og oS’; gksrk gS] blfy, mlds LokHkkfod deZ Ñf”k] xkS j{kk vkfn cryk;s x;s gSa vkSj ftlds


234

LoHkko esa jtksfefJr reksxq.k iz/kku gksrk gS] og ‘kwnz gksrk gS] bl dkj.k mldk LokHkkfod deZ rhuksa

o.kkZsa dh lsok djuk cryk;k x;k gSA bl izdkj xq.k vkSj deZ ds foHkkx ls gh o.kZ foHkkx curk gS

ijUrq bldk ;g vFkZ ugha fd euekus deZ ls o.kZ cny tkrk gSA o.kZ dk ewy tUe gS vkSj deZ mlds

Lo:i dh j{kk esa iz/kku dkj.k gSA bl izdkj tUe vkSj deZ nksuksa gh o.kZ esa vko’;d gSA dsoy deZ ls

o.kZ dks ekuus okys oLrqr% o.kZ dks ekurs gh ughaA o.kZ ;fn deZ ij ekuk tk; rks ,d fnu esa ,d gh

euq”; dks u ekywe fdruh ckj o.kZ cnyuk iM+sxk fQj rks lekt esa dksbZ Jà[kyk ;k fu;e gh u jgsxk]

loZFkk vO;oLFkk QSy tk;sxh ijUrq Hkkjrh; o.kZ /keZ esa ,slh ckr ugha gSA

re% ‘kwnzs jt% {k=s czkã.ks lRoeqRree~A

bR;soa f=”kq o.kZs”kq foorZUrs xq.kkL=;%AA2

‘kwnz esa reksxq.k dh] {kf=; esa jtksxq.k dh vkSj czkã.k esa lRoxq.k dh iz/kkurk gksrh gSA bl

izdkj bu rhuksa o.kkZsa esa eq[;r% ;s rhu xq.k jgrs gSaA

tks ‘kkSp vkSj lnkpkj ls Hkz”V gksdj fgalk vkSj vlR; ds izseh gks x;s] yksHko’k O;k/kksa ds leku

lHkh rjg ds fuU/k deZ djds thfodk pykus yxs vkSj blfy, ftuds ‘kjhj dk jax dkyk iM+ x;k] os

czkã.k ‘kwnzHkko dks izkIr gks x;sA bUgha dekZsa ds dkj.k czkã.krRo ls vyx gksdj os lHkh czkã.k

nwljs&nwljs o.kZ ds gks x;s] fdUrq muds fy, fuR;&/kekZuq”Bku vkSj ;KdeZ dk dHkh fu”ks/k ugha fd;k

x;k gSA

bl izdkj ;s pkj o.kZ gq,] ftuds fy, czãk th us igys czkgh ljLorh ¼osnok.kh½ izdV dhA

ijUrq yksHk&fo’ks”k ds dkj.k ‘kwnz vKku Hkko dks izkIr gq,&osnk/;;u ds vukf/kdkjh gks x;sA

tks czkã.k Hksn dh vkKk ls v/khu jgdj lkjk dk;Z djrs] osn eU=ksa dks Lej.k j[krs vkSj lnk

ozr ,oa fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gS] mudh riL;k dHkh u”V ugha gksrhA

tks bl lkjh lf”V dks ijczã&ijekRek dk :i gha tkurs gSa] os f}t dgykus ds vf/kdkjh ugha

gS ,sls yksxksa dks ukuk izdkj dh nwljh&nwljh ;ksfu;ksa esa tUe ysuk iM+rk gSA fdUrq tks lf”V vkfn nso

czã ds eu ls mRiUu gqbZ gS] ftldss tM+&ewy dsoy czãk th gh gSa rFkk tks v{k; vfodkjh ,oa /keZ esa

rRij jgus okyh gSa og lf”V ekulh dgykrh gSA3


235

o.kZ dh izklafxdrk %

czkã.k] {kf=;] oS’; vkSj ‘kwnz ;s pkj o.kZ ds pkj Hksn gSaA yksdrU= dh bPNk j[kus okys fo/kkrk

us lcls igys czkã.kksa dh lf”V dh gS vkSj ‘kkL=ksa esa muds ;ksX; dekZsa dk fo/kku fd;k gSA

czãk th ls mRiUu gq, o.kkZsa esa czkã.kksa dk jax ‘osr] {kf=;ksa dk jax yky] oS’;ksa dk ihyk rFkk

‘kwnzksa dk jax dkyk cuk;kA

czkã.kksa dk /keZ gS osn ‘kkL=ksa dk Lok/;k;] {kf=;ksa dk /keZ gS cy] oS’;ksa dk /keZ gS O;kikj rFkk

‘kwnzksa dk /keZ gS rhuksa o.kkZsa dh lsok djukA4

vfgalk lR;eLrs;a ‘kkSpfefUnz;fuxzg%A

,ra lkekflda /keZa pkrqoZ.;sZ·czohUeuq%AA

vfgalk ¼fdlh dks Hkh eu] ok.kh vkSj ‘kjhj ls nq[k u nsuk½] lR; cksyuk] pksjh ugha djuk]

ifo=rk vkSj bfUnz;ksa dk fuxzg djuk la{ksi esa pkjksa o.kkZsa dk /keZ euqth us dgk gSA vk;Z ¼f}t½ dk

dke djus okyk vuk;Z ¼’kwnz½ vkSj vuk;Z dk dke djus okyk vk;Z bu nksuksa ds fo”k; esa fopkj djds

czã us dgk fd nksuksa u rks leku gSa vkSj u vleku gh gSaA v/;;u] v/;kiu] ;tu&;ktu] nku vkSj

izfrxzg ;s N% dk;Z czkã.kksa ds gSaA5 {kf=; dks gfFk;kj /kkj.k djuk] oS’; dks i'kqikyu [ksrh vkSj O;kikj

thfodk ds fy;s djuk pkfg;s] budk /keZ nku nsuk] v/;;u vkSj ;K djuk gSA czkã.k dks osnkH;kl]

{kf=; dks iztk dh j{kk vkSj oS’; dks jkstxkj djuk;s gh muds fo’ks”k deZ gSaA

;fn czkã.k vius ;FkksDr deZ ls thfodk u dj lds] rks og {kf=; /keZ ls ¼j{kk dk;Z½ thfodk

pykos D;ksafd {kf=; /keZ gh mlds fudV /keZ gSA ;fn nksuks aizdkj dh thfodk ls czkã.k viuh thfodk

u dj lds rks mldh thfodk dSls gks] ,slh fLFkfr esa [ksrh vkSj xksj{kk dks djds oS’; ofRr ls viuh

thfodk djsaA ftu czkã.k] {kf=;ksa us vius fut ofRr ls thfodk vlEHko le>dj vius /keZ uSiq.; dk

R;kx fd;k gks] os oS’;ksa ds O;kikj inkFkkZsa dks NksM+dj vU; oLrqvksa dk O;kikj vius /ku dks c<+kus ds

fy, djsaA6

lekt esa o.kZ ds LFkku dk ewY;kadu %

izkphu o.kZ O;oLFkk lekt&’kkL= ds ewy rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij fodflr gqbZ FkhA o.kZ foHkktu

dk tUe ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha FkkA o.kZ dh dlkSVh drZO; deZ FksA Hkkstu fookg vkfn ds fy, :dkoV

ugha FkhA izkphu Hkkjr us bl o.kZ O;oLFkk ds egRo dks vPNh rjg le>k FkkA


236

o.kkZJ.k ds dkj.k lekt esa fdlh izdkj dh fo”kerk QSykus ugha ikrh Fkh tcfd o.kkZJe

O;oLFkk dks dk;Z :i esa ifjf.kr fd;k tkrk Fkk ogka rks fo’o HkkrRo dk fl)kUr viuk;k tkrk Fkk]

D;k vehj D;k xjhc D;k fo}ku D;k ew[kZ lc gh mlh ije iq#”k ds vax ek= Fks] blfy, os lc lxs

HkkbZ&HkkbZ Fks ,d /kuk<; HkkbZ vius /ku foghu HkkbZ dks fdlh izdkj Hkh vkifRr esa ugha ns[k ldrk FkkA

rc lekt esa ;s gh Hkkouk,a dwV&dwVdj Hkjh FkhaA7

leLr lekt dks iq#”k dk :id fn;k x;k gS vkSj mlds fHkUu&fHkUu vaxksa dk o.kZu fd;k

x;k gS] ftl izdkj ‘kjhj ds lc vax ,d nwljs ls vPNh rjg lEcfU/kr gSa vkSj ;fn ,d vax esa dksbZ

ihM+k gks tk; rks mldk vuqHko leLr ‘kjhj esa gksrk gS] mlh izdkj lekt dk Hkh gky gSA tSls ml

lekt :ih iq#”k dk eq[k czkã.k Fkk mldh Hkqtk,a {kf=; cukbZ x;haA mldh ta?kkvksa ls oS’; cus vkSj

iSjksa ls ‘kwnz mRiUu gq,A bl izdkj lekt :ih iq#”k ds eq[k] Hkqtk,a] ta?kk,a vkSj iSj Øe’k% czkã.k]

{kf=;] oS’; rFkk ‘kwnz gSaA

czkã.kksa dks lekt dk efLr”d ;k eq[k dgk x;k gS ftl izdkj euq”; dk efLr”d mldh lc

fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu djrk gSA lekt dk efLr”d os gh O;fDr dgykrs gSa tks fulxZ fl) ‘kfDr;ksa dk

lE;d fodkl dj vius efLr”d ls nkRr o lqUnj fopkj mRiUu djrs gSa8 rFkk vius vuqHko o Kku

}kjk vPNh vk;kstuk,a o thou ppkZ,a mifLFkr djrs gSaA ftudks viukus ls lekt lUekxZ esa izoRr

gksdj vius mfnf”V rd igqap ldrk gSA

bu O;fDr;ksa dks ^czkã.k* uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k] D;ksafd budk thou czãk thou czãk

izkfIr ;k lR; dh [kkst esa gh O;rhr gksrk Fkk lekt tks dqN fopkj djrk Fkk bUgha ds }kjk djrk Fkk]

tks dqN cksyrk bUgha ds }kjk cksyrk Fkk] ;s czkã.k vkthou KkuksiktZu] Kku forj.k] lekt lsok vkfn

ds ifo= dk;Z esa yxs jgrs Fks] lkalkfjd oSHko dh tjk Hkh ijokg ugha djrs FksA jktnjckj esa bu

czkã.kksa dk cgqr eku gksrk FkkA

pkj o.kkZsa dk xq# czkã.k gSA bfUnz;&la;e dks czkã.kksa dk izkphu /keZ crk;k x;k gSA blds

flok mldks lnk osn ‘kkL=ksa dk Lok/;k; djuk pkfg;s( D;ksafd blh ls mlds lc dekZsa dh iwfrZ gks

tkrh gSA czkã.k dsoy osnksa ds Lok/;k; ls gh ÑrÑR; gks tkrk gS] lc thoksa ds izfr eS=h Hkko j[kus

ds dkj.k og eS= dgykrk gSA tks czkã.k fuR; Lok/;k; esa layXu jgrs gSa( ftudh bfUnz; o’k esa gS] os

iwtk djus okys dk m)kj dj nsrs gSa] tks izfrfnu riZ.k djus okyk] lnk ;Kksiohr /kkj.k fd;s jguk


237

okyk] czkã.k nwljksa dks rkjus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA tc rd Hkkjr esa ,sls czkã.k jgs] rc rd ;gka dk

lekt mRrjksRrj of) djrk x;k] vkt Hkh lalkj ds ftu jk”Vªksa ;k lektksa us mUufr dh gS mldh

tM+ esa ,sls gh fujhg o fujLokFkZ O;fDr feysaxs tks vius ri o Kku ls lekt dh lsok djrs gSaA9

czkã.kksa dk dk;Z v/;;u&v/;kiu vkSj ;K gou dks djkukA {kf=;ksa dk dk;Z yM+uk&yM+kuk]

lhekvksa dh vkSj turk dh j{kk djuk crk;k x;kA blh izdkj cfu;ksa dk dke O;kikj djuk] [ksrh

djuk vkSj ‘kwnzksa dk dk;Z bu rhuksa dh lsok djuk crk;k FkkA

czãk th us rhuksa o.kkZsa dh lsok djus ds fy, ‘kwnzksa dks iSnk fd;k vkSj budks vius eu dks o’k

esa j[kdj lsok dk;Z esa dq’kyrk ikuh pkfg, ,slk ns[ksa ,d ‘yksd ds v/;;u ls&

neus ‘kksHkrs foiz% {kf=;ksa fot;su rqA

/kuus oS’;% ‘kwnzLrq fuR;a nk{;s;s ‘kksHkrsAA

ikjk'kj th ,d LFkku ij o.kZ O;oLFkk ij dgrs gS & ujs’oj! Ñf”k i'kqikyu vkSj O;kikj ;s

oS’;ksa ds deZ gSa rFkk f}&tkfr;ksa dh lsok djuk ‘kwnz dk /keZ gS%&

czkã.kk% {kf=;k oS’;kL=;ksa o.kkZ f}tkr;%

v= rs”kke /khdjks /kesZ”kq f}inka ojAA10

lkjka’k esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS ^^/keZ dk ewy czkã.k gS] {kf=; mldk vxz Hkkx gSA tUe ls gh

czkã.k nsorkvksa ds Hkh nsork gksrs gSa yksd esa mudk izek.k ekuk tkrk gSA

vr% gekjs izkphu Hkkjr vkSj /keZxzUFkksa esa tks o.kZ O;oLFkk gS mlh ds vuq:i gekjs lekt esaa

vuq’kklu pyrk jgk vk Sj bl o.kZ O;oLFkk dk dkykUrj esa tks izHkko iM+k og tkfr O;oLFkk ds :i esa

vorfjr gqbZ vkSj bl tkfr O;oLFkk us ekuork dh vkRek dks e`r dj fn;kkA ifj.kkeLo:i dqN

nfyrksa us] ‘kwnzksa us vkSj fiNM+h tkfr;ksa us ,sls&,sls vR;kpkj lgu fd;s tks ekuork ds fy, ,d dyad

cu x;kA xjhc vkSj xjhc] vehj vkSj vehj curk x;kA xjhcksa dh gkyr rks bruh [kjkc gqbZ fd os

Hkw[k ls ejus yxsA vkSj tkuoj ls Hkh vf/kd cgRrj ftUnxh thus dks etcwj gq;sA ij fdlh dh

laosnukvksa us djoV ugha fy;k fd bu ‘kwnzksa ;k fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks Hkh leku ls thus dk vf/kdkj

feyuk pkfg,A


238

tc Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa dk jkt vk;k rc mu lkearoknh O;oLFkk dh pwys fgyha vkSj czkã.koknh

O;oLFkk ds ikao yM+[kM+k;s vkSj vaxsztksa us ‘kwnzksa dh fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dks viuh vka[kkasa

ls ns[kk rc bUlku le> dj mu ‘kwnzksa ds fy, Ldwyksa esa i<+us fy[kus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA

blh chp vaxzsth ‘kklu ls gekjs vius yksx eqfDr ikuk pkgrs Fks blfy, cgqr dqN [kksus ds

fy, ckn yEck la?k”kZ djus ds ckn gesa Lora=rk feyh ge vktkn gq,] [kqys okrkoj.k esa lkal yhA

gekjh viuh ljdkj cuhA lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ml lafo/kku ds fuekZ.k esa MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj

dh esgur jax ykbZ xjhch fiNM+ksa vkSj nfyrksa ds fy, vkj{k.k O;oLFkk gqbZA ml vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ds

dkj.k nfyrksa vkSj fiNM+ksa us dke;kch gkfly dhA ekSdk feyrs gh mUgksaus viuh gkyr esa lq/kkj fd;kA

iz’u ;g mBrk gS fd bl orZeku ;qx esa Hkh D;k o.kZO;oLFkk dh vko’;drk gS\ esjk nf”Vdks.k

gS fd fcYdqy ughaA vkt dk vkneh tkx:d gks pqdk gSA mldh le> esa vk x;k gS fd i<+ fy[k

dj gh ge viuk ukjdh; thou lq/kkj ldrs gSaA vr% og tks dke iqjkuh O;oLFkk esa fu/kkZfjr fd;s

x;s Fks og dke NksM+ dj] i<+&fy[k u;s&u;s dke djus dk eu cukrk gS vkSj mUufr ds f’k[kj ij

igqapus dk iz;kl Hkh dj jgk gSA vc tkfr O;oLFkk ds cU/ku Hkh <hys iM+us yxs gSa D;ksafd yksxksa us

vius dke cny fn;s gSaA tkfr Hkh /khjs&/khjs cny tk;sxhA dke ds vkSj jgu&lgu vkSj [kku iku ds

vk/kkj ij tkfr;k¡ cukbZ xbZ Fkh tc muds dke cny x;s rks tkfr Hkh cny gh tk;sxh vkSj esjk

ekuuk gS fd tkfr O;oLFkk lekt ds fy,] ns’k ds fy, ,d vfHk’kki gSA blfy, ;g VwVuh Hkh pkfg,

vkSj vkus okyk lekt tkfr] oxZ] /keZ foghu O;ofLFkr gks rHkh ns’k dk Hkyk gksxk vkSj ge ,d

mTtoy Hkfo”; dh dkeuk dj ldsaxsA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph %

1- ‘kkUrh ioZA 1] 4] 5

2- vk'oesf/kd ioZ @39@11] 12

3- egkHkkjr@’kkfUr ioZ@188@13 ls 17

4- egkHkkjr vuq’kklu ioZ@24131 ‘kkfUr ioZ@188@5] 96@2

5- euqLefr 10@63] 73] 75@10@80] 81

6- f’konRr Kkuh] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] i0 128] 118

7- ‘kkfUr ioZ 60@9] 12

8- vk'oesf/kd ioZ@i0 6] 85] ‘kkfUr ioZ 293@21

Date post:	22-Mar-2023
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